Abstract
Introduction: Designing and constructing hospitals using green approach, renewable resources reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and improve environmental air quality. The purpose of the present study was to determine Green hospital's criteria in Fars province, Southwest of Iran, 2019.
Methods: In the Qualitative study, first, the criteria were identified systematically. Then, the criteria for establishing a green hospital were determined by content analysis and software methods. Then, for localization, using the Delphi method, the effective criteria for establishing a green hospital in Fars province were selected. Thirty experts in the field were selected using purposive sampling. Excel 2016 software was used for analysis.  This study was a  mixed-method study that was conducted from 2018 to the first half of the year 2019. At first, the criteria were identified by the systematic review method, and then the data extraction was analyzed using the content method. Finally, the criteria identified by the questionnaire were provided to 30 health experts. Experts were selected by purposeful sampling. In the present study, Excel 2016 software was used for analysis.
Results: Green Hospital's criteria were 72 criteria out of 21 common angles in the systematic review stage. In Fars province, 34 criteria in 13 dimensions of site stability, construction stage (architecture), environmental quality, management, resources, bio purchase, Experts selected energy efficiency, water, wastewater, waste and waste recycling, transportation, healthcare, and innovation. The most important aspects for Fars province are the management costs.
Conclusion: The approved criteria for Fars province, as well as other valid models in the field of the green hospital, management, water efficiency, and energy, were approved. In general, the reasons for choosing approved dimensions can be due to the various models emphasizing these dimensions and the relevance of dimensions to hospitals' challenges.
Keywords: Criterion, Green hospital, Delphi method, Scoping review.

Introduction
Green hospitals have emerged as an approach to resolve environmental challenges and meet the needs of society (1). With sustainable environmental approaches and a healthy economy, the Healthcare industry is one of the leading advocates of environmental protection globally. In addition to its traditional role in providing quality healthcare, the health sector, via decreasing environmental consequences, can create common health as well as economic and social benefits and improve people's health (2).
es and local communities have put pressure on healthcare organizations for further environmental control. These pressures range from energy conservation to medical waste disposal and safe management of highly potent drugs (3). Since there is no single and uniform model for green and healthy hospitals and most hospitals and health systems worldwide have made efforts to reduce environmental footprints, participate in public health and do savings in costs simultaneously, most of which have been based on environmental standards (4).
The Green Hospital sees the environment as part of its service quality processes and seeks to do no harm to itself and others by employing effective approaches in each of its dimensions, including management, water, energy, building, waste, medicine, and shopping((5). Hospitals consume a large amount of energy and other resources to provide high-quality care (6).
For example, the Pittsburgh Children Hospital in the United States has a LEED (Energy Leadership and Environmental Design (7). It has applied energy productivity, leadership, chemicals, waste, energy, water, transportation by applying energy efficiency criteria for food, drugs, building, and shopping (8).
In Iran, measures have been taken for a green hospital in accordance with environmental standards. In this regard, the Iranian Green Management Association has adapted the German Green Hospital Pattern and compiled a Checklist for Green Hospital with a validation approach (9, 10).In a study, Shabani and Shamgoli et al. proposed the dimensions of water, management, chemicals, waste, energy, garbage, site sustainability, innovation, indoor quality, environmental preferred purchasing, transportation, and noise pollution for Ir (11, 12).
Of the 69 Social Security Hospitals, 19 have fully implemented the International Standard on Environmental Management, according to statistics provided by the Department of Health Deputy of Social Security Organization (6, 11). This research investigated all aspects of this approach by identifying the factors of green hospital establishment in different countries and developing criteria for green hospital establishment in Fars Province.
Methods
The present study is a Qualitative study conducted by using the qualitative method. In the first step, the research was extracted using information resources and related studies conducted in the green hospital field, based on a Scoping Review of green hospital criteria and standards using relevant keywords. The search was done based on the key concepts of the components or criteria or dimensions of approaches or indicators of the green hospital or bio-friendly hospital through different keywords. The concepts and keywords related to it were selected based on a review of previous articles in this field and the experts' opinions. In the third step, the selection criteria were defined.
 Searches were done in the databases of PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science, World Health Organization, google scholar and magiran.com, SID.ir Chrane Library, Springer, from 2015/01/01 to 2019/10/01. A list of references of the related articles and the journals related to this field was searched manually. It should be mentioned that the articles published in Farsi and English were reviewed. ‎ The articles and the studies in the green hospital field were selected based on the research strategy (research protocol) developed by the researcher, among the published articles related to the green hospital.

