An Investigation of Environmental Inequality in a Metropolitan Area An Investigation of Environmental Inequality in a Metropolitan Area 2 1 Introduction: Inequalities in urban environment are a significant concern. Socioeconomic level plays an important role in these inequalities. Inequality in environmental hazards is recognized as potential determinants of health disparities. Materials & Methods: In this study, we used individual and cumulative environmental hazard inequality indices to compare the inequality among 379 neighborhoods in the city. Inequality indices were calculated based on unequal shares of environmental hazards for socioeconomic status (SES). The hazards include ambient concentrations of PM10 and NO2 in 2011. Results: Results revealed that inequalities from cumulative hazards (additive and multiplicative) and individual PM10 in different education rates were significant (P0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this research can be useful for policymakers and managers to investigate environmental justice especially in mega cities. 2 Introduction: Inequalities in urban environment are a significant concern. Socioeconomic level plays an important role in these inequalities. Inequality in environmental hazards is recognized as potential determinants of health disparities. Materials & Methods: In this study, we used individual and cumulative environmental hazard inequality indices to compare the inequality among 379 neighborhoods in the city. Inequality indices were calculated based on unequal shares of environmental hazards for socioeconomic status (SES). The hazards include ambient concentrations of PM10 and NO2 in 2011. Results: Results revealed that inequalities from cumulative hazards (additive and multiplicative) and individual PM10 in different education rates were significant (P0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this research can be useful for policymakers and managers to investigate environmental justice especially in mega cities. 238 252 2014/06/24 1393/4/3 2014/06/24 1393/4/3 زهره سادات پورتقی Zohre Sadat Pourtaghi zohre_poortaghie@yahoo.com فرهاد نژادکوکی Farhad Nejadkoorki محسن اسدی لاری Mohsen Asadi- Lari اسماعیل خدمتی Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae زهرا نصرالهی Zahra Nasrollahi Air Pollution Urban Population Socioeconomic Factors Air Pollution Urban Population Socioeconomic Factors 1. Branis M , Linhartova M. Association between unemployment, income, education level and population size and air pollution in Czech cities: Evidence for environmental inequality? A pilot national scale analysis. Health and Place. 2012;18(5): 1110–14.##2. Schweitzer L , Stephenson JrM. Right answers. wrong questions: environ- mental justice as urban research. Urban Studies. 2007;44 (2): 319–37.##3. Bowen W. An analytical review of environmental justice research: what do we really know? Environ Manage. 2002; 29 (1): 3–15.##4. Buzzelli M. Bourdieu does environmental justice? Probing the linkages between population health and air pollution epidemiology. Health and Place. 2007; 13(1): 3–13. ##5. Asch P , Seneca JJ. Some evidence on the distribution of air quality. Land Econom. 1978; 54 (3): 278–97.##6. Brown P. Race, class, and environmental health: a review and system- atization of the literature. Environ Rese. 1995; 69(1): 15–30.##7. Bullard RD, Mohai P, Saha R, et al: Toxic wastes and race at twenty: 1987–2007. A report prepared for the United Church of Christ Justice and Witness Ministries. United Church of Christ. 2007, 160. ##8. Diekmann A and Meyer R. Democratic smog? An empirical study on the correlation between social class and environmental pollution. Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. 2010; 62(3): 437–57.##9. Havard S, Deguen S, Zmirou-Navier D, et al. Traffic- related air pollution and socioeconomic status. A spatial autocorrelation study to assess environmental equity on a small-area scale. Epidemiology. 2009; 20(2): 223–30.##10. Higginbotham N, Freeman S, Connor L, et al. Environmental justice and air pollution in coal affected communities, Hunter Valley, Australia. Health and Place. 2010, 16(2): 259–66.##11. Jerrett M. Global geographies of injustice in traffic-related air pollution exposure. Epidemiology. 2009; 20(2): 231–33.##12. Laurian L. Environmental injustice in France. J of Environ Plan and Manage. 2008; 51(1): 55–79.##13. Maantay J. Mapping environmental injustices: pitfalls and potential of geographic information systems in assessing environmental health and equity. Environ Health Perspec. 2002; 110(2): 161–71.##14. Mitchell G , Dorling D. An environmental justice analysis of British air quality. Environment and Planning A. 2003; 35(2): 909–29.##15. O’Neill MS, Jerrett M, Kawachi I, et al. Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods. Environ Health Perspec. 2003; 111(16): 1861–70.##16. Perlin SA, Setzer RW, Creason J, et al. Distribution of industrial air emissions by income and race in the United States: an approach using the toxic release inventory. Environ Sci and Techno. 1995; 29(1): 69–80.##17. Finkelstein MM, Jerrett M. A study of the relationships between Parkinson’s disease and markers of traffic-derived and environmental manganese air pollution in two Canadian cities. Environ Res. 2007; 104(3): 420–32.##18. Morello-Frosch R , Jesdale B. Separate and unequal: residential segregation and air quality in the metropolitan U.S. Environ Health Perspec. 2006; 114(3): 386–93.##19. Su GJ, Morello-Frosch R, Jesdale BM, et al. An index for assessing demographic inequalities in cumulative environmental hazards with application to Los Angeles, California. Environ Sci Techno. 2009; 43(20): 7626–34.##20. O’Donnell O, Van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, et al. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data: A Guide to Techniques and Their Implementation; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank: Washington, DC 2008, pp 95-108.##21. Kakwani N, Wagstaff A, Van Doorslaer E. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: Measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J Econo. 1997; 77(1): 87–103.##22. Kawachi I , Kennedy BP. The relationship of income inequality to mortality: Does the choice of indicator matter. Soci Sci Medi. 1997; 45(7): 1121–27.##23. Walker G, Mitchell G, Fairburn J, et al. Industrial pollution and social deprivation: Evidence and complexity in evaluating and responding to environmental inequality. Local Environ 2005, 10(4): 361–77.##24. Goudarzi Gh, Naddafi K, Jonidi Jafari A, et al. Data validity of PM10 concentrations resulting from air quality monitoring network in Tehran. World Appl Sci J 2009, 7(2): 239-44.##25. Hosseinpoor AR, Forouzanfar MH, Yunesian M, et al. Moyivational Interviewing.Annu. Environ Res 2005, 99:126–31.##26. Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, et al. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian J of Environ Health Sci & Engi. 2012; 9(28): 2-7.##27. WHO: Urban outdoor air pollution database. Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization; Available at: http://www.who.int/phe.