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Introduction: Identifying training needs and implementing appropriate courses is one of the important steps to empower managers and experts specialists. This has the most important role in improving organizational performance. In this study, considering the importance of training programs effectiveness, the training needs of managers and experts and their relation to individual and institutional factors was determined in the Health Departments of Universities of Health and Medical Sciences. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in spring 2010. Communities of this research were the staff of Universities' Health Departments in the field of Health Deputy. They were selected from 13 universities by random systematic and stratified methods. All available directors and experts were responsibly elected and interviewed as the census. The questionnaire included individual and organizational variables and 28 management topics that confirmed validity and reliability. Results: In total 293 managers and expert specialists were studied, the average require education based on 26 (92.9 %) out of 28 subjects review, was respectively more than 3.5 (total score 5). Declaring level of training needs in a few cases had significant difference with type of universities, sex, age, work experience, educational level, MPH courses, headquarters units and the current location of the people. (P<0.05) Conclusion: According to the very high level of announced requirements, it is suggested to have short term and long term management training courses.

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Introduction: Natural organic matters (NOMs) existing in water resources led to various problems such as formation of disinfectant by-products (DBPs). Humic matters like humic acid (HA) are component of NOMs that should be removed from water. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) is one of the NOMs removal methods. The aim of this study was to survey the degradation of humic acid by electron beam irradiation/Mn II ion from aqueous solutions. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed in laboratory batch study. In this study, effect of pH (4 to 10), different doses of electron beam radiation (1 to 15 kGy), initial concentration of manganese ions (0.1 to 0.4 mg/l) and the initial concentration of humic acid (10 to 50 mg/l) in degradation of humic acid were investigated. Electron irradiation was performed using an electron accelerator model TT200 (IBM company, Belgium). Residual concentrations of humic acid in the samples were determined by spectrophotometer UV/Visible (Optima SP-3000 Plus model, Japan) at wavelength of 254 nm. Results: According to results, pH changes had no effect on removal efficiency of humic acid. Results showed that increase of absorbed dose led to increase of removal efficiency. With increase of MnII ion concentration to 0.2 mg/l, removal efficiency was increased but in higher concentrations, removal efficiency decreased. So that in concentration of 0.2 mg/l and 0.4 mg/l of MnII ions, removal efficiencies were equal to 65.83% and 50.26%, respectively. Survey on the experimental data showed that degradation of humic acid by e-beam irradiation in presence of MnII ions follows second-order kinetic. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that electron beam irradiation coupled MnII ions is an effective method for removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions.

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Introduction: Textile wastewaters from dyeing and finishing processes are heavily polluted with dyes, textile auxiliaries and chemicals and have a broad range of pH, high COD concentration and suspended particles. In this study, the efficiency of color and turbidity removal from synthetic textile wastewater samples were investigated by combined process of coagulation/ flocculation and electron beam irradiation. Materials and Methods: The experiments have been done on model dye solution samples which prepared from ten dyes that are supplied from Yazd Baff textile factory. Aluminum sulphate was employed to determine the optimum conditions for removal of turbidity by jar-test experiments. Then samples were irradiated by 10 MeV electron beam of Rhodotron TT200 accelerator at different doses of 1, 3 and 6 kGy. Absorption spectra of the samples were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Lambda 25). The pH and turbidity values of the solutions were measured by a Metrohm 827 model pH meter and 2100AN turbidimeter (Hach company). Results: According to results, the degree of decoloration and turbidity removal of synthetic dye solutions increased dramatically when the alum concentration increased and reached to 64% and 90% respectively at 112 ppm. After irradiation, it is observed that absorbance at 540 nm decreased rapidly by increasing of radiation dose, because of macromolecules degradation and then decreased slowly and degree of decoloration reached to 95%. The amount of pH was decreased by irradiation and then changed very slowly or remained constant with increasing irradiation dose. Conclusion: The above results indicate that combination of coagulation/ flocculation and irradiation of 10 MeV electron beam is so effective for turbidity removal and decoloration. Coagulation process eliminates suspended particles from disperse dyes effectively, while destruction of soluble dye molecules happen by irradiation that increase decoloration efficiency considerably.