 

 

 

The highest arithmetic mean and median associated with dimension, waste, and recycling with training criteria and awareness of staff for safe disposal of medical waste with mean, and the lowest arithmetic mean related to the dimension of resources and reuse criteria are the non-structural and interior elements. According to the experts, the highest number of criteria obtained from the management group and criteria for using global environmental guidelines for the wards, implementation of the green management system (green management strategies), waste reduction planning, management of consumer and non-consumer requests in the wards, guidelines and staff safety (green disinfectants) are for establishing a green hospital in Fars Province.
Discussion
Green hospitals with a sustainable structure benefit from advantages such as cost-saving and ‎continuous improvement (1, 29, 30). As hospitals move towards sustainability, development, and ‎health, they inevitably use green hospital models. Green hospital establishment is a solution for ‎progress and environmental conservation (20). Studies have shown that the study ‎on sustainability assessment systems has been the focus of attention since the study by Crowley ‎and Ao in 1999 (31).
The findings of the systematic review included 72 criteria (subsets) and were classified into 15 dimensions (sets) and five categories (Table 3). The living environment with 13 dimensions, site sustainability (land use and ecology), building, energy efficiency, water and external water use, sewage, waste and recycling, waste, pollution with an abundance of 126 is the most important floor in the reviewed articles. Energy efficiency with seven natural ventilation criteria, natural light, renewable energy, saving, alternative energy production methods, attention to indigenous energy, optimal energy consumption, and frequency 22 has been the most important criterion in systematic studies. 
In general, the reasons for choosing approved dimensions can be attributed to the emphasis of different green evaluation models on these dimensions and the relevance of these dimensions to the challenges that hospitals typically face (14) as Nuraisyah Chua Abdullah used the GBI method in a study (15). In addition, Hesam Sadat Fafi used the LEED method in a Washington hospital study (16), and Tanisha Barbara used the LEED, WHO models for the Green Hospital (17). Mohad Effendi has used GBI, LEED, and My CREST methods in a study (18). Yvonne Ryan-Fogart has used ISO 14001-HESG patterns (19).
Like other valid Green Hospital models, five categories of environment, community, economy, health, and innovation were identified in 15 dimensions and 72 criteria in the present study. Most researchers explicitly confirm and introduce social and economic performance criteria (19, 24-26, 21). The environment is the most important floor of the green hospital (11). Also, the existence of different criteria in green building patterns can be due to differences in environmental, economic classes, and social approaches of countries (20). 
Based on the Delphi technique's obtained results, the main criteria for designing the model of establishing a green hospital in Fars province in 13 dimensions and 34 criteria were selected by experts, which are detailed in (Table 4). Based on the Delphi management method results, waste management and waste recycling, water and energy consumption have the essential criteria for the localization of green hospitals in Fars province. According to experts, the model of establishing a green hospital in Fars province.
Ali Taleshi et al. believes that the most important obstacles to achieving green hospital standards are insufficient attention to environmental protection strategies, lack of adequate environmental education, inadequate waste management, and inadequate budget allocation for wastewater management and air pollutants from training hospitals in the city of Yazd (24). Besides, Arzmani et al. in a study emphasized the importance of managing consumption, waste, energy, and water consumption (28).
Farrokh Shahi, in a study, emphasizes the use of methods to save energy, the use of building energy management systems (BEMS), proper waste management, and wastewater treatment in all hospitals to provide effective services to patients and help stabilize the rate of health services (25). Sahamer and Zakaria believe that health buildings using advanced medical equipment make hospitals one of the largest consumers of energy and therefore require intensive planning and consumption optimization (11), which is consistent with the findings of the present study.