##28. Erol B , Çelik RN. Precise Local Geoid Determination to Make GPS Technique more Effective in Practical Applications of Geodesy, FIG Working Week. 2004;17(3): 22-7 .##29. Kyle AD, Wright CC, Caldwell JC, et al. Evaluating the health significance of hazardous air pollutants using monitoring data. Public Health Repo. 2001; 116(1): 32-44.##30. Kang SM, Kim MS, Lee M. The trends of composite environmental indices in Korea. J of Environ Manag. 2002; 64(2): 199–206.##31. Munda G. Measuring sustainability: A multi-criterion framework. Environ Devision Susta. 2005; 7(3):117–34.##32. Esty DC, Levy MA, Srebotnjak T, et al. Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy: New Haven, CT. 2005.##33. Zhou P, Ang BW, Poh KL. Comparing aggregating methods for constructing the composite environmental index: An objective measure. Ecolo Econom. 2006; 59(3): 305–11.##34. Ott WR. Environmental Indices: Theory and Practice. Ann Arbor Science Press: Ann Arbor, MI 1978##35. Deganian D , Thompson J. the patterns of pollution: A Report on Demographics and Pollution in Metro Atlanta. 2012. http: www.greenlow.org.##36. Huang G , London JK. Cumulative Environmental Vulnerability and Environmental Justice in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Inter J of Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9(5): 1593-608.##37. Fan X, Lam K, Yu Q. Differential exposure of the urban population to vehicular air pollution in Hong Kong. Sci of the Total Environ. 2012; 426(1): 211–19.##38. Marshall JD. Environmental inequality: Air pollution exposures in California’s South Coast Air Basin. Atmos Environ 2008, 42(3): 5499–503.##39. Schoolman ED , Ma Ch. Migration, class and environmental inequality. Exposure to pollution in China's Jiangsu Province. Ecolog Econo. 2012; 75(2): 140–51.##40. Goodman A, Wilkinson P, Stafford M, et al. Characterising socioeconomic in equalities in exposure to air pollution: A comparison of socio-economic markers and scales of measurement. Health &Place. 2011; 17(3): 767–74.##41. Buzzelli M, Jerrett M, Burnett R, et al. Spatiotemporal Perspectives on Air Pollution and Environmental Justice in Hamilton, Canada, 1985–1996. Annal of the Association of American Geographers. 2003; 93(3): 557–73.##42. Safavi, Y, Alijani, B. Investigation of geographical factors in Tehran air pollution. Geography Research Quatry. 2007; 38(58): 99-112.##43. Bayat R, Torkian A, Najafi M A, et al. Source Apportionment of Tehran's Air Pollution by Emissions Inventory. 20th International Emission Inventory Conference, Tampa, Florida.2008.#### ##

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Infant Vaccination in Adulthood Evaluate the Effectiveness of Infant Vaccination in Adulthood 2 1 Introduction: Viral hepatitis is one of the causes of premature death in world peoples, according to WHO reports, five percentage of people are carrier, lethal from this disease is 1%, therefore about 1-1.5 million people each year die from complications of this disease. This disease varies from an acute to chronic illness. The aim of this study was to determine the level of anti-HBs Ag (hepatitis B surface antigen) in vaccinated children that born in Abarkouh city in 1992 in order to evaluation of the efficacy childhood hepatitis B vaccination in adults . Materials and Methods: We measured anti-HBs Ag concentration in blood sera of 102 adult peoples than 600 new born children that vaccinated in 1992. Five milliliters (5ml) of blood sample was taken from 102 cases (33 male and 69 female). Results: All blood samples were analyzed for anti-HBs Ag by ELISA method. 94 out of 102 samples (92.2%) showed anti-HBs Ag concentrations higher than 30 Iu/ml (positive) and, 4 out of 102 samples (3.9%) showed anti-HBs Ag concentrations less than 10 Iu/ml (negative), 4 out of 102 samples (3.9%) showed anti-HBs Ag concentrations between 10-30 Iu/ml (border line) considered immune after 20 year after the third dose of the vaccination. Non signifi-cant association in males and females (93.9% vs.97.1%) (P=0.390, df= 1, (2=.0.555) Conclusion: our results reinforce the importance of hepatitis B vaccine in new born and efficacy of HBV vaccination in Abarkuh (Yazd province) is in the WHO standards. 2 Introduction: Viral hepatitis is one of the causes of premature death in world peoples, according to WHO reports, five percentage of people are carrier, lethal from this disease is 1%, therefore about 1-1.5 million people each year die from complications of this disease. This disease varies from an acute to chronic illness. The aim of this study was to determine the level of anti-HBs Ag (hepatitis B surface antigen) in vaccinated children that born in Abarkouh city in 1992 in order to evaluation of the efficacy childhood hepatitis B vaccination in adults . Materials and Methods: We measured anti-HBs Ag concentration in blood sera of 102 adult peoples than 600 new born children that vaccinated in 1992. Five milliliters (5ml) of blood sample was taken from 102 cases (33 male and 69 female). Results: All blood samples were analyzed for anti-HBs Ag by ELISA method. 94 out of 102 samples (92.2%) showed anti-HBs Ag concentrations higher than 30 Iu/ml (positive) and, 4 out of 102 samples (3.9%) showed anti-HBs Ag concentrations less than 10 Iu/ml (negative), 4 out of 102 samples (3.9%) showed anti-HBs Ag concentrations between 10-30 Iu/ml (border line) considered immune after 20 year after the third dose of the vaccination. Non signifi-cant association in males and females (93.9% vs.97.1%) (P=0.390, df= 1, (2=.0.555) Conclusion: our results reinforce the importance of hepatitis B vaccine in new born and efficacy of HBV vaccination in Abarkuh (Yazd province) is in the WHO standards. 253 260 2014/06/242014/04/5 1393/1/16 2014/06/242014/04/5 1393/1/16 علی دادبین پور Ali Dadbinpoor علی محمد حق دوست Ali Mohammad Haghdoust Haghdoust محمد باقر موحدی Mohammad Bagher Movahedi اعظم راستی Azam Rasti Hepatitis B Vaccine Children Anti-HBs Ag Hepatitis B Vaccine Children Anti-HBs Ag 1. Mohammad HB, Mahmod NS, Hossein H. Immunity to hepatitis B vaccine among health care workers Vaccine. 2011; 29(15):2727–29##2. Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, et al. Incidence of hepatitis among students at a university in Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 117(2):22– 213.##3. Cacciola I, Pollicino T, Squadrito G, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(1):22-6.##4. Juszczyk J. Clinical course and consequences of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine. 2000; 18(1):23-5.##5. Slowik M, Jhaveri R. Hepatitis B and C viruses in infants and young children. Semin Pediatric Infect Dis. 2005; 16(4):296-305.##6. Lavanchy D. Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention. J Clin Virol. 2005; 34(1):1-3.##7. Yousef Y, Mohammad K, Hamid-Reza M, et al. Active-passive Immunization Effectiveness Against Hepatitis B Virus in Children Born to HBsAg Positive Mothers in Amol, North of Iran Oman Medical Journal. 