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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are very common in developing countries and affect mostly children. Day care centers are places where children are more susceptible to acquire intestinal parasites. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among children who attend to day care centers in Yazd city. Eighty hundred children under six years old were selected by cluster sampling. Fresh faecal samples were collected from each child and examined by direct wet mount and formalin-ether techniques. Demography data and anthropometric indicators of children were also recorded. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In total 10 % of children harbored at least one type of intestinal parasite. The rates of infection were as follows: Blastocystis hominis 2.8%, Giardia lamblia 2.8%, Entamoeba coli 1.1%, Chilomastix mesnili 1.7%, Dientamoeba fragilis 1.1.%. Infection rate in male was 12.9% and in female it was 6.9%. The relationship between sex, age, anthropometric indicators, and parasitic infection was not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference was observed between infection, parents’ education and mothers' job (P<0.005). Conclusion: The results of this study, showed a considerable decrease in the rate of intestinal parasitic infections in comparison with other studies. This may be owing to the improvements in personal environment, and health which have occurred through public education campaigns, health information raising, sanitation facilities improvement, proper waste and wastewater disposal, control of drinking-water, and food safety.

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Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is Zoonoses among humans and animals with cosmopolitan distribution. Acquired form of the disease often has no symptoms or discomfort of swollen lymph nodes and associated Chorioretinitis. The congenital form of the disease from mother to fetus via the placenta is delivered. Congenital infection may cause abortion or damage the central nervous system and eye disorders. The aim of this study was to determine toxoplasmosis Seroepidemiologyin serum of suspected patients referring to medical lab, 2013. Materials and Methods: This study is cross- sectional. Of the total 712 cases during 2013 in the physical examination was diagnosed with suspected toxoplasmosis infection, were referred for evaluation of serological diagnostic laboratories. Produced in the laboratory from patients' serum samples by ELISA method using kits of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies Chorus Toxoplasma IgG, IgM were tested. Data on age, sex and time of the visit and laboratory test results were recorded in the Czech list, and then were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A total of 712 sera tested 649 patients (91.2%) were female and 63 ((8.8% were male. 171 (24.3%) of the antibody IgG and 25 ((3.5% in terms of IgM in serum were positive. In sex 159 women (93%)) and 12 males (7%) IgG were positive. In females, 24 (96%)) and 1 male (4%) IgM were positive. Most positive tests than 9.5% in those aged over 50 years were observed. The lowest percentage of positive samples in the age group less than 20 years (20%) and highest in patients older than 60 years (8/47 percent) was observed. Conclusion: As a general conclusion, it can be stated that the frequency of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in toxoplasmosis, in the suspected-to-have toxoplasmosis and control groups was not statistically significant. Also, we can conclude that abortion is involved in the development of chronic toxoplasmosis.

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Introduction: Iran is one of the major focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the world. Despite continued control efforts, the incidence of CL has increased in the many areas of Iran. the counties of Ardakan, Khatam, Bafgh, Abarkuh and Yazd are endemic places for cl in Yazd province that have occurred outbreak in them during March 2015 to March 2016.The aim of this paper was to identify the Epidemiological and clinical Aspects of Leishmaniasis in patients that were reported from these five endemic foci during outbreak .

Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 150 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients that were referred to the provincial health center during outbreak from March 2015 to March 2016. Clinical and demographic information of patients were registered and analyzed by SPSS 23 software.

Result: From 150 cases 121 (80.2%) lived in urban areas. 93 (62%) of the patients were males. The most frequent age group was 21-30 years old (18.7%). housekeepers had the highest incidence (22.6%). (41.3%) of patients had Elementary education. Monthly family income in over half of the patients were less than a million tomans at months. The maximum number of CL cases were reported in autumn with 62(41.3%) Of the patients. 98 (65.3%) of the patients reported a history of travel in the past year. the highest rates of CL lesions were seen in feet (18.7%). In over half of the cases (52.7%), wound size was over than one centimeter and 82 (54.7%) of patients had only one wound.

