Effect of Educational Booklet and Lecture on Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of Third-Grade Male Guidance School Students بررسی تاثیر آموزش جزوه وجلسه سخنرانی ومقایسه آن با گروه کنترل برآگاهی ،نگرش ورفتارتغذیه ایی دانش آموزان پسر مقطع سوم راهنمایی شهرقم سال تحصیلی 91-90 2 1 مقدمه : پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیرآموزش بهداشت بر تغییر آگاهی،نگرش و رفتارهای تغذیه ای دانش آموزان راهنمایی انجام گرفت.مواد و روشها : دراین مطالعه نیمه تجربی میزان تاثیر روشهای آموزشی متفاوت بر آگاهی،نگرش و رفتار تغذیه ای دانش آموزان مقطع سوم راهنمایی شهرقم درسال تحصیلی 91-90 با استفاده ازپرسشنامه چهار قسمتی )مشخصات دموگرافیک، آگاهی،نگرش ورفتار( مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار گرفت . سه مدرسه جهت مطالعه به روش خوشه ای تعیین وازهرمدرسه تعداد110دانش آموز پایه سوم (مجموعا 330نفر) به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه جزوه ،سخنرانی وکنترل قرار گرفتند.درابتداپرسشنامه توسط دانش آموزان بعنوان پیش آزمون تکمیل شد و سپس برنامه های آموزش تغذیه درسه گروه درسه جلسه به اجرادرآمدوحدودسه ماه بعد مجددا همان پرسشنامه مورد آزمون قرارگرفت. یافته ها : مداخلات سبب افزایش معنی داری در میانگین نمرات آگاهی،نگرش و عملکرد در دو گروه مداخله شد( 05/0( p0/05). میانگین تفاوت ایجاد شده در گروه آموزشی سخنرانی دربخش آگاهی ونگرش بطور معنی داری بیش از گروه آموزشی جزوه بود. (05/0(p< . نتیجه گیری : هر دو روش آموزشی ، موجب افزایش سطح آگاهی،نگرش ورفتار تغذیه ای دردانش آموزان سوم راهنمایی شدکه افزایش آگاهی و نگرش درگروه آموزشی سخنرانی بیشتربود.درمجموع نتایج این مطالعه نقش مثبت برنامه های آموزش بهداشت را در ارتقاء آگاهی ،نگرش ورفتار تغذیه ای دانش آموزان نشان داد . لذا لزوم توجه به برنامه های آموزشی جهت ارتقاء رفتارهای تغذیه ای امری ضروریست. 2 Introduction: The roots of most inappropriate healthy behaviors originate from the experience of childhood and adolescence, and healthy nutrition during maturity period has an effective role on the human growth and health. Materials and Methods: In this semi experimental study the effect of various educational methods on nutritional knowledge, attitude and behaviors of guidance school students in Qom city in the years 2011-12 was evaluated and compared by using of a four-part questionnaire (demographic, knowledge, attitude and behavior characteristics). Three schools were selected by cluster sampling method and from each school, 110 students were randomly grouped (330 students) to control, booklet and lecture groups. Firstly, the questionnaires were completed by students as a pretest and then nutritional educational program was performed for three groups in three sessions and three months later the same questionnaires were used again. Results: Interventions caused significant increase in the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of two experimental groups (P0.05). The mean differencesof knowledge and attitude sections in lecture group were more statistically significant than booklet group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both educational methods increased the level of nutritional knowledge, attitude, and behaviors of students which was more significant in lecture group. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrated positive effects of educational health programs on promotion of nutritional knowledge, attitude, and behaviors of students. Therefore it is necessary to consider educational programsin order to improve nutritional behavior. 1 12 2014/08/2 1393/5/11 2014/08/2 1393/5/11 مصطفی واحدیان Mostafa Vahedian رویا صادقی Roya Sadeghi Rfarhadlu@yahoo.com روح الله فرهادلو Rohollah Farhadlu اعظم السادات ناظری Azamossadat Nazeri عزیزالله دهقان Azizallah Dehghan محمدحسن براتی Mohammad Hassan Barati Nutritional Status Health Education Health Knowledge Attitudes Practice وضعیت تغذیه آموزش بهداشت آگاهی نگرش 1. Sajjadi P, Foroozani M. Nutritional Status Assessment and Comparison of 14 - 18 year old girl students of governmental and non-profit high schools in Babol in 1373-74. The fifth Iranian nutrition congress articles abstract. 2000. P. 105 [in Persian]. ##2. 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The status of adolescent nutrition. NutrToday. 1991; 26(2):7-10.##7. Dehghan M, Danesh N, MerchantAT. Childhood obesity prevalence and prevention. Nutrition Journal. 2005;24( 4):1-8 [in Persian].##8. Morgan SL, Weinsier RL. Fundamentals of Clinical Nutrition. 2nd ed. Missouri: Mosby. 1998;17: 96-101. ##9. Dadkhahpiraghaj M, Omidvar N, Mehrabi Y. Familialsimilarities in weekly food frequency consumption:comparison of adolescents girls (15-17 year) with their.2009;14(2):21-8 [in Persian].##10. Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Frernch S. Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102 (3): 40-51.##11. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Momenan A, Azizi F. Assessment of the knowledge, attitude and performance of high school students in district No.13 of Tehran about healthy nutrition. IJEM. 2004;5: 416-409 [in Persian].##12. Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, MerchantAT. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutr J. 2005; 4:24.[ in Persian].##13. 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Tehran: Olia o Morabian Pub; 1992; 12-26 [in Persian]. ##19. Ghasemi H .Physical growth of school child in city and village.1984;4(6):222[in Persian].##20. Ooth M, Okely A, Denney Wilson E, et al. NSW Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (SPANS). Sydney: NSW Department of Health 2010;13:1-41.##21. Poorabdollahi A, GhaemmaghamiSG. The evaluation of nutritional habits in Tabriz primary student .The Third congress of Iran Nutrition,Isfahan Med- Sci University1994.##22. Khalag M ,Mohammadizeidy E. The evaluation of nutrition education on the knowledge and practice of primary school students in ghazvin, journal of Shahrekord Medical science. 2006;8(1):41-9[in Persian]. ##23. Egger G, Pearson S, Pal S. Individualising weight loss prescription -a management tool for clinicians. Clinical practice. 2006; 8: 591-4.##24. Dorosti A, Tabatabaei M. Realation of nutritional factors and obesity in the primary students of ahwaz 82-83.Tehran Med Magazine. 2005;15(1):7-17[in Persian]. ##25. TaslimiM, Jazayeri A, Keshavarz A, et al. Comparison between the effect of two methods of health education (booklet and group discussion) on the guidance school girls nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice in Tehran. Magazine of Tehran Med-sci University. 2004 [in Persian].##26. MohammadpoorAhrangani B. Evaluation of the effect of booklet on the guidance school girls nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice in Tehran. Magazine of Tehran Med-sci University. 2000[in Persian].##27. Safari M ,ShogaeiZadeh D. Theories,models and methods of Health education and promotion . pub:sobhan. 1391: 23-4.##28. Angoorani P. Comparison between the effect of two methods of health education (booklet and lecture)aboutbreackfast on knowledge and behavior in primary school girls students in tehran82-83. (Dissertation for MA degree of Health Education), Med-sci University of Tehran. 2003;17(1):58-69 [in Persian]. ##29. Soleimanekhtiary Y, Shojaeezadeh D, Zeraati H. Comparison between the effect of two methods of health education (booklet and group discussion)for prevention behaviors of obesity in primary school students in tehran2007. Magazine of Yazd Med- Sci University. 2008;13(6): 1-10 [in Persian]. ##30. Byrd- Bredbenner CO, Connell LH, Shannon B, et al. A nutrition curriculum for health education: Its effect on student's knowledge, attitude and behaviour. J Sch. Health. 1984; 54:385-8.##31. Nicklas TA, Johnson CC, Farris R. Development of a schoolbased nutrition intervention for high school students: Gimme 5. 1997 ;11(5):315-22.##32. Kim K, Chung M. Implementation and evaluation ofnutrition education program for children. J Sch Health . 