2011;26(6):399-403##8. Ott MJ, Aruda M. Hepatitis B vaccine. J Pediatr Health Care 1999; 13(1):211-16##9. Ferreira CT, Silveira TR. Hepatitis virus: aspects da epidemiologia e da prevencao. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2004; 7(2):473-87.##10. Hadler SC, Francis DP, Maynard JE, et al. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315(4):209–14. ##11. McMahon BJ, Bruden DL, Petersen KM, et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccination: results of a 15-year follow-up. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142(5):333–41.##12. Lu JJ, Cheng CC, Chou SM, et al. Hepatitis B immunity in adolescents and necessity for boost vaccination: 23 years after nationwide hepatitis B virus vaccination program in Taiwan. Vaccine 2009; 5(47): 6613–8.##13. Lim WL,Wong DA, Cheng KC. Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers in Hong Kong. HKMJ. 1996; 2(1):138–40.##14. Roome AJ, Walsh SJ, Cartter ML, et al. Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in Connecticut public safety personnel. JAMA. 1993; 270(24):2931–4.##15. Chen CC, Yen CH, Wu WY, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among young adults in Taiwan, China after public vaccination program. Chin Med J 2007; 5(13):1155–8. ##16. Burns EA, Lum LG, L’Hommedieu G, et al. Specific humeral immunity in the elderly: in vivo and in vitro response to vaccination. J Gerontology 1993; 48(6): 231–6.#### ##

Prevalence of malnutrition in children 7-12 years old in Kerman, 2013 Prevalence of malnutrition in children 7-12 years old in Kerman, 2013 2 1 Introduction: Malnutrition remains the most serious children health problem and the most main cause of children mortality in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. Nearly one-third of children in the region are either underweight or stunted, and more than 30% of the population suffers from micro-nutrient deficiencies.The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among school children in Kerman. Material and Methods: This is a cross–sectional study. The number of 1,056 students recurred in Kerman, in the age range of 7 to12 years were selected by multistage sampling. Children weight for age (W / A), height for age (H / A) and weight for height (W / H) indicators was calculated and were compared with NCHS standard index. Students' height and weight were measured with standard tools. Epi-info and Stata 11 software were used for analysis. Descriptive and chi 2 tests were used to provide a comparison according to (in) gender (sex). Results: Prevalence of Malnutrition based on weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height respectively are 6.06, 5.58 and 75.9 percent and the prevalence average of malnutrition with above indicators respectively are 24.43, 26.04 and 24.90 percent. Comparison of weight-for-age and weight-for-height indices in children showed higher prevalence of malnutrition in girls than boys (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: According to results, prevalence of malnutrition among school children was high in Kerman and must identify the factors creating it, and the necessary planning should be done to eliminate them. 2 Introduction: Malnutrition remains the most serious children health problem and the most main cause of children mortality in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. Nearly one-third of children in the region are either underweight or stunted, and more than 30% of the population suffers from micro-nutrient deficiencies.The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among school children in Kerman. Material and Methods: This is a cross–sectional study. The number of 1,056 students recurred in Kerman, in the age range of 7 to12 years were selected by multistage sampling. Children weight for age (W / A), height for age (H / A) and weight for height (W / H) indicators was calculated and were compared with NCHS standard index. Students' height and weight were measured with standard tools. Epi-info and Stata 11 software were used for analysis. Descriptive and chi 2 tests were used to provide a comparison according to (in) gender (sex). Results: Prevalence of Malnutrition based on weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height respectively are 6.06, 5.58 and 75.9 percent and the prevalence average of malnutrition with above indicators respectively are 24.43, 26.04 and 24.90 percent. Comparison of weight-for-age and weight-for-height indices in children showed higher prevalence of malnutrition in girls than boys (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: According to results, prevalence of malnutrition among school children was high in Kerman and must identify the factors creating it, and the necessary planning should be done to eliminate them. 261 266 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/5 1393/1/16 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/5 1393/1/16 میلاد غلامی Milad Gholami عزیزالله دهقان Azizallah Dehghan adehghan@collegian.kmu.ac.ir نجمه کارگر Nadjmeh Kargar پژمان محمدی Pejman Mohammadi محمود موسی زاده Mahmood Moosazadeh هادی هادی زاده Hadi Hadi zadeh Malnutrition Children Kerman Malnutrition Children Kerman World Health Organization. Nutrition in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/entity/nutrition/.##2. Vahidi AA, Ahmadi A, Salehi M, et al. Evaluation of the nutritional status of the primary-school children based on weight and height in Kerman, Iran. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 1997; 5(1): 37-43. ##3. Kligman RM, Marcdante KJ, Jenson HB, et al. Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics. 5th ed. Philadelphia; Elsevier Saunders; 2006.##4. Alavi Naieni AM, Djazayery A, Keyghobadi K, et al. Comparative survey of nutritional status in 10-year old female students in kerman. Journal of School of Public Health and institute of public health researches 2002;55(3): 57-66.##5. Kulin HE, Bwibo N, Mutie D, et al. The effect of chronic childhood malnutrition on pubertal growth and development. The American journal of clinical nutrition.1982; 36(3):527-36. ##6. Sanghvi U, Thankappan KR, Sarma PS, et al. Assessing potential risk factors for child malnutrition in rural Kerala, India. Journal of tropical pediatrics. 2001; 47(6):350-5. ##7. Ramazani AA, Raghebi SS, Amirkhizi F. The survey of the nutritional status and related factors in 0-24 month-old children in south Khorasan province in Iran. 2006. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology 2010; 5(4):8-13. ##8. Dehghan A, Ershad langroudi M, Kamali sarvestani M, et al. Study of Prevalence of malnutrition in elementary students in Larestan in 2010. Journal of north Khorasan University of medical sciences. 2011; 2(4):25-8. ##9. Delvarianzadeh M, Sadeghian F. Malnutrition prevalence among rural school students. Payesh, Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research. 2006; 5(4):263-9.##10. Basiri Mogaddam M, Gahramany M, Chamanzary H , et al. Survey of prevalence of malnutrition in children who study at grade one in Gonabad primary school in 2005- 2006. Ofogh-E-Danesh.2008; 13(1):40-5.##11. Darvishi S, Saleh Hazhir M, Reshadmanesh N, et al. Evaluation of malnutrition prevalence and its related factors in primary school students in Kurdistan Province. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 14(2):78-87.##12. WHO Working Group. Use and interpretation of anthropometric indicators of nutritional status Bulletin of World Health Organization.1986;4(1): 924-41. ##13. Fesharakinia A, Sharifzadeh GhR, Zarban A. Investigation of Nutritional Status in Elementary School Students of South Khorasan Province:East of Iran, Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 2 (3): 47-52.##14. Ghorbani J. A study of malnutrition at the primary school students in Zanjan. Journal of Zanjan university of medical sciences and Health services 1998; 23(1): 24-31.##15. Agha Molaei T, Sobhani AR. Anthropometric evaluation of Nutritional status in primary school Students at Bandar Abbas 2001-02. Journal of school of public health and institude of public health Researches. 2003; 7(2): 49-56.#### ##