In research, Ryan Fogarty et al. have dealt with the importance of management, supervision, and innovation (32). Also, in research, Sahamir & Zakaria discussed the obligation to implement green management, green hospital standards, and the establishment of an environmental management system (green management systems) without formal procedures for obtaining voluntary standards (33, 34). BREEAM, LEED, SBTool, and CASBEE patterns have dealt with innovation (31, 35).
 Ali Taleshi et al. believes that sound management and planning are of paramount importance in green hospital standards. Management approaches in today's hospitals have severely depressed the environment and have had a serious impact on society's health while increasing hospital costs. In other words, hospitals were captured by a managerial paradox (4). According to researchers, all internal and external research points to the importance of environmental quality (33, 34).
In the study, Ridolfia, Andreisb, Panzieric et al. concluded that indirect aspects are mainly related to land supervision and planning. Indicators based on the classical pressure-state approach and based on CO2 equilibrium, sustainable analysis exposed to the environment have been used to evaluate EMS environmental performance (36).
Also, aspects such as site sustainability and architecture, indoor environmental quality, site sustainability, resources, preferring bio purchasing, healthcare, and transportation emphasize the dimensions of the green hospital since the mentioned items are among the issues that hospitals are constantly involved with them and for better management in this area, they define strategic and quantitative goals. Accordingly, high scores of these dimensions are justified. This result is in line with that of other studies.
According to studies, it is important to note that the decision-making and the benchmarking process is dynamic. So, interventions that are not currently allowed to be done over time may be in the dimensions and criteria. For example, demographic change or access to new technology and environmental and climatic changes can change the criteria and use different methods. The present study examines the limitations of articles, websites, and reports published in English and Farsi and does not include others.
Conclusion
Findings of the study showed that variations in specific economic (resource limitation), social (local architecture), and environmental (regional climate) conditions of every country cause differences in the criteria used. As a result, it is obvious that in management policy-making and healthcare projects, in particular hospitals, great efforts are made to pay attention to the green hospital and its related criteria. This is based on the localization of green hospital criteria from external sources. After formulating relevant green hospital standards, the localized model can be implemented and evaluated to construct and complete these projects as a general and strategic policy. In Fars Province, due to its specific climatic conditions and spatial planning, there is a need for criteria consistent with climate zone and resources.
Finally, it is suggested that hospital authorities in Iran, in particular Fars Province, pay specific attention to both environmental and economic aspects of the green hospital model, conserve water and environmental resources and make optimal and maximum use of financial budgets in order to pass the current requirements and achieve the healthcare goal of hospitals. In the current situation, the most important and prioritized thing is the scarcity of water and financial resources (due to unprecedented international sanctions) for the country's management and, consequently, hospitals.
 Regarding the most up-to-date and the latest standards of the green hospital standards, the present study recommends assessing hospitals by using green criteria and establishing an environmental management team in hospitals to achieve the green hospital standards.
Acknowledgments 
The authors would like to thank Dr. Rahim Ostvar, Payam Farhadi, and all those who provided us with scientific and spiritual support for this research. We would also like to thank the people who contributed to this study. This article has been extracted from Diba Norouzi's Ph.D. dissertation with ethical code IR.IAU.SHIRAZ.REC 1398.038 approved by Shiraz Islamic Azad University without any financial support. The present study has not been funded by any organizations.
Author contribution
Sh.v developed the theoretical formalism, performed the analytic calculations and performed the numerical simulations. Both SH.V and S.H authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript. B.C. supervised the project.
Conflicts of Interests 
The authors declare no conflict of interest.