2008 (4 ) : 216-21.##33. Fahlman MM, DakeJA, McCaughtry N, et al. A pilotstudy to examine the effects of a nutrition intervention on nutrition knowledge, behaviors, and efficacy expectations in middle school. J Sch Health.2008; 78(4):216-22.##34. Sahota P, Rudolf MC, DixeyRHill AJ. 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The incidence of malignant melanoma in two different cultural settings and the probable role of clothing in melanoma prevention بروز ملانومای بدخیم در دو فرهنگ مختلف و نقش احتمالی پوشش در پیشگیری از ملانوما 2 1 مقدمه: ملانومای بدخیم، سرطان کشنده پوستی و یکی از سرطانهای با رشد سریع در سراسر دنیا است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی بروز سرطان پوست در دو فرهنگ مختلف و نقش احتمالی پوشش در پیشگیری می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه مقطعی، داده های مربوط به بیماران ملانومایی در استان کرمان ،ایران، که شامل: سن، پاتولوژی، جنس، مکان و محل درگیری پوست طی سالهای 1384 الی 1388 بود از مرکز ثبت سرطان کرمان و رفسنجان بدست آمد. اطلاعات مشابه مربوط به بروز ملانوما در ایالت ویکتوریای استرالیا از مرکز مشاوره سرطان ملبورن، ویکتوریا بدست آمد. بروز بر اساس سن، جنس و محل سرطان پوست در استان کرمان و ایالت ویکتوریا محاسبه شد، سپس تفاوت بروز اعضای دارای پوشش و بدون پوشش محاسبه و مقایسه شدند. نتایج:بروز ملانوما در استان کرمان، سالانه 7/5 در میلیون بود، بروز در مردان بالاتر از زنان بود. بالاترین میزان بروز در سنین 79- 70 سالگی دیده شد. بیشترین موارد ملانوما(30%) در صورت دیده شد. بروز در ایالت ویکتوریا، سالانه 9/431 در میلیون بود.بروز در مردان بیشتر از زنان بود و بالاترین میزان بروز در بالای 80 سالگی دیده شد.بیشترین موارد (1/30%) ملانوما در تنه و بازو دیده شدند با 1/22%.تفاوت بروز بین دو فرهنگ به استثنای دست ها و پاهای مردان معنی دار بود. نتیجه گیری:براساس این مطالعه، پوشش احتمالا سالانهاز بروز 7/25، 4/37 و 6/72 مورددر میلیون از ملانوما در ناحیه تنه، بازو و پاها در ایرانی ها پیشگیری می کند. 2 Introduction: Malignant melanoma is a fatal cutaneous neoplasm and one of the fastest growing cancers worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of melanoma in different cultural settings and the probable role of clothing for prevention. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data about diagnosed melanoma patients in Kerman Province, Iran including age, pathology, sex, location, and site of skin involvement, were obtained from the Kerman and Rafsanjan Cancer Registries from 2005 to 2009. Similar data related to melanoma incidence in Victoria, Australia were obtained from the Victorian Cancer Council, Melbourne. Incidence by age, sex and site of skin was calculated in both Kerman Province and Victoria State. Then the incidence differences for exposed and unexposed limbs were calculated and compared. Results: Melanoma incidence in Kerman was 5.7 in million annually. Incidence in men was higher than women. The highest incidence was seen in 70-79 years of age. Most cases of melanoma (30%) were localized in the face. Incidence in Victoria State was 431.9 in million annually. The incidence in men was more than women. The highest incidence was seen above 80 years of age. Most of the cases (30.1%) of melanoma were seen in the trunk and then arm with 22.1%. The incidence difference between the two nations was significant except for the hands and male’s feet. Conclusion: The present study suggests that clothing is possibly preventing about 25.7, 37.4 and 72.6 cases of melanoma respectively in the trunk, arm and leg in 1,000,000 people annually in Iran. 13 21 2014/08/22014/07/1 1393/4/10 2014/08/22014/07/1 1393/4/10 لیلا دهقانی Leila Dehghani نرگس خانجانی Narges Khanjani narges.khanjani@gmail.com عباس بهرامپور Abbas Bahrampoor melanoma incidence Kerman Victoria clothing ملانوما بروز کرمان ویکتوریا پوشش 1. Edevries L.V, Vandepoll-Franse W.J, Louwman F.R, et al. Predictions of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015. British J Dermatol. 2005;152(3):481–8.##2. Mahmoud R. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer molecular mechanisms. J Cutan Pathol .2005; 32(3):191–205.##3. Luther U, Dichmann S, Schlobe A, et al. UV light and skin cancer.Med Monatsschr Pharm.2000;23(8):261-6.##4. Safaii Naraghi Z, Bahadori M, Ehsani A.H, et al. Evaluation of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma according to Breslow and Clarke pathological indices. Tehran Univ Med J .2006; 64(5):79-86.##5. Eleni Linos, Susan M, Myles G, et al. Increasing Burden of Melanoma in the United States. J Invest. 2009;129(7): 1666–74.##6. Mahler V, Diepgen TL. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002; 146 (61):1–6.##7. Garbe C, McLeod GR, Buettner PG. Time trends of cutaneous melanoma in Australia and Central Europe. Cancer .2000; 89(6):1269-78.##8. AIHW. Australian Health Trends 2001. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2001.##9. Lens MB, Dawes M. Global perspectives of contemporary epidemiological trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma. British J Dermatol. 2004; 150(2):179–85.##10. Marks R. Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol . 2000; 25(6):459-63.##11. Tavakoli M.B , Shahi Z. Solar ultraviolet radiation on the ground level of Isfahan. Iran. J. Radiat. Res .2007; 5 (2):101-4.##12. Berwick M. Patterns of sun exposure which are causal for melanoma.In: Melanoma. Critical Debates (Newton Bishop JA, GoreM, eds). Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002; 3–15. ##13. Diffey BL. A quantitative estimate of melanoma mortality from ultraviolet absurbed use in the UK. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(3):578-81.##14. Glanz K, Mayer JA. Reducing ultraviolet radiation exposure to prevent skin cancer methodology and measurement. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29(2):131–42.##15. Rigel DS. The effect of sunscreen on melanoma risk. Dermatology Clin. 2002; 20(4): 601–6.##16. UV Awareness. 2012, Available at: http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-forecasts.php. Accessed May 16, 2012##17. Statistical Center of Iran (2007). Iran Statistic Yearbook, 2007. Tehran: Statistics Center of Iran.##18. Victoria (Australia). Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria Accessed Nov 18, 2012.##19. Lesage C, Barbe C, Clainche A L, et al. Sex-Related Location of Head and Neck Melanoma Strongly Argues for a Major Role of Sun Exposure in Cars and Photo protection by Hair. J Investigative Dermatol. 2013; 133(5):1205–11.##20. Clark LN, Shin DB, Troxel AB. Association between the anatomic distribution of melanoma and sex. J Am Acad Demerol. 2007; 56(5):768–73.##21. Elwood JM , Gallagher RP. body site distribution of coetaneous malignant melanoma in relationship to patterns of sun exposure exposure. Int. J. Cancer.1988; 78(3), 276-80.##22. Mackie R.M, Quinin A.G. Non-melanoma skin cancer and other epidermal skin tumors. In:Burns T BS,Cox N, Griffiths C, (editors).Rook' s textbook of dermatology. 7 ed. Oxford. Blackwell Science Publication,2004.p.50.##23. Geller A.C, Zhang Z, Sober A.J, et al. The first 15 years of the American Academy of Dermatology skin cancer screening programs:1985-1999.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(1):34-41.##24. Corona P, Dayliotti E, D'Errico M, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a Mediterranean population: role of recreational sun exposure early in life. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(2):1162-68.##25. Guibert P, Mollat F, Ligen M, et al. Melanoma screening: report of a survey in occupational medicine. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136(2): 199-202.##26. Protecting Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation. Editors: Paolo V, Maila H, Bruce E, Stuck ED, Shengli N. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection; In Collaboration with International Labour Organization, World Health Organization. ##27. Marks R. Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000; 25(6); 459-63.##28. Konstantinos L, Sabine K, Despina I, et al. Epidemiological diﬀerences for cutaneous melanoma in a relatively dark-skinned Caucasian population with chronic sun exposure. 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Cd and Pb Concentrations in the Surface Sediments of the Asaluyeh Bay, Iran بررسی میزان تجمع فلزات سنگین کادمیوم و سرب در رسوبات سطحی در خلیج نایبند عسلویه، ایران 2 1 مقدمه: در این تحقیق میزان عناصر سرب و کادمیوم در و رسوبات مناطق خلیج نایبند (منطقه آلوده) و لاور ساحلی (منطقه شاهد) اندازه گیری گردید. هدف از این تحقیق تعیین غلظت سرب و کادمیوم در رسوبات عسلویه و مقایسه آن با مقدار موجود در سایر نقاط جهان متمرکز شدند. روش: بدین منظور در تابستان سال 1392 نمونه برداری از رسوبات بستر از 40 ایستگاه با ۳ بار تکرار صورت گرفت. هریک از نمونه ها پس از خشک شدن توسط روشYap 2002 هضم گردید. سپس غلظت سرب وکادمیوم نمونه ها توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی مدلVarian 240 اندازه گیری شد. آنالیز آماری با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS18 انجام شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که دامنه فلزات سرب و کادمیوم در رسوبات ایستگاه های مختلف خلیج نایبند بر اساس میکروگرم بر گرم وزن خشک به ترتیب بین 3.56-5.25 و 1.16-1.44 می باشد که این میزان در مقایسه با رسوبات بحرین، عمان و قطر بیشتر است همچنین میزان سرب در رسوبات بعضی از ایستگاهها و کادمیوم در تمامی ایستگاهها از استاندارد خلیج فارس بیشتر بود. نتیجه گیری: روشهای مناسب برای پاکسازی سواحل آلوده در بندر عسلویه بسیار ضروری می باشد همچنین می بایستی تمهیداتی برای جلوگیری از ورود فاضلابهای تصفیه نشده به خلیج فارس انجام داد. 2 Introduction: Heavy metals widely used in the industrial and refining activities are frequently detected in sediments. The main objectives of this research were focused on determining the concentration of Cd and Pb in the sediments of Asaluyeh and compare with the standard. Methods: The concentration of Pb and Cd in the sediments of Nayband Bay area (contaminated area) and Lavar-e Saheli (control area) were measured. In the summer of 2013, the samples of sediment were collected from 40 stations. The samples were digested using the method Yap 2002 and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The median concentration of Pb and Cd in the sediments collected from Nayband ranged from 3.56 to 5.25 μg/gdw and 1.16 to 1.44 μg/gdw, respectively. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in most of the sediment samples in the study area were higher than the Persian Gulf standards. Conclusion: Therefore, it is essential to use abatement efforts to clean-up the polluted areas in the coastal area of the Asaluyeh Bay and prevent the discharging of the untreated or partially treated wastewater to the Persian Gulf as well. 22 30 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/22 1393/4/1 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/22 1393/4/1 منصوره دهقانی Mansooreh Dehghani mdehghany@sums.ac.ir ایرج نبی پور Iraj Nabipour سینا دوبرادران Sina Dobaradaran حافظ گودرزی Hafez Godarzi Heavy metals Cadmium Lead Sediment Asaluyeh کادمیوم سرب رسوبات عسلویه خلیج فارس 1. Irabien M, Velasco F. Heavy metals in Oka river sediments (Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, northern Spain): lithogenic and anthropogenic effects. Environmental Geology. 1999;37(1-2):54-63.##2. Usero J, Morillo J, Gracia I. Heavy metal concentrations in molluscs from the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. Chemosphere. 2005;59(8):1175-81.##3. Ochieng E, Lalah J, Wandiga S. Analysis of heavy metals in water and surface sediment in five rift valley lakes in Kenya for assessment of recent increase in anthropogenic activities. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2007;79(5):570-6.##4. Ma M, Zhu W, Wang Z, et al. Accumulation, assimilation and growth inhibition of copper on freshwater alga (Scenedesmus subspicatus 86.81 SAG) in the presence of EDTA and fulvic acid. Aquatic Toxicology. 2003;63(3):221-8.##5. Gold-Bouchot G, Sima-Alvarez R, Zapata-Perez O, et al. Histopathological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals on the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from Tabasco, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 1995;31(4):439-45.##6. Lim P-E, Lee C-K, Din Z. Accumulation of heavy metals by cultured oysters from Merbok Estuary, Malaysia. Marine pollution bulletin. 1995;31(4):420-3.##7. Dias JF, Fernandez WS, Boufleur LA, et al. Biomonitoring study of seasonal anthropogenic influence at the Itamambuca beach (SP, Brazil), Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. 2009; 267(11): 1960-64.##8. Merian E, Anke M, Ihnat M, et al. Elements and their compounds in the environment, John Willey. 2004, 1170p.##9. Birch, GF. Sediment-bound metallic contaminants in Sydney’s estuaries and adjacent offshore, Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 1996; 42: 31-44.##10. Zorita I, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M, Soto M, et al. Biomarkers in mussels from a copper site gradient (Visnes, Norway): an integrated biochemical, histochemical and histological study. Aquatic toxicology. 2006;78:109-16.##11. Pourang N, Nikouyan A, Dennis JH. Trace element concentrations in fish, surficial sediments and water from northern part of the Persian Gulf. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2005; 109(1-3): 293-316.##12. Silva C, Rainbow P, Smith B. Biomonitoring of trace metal contamination in mangrove-lined Brazilian coastal systems using the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae: comparative study of regions affected by oil, salt pond and shrimp farming activities. Hydrobiologia. 2003;501(1-3):199-206.##13. Priya SL, Senthilkumar B, Hariharan G, et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) from Pulicat lake, south east coast of India. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2011;27(2):117-26.##14. Kanakaraju D, Jios C, Long SM. Heavy metal concentrations in the razor clams (Solen spp.) from Maura Tebas, Sarawak. Malays J Anal Sci. 2008;12(1):53-8.##15. Kanakaraju D, Ibrahim F, Beseli MN. Comparative study of heavy metal concentrations in Rozar clam (Solen regularis) in Moyan and Serpan, Sarawak. Global J Environmental Research. 2008; 2(2): 87-91.##16. Reyahi Bakhteyari A, Mortazavi S. Measurement Of Pb And Cdl In The Shell Of Pinctada Radiata In Hendorabi Island. Journal of Animal and Fisheries Sciences. 2007;74:111-7 [in Persian].##17. Bilos C, Colombo JC, Presa MJ. Trace metals in suspended particles, sediments and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of the Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina. Environmental Pollution. 1998;99(1):1-11.##18. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Standard guide for collection, storage, characterization and manipulation of sediments for toxicological testing. Philadelphia. 1991; 1390-91.##19. Gavrilovic A, Srebocan E, Pompe-Gotal J, et al. Spatiotemporal variation of some metal concentrations in oysters from the Mali Ston Bay, south-eastern Adriatic, Croatia-potential safety hazard aspect. Veterinarni Medicina-Praha. 2007;52(10):457.##20. Delman O, Demirak A, Balci A. Determination of heavy metals ( Cd, Pb) and trace elements ( Cu, Zn ) in sediments and fish of the southeastern Aegean sea ( Turkey ) by atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chemistry.2006; 26: 157-162.##21. Yap C, Ismail A, Tan S, et al. Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Environment international. 2002;28(1):117-26.##22. Karbasi, AR. Environmental cleanup of waste oil from Persian Gulf, Iran, Energy Journal. 1978; 1: 26-41 [in Persian].