Evaluation of Environmental Health Indicators of Halva and Tahini Production Centers in Ardakan, Yazd Evaluation of Environmental Health Indicators of Halva and Tahini Production Centers in Ardakan, Yazd 2 1 Introduction: Attention to food safety and health at all stages from production to consumption is inevitable. Inappropriate sanitary status of the food production, distribution and supply centers caused food-borne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental health indicators of halva and tahini production centers in the city of Ardakan in 2013. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive, cross- sectional study. For data collection, the checklist were prepared consisting 5 part raw materials store, production processing halls, packaging halls, product store and bathrooms according to regulations form of article 13, law of edible, drinking, cosmetics materials of the department health, treatment and medical education with questions in different fields such as health card status, observance personal hygiene, status production centers structural, observance the criteria about the number of bathrooms, showers and toilets, wastewater disposal method and observance health principles in the halva and tahini production centers that during a inspection from 16 production centers were completed in the winter. Final, obtained data analyzed by SPSS, version 18 and χ2 test. Results: Generally, 75% production centers had favorable hygienic status and 25% had slightly favorable hygienic status. According to obtained results, hygienic status of production centers had relatively favorable and favorable conditions and only in January and February in 31.3% and 18.8% processing hall and 12.5% product store was in a very favorable hygienic status. The results showed that in terms of environmental health status, 62.5% production centers in raw materials store part, 66.66% in production processing hall, 20.83% in packaging hall, 60.41% in product store and 37.5% in bathrooms had favorable status. Based on the results, hygienic status of bathrooms and processing hall achieved lowest and highest score, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that between hygienic status and production rate (p=0.411) there is no significant relationship. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the halva and tahini production centers of Ardakan city in terms of environmental health indicators had slightly favorable status to favorable and none of the production centers had not very favorable conditions. The results of this study can be used to improve health status of halva and tahini production centers. 2 Introduction: Attention to food safety and health at all stages from production to consumption is inevitable. Inappropriate sanitary status of the food production, distribution and supply centers caused food-borne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental health indicators of halva and tahini production centers in the city of Ardakan in 2013. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive, cross- sectional study. For data collection, the checklist were prepared consisting 5 part raw materials store, production processing halls, packaging halls, product store and bathrooms according to regulations form of article 13, law of edible, drinking, cosmetics materials of the department health, treatment and medical education with questions in different fields such as health card status, observance personal hygiene, status production centers structural, observance the criteria about the number of bathrooms, showers and toilets, wastewater disposal method and observance health principles in the halva and tahini production centers that during a inspection from 16 production centers were completed in the winter. Final, obtained data analyzed by SPSS, version 18 and χ2 test. Results: Generally, 75% production centers had favorable hygienic status and 25% had slightly favorable hygienic status. According to obtained results, hygienic status of production centers had relatively favorable and favorable conditions and only in January and February in 31.3% and 18.8% processing hall and 12.5% product store was in a very favorable hygienic status. The results showed that in terms of environmental health status, 62.5% production centers in raw materials store part, 66.66% in production processing hall, 20.83% in packaging hall, 60.41% in product store and 37.5% in bathrooms had favorable status. Based on the results, hygienic status of bathrooms and processing hall achieved lowest and highest score, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that between hygienic status and production rate (p=0.411) there is no significant relationship. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the halva and tahini production centers of Ardakan city in terms of environmental health indicators had slightly favorable status to favorable and none of the production centers had not very favorable conditions. The results of this study can be used to improve health status of halva and tahini production centers. 267 275 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/18 1392/12/27 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/18 1392/12/27 محمد تقی قانعیان Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian جلال صادقی زاده Jalal Sadeghi zadeh محبوبه موطاب Mahboobeh Matoob محمد حسن احرامپوش Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoosh بهادر حاجی محمدی Bahador Hajimohammadi حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh عارفه دهقانی تفتی Arefe Dehghani tafti محبوبه دهواری Mahboobeh Dehvari Environment health Halva and Tahini production centers Ardekan city Environment health Halva and Tahini production centers Ardekan city 1. Kotzekidou P. Microbiological stability and fate of Salmonella enteritidis in helva, a low-moisture confection. J Food Prot.1998; 61(2): 181–85.##2. Batu A, Elyıldırım F. Traditional helva production technology, Teknolojik Araştırmalar. Electronic Journal of Food Technologies. 2009; 4(1): 32-43.