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Introduction: Information on the sleepiness and sleep quality is limited for Asians. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sleepiness and sleep quality among the adult population in Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and explorative design study in which 1100 participants randomly selected from the Kerman city population in South –East of Iran. Using two questionnaires, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep quality and prevalence of sleepiness of samples was assessed. Results: Our findings showed that the prevalence of sleepiness was 34.3%. Moreover, daytime sleepiness correlated with marriage status (p= 0.048), work shift (p= 0.0001), and work hours (p= 0.004). 57.5% of the participants reported that they have poor sleep quality. The mean and standard deviation of PSQI component scores are widely ranged. The lowest score belonged to “hypnotic medication use” component (mean= 0. 38), and the highest score belonged to “sleep duration” component (1.14 ± 0.90). Sleep quality also was found to be correlated with age (p=0.045), work shift (p= 0.0001), and work hours per day (p= 0.015). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between sleep quality and sleepiness (p=0.0001) among participants. According to Binary logistic regression results, the risk of sleepiness among participants with poor sleep quality was 4.2 times more than that among those who had good sleep quality. Conclusions: The results indicate almost high prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleepiness among our study population. Therefore, improving the quality of population’s sleep requires cultural preparation and public education through the media and also by well-educated nurses.

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Introduction: Due to the necessity of careful planning in the human capital of health and the effect of imbalance of general physician supply on economy and health status, this study aimed to estimate general practitioners' (GPs) demand and predict general practitioners’ shortage and surplus in Iran.
Method: This study was an analytical and applied study conducted at the national level for Iran in 2019 using ARIMA (5,1,1) method for projecting supply and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models for projecting demand with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), out-of-pocket, aging and hospital beds variables. Data were annual time series from 1991 to 2017, extracted from the statistical yearbooks issued by the Statistical Center of Iran and the World Bank database. The required models and tests were estimated by Eviews 10 software at a 0.05 significance level.
Results: The general practitioners’ elasticity to GDP, aging, and out-of-pocket were 0.33, 1.77, and -0.81, respectively. GDP per capita (0.11), aging (0.14), and the number of hospital beds (0.0007) had a positive impact, and out-of-pocket payments (-0.0001) had a negative impact on demand for GPs in Iran. Also, from 2018 to 2030, the mean GPs demand (0.23) was higher than the mean supply (0.20), and there was a shortage of GPs in these years (0.03).
Conclusion: Iran is facing a shortage of GPs by 2030. Therefore, there are suggested policies for increasing the admissions capacity at medical universities, maintaining and preventing the migration of physicians with appropriate incentives, establishing rules, and providing job satisfaction for physicians.