##23. de Mora S, Fowler SW, Wyse E, et al. Distribution of heavy metals in marine bivalves, fish and coastal sediments in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Marine pollution bulletin. 2004;49(5):410-24.##24. Beg MU, Al-Muzaini S, Saeed T, et al. Chemical contamination and toxicity of sediment from a coastal area receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2001; 41: 289-297.##25. Mediseh Dehghan S. Identification of sensitive areas and under the dining mahshahr using ecological and biological indicators. PhD thesis in the field of Marine Biology. Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology; 2007.p.144 [in Persian].##26. SabzAli Zadeh S. Evaluation of heavy metals Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd and determination of contaminants in sediments and Busy and Lyfeh area. MS Thesis, University of Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology; 2008.p. 114 [in Persian].##27. Islami andar goli T. Investigate the accumulation of heavy metals Ni, Cu, Pb in sediments and mussels arbatia helblingii tidal area between the coastal city of Bushehr. MS Thesis, University of Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology; 2008.p.90 [in Persian].##28. Eynolahi F. Investigate the accumulation of heavy metals Ni, Cu, Pb in sediments and Saccostera cucullata Oyster in between tidal area Chabahar coast. MS Thesis, University of Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology; 2008.p. 38 [in Persian].##29. Dadollahi AS, Savari A. Seaweed and direct assay of heavy metals in seawater and sediment of the Kish Island coast (Northeastern of the Persian Gulf). International Conference on Coastal Oceanography and Sustainable Marine Aquaculture (ICCOSMA). 2-4 May 2006, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; 2006.##30. Azimi AA. Study the levels of heavy metals, mercury, cadmium, lead and copper deposits in the North West Persian Gulf - Bandar Imam, Oceanography. 2012; 3 (11): 33-41 [in Persian].#### ##

Treatment of Synthetic Textile Wastewater by Combination of Coagulation/Flocculation Process and Electron Beam Irradiation تصفیه پساب نساجی شبیه سازی شده با تلفیق فرآیند انعقاد- لخته‌سازی و پرتودهی با باریکه الکترونی 2 1 مقدمه: پساب‌های نساجی حاصل از فرآیندهای رنگرزی و تکمیل حاوی مقادیر زیادی از رنگهای آلی، مواد شیمیایی و فعال سطحی بوده و با pH متغیر، COD و ذرات معلق بالا شناخته می‌شوند. در این تحقیق راندمان حذف رنگ و کدورت از پساب نساجی شبیه سازی شده با تلفیق دو فرآیند انعقاد- لخته‌سازی و پرتودهی با باریکه الکترونی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مواد و روشها: آزمایشات بر روی محلول رنگی تهیه شده از ده رنگ ( شامل 3 رنگ از هر یک از گروه‌های اصلی راکتیو، دیسپرس، مستقیم و یک رنگ گوگردی) که از کارخانه نساجی یزدباف تهیه شد انجام گرفت. از سولفات آلومینیوم به عنوان منعقدکننده جهت تعیین شرایط بهینه برای حذف کدورت استفاده شد. نمونه‌ها توسط شتاب دهنده الکترونی MeV 10 در دزهای 1، 3 و 6 کیلوگری پرتودهی شد. طیف جذبی نمونه‌ها توسط دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر فرابنفش- مرئی، pH نمونه‌ها با استفاده از دستگاه pH ‌‌متر و کدورت با دستگاه کدورت سنج اندازه‌‌گیری شد. نتایج: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده در فرایند انعقادسازی با افزایش مقدار منعقدکننده آلوم، راندمان حذف رنگ و کدورت افزایش یافته و در مقدار ppm 112راندمان حذف رنگ و کدورت به ترتیب به 64% و 90% می‌رسد. این مقدار به عنوان مقدار بهینه منعقد کننده در ادامه کار استفاده شد. با شروع پرتودهی شدت جذب در طول موج 540 نانومتر در اثر تخریب مولکول‌های بزرگ رنگ به شدت کاهش یافته و با افزایش دز تا kGy 3 راندمان رنگزدایی به 95% رسیده است. در اثر پرتودهی مولکول‌های رنگ شکسته شده و به ترکیبات آلی کوچکتر تبدیل می‌شوند. اسیدهای آلی یکی از انواع اصلی محصولات واسطه موقتی است که در طول پرتودهی به‌وجود می‌آید و pH را کاهش می‌دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که تلفیق دو فرآیند انعقاد- لخته‌سازی و پرتودهی با الکترون‌های پر انرژی در حذف کدورت و رنگزدایی از محلول‌های رنگی بسیار مؤثر است. در حالیکه ذرات معلق و رنگ‌های دیسپرس در فرایند انعقادسازی به خوبی حذف می‌شوند، پرتودهی قادر است ساختار مولکول‌های رنگ‌های محلول را تخریب کرده و راندمان حذف رنگ را به میزان قابل ملاحظه‌ای افزایش دهد. 2 Introduction: Textile wastewaters from dyeing and finishing processes are heavily polluted with dyes, textile auxiliaries and chemicals and have a broad range of pH, high COD concentration and suspended particles. In this study, the efficiency of color and turbidity removal from synthetic textile wastewater samples were investigated by combined process of coagulation/ flocculation and electron beam irradiation. Materials and Methods: The experiments have been done on model dye solution samples which prepared from ten dyes that are supplied from Yazd Baff textile factory. Aluminum sulphate was employed to determine the optimum conditions for removal of turbidity by jar-test experiments. Then samples were irradiated by 10 MeV electron beam of Rhodotron TT200 accelerator at different doses of 1, 3 and 6 kGy. Absorption spectra of the samples were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Lambda 25). The pH and turbidity values of the solutions were measured by a Metrohm 827 model pH meter and 2100AN turbidimeter (Hach company). Results: According to results, the degree of decoloration and turbidity removal of synthetic dye solutions increased dramatically when the alum concentration increased and reached to 64% and 90% respectively at 112 ppm. After irradiation, it is observed that absorbance at 540 nm decreased rapidly by increasing of radiation dose, because of macromolecules degradation and then decreased slowly and degree of decoloration reached to 95%. The amount of pH was decreased by irradiation and then changed very slowly or remained constant with increasing irradiation dose. Conclusion: The above results indicate that combination of coagulation/ flocculation and irradiation of 10 MeV electron beam is so effective for turbidity removal and decoloration. Coagulation process eliminates suspended particles from disperse dyes effectively, while destruction of soluble dye molecules happen by irradiation that increase decoloration efficiency considerably. 31 38 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/22 1393/4/1 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/22 1393/4/1 فاطمه انوری Fateme Anvari f_anvari@yrpc.ir منیره خیرخواه Monire Kheirkhah رضا امرائی Reza Amraei Coagulation/ flocculation E- Beam Irradiation Decoloration پساب نساجی انعقاد- لخته‌سازی پرتوهای الکترونی رنگ زدایی 1. Golob V, Vinder A, Simonic M. Efficiency of the coagulation/ flocculation method for the treatment of dye bath effluent. Dyes and Pigments. 2005; 67)2): 93-7.##2. Vahdat A, HajirBahrami S, Arami M, et al. Decoloration and mineralization of reactive dyes using electron beam irradiation, Part I: Effect of the dye structure, concentration and absorbed dose. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2012; 81: 851–6.##3. Zhao W, Shi H, Wang D. Ozonation of cationic Red X-GRL in aqueous solution: degradation and mechanism. Chemosphere 2004; 57(3): 1189-99.##4. Lopez-Grimau V, Gutierrez M C. Decolorization of simulated reactive dyebath effluents by electrochemical oxidation assisted by UV light. Chemosphere. 2005;35(3):80-5.##5. Verma A K, Dash R R, Bhunia, P. A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of color from textile wastewaters, Journal of Environmental Management. 2012; 93(4): 154-68.##6. Li W, Hua T, Zhou Q, et al. Treatment of stabilized landfill leachate by the combined process of coagulation/ flocculation and powder activated carbon adsorption. Desalination. 2010; 264(1):56-62.##7. Kim S H, Moon B H, Lee H. Effect of pH and dosage on pollutant removal and floc structure during coagulation. Microchemical Journal. 2001; 68(5): 197- 203.