##3. Imani M. Halva and nutritional properties. Faculty of pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.2006. ##4. Mozaffari N.A, Forouhesh Tehran H, Moghaddam Salek A, et al. Investigation of various species of Enterobacteriaceae in food contaminated transmitted to the laboratory of cosmetics and food control. Iran Medical Sciences University, Scientific Medical Journal, 2002; 32(1): 45-50.##5. Nadafi K. A Guide to PRPs/GMP on food safety and health in the supply and distribution level. Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Institute for Environmental research. 2012.##6. Gould W.A. CGMP's/food Plant Sanitation: CTI Publications; 1990.##7. Legnani P, Leoni E, Berveglieri M, et al. Hygienic control of mass catering establishments, microbiological monitoring of food and equipment. Journal of Food Control. 2004(4); 15, 205–11.##8. Pouraslani A, Nasaji N, Amani F, et al. Environmental Health status of Ardabil city bakeries in 2003. The Journal of Student Research Committee, 2003; 7.##9. Isfahani M.M. Public health Handbook, chapter 4, Health food. Iran University of Medical Sciences. 411-18.##10. Heydari MR, Javadi A , Porkahnogi P. Effectiveness of Training Classes for Food-handlers and Food Operators on Improving their Knowledge and Practice of personal Hygiene in the Workplace at Health Training Centers in Shiraz, Fars Province. Yazd Faculty of Public Health, Tolooe Behdasht. 2010; 9(1), 10-17.##11. FSIS. Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, http://www.fsis.usda. gov. 2010.##12. Zangiabadi A, Ghanbari R, Aali Dehchenari R, et al. Evaluating the environmental health conditions of restaurants and hotels dining areas in a central tourist area in Isfahan by using GIS of 2008 and 2009. Journal of Health System Research. 2010; 3(6), 587-97.##13. Malekshahi F. Evaluation of the observance of environmental health status standard of Khorramabad city fast food stores. 9th Iranian Nutrition Congress Tabriz – Iran. 4-7 September 2006.##14. Malakootian M, Loloee M. The Quality of production Bread and Bakeries health status of Rafsanjan city. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2003; 2(3, 4), 1-6.#### ##

Role of Neck Circumference (NC) in Road Traffic Accidents of Commercial Bus and Truck Drivers Role of Neck Circumference (NC) in Road Traffic Accidents of Commercial Bus and Truck Drivers 2 1 Introduction: Sleepiness may predispose drivers to road traffic accidents. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is the most common medical cause of sleepiness. Hence increased neck circumference (NC) and obesity are known as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome risk factors. This study was conducted to assess OSAS role in occurrence of road traffic accidents in sleeping drivers of commercial heavy vehicles. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred sixteen truck and bus drivers randomly selected who referred to occupational medicine clinic for routine annual examination. In addition, drivers who had one road accident during study period consists case and other drivers consists control group, respectively. Subjects also completed demographic and driving variables (e.g. type of vehicles …) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaire. We measured Neck Circumference and chance of road accident by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). Results: Mean of NC in sleepy drivers and drivers who had road accidents was significantly higher than other drivers (P< 0.05). Drivers who had night driving had significantly higher road accident in compare with others (odds: 3.83 CI: 1.36-10.77 P=0.01). Marital status (P< 0.05) and road accident (P< 0.001) had significant association with sleepiness occurrence. According to ROC curve analysis, 43.18 centimeters as cut off point for positive results, was higher sensitivity and specificity for prediction of road accidents. Conclusions: Drivers who have sleepiness and especially OSAS have more chance to involve an accident. By measuring of NC as OSAS, predictor may be able to reduce the risk of road accidents between commercial drivers. 2 Introduction: Sleepiness may predispose drivers to road traffic accidents. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is the most common medical cause of sleepiness. Hence increased neck circumference (NC) and obesity are known as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome risk factors. This study was conducted to assess OSAS role in occurrence of road traffic accidents in sleeping drivers of commercial heavy vehicles. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred sixteen truck and bus drivers randomly selected who referred to occupational medicine clinic for routine annual examination. In addition, drivers who had one road accident during study period consists case and other drivers consists control group, respectively. Subjects also completed demographic and driving variables (e.g. type of vehicles …) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaire. We measured Neck Circumference and chance of road accident by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). Results: Mean of NC in sleepy drivers and drivers who had road accidents was significantly higher than other drivers (P< 0.05). Drivers who had night driving had significantly higher road accident in compare with others (odds: 3.83 CI: 1.36-10.77 P=0.01). Marital status (P< 0.05) and road accident (P< 0.001) had significant association with sleepiness occurrence. According to ROC curve analysis, 43.18 centimeters as cut off point for positive results, was higher sensitivity and specificity for prediction of road accidents. Conclusions: Drivers who have sleepiness and especially OSAS have more chance to involve an accident. By measuring of NC as OSAS, predictor may be able to reduce the risk of road accidents between commercial drivers. 276 285 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 غلامحسین حلوانی Gholam Hossein Halvani ابراهیم سلمانی Ibrahim Salmani salmani@ssu.ac.ir امیرحسین خوش اخلاق Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh حمید حبوباتی Hamid Hoboubati نجمه حاجیان Nadjme Hajian مهدی حلوانی Mahdi Halvani Sleep Apnea Obstructive neck Accidents Traffic Sleep Apnea Obstructive neck Accidents Traffic 1. Connor J, Whitlock G, Norton R, et al. The role of driver sleepiness in car crashes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Accid Anal Prev. 2001;33(1): 31-41.##2. Hakkanen H, Summala H. Sleepiness at work among commercial truck drivers. Sleep. 2000;23(1):49-57.##3. Ohayon, MM, Caulet, M, Philip, et al. How sleep and mental disorders are related to complaints of daytime sleepiness. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(22): 2645-52.##4.Sharwood L N., Elkington J, Stevenson,et al. Assessing sleepiness and sleep disorders in Australian long-distance commercial vehicle drivers: self-report versus an "at home" monitoring device. Sleep. 2012;35(4), 469-75.##5. McNamara SG, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE. Obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax. , 1993; 48(7): 754-64.