Conclusion: In order to outbreak control, Basic measures such as Public education and education for people who travel to endemic areas and treatment of patients infected with urban type leishmaniasis as a reservoir, according to the geographical condition and carrier can be useful.

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Introduction: Firefighting is one of the occupations that require high physical and aerobic power due to the nature of the job and the physical demands of this profession. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship among Work ability index (WAI), mental workload, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their effective factors in firefighters.
Methods:  This study was a cross-sectional study, which was carried out on 250 firefighters in Tehran. Data were collected using WAI, NASA-TLX and Body Discomfort Chart (BDC). Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, linear regression, Pearson correlation and Spearman tests.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of the total WAI score was 38.85±1.17. Also, the highest amount of mental workload was devoted to the physical load dimension (93.49±8.93). Meanwhile, the total mental load was also 70.07 ± 6.58. The results showed that the WAI is increased by 0.14 by augmentation of one unit at the academic level of firefighters (P = 0.03). The most common discomfort was reported in the lower (20%) and upper (16.8%) regions of the back. The total WAI relationship with total mental workload was positive and insignificant (P>0.05). There was a significant and reverse association between WAI and discomfort in wrist, leg and ankle.
Conclusion: Despite the low rate of MSDs, even mild symptoms of musculoskeletal pain should be considered. Given the high level of mental workload, improving physical, psychosocial and social working conditions is important in increasing the ability of employees and augmenting the ability of their occupational activity.
 

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Introduction: The coexistence of mental health problems in diabetic patients can lead to poor disease management. This study aimed at investigating the mediating role of resilience and diabetes distress in the relationship between depression and treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes among Iranian patients.
Methods: It is a type of analytical study conducted from 2019 to 2020. The statistical population of this study consisted of all-diabetic patients in Tehran. The subjects (200) were selected after purposeful clinical evaluation and qualification of research. In this study, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Persian Version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8, Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS), Conner & Davison Resilience Scale (CDRS) were used to collect the data. Pearson correlation test by SPSS version 24 and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in AMOS software version 22 were used for analysis (P<0.05).
Results: In the present study, most participants (about 36.5%) were in the age group of 56-65 and 58.5% of them were female. According to the results, the variables of depression and diabetes distress has a negative and significant correlation with adherence to treatment (r= -.408, p<0.05). The resiliency has a positive and significant correlation with adherence to treatment (r= 0.414, p<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings showed a link between depression, diabetes distress, resilience, and treatment adherence. Resilience and anxiety from diabetes play a mediating role between depression and adherence to care.  Paying attention to patient resilience may lead to improved depression and diabetes distress in patients with diabetes, to increase the patient’s involvement in treatment adherence.

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Background: Participation in leisure activities with peers and family gatherings is beneficial, but some activities such as smoking, may increase harmful health behaviors. This is the first study which investigates how students in Varamin, Tehran, Iran, perceive smoking during their leisure time.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 and involved 319 school-going adolescents in Varamin County, Tehran, Iran (aged 16-18 years) who completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire on the use of tobacco products which was designed based on the Likert scale. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using, frequency (percentage), t-test (Independent Two-sample), analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA), Kendall’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and the chi-square test (less than 0.01).
Results: Overall, five ethnicities in the target population were examined in this study. Smoking among Arab, Fars, and Lur ethnicities, with mean scores of 4, 3.6, and 3.41, respectively, were higher than smoking among Turks, other ethnicities, and Kurds, with mean scores of 2.86, 2.36, and 2. In addition, smoking in family gatherings, the very low and low levels have the highest frequencies of 72 and 61, respectively, while smoking in friend gatherings, average and high levels have the highest frequencies, i.e., 99 and 57, respectively, with (Sig: 0.000) is less than 0.01.
Conclusions: This reinforces the need to be alert for, and respond to, gender and ethnic disparities regarding the pattern of risk and protective factors. Thus, leisure activities and ethnicity may be key factors to tailor prevention programs to their unique characteristics and needs.