##8. Amuda OS, Amoo, IA. Coagulation/ flocculation process and sludge conditioning in beverage industrial wastewater treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007; 141(9): 778- 83.##9. Zemmouri H, Drouiche M, Sayeh A, et al. Coagulation flocculation test of Keddara's water dam using chitosan and sulfate aluminium. Procedia Engineering. 2012; 33: 254- 60.##10. Gehringer P, Eschweiler H. The use of radiation-induced advanced oxidation for water reclamation, Water Science and Technology. 1996; 34 (7-8): 343-9.##11. GetoffN. Radiation induced degradation of water pollutants- state of the art. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 1997; 47 (4): 581-93. ##12. Foldvary C M, Wonjarovits L. The effect of high- energy radiation on aqueous solution of Acid Red 1 textile dye. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2007; 76: 1485- 8.##13. Cooper WJ, Gehringer P, Pikaev A.K, et al. Chapter 9. Radiation processes: Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment. Editor(s): Simon Parsons. 2004;15(3):55-9.##14. Wang M, Yang R, Wang W, et al. Radiation-induced decomposition and decoloration of reactive dyes in the presence of H2O2. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2006; 75: 286-91. ##15. Kurucz C N, Waite T D, Cooper W J. The miami electron beam research facility: A Large Scale Wastewater Treatment Application. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 1995; 45 (2): 299-308. ##16. Mincher B J, Cooper W J. The electron beam process for the radiolytic degradation of Pollutants, Chapter 7 in: Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants: Environmental and industrial applications. Environmental Science and pollution Control Series/26, Marcel Decker Publishers, New York, 2003;58(1):33-7.##17. Jo H J, Lee S M, Kim H.J, et al. Modification of textile wastewatertreatment system by gamma-radiation.Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry. 2006; 12: 615-19.##18. Solpan D, Guven O, Takacs E, et al. High-energy irradiation treatment of aqueous solutions of azo dyes: steady-state gamma radiolysis experiments. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2003; 67(3): 531–4.##19. Solpan D, Guven O. Decoloration and degradation of some textile dyes by gamma irradiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2002; 65(4): 549–58.##20. Ting T M, Jamaludin N. Decolorization and decomposition of organic pollutants for reactive anddisperse dyes using electron beam technology: Effect of the concentrations of pollutants and irradiation dose. Chemosphere. 2008; 73: 76–80.##21. Kim T H, Lee J K, Lee MJ. Biodegradability enhancement of textile wastewaterby electron beam irradiation. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2007; 76(1): 1037–41.## ##

Dental fear among patients referred to dental offices in Mashhad (Iran) ترس از دندانپزشکی در بیماران مراجعه کننده به مطب های دندانپزشکی در مشهد(ایران) 2 1 مقدمه: ترس از دندانپزشکی یکی از عوامل اصلی به تعویق انداختن و یا عدم انجام خدمات دندانپزشکی است. مطالعات انجام شده در این زمینه محدود می باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی ترس از دندانپزشکی در بیمارانی که به دندانپزشکی مراجعه می کنند، در مشهد(ایران) انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی 400بیمار به طور تصادفی از 20مطب دندانپزشکی خصوصی در مشهد انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات بوسیله مقیاس ترس از دندانپزشکی جمع آوری گردید. روایی و اعتبار این پرسشنامه در مطالعات قبلی مورد اندازه گیری قرار گرفته و تایید شده است. اطلاعات بوسیله نرم افزار spss و برای انجام از t-testT ANOVA ،ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن و پیرسون مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج: تقریبا 8/20% شرکت کنندگان ترس خفیف، 5/57% ترس متوسط و 8/21% ترس شدید از دندانپزشکی داشتند. میانگین نمره ترس از دندانپزشکی در بیماران مونث(2/13±95/49) در مقایسه با بیماران مذکر (7/14±96/36) بیشتر بود. از لحاظ وضعیت تاهل، بیشترین میانگین نمره ترس در بین افراد مطلقه و بیوه(2/14±82/7) دیده شد. به لحظ وضعیت اشتغال نیز بیشترین میانگین نمره ترس در بین زنان خانه دار(89/11±63/52) مشاهده گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که همبستگی معکوس بین ترس از دندانپزشکی و سن، سطح تحصیلات و درامد وجود دارد.نتیجه گیری: افراد مونث بویژه زنان خانه دار بطور معناداری دارای سطح بالاتری از ترس دندانپزشکی هستند و همبستگی معکوس بین ترس از دندانپزشکی و سن، سطح تحصیلات و درامد وجود دارد و لذا این گروه ها بایستی در برنامه های مداخله ای و آموزشی که با هدف کاهش ترس از دندانپزشکی انجام می گیرد مورد توجه قرار گیرند<!--001) ، سطح تحصیلات(p=/28 , p</001 ) و سطح درامد(p=-/39 , p</001) وجود دارد. نتیجه گیری: افراد مونث بویژه زنان خانه دار بطور معناداری دارای سطح بالاتری از ترس دندانپزشکی هستند و همبستگی معکوس بین ترس از دندانپزشکی و سن، سطح تحصیلات و درامد وجود دارد و لذا این گروه ها بایستی در برنامه های مداخله ای و آموزشی که با هدف کاهش ترس از دندانپزشکی انجام می گیرد، مورد توجه قرار گیرند. 2 Background: Dental fear is a major factor in postponing and cancelling a dental appointment. The studies in this field are still limited. The current study was conducted to examine dental fear in patients going to dentists in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 400 patients were selected randomly from 20 dental offices in Mashhad. The data were collected, using Dental Fear Scale. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire have been measured and confirmed in previous studies. The data were analyzed, using the SPSS software to perform t-test, ANOVA, Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient, and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. Results: Nearly 20.8% of the participants had mild, 57.5% had moderate, and 21.8% had severe dental fear. The mean score of fear was statistically higher in females (49.95±13.3) compared to males (39.69±14.7). In terms of marital status, the highest mean score of fear was observed among the divorced and widows (51.82 ± 14.2). In terms of occupation, the highest mean score of fear was observed among the housewives (52.63±12.89). Correlational analysis showed the following inverse relationship between dental fear score and age(r=-0.18,p<0.001), education level(ρ=-0.28,p<0.001)and income level (ρ=-0.39,p< 0.001). Conclusion: females, particularly housewives, have a significantly higher level of dental fear, and it had an inverse correlation with age, education level and level of income and they should be considered in interventional and educational programs aimed decreasing dental fear level. 39 48 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/22 1393/4/1 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/22 1393/4/1 احمد حائریان Ahmad Haerian-Ardakani محمدعلی مروتی شریف آباد Mohammad ali Morowatisharifabad morowatisharif@yahoo.com محسن رضوی نیا Mohsen Razavinia حسن رضائی Hassan Rezaeipandari Dental Fear Patients Iran Descriptive ترس از دندانپزشکی بیماران ایران توصیفی 1. Bracha HS, Vega EM, Vega CB. Posttraumatic dental-care anxiety (PTDA): Is dental phobia a misnomer?. Hawaii dental journal. 2006; 37(5): 9-17.##2. Doebling S, Rowe MM. Negative perceptions of dental stimuli and their effects on dental fear. JDH / American Dental Hygienists' A. 2000; 74(2): 110-6.##3. Gürsoy M, Pajukanta R, Sorsa T, et al. Clinical changes in periodontium during pregnancy and post-partum. J Clin Periodontol. 2008; 35(7):576-83.##4. Javadinejad S, Tahmourespour S, Ghasemi D, et al. The Relationship Between 6 to 8 year Oldchildren's dental fear and their parents' fear. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2013;14(4):85-91##5. Saag M, Olak J. Impact of mothers’ health attitudes on dental health of their children. EPMA Journal. 2014; 5(1): 111. ##6. Maslak EE, Vlasova DS, Yanovskaya ML, et al. Factors Associated with Dental Fear in 12-35 Months Children Living in Krasnooktyabrski District of Volgograd–a pilot study. Revised Submission for Dental Biostat Special Issue of JDOCE. Journal of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Epidemiology. 2013; 1(3):11-18. ##7. Shim YS, Kim AH, An SY. Dental Fear and the associated Factors of some Middle School Students in Cheongju-City. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association. 2013; 13(9): 295-304.##8. Schuurs AH, Duivenvoorden HJ, Makkes PC, et al. Personality traits of patients suffering extreme dental anxiety. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1998; 16(1):38-41.##9. Torriani DD, Ferro RL, Bonow MLM, et al. Dental Caries Is Associated with Dental Fear in Childhood: Findings from a Birth Cohort Study. Caries research. 2014; 48(4): 263-70.##10. Klinberg G, Sillén R, Noren JG. Machine learning methods applied on dental fear and behavior management problems in children. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1999; 57(4):207-15.##11. Milgrom P, Vignehsa H, Weinstain P. Adolescent dental fear and control: prevalence and theoretical implications. Behav Res Ther. 1992; 30(4): 367-73.##12. Eli I, Uziel N, Bath R, et al. Antecedents of dental anxiety: learned responses versus personality traits. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997; 25(3): 233-7.##13. Ten Berge M, Veerkamp JS, Hoogstraten J, et al. Childhood dental fear in the Netherlands: prevalence and normative data. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002; 30(2): 101–7.##14. Schuller AA, Willumsen T, Holst D. Are there differences in oral health and oral health behavior between individuals with high and low dental fear? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003; 31(2):116-21.##15. Dionne RA, Yagiela JA, Moore PA, et al. Comparing efficacy and safety of four intravenous sedation regimens in dental outpatients. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001; 132(6):740-51. ##16. Frere CL, Crout R, Yorty J, et al. Effects of audiovisual distraction during dental prophylaxis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001; 132(7):1031-8.##17. Ollendick TH, Yang B, King NJ, et al. Fears in American, Australian, Chinese, and Nigerian children and adolescents: a cross-cultural study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996; 37(2):213-20.##18. Tabrizizadeh M, Agham Alizadeh F. Assessment of the rate of fear in different dental situations in Yazd Dental School. Beheshti Univ Dent J. 2003; 21(4):464-73.##19. Akeel RF, Abduljabbar A. Dental anxiety among patients attending King Saud University, College of Dentistry. Saudi Dental Journal. 2000; 12(3): 124-8.##20. Al dosari AM. Dental Fear among Visitors of Primary Health Care Centers in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Dental Journal. 1996; 76:4-7. ##21. Bedi R, Sutcliffe P, Donnan P, et al. Dental caries experience and prevalence of children afraid of dental treatment. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1992; 20(6): 368–71.##22. Ofori MA, Adu-Ababio F, Nyako EA, et al. Prevalence of dental fear and anxiety amongst patients in selected dental clinics in Ghana. Health Education Journal. 2009; 68(2):130-9.##23. Kirkpatrick DR. Age, gender and patterns of common intense fears among adults. Behav Res Ther. 1984;22(2):141-50.##24. Peretz B, Efrat J. Dental anxiety among young adolescent patients in Israel. Inter J Paediat Dent. 2000;10(2):126-32.##25. Raciene R. Prevalence of Dental Fear Among Vilnius Pupils Aged 12 to 15 Years. Determining Factors. Baltic Dent Maxillofac J 2003; 5(2):52-6. ##26. Rãducanu AM, Feraru V, Herteliu C, et al. Assessment of The Prevalence of Dental Fear and its Causes Among Children and Adolescents Attending a Department of Paediatric Dentistry in Bucharest. OHDMBSC. 2009; 8(1):45-8.##27. Locker D, Liddell A, Burman D. Dental fear and anxiety in an older adult population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2006; 19(2):120-4.##28. Kent G, Croucherd R. Achieving oral health: The social content of dental care. 3rd Ed. Oxford: Wright Co. 2001; 83-106.##29. Oba AA, Dülgergil CT, Sönmez IS. Prevalence of Dental Anxiety in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children and Its Relationship to Dental Caries. Med Princ Pract. 2009;18(6): 453–7.##30. Goettems ML, Schuch HS, Demarco FF, et al. Impact of dental anxiety and fear on dental care use in Brazilian women. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. . 2014;20(1):45-51.##31. Armfield JM, Spencer AJ, Stewart JF. Dental fear in Australia: who’s afraid of the dentist? Australian Dental Journal. 2006;51(1):78-85.##32. Norkhafizah S, Azizah Y, Yew LH. Factors associated with dental visit and barriers to utilisation of oral health care services in a sample of antenatal mothers in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.BMC public health. 2010;10(1): 75##33. Ghasempour M, Hadadi A. Dental fear and anxiety among dental and medical students of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2005; 17(3):9-14## ##

Risk Assessment of Ilam Gas Refinery on the Base of William Fine Method in 2012 Risk assessment of Ilam gas refinery on the base of William fine method in 2012 2 1 Introduction: Industrial growth, development programs and infrastructure projects, in spite of all the advantages and benefits to humans, has been considered as the source of many hazards, risks and failures. Risk assessment is the organized and systematic method to identify hazards and risk estimation for decisions ranking, in order to reduce the risk to an acceptable extent. The aim of this study was the risk assessment of Ilam gas refinery with William fine procedure. Materials and methods: executive group consisting of managers of the gas refinery departments and agencies were formed in order to identify the risks. The risks of units using the form HSE-FO-001 (0) -90 were identified and the risk assessment of them was recorded. This technique is based on the calculation and assessment of risks that including the severity of the outcome, Occurrence probability and exposure. Results: 289 risks were found in this study which 5 risks (1.73%) had level of urgency (urgent need for corrective actions), 40Risk (13.84%) had abnormal levels (need of immediate attention) and 244 Risk (84.43%) had a normal risk level(should be deleted). Conclusion: According to information obtained from the risk assessment tables, the major risks that threaten employees of Ilam gas refinery including the risks associated with working at height, inhalation of gas containing H2S and exposure to excessive noise. Therefore, the engineering measures, in order to reduce the level of risk in the refinery units, must be conducted. 2 Introduction: Industrial growth, development programs and infrastructure projects, in spite of all the advantages and benefits to humans, has been considered as the source of many hazards, risks and failures. Risk assessment is the organized and systematic method to identify hazards and risk estimation for decisions ranking, in order to reduce the risk to an acceptable extent. The aim of this study was the risk assessment of Ilam gas refinery with William fine procedure. Materials and methods: executive group consisting of managers of the gas refinery departments and agencies were formed in order to identify the risks. The risks of units using the form HSE-FO-001 (0) -90 were identified and the risk assessment of them was recorded. This technique is based on the calculation and assessment of risks that including the severity of the outcome, Occurrence probability and exposure. Results: 289 risks were found in this study which 5 risks (1.73%) had level of urgency (urgent need for corrective actions), 40Risk (13.84%) had abnormal levels (need of immediate attention) and 244 Risk (84.43%) had a normal risk level(should be deleted). Conclusion: According to information obtained from the risk assessment tables, the major risks that threaten employees of Ilam gas refinery including the risks associated with working at height, inhalation of gas containing H2S and exposure to excessive noise. Therefore, the engineering measures, in order to reduce the level of risk in the refinery units, must be conducted. 