##6. Moreno CR, Carvalho FA, Lorenzi C, et al. High risk for obstructive sleep apnea in truck drivers estimated by the Berlin questionnaire: prevalence and associated factors. Chronobiol Int.2004;21(6): 871-9.##7. Horstmann S, Hess CW, Bassetti C, et al. Sleepiness-related accidents in sleep apnea patients. Sleep. 2000;23(3): 383-9.##8. Sharwood LN, Elkington J, Stevenson M, et al. Severe obstructive sleep apnea and long distance truck driving: A case report. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;2(2): 157-61.##9. MasaJF, Rubio M, Findley LJ. Habitually sleepy drivers have a high frequency of automobile crashes associated with respiratory disorders during sleep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1): 1407-12.##10. Lloberes P, Levy G, Descals C, et al. Self-reported sleepiness while driving as a risk factor for traffic accidents in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and in non-apnoeic snorers. Respir Med. 2000;94(10): 971-6.##11. George CF. Sleep apnea, alertness, and motor vehicle crashes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(10), 954-6.##12. Pack AI, Maislin G, Staley B,et al. Impaired performance in commercial drivers: role of sleep apnea and short sleep duration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(4): 446-54.##13. Young T, Blustein J, Finn L. Sleep-disordered breathing and motor vehicle accidents in a population-based sample of employed adults.1997; Sleep 20: 608-13.##14. Talmage J, Hudson T, Hegmann K,et al. Consensus criteria for screening commercial drivers for obstructive sleep apnea: evidence of efficacy . J Occup Environ Med. 2008; 50(1): 324-9.##15. Howard M, Desai A, Grunstein R. Sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing, and accident risk factors in commercial vehicle drivers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 170(1): 1014-21.##16. Moreno C, Carvalho F, Lorenzi C. High risk for obstructive sleep apnea in truck drivers estimated by the Berlin questionnaire: prevalence and associated factors. Chronobiol Int. 2004; 21(2): 871-9.##17. Parks P, Durand G, Tsismenakis A,et al. Screening for obstructive sleep apnea during commercial driver medical examinations. J Occup Environ Med.2009; 51(3): 275–82.##18. Aloia M, Arnedt J, Davis J, et al. Neuropsychological sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a critical review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc.2004; 10(5): 772-85.##19. Sharwood L N, Elkington J, Stevenson M,et al. Investigating the role of fatigue, sleep and sleep disorders in commercial vehicle crashes: A systematic review. Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety. 2011; 22(3): 24-30.##20. Johns M. A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991; 14(6): 540-5.##21. Johns MW. A measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep.1991; 16(5), 50-5.##22. Johns MW. Sleepiness in different situations measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1994; 17(8): 703-10.##23. Engleman HM, McDonald JP, Graham D, et al. Randomized crossover trial of two treatments for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: continuous positive airway pressure and mandibular repositioning splint. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(6):855-9.##24. Stoohs RA, Guilleminault C, Itoi A, et al. Traffic accidents in commercial long-haul truck drivers: the influence of sleep-disordered breathing and obesity. Sleep. 1994;17(7): 619-23.##25. Vanlaar W, Simpson H, Mayhew D, et al. Fatigue and drowsy driving: a survey of attitudes, opinions, and behaviors. J Saf Res. 2008; 39(3): 303-9.##26. Horne JA, Reyner LA. Driver sleepiness. J Sleep Res. 1995: 4(S2): 23-9.##27. Philip P, Vervialle F, Le Breton P, et al. Fatigue, alcohol, and serious road crashes in France: factorial study of national data. Br Med J. 2001;322(7290):829-30.##28. MacLean AW, Davies DR., Thiele K. The hazards and prevention of driving while sleepy. Sleep Med Rev. 2003; 7(6):507-21.##29. Braver E, Preusser C, Preusser D,. Long hours and fatigue: a survey of tractor-trailer drivers. J Public Health Policy. 1992; 13(3): 341-66.##30. Hakkanen H, Summala H. Sleepiness at work among commercial truck drivers. Sleep.1999; 23(1): 49-57.##31. Young T, Blustein J, Finn L. Sleep-disordered breathing and motor vehicle accidents in a population-based sample of employed adults. Sleep. 1999; 20(8): 608-13.##32. Masa J, Rubio M, Findley L, Group C. Habitually sleepy drivers have a high frequency of automobile crashes associated with respiratory disorders during sleep. J Respir Crit Care Med.2000 ;162(4): 1407-12.##33. Johns M. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep.1991; 14(6): 540-5.##34. Johns M. Sensitivity and specificity of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), the maintenance of wakefulness test and the Epworth sleepiness scale: failure of the MSLT as a gold standard. J Sleep Res.2000; 9(1): 5-11.##35. Hartenbaum N, Collop N, Rosen I, et al. Sleep apnea and commercial motor vehicle operators: statement of the joint task force of the American college of chest physicians, the American college of occupational and environmental medicine and the national sleep foundation. Chest.2006; 130(3): 902-5.##36. Davies RJ, Ali NJ, Stradling JR. Neck circumference and other clinical features in the diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Thorax. 1992; 47(2): 101-5.#### ##

The Effect of Soil Radioactivity in Pollution The Effect of Soil Radioactivity in Pollution 2 1 Introduction: One of the sources of natural occurring radiation was soils. The purpose of article was to determine soil pollution by radiation absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, annual gonad dose equivalent and annual effective dose equivalent. Methods & Materials: The soil samples was located in Chahbahar city in Blouchestan of Iran, was chosen for studying of radioactivity. It was collected from twenty five points, each one in three separate places with 100 meter distance (twelve in western and thirteen in eastern sites) in the region. Then, each three soil samples were mixed and dried as one sample. The radioactivity concentration was measured in soil samples by gamma spectrometer. Results: The natural radioactivity doses of soil in studied samples resulted in average absorbed dose rate, 42.92 ±4.03 nGy h-1 radium equivalent activity, 86.79±8.26 Raeq per Bqkg- the external hazard index, 1:8231.86±327.76 the annual gonad dose equivalent, 322.9±31.6 μSvh-1 and the annual effective dose equivalent 193.15μSvh-1.The results of study were compared with the international recommended values and radioactivity measurements in soils of different countries. Conclusion: The contribution of natural radioactivity in pollution of area in comparison to ICRP was low. 2 Introduction: One of the sources of natural occurring radiation was soils. The purpose of article was to determine soil pollution by radiation absorbed dose rate, radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, annual gonad dose equivalent and annual effective dose equivalent. Methods & Materials: The soil samples was located in Chahbahar city in Blouchestan of Iran, was chosen for studying of radioactivity. It was collected from twenty five points, each one in three separate places with 100 meter distance (twelve in western and thirteen in eastern sites) in the region. Then, each three soil samples were mixed and dried as one sample. The radioactivity concentration was measured in soil samples by gamma spectrometer. Results: The natural radioactivity doses of soil in studied samples resulted in average absorbed dose rate, 42.92 ±4.03 nGy h-1 radium equivalent activity, 86.79±8.26 Raeq per Bqkg- the external hazard index, 1:8231.86±327.76 the annual gonad dose equivalent, 322.9±31.6 μSvh-1 and the annual effective dose equivalent 193.15μSvh-1.The results of study were compared with the international recommended values and radioactivity measurements in soils of different countries. Conclusion: The contribution of natural radioactivity in pollution of area in comparison to ICRP was low. 286 292 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 عباس حسینی Abbas Hosseini معصومه فصیح زبان Masoomeh Fasih zaban Radiation Soil Pollutants Radioactive Radiation Soil Pollutants Radioactive 1. Myrick T.E. Berven B.A and Haywood F.F. Determination of concentrations of selected radionuclides in surface soil in the US. Health Phys.1983; 45(3):631-42.##2. Olise FS, Owoade OK, Olaniyi HB. Radiological indices of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radionuclide: a PIXE approach. Radial Prot. 2011; 31(2):255-64. ##3. Faanu A, Lawluvi H, Kpeglo DO, et al. Assessment of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity levels in soils, rocks and water in the vicinity of chirano gold mine in Ghana. Radiate Prot Dosimetry. 2013; 158(1):87-99.##4. Kaplan DI, Zhang S, Roberts KA, et al. Radioiodine concentrated in a wetland. J Environ Radio act. 2013; 131(1):57-61.##5. Marovic G, Sencar J, Bronzovic M, et al. Radioactive waste due to electric power and mineral fertiliser production Arh Hig Rada Toksikol.2006;57(3):333-8##6. Kucukomeroglu B, Maksutoglu F, Damla N, et al. A study of environmental radioactivity measurements in the Samsun province, Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012; 152(4):369-75.##7. Wang F, Zhang Z, Ancora MP, et al. Radon natural radioactivity measurements for evaluation of primary pollutants. Scientific World Journal. 2013; 132(1):54-61.##9. Lu X, Li X, Yun P, et al. Measurement of natural radioactivity and assessment of associated radiation hazards in soil around Baoji second coal-fired thermal power plant, China. Radiate Prot Dosimeter. 2012; 148(2):219-26. ##10. Beck H.L. The physics of environmental radiation fields. Natural radiation environment II, CONF-720805 P2. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Natural Radiation Environment. 192; 2(10):69-74.##11. Sl•vik,O. Exploration of semiconductor gamma spectrometry for radiation control of nuclear power plant surroundings. Ph.D thesis. Comedies Univ., Bratislava, Slovakia. 1990; 4 (3):50-52.##12. Krieger R. Radioactivity of construction materials Betonwerk. Fertigteil-Tech.1981; 47 p.46814.##13. Yang Y, Wu X, Jiang Z , et al. Radioactivity concentrations in soils of the Xiazhuang granite area China Appl. Radiat. Isot.2005;63 (2). 255-59.##14. UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, 1988. Sources, effects and risk of ionizing radiation, United Nations, New York.UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, 1993. Exposure from natural sources of radiation, United Nations, New York.##15. UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, 2000. Sources, effects and risk of ionizing radiation, United Nations, New York. Environ. Radioact. 2000;47(2):213-21.##16. Ashworth DJ, Shaw G. A comparison of the soil migration and plant uptake of radioactive chlorine and iodine from contaminated groundwater. J Environ Radio act. 2006; 89(1):61-80. ##17. Klochkova NV, Korenkov IP, Lashchenova TN. Radio-ecological evaluation of the area during exploitation of a radiation-dangerous object. 2006; 55(4):7-13.##18. Tykva R. Selection of a pesticide with low environmental impact. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. May-Jun. 1998; 40(1-2):94-6.##19. Orgun Y, Alt˝nsoy N, Gultekin A.H, et al. Natural radioactivity levels in granitic plutons and groundwater in Southeast part of Eskisehir, Turkey Appl. Radiat. 2005;63(1):267-75.##20. Benamar M.A, Zerrouki A, Idiri Z, et al. Natural and artificial levels in sediments in Algiers Bay Appl. Radiat. Isot.2005; 48 (8): 1161-64.##21. Rabesiranana N, Rasolonirina M, Terina F, et al. Andriambololona R. Top soil radioactivity assessment in a high natural radiation background area: the case of Vinaninkarena, Antsirabe-Madagascar.Appl Radiat Isot 2008;66(11):1619-22##22. Code of Federal Regulations CFR-10, Chapter 1. Washington DC: (1990) Nuclear RegulatoryCommission (NRC).##23. Mamont-Ciesla K, Gwiazdowski B, Biernacka M, et al. Radioactivity of building materials in Poland G. Vohra, K.C. Pillai, S. Sadavisan (Eds.), Natural Radiation Environment, Halsted Press, New York p.1982;45(2): 551-59.##24. Konopleva I, Klemt E, Konoplev A, et al. Migration and bioavailability of (137) Cs in forest soil of southern Germany. J Environ Radio act. 2009; 100(4):315-21. ##25.European Commission Marina II study Results of the European Commission Marina II study: part II--effects of discharges of naturally occurring radioactive material J Environ Radioact. 2004;74(1-3):255-77.##26.Schimmack W, Bunzl K, Dietl F, et al . Infiltration of radionuclide with mobility in to a forest soil. Effect of the irrigation intensity. Environ. Radioactivity. 1994; 24(1): 53-63.##27.Copplestone D, Toal ME, Johnson MS, et al. Environmental effects of radionuclides- Observations on natural ecosystems J. radiol. Prot. Mar. 2000; 20(1):29-40.## ##

The Incidence of Malignant Melanoma in Two Different Cultural Settings and the Probable Role of Clothing in Melanoma Prevention The Incidence of Malignant Melanoma in Two Different Cultural Settings and the Probable Role of Clothing in Melanoma Prevention 2 1 Introduction: Malignant melanoma is a fatal cutaneous neoplasm and one of the fastest growing cancers worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of melanoma in different cultural settings and the probable role of clothing for prevention.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data about diagnosed melanoma patients in Kerman Province, Iran including age, pathology, sex, location, and site of skin involvement, were obtained from the Kerman and Rafsanjan Cancer Registries from 2005 to 2009. Similar data related to melanoma incidence in Victoria, Australia were obtained from the Victorian Cancer Council, Melbourne. Incidence by age, sex and site of skin was calculated in both Kerman Province and Victoria State. Then the incidence differences for exposed and unexposed limbs were calculated and compared. Results: Melanoma incidence in Kerman was 5.7 in million annually. Incidence in men was higher than women. The highest incidence was seen in 70-79 years of age. Most cases of melanoma (30%) were localized in the face. Incidence in Victoria State was 431.9 in million annually. The incidence in men was more than women. The highest incidence was seen above 80 years of age. Most of the cases (30.1%) of melanoma were seen in the trunk and then arm with 22.1%. The incidence difference between the two nations was significant except for the hands and male’s feet. Conclusion:The present study suggests that clothing is possibly preventing about 25.7, 37.4 and 72.6 cases of melanoma respectively in the trunk, arm and leg in 1,000,000 people annually in Iran. 2 Introduction: Malignant melanoma is a fatal cutaneous neoplasm and one of the fastest growing cancers worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of melanoma in different cultural settings and the probable role of clothing for prevention.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data about diagnosed melanoma patients in Kerman Province, Iran including age, pathology, sex, location, and site of skin involvement, were obtained from the Kerman and Rafsanjan Cancer Registries from 2005 to 2009. Similar data related to melanoma incidence in Victoria, Australia were obtained from the Victorian Cancer Council, Melbourne. Incidence by age, sex and site of skin was calculated in both Kerman Province and Victoria State. Then the incidence differences for exposed and unexposed limbs were calculated and compared. Results: Melanoma incidence in Kerman was 5.7 in million annually. Incidence in men was higher than women. The highest incidence was seen in 70-79 years of age. Most cases of melanoma (30%) were localized in the face. Incidence in Victoria State was 431.9 in million annually. The incidence in men was more than women. The highest incidence was seen above 80 years of age. Most of the cases (30.1%) of melanoma were seen in the trunk and then arm with 22.1%. The incidence difference between the two nations was significant except for the hands and male’s feet. Conclusion:The present study suggests that clothing is possibly preventing about 25.7, 37.4 and 72.6 cases of melanoma respectively in the trunk, arm and leg in 1,000,000 people annually in Iran. 293 300 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/182014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/182014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 لیلا دهقانی Leila Dehghani نرگس خانجانی Narges Khanjani عباس بهرام‌پور Abbas Bahrampoor Melanoma Incidence Kerman Victoria Clothing The Incidence of Malignant Melanoma in Two Different Cultural Settings and the Probable Role of Clothing in Melanoma Prevention 1-Edevries LV, Vandepoll-Franse WJ, Louwman FR, et al. Predictions of skin cancer incidence in the Netherlands up to 2015. British J Dermatol. 2005;152(3):481–88.##2. Mahmoud R. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer molecular mechanisms. J Cutan Pathol .2005; 32(3):191–205.##3.Luther U, Dichmann S, Schlobe A, et al. UV light and skin cancer.Med Monatsschr Pharm.2000;23(8):261-6.##4. Safaii Naraghi Z, Bahadori M, Ehsani AH, et al. Evaluation of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma according to Breslow and Clarke pathological indices. Tehran Univ Med J .2006; 64(5):79-86.##5. Eleni Linos, Susan M, Myles G, et al. Increasing Burden of Melanoma in the United States. J Invest. 2009;129(7): 1666–74.##6. Mahler V, Diepgen TL. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002; 146 (61):1–6.##7.Garbe C, McLeod GR, Buettner PG. Time trends of cutaneous melanoma in Australia and Central Europe. Cancer .2000; 89(6):1269-78.##8.AIHW. Australian Health Trends 2001. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2001.##9- Lens MB, Dawes M. Global perspectives of contemporary epidemiological trends of cutaneous malignant melanoma. British J Dermatol. 2004; 150(2):179–85.##10.Marks R. Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol . 2000; 25(6):459-63.##11.Tavakoli MB, Shahi Z. Solar ultraviolet radiation on the ground level of Isfahan. Iran. J. Radiat. Res .2007; 5(2):101-4.##12-Berwick M. Patterns of sun exposure which are causal for melanoma.In: Melanoma. Critical Debates (Newton Bishop JA, GoreM, eds). Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002; 3–15. ##13.Diffey BL. A quantitative estimate of melanoma mortality from ultraviolet absurbed use in the UK. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(3):578-81.##14.Glanz K, Mayer JA. Reducing ultraviolet radiation exposure to prevent skin cancer methodology and measurement. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29(2):131–42.##15. Rigel DS. The effect of sunscreen on melanoma risk. Dermatology Clin. 2002; 20(4): 601–6.##16. UV Awareness. 2012, Available at: http://www.uvawareness.com/uv-index/uv-forecasts.php. Accessed May 16, 2012##17. Statistical Center of Iran (2007). Iran Statistic Yearbook, 2007. Tehran: Statistics Center of Iran.2007##18. Victoria (Australia). Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria Accessed Nov 18, 2012.##19. Lesage C, Barbe C, Clainche A L, et al. Sex-Related Location of Head and Neck Melanoma Strongly Argues for a Major Role of Sun Exposure in Cars and Photo protection by Hair. J Investigative Dermatol. 2013; 133(5):1205–11.##20. Clark LN, Shin DB, Troxel AB. Association between the anatomic distribution of melanoma and sex. J Am Acad Demerol. 2007; 56(5):768–73.##21. Elwood JM, Gallagher RP. body site distribution of coetaneous malignant melanoma in relationship to patterns of sun exposure exposure. Int. J. Cancer.1988; 78(3), 276-80.##22. Mackie RM, Quinin AG. Non-melanoma skin cancer and other epidermal skin tumors. In:Burns T BS,Cox N, Griffiths C, (editors).Rook' s textbook of dermatology. 7 ed. Oxford. Blackwell Science Publication,2004.p.50.##23. Geller AC, Zhang Z, Sober AJ, et al. The first 15 years of the American Academy of Dermatology skin cancer screening programs:1985-1999.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(1):34-41.##24. Corona P, Dayliotti E, D'Errico M, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a Mediterranean population: role of recreational sun exposure early in life. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(2):1162-68.##25. Guibert P, Mollat F, Ligen M, et al. Melanoma screening: report of a survey in occupational medicine. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136(2): 199-202.##26. Protecting Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation. Editors: Paolo V, Maila H, Bruce E, Stuck ED, Shengli N. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection; In Collaboration with International Labour Organization, World Health Organization. 2008.##27. Marks R. Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000; 25(6); 459-63.##28. Konstantinos L, Sabine K, Despina I, et al. Epidemiological di erences for cutaneous melanoma in a relatively dark-skinned Caucasian population with chronic sun exposure. European J Cancer . 2004; 40(16):2502–7.##29.Amoozgar MH, Yazdanpanah MJ, Ebrahimirad M. Frequency of the skