---

Introduction: Oral health is an important public health issue that influences general health and quality of life. Mothers are key persons in families paying attention to whom not only guarantees their oral health, but also the oral health of the family members. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the dental service demand status and its related factors among mothers in Yazd city. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, total numbers of 300 mothers in urban areas of Yazd city were selected by cluster random sampling. Data was collected by a researcher designed questionnaire which validity was approved by a panel of experts and were completed by mother’s private interview. Results: Twenty seven percent reported that they use dental services less than 1 time per year, 28% reported 1 time per year and 45% reported more than one time per year. Only 30.7% had a regular check up program every six months. Annual dental services utilization rate was in relationship to educational level, receiving dental treatment source, the rate of a parent's attention to oral health, receiving oral health information source, socioeconomic status and deprivation from dental treatment because of financial problems. Having a dental check-up plan also was in relation to the above variables and income level. Conclusion: Demand for dental care among women is sophisticated and is in related to a variety of factors such as education level, financial issues, cultural issues, availability and accessibility of oral health services and cues to action. Addressing the above factors in intervention programs aimed to increase dental care utilization among women is recommended

---

Introduction: ADHD is one of the most common disorders among school children throughout the world. Parents of these children are faced with more conflicts than normal children's parents. The Purpose of his study was to evaluate and compare the mental health status of mothers having children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder versus mental health of mothers having normal primary school children, Yazd, Iran.

Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 160 mothers of primary-school children who were selected through random cluster sampling; 80 of them had children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and the remaining half had normal children. Also, for the diagnosis of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, the Conners test as well as test of General Mental Health (GHQ) were used to measure mothers' mental health. The data were then analyzed in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and analysis of variance)

Results: Comparison of mental health and its subscales indicated that mothers of children with ADHD disorder were lower in all aspects of mental health than mothers of normal children.

Conclution: According to the research results, mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder have lower levels of mental health than mothers of normal children. So, it is recommended that education and health officials provide training courses for these parents to promote their mental health status and consequently their quality of family life.

---

Introduction: Oral and dental health is one of the most important parts of public health. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing oral and dental health among the pregnant mothers referring to urban health centers in Khorramabad, Iran, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in 2016.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 340 pregnant mothers living in Khorramabad, Iran were selected from health centers using multi-stage random sampling. The decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, the Oral Health Index – Simplified (OHIS), the health belief model (HBM) scale, and performance regarding oral and dental health care were measured and the data were analyzed. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS 20 software and descriptive statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression.
Results: The mean DMFT score was 7.8 ± 3.27 and the mean OHIS score was 2.74 ± 1.65. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a direct and significant relationship between the constructs of the health belief model and performance (p< 0.05). Among the constructs of the health belief model, self-efficacy (22.2 %) had the highest predictive power. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the DMFT and OHIS scores.
Conclusion: The present study showed that cognitive barriers are associated with oral and dental health behaviors and they should receive attention from the oral and dental health professionals. On the other hand, the most important predictor variable of oral health care among pregnant mothers is self-efficacy. Therefore, the self-efficacy of pregnant women should be boosted for them to practice good oral and dental health care.

---

Introduction: An unhealthy breakfast and the consumption of low-value meals among students are associated with adverse health consequences and chronic diseases in adulthood. The main purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of preparing healthy breakfast and snacks for school children by mothers in the city of Islamshahr.
Methods: 320 boys and girls were selected by cluster random sampling and their mothers were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected using the researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, questions were related to knowledge, attitude, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and behavior. The reliability was assessed through the test-retest method, and in order to assess internal consistency, Chronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software, and Descriptive statistics (Percent & Frequency), Multiple regression and Kendall’s tau-b correlation tests were used.
Results: Based on the findings of this study, none of the demographic characteristics had a significant correlation with the behavior of the mother's healthy breakfast and meal (p>0.05) and among variables, knowledge (p<0.001, B=0.40) and perceived barriers (p<0.001, B=0.33) were strong and positive predictors of preparing breakfast and healthy snacks by mothers. Knowledge and perceived barriers predict %28 of variance in mothers’ behavior in preparing breakfast and healthy snacks (p<0.001, R= 0.527, R²=0.278).
Conclusion: It is better to put more emphasis on the strategies to promote the knowledge of mothers and reduce their perceived barriers in designing nutritional interventions aiming to prepare breakfast and healthy snacks for children.
 

---

Introduction: Due to the important role of the mothers in the families, identifying their early maladaptive schema can help us identify the problems that lead to unhealthy life education and provide the necessary and appropriate training programs to improve them. This study uses group training to reform schema in improving mothers' individual and social mental health who consulted the social damage prevention center. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of reforming schema on a mothers' problems.
Methods: In this study, the quasi-experimental method was used. The study population was all the mothers who had parenting problems in the last two years and have consulted the social damage prevention center.  Nonrandom sampling was used for our statistical census. Therefore, 100 mothers at hand were selected nonrandomly, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was conducted on them as a pre-test. Then, 24 mothers who obtained the lowest scores were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control, in each of which there were 12 participants. The experimental group received training in 10 sections for 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training.  Afterward, a post-test was conducted for each group, and the results of the two groups were compared.
Results:  A covariance analysis test was used to test the hyper hypotheses. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the individual's mental health and social mental health variables (p < 0.001). Thus, hypotheses 1 and 2 were approved in our study. In other words, the comparison of the average in two variables after the post-test of experimental and control groups showed that mothers trained according to reforming schem, had better social and mental health. With approximately 90%, it can be said that the training based on reforming schema effectively increases the social and individual health of the mothers challenging with parenting problems.

---