49 58 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222014/06/14 1393/3/24 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222014/06/14 1393/3/24 رضا جعفری ندوشن Reza Jafari Nodoushan زهرا کاکائی Zahra Kakaei hojatkakaei@gmail.com حسین رضائی Hossain Rezaei فاطمه خدارحمی Fatemeh Khodarahmi حجت الله کاکائی Hojjat Allah Kakaei نجمه حاجیان Nadjme Hajian Risk assessment William fine method Gas field Refinery Ilam Risk assessment William fine method Gas field Refinery Ilam 1. Kobes M, Helsloot I, Vries BD, et al. Building safety and human behaviour in fire: A literature review. Fire Safety Journal. 2010; 45 (1): 1-11.##2. Nouri J, Omidvari M, Tehrani SM. Risk assessment and crisis management in gas stations. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2010; 4: 143-52.##3. Harms-Ringdahl L. Analysis of safety functions and barriers in accidents .Safety Science. 2009; 47(3): 353-63.##4. Pidgeon N, Leary M O’. Man-made disasters: why technology and organizations (sometimes) fail. Safety Science. 2000;12(34): 15–30.##5. Henselwood F, Phillips G. Amatrix-based risk assessment approach for addressing linear hazards such as pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2006; 19(1): 433-41.##6. Young-Do J, Daniel A. Individual risk analysis of high-pressure natural gas pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2008; 21: 589-95.##7. Moradi H, Pirsaheb M. HSE Risk Assessment and Management of onshore drilling machines by William Fine. Journal of Oil, Gas and Energy. 2012; 11: 34-42.[Persian]##8. BRAUER R. Safety and health for engineers. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. 2nd ed. 2006, P: 654. ##9. Brito AJ, deAlmeida AT. Multi-attribute risk assessment for risk ranking of natural gas pipelines. Reliability Engineering and System Safety. 2009; 94: 187-98.##10. Joazy SA. Safety, Health & Environmental Risk Assessment andManagement of Ahwaz Pipe Manufacturing Company via “William Fine” Method. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 18(1): 1-8. [Persian].##11. Jafari A. Risk assessment case study with method of William Fine in power plants Abadan Oil Refining Company. First International Conference on safety and inspection in oil and energy. 2011. [Persian]## #### ##

A survey of client satisfaction from The delivery of services in urban health centers of Yazd بررسی رضایتمندی مراجعان ازنحوه ارائه خدمات مراکز بهداشتی درما نی شهری شهرستان یزد 2 1 مقدمه:رضایتمندی به عنوان یک شاخص کلیدی کیفیت مراقبت های بهداشتی در پیشرفت، تشخیص، درمان افرادی که نیاز به بهبودی دارند مهم است. در این پژوهش میزان رضایتمندی مددجویان و بیماران مراجعه کننده ازنحوه ارائه خدمات مراکز بهداشتی درما نی انجام شده است. مواد و روشها: این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی(مقطعی) می باشدکه روی360 مراجعه کننده که به 13 مرکز بهداشتی درمانی تحت پوشش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یزد مراجعه کرده بودند بصورت نمونه گیری آسان انتخاب گردیدند انجام شد و داده ها توسط پرسشنامه استاندارد جمع آوری شد و پس از آن ، بااستفاده از نرم افزار SPSS18 و با آزمون های توصیفی، تی تست آنوا مربوطه تجزیه وتحلیل شد. یافته ها : در بین 360 نفرشرکت کننده میانگین سنی افراد69/9±81/32 بود که شامل 135(8/37% ) مرد و 224(2/62%) زن بودند و303 نفر(2/84 %) متاهل بودند، 187 نفر (9/51٪) دارای تحصیلات دانشگاهی و 15 نفر (2/4٪) بی سواد بودند. نتایج نشان داد که رضایت بیش از 94 ٪ از شرکت کنندگان از زمان در حد متوسط و 4/49% شرکت کنندگان عمدتا در حد متوسطی از رفتار کارکنان رضایت داشتند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که اکثر بیماران نارضایتی از تجهیزات را شکایت داشتند که باید در برنامه ریزی های آینده توسط مقامات در نظر گرفته شود. 2 Introduction- Satisfaction as a key indicator of health care quality is important for development, recognition and treatment of people in need. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of satisfaction of referral people to health center of Yazd city. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive analytic (cross- sectional) study. The participants were 360 clients referred to 13 health centers of Yazd city whom were selected by simple sampling methods. The data was collected by a standard questionnaire. After collection, the data were analyzed by SPSS 18 and descriptive tables and ANOVA and T-test. Results: The mean age of participants was 32.81±9.96 of which 135(37.6%) were male and 224(62.2%) were female .About 303(62.2%) were married. 187(51.9%) were university educated and 15(4.2%) were illiterate. Results showed that more than 94% satisfaction of participants from the time was moderate. The satisfaction of 49.4% of participants by the behavior of employees was good . Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that the most discontent was of equipment, which should be considered in Planning by authorities. 59 66 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222014/06/142014/06/14 1393/3/24 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222014/06/142014/06/14 1393/3/24 محمدحسین باقیانی مقدم Mohamad Hossein Baghianimodam سکینه گرایلو Sakinah Gerayloo gerayllo65@yahoo.com انسیه شریفی Ensieh Sharifi احسان شریفی Ehsan Sharifi ویدا پورمازار Vida Puremazar عارفه دهقانی Arefe Dehghani راضیه پیروزه Razie Piruze : satisfaction health center delivery of services. Yazd. رضایت مراجعین خدمات بهداشتی – درمانی یزد 1. Zahiri R, Taheri M. Satisfaction of clients covering urban and rural health centers in the central province of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Scientific Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2009;8(3): 68-72.[Persian] ##2. javady M, Zareach A, samiee S , et al. Relationship satisfaction survey of veterans health services and demographic characteristics. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2010; 2(3):28-35. [Persian]##3. Moshiri E, Noorbakhsh M, Ghafari M, et al. Comparison of patient satisfaction in the emergency department of University Hospital 87-86 years with 89 years. Arak University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2010; 4(5): 85-91. [Persian]##4. Abrahymnya M, Ameriuon A , Azizabadi M, et al. Patient satisfaction emergency care services in military hospitals. Journal of Hospital. 2009; 8(2): 15-22. .[Persian]##5. Ghasemzadeh M, Modiria A, Soroush M, et al. Effectiveness of Educational General Department Veterans South West Tehran referred to the Department of Veterans satisfaction Veterans. Medical Research Institute. 2008; 1(1): 1-16. [Persian]##6. Yen-Ju Lin, Blossom Hsu,Chung-Ping C Juan, et al. The role of leader behaviors in hospital-based emergency departments’ unit performance and employee work satisfaction. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 72(2): 238-46.##7. Boyer L, Baumstarck-Barrau K,Cano N, et al. Assessment of psychiatric inpatient satisfaction: a systematic review of self-reported instruments. Eur Psychiatry. 2009;24(8): 540-9.##8. Sarabi N, Nasiri Z, Sfrabady Farahani F, et al. study of Ostomy patient satisfaction nursing care. Iranian of Nursing Journal 2011. 24(60): 43-52. [Persian]##9. Amani F, Rangraz H, Habibis, et al. the rate ofsatisfaction from hospital personal performance Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Research Committee. 2010;2(2): 16-20.[Persian]##10. Fellani Danasra D, Grita S, Yevis Marty O. Patient satisfaction analysis on service quality of dental health care based on empathy and responsiveness. Dent Res J, 2011;8(4): 172–77.##11. Mascarenhas A.K. Patient satisfaction with the comprehensive care model of dental care delivery. J Dent Educ. 2001; 65(11): 1266-71.##12. Xiao H, Barber JP. The effect of perceived health status on patient satisfaction. Value health. 2008;11(4): 19-25.##13. Nickel S ,Thiedemann B , von dem Knesebeck O. The effects of integrated inpatient health care on patient satisfaction and health-related quality of life: Results of a survey among heart disease patients in Germany. Health policy. 2010;98(2): 156-63.##14. Verbeek J, de Boer A G,van der Weide W E, et al. Patient satisfaction with occupational health physicians, development of a questionnaire. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62(2): 119-23.##15. Cooper BR, Monson AL. Patient Satisfaction in a Restorative Functions Dental Hygiene Clinic. J Dent Educ. 2008; 72(12): 1510-15.##16. Brédart A, Coens C, AaronsonN, et al. Determinants of patient satisfaction in oncology settings from European and Asian countries: preliminary results based on the EORTC IN-PATSAT32 questionnaire. Eur J Cancer. 2007; 43(2): 323-30.##17. Sajjadian A, Kaviani A ,Younesian M, Montazeri A. Patient satisfaction: adescriptive study of breast care clinic. Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases. 2008;1(3): 45-51. [Persian]##18. Darryz H, Farid F, Sayedi D. Evaluation of patients' satisfaction with the services provided by the Department of Education in Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 86-85. Journal of Dentistry, Medical Sciences of Tehran University. 2011; 23(4): 249-55. [Persian]##19. Spyridoula T, Nikolaos B, Konstantinos T, et al. Factors affecting parental satisfaction in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 2012; 18(5): 183-92.##20. Kersnik J. An evaluation of patient satisfaction with family practice care in Slovenia. International. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000;12(2): 143-7. ##21. Syed Andy J, Shojaei Zadeh D, Batebi A, et al. Client satisfaction in health centers - BeheshtiTehran University of Medical Sciences, health care system. JBUMS Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 10(6): 80-7. [Persian]##22. Shirvani N, Ashrafian Amiri H, Motlagh M E, et al. Evaluation of the Function of Referral System in Family Physician Program in Northern Provinces of Iran. Babol Univ Med Sci. 2010; 11 (6):46-52. [Persian]##23. Nikpoor S, Shahpvryan F, Haji Kazmy A, et al. Relationship satisfaction of women received prenatal care and delivery of services to their profile. Iranian Journal of Nursing. 2007; 20(49): 1-13. [Persian]##24. Margolis S A, Al-marzouqi S, Revel T, et al. Patient satisfaction with primary health care services in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2003; 15(3): 241-9.##25. Hajian, K. Satisfaction of patients hospitalized in Shahid beheshti and Yahyah nejad hospitals. Babol Medical University Journal. 2005; 9(2): 51-60. [Persian]##26. Kazemeini SK, Mohammadi F, Owlia F. Evaluation of Satisfication Rate of Patients Admitted to Yazd Shaheed Sadoughi BurnHospital in First Nine Months of the year 2011. Journal of Tolo health. 2013;11(4) 91-102. [Persian]##27. heidari A, Seidi M. Patient satisfaction from General Physiciant Ghom city. Journal of mediccal council of Isamic Republic of Iran. 2007;26(4): 530-40. [Persian]##28. Lee DS, Tu JV,Chong A, et al. Patient satisfaction and its relationship with quality and outcomes of care after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008; 118(19): 1938-45.##29. Eric B,Ivanon L. The relationship between Women’s satisfaction with prenatal care service and the characteristics of the pregnant women and the service. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2004; 9(1): 16-28. ##30. Bayati A. Measuring inpatient satisfaction in Arak Hospitals from services. Arak Medical University Journal(AMUJ). 2010; 3(4): 6-9. [Persian]#### ##

Reactive Blue 19 Dye Adsorption Behavior on Jujube Stems Powder from Syntetic Textile Wastewater: Isotherm and Kinetic Adsorption Studies مطالعه رفتار جذب رنگ راکتیو آبی 19 بر پودر ساقه عناب از فاضلاب سنتتیک نساجی: مطالعات ایزوترم و سینتیک جذب 2 1 مقدمه: رنگ ها دارای ساختار پیچیده بوده و معمولاً سمی و مقاوم به تصفیه بیولوژیک هستند و از طریق جریان فاضلاب صنایع وارد محیط زیست می شوند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی مطالعات ایزوترم و سینتیک جذب رنگ راکتیو آبی 19 ((RB19 بر روی پودر ساقه گیاه زرشک از فاضلاب سنتتیک نساجی بوده است. مواد ‌و ‌روشها: این مطالعه در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی انجام گرفت. فاضلاب مصنوعی با حل کردن RB19 در آب مقطر تهیه گردید. غلظت رنگ با استفاده از اسپکتروفتومتر UV/Vis در طول موج 592 نانومتر تعیین گردید. در این مطالعه، اثرات غلظت اولیه رنگ، pH‌، مقدار جاذب و زمان تماس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای درک بهتر فرایند جذب، داده های آزمایشگاهی با مدل های ایزوترمی لانگمیر و فروندلیچ و مطالعات سینتیک مورد آنالیز قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که حذف رنگ RB19 با پودر ساقه عناب به عنوان یک جاذب زیستی طبیعی در شرایط قلیایی (10= pH) بهترین کارایی را داشت و با افزایش pH از 3 به 10، کارایی حذف رنگ افزایش یافت. با کاهش غلظت اولیه رنگ و افزایش زمان و مقدار جاذب، کارایی حذف رنگ افزایش یافت. در این مطالعه، داده‌های جذب از ایزوترم لانگمیر تبعیت کرد. آنالیز سینتیک نتایج مطالعات ما نیز نشان داد که نتایج با سینتیک شبه درجه دوم مطابقت بهتری داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: از این مطالعه می توان نتیجه گرفت که پودر ساقه عناب می تواند به عنوان یک جاذب زیستی جهت حذف رنگ از محلول های آبی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Introduction: Dyes have complicated structures, they are usually toxic and resistant to biological treatment and enter the environment through industrial waste streams. The aim of this study was to review the isotherm and kinetic adsorption studies of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) dye onto Jujube stems powder from synthetic textile wastewater. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in laboratory scale. Synthetic wastewater was prepared with dissolving RB19 in distilled water. The dye concentration was determined by using the UV/Vis spectrophotometer at 592 nm. In this study, we investigated the effects of initial dye concentration, pH, adsorbent dose and contact time. For better understanding of the adsorption process, the experimental data were analysed with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and kinetic studies. Results: The results showed that removing RB19 dye with Jujube stems powder as a natural biosorbent had the best efficiency in alkaline condition (pH=10) and by increasing the pH from 3 to 10, the dye removal efficiency increased. By decreasing of initial dye concentration and increasing the time and adsorbent dose, dye removal efficiency increased. In this study, the best fit of the adsorption isotherm data was obtained using the Langmuir model. Kinetic analysis of our results showed that the results well fitted by pseudo-second-order reaction. Conclusion: We can conclude that Jujube stems powder could be used as a biosorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions. 67 78 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222014/06/142014/06/142014/06/14 1393/3/24 2014/08/22014/07/12014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222014/06/142014/06/142014/06/14 1393/3/24 محمدتقی قانعیان Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian محمدحسن احرامپوش Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush فاطمه سهل آبادی Fatemeh Sahlabadi محبوبه موتاب Mahboobeh Mootab ایرج رضاپور Iraj Rezapour طاهره جاسمی زاد Tahereh Jasemizad taherehjasemizad@yahoo.com Adsorption Jujube Stems Powder Reactive Blue 19 Kinetics جذب سطحی پودر ساقه عناب رنگ راکتیو آبی 19 سینتیک 1. Gupta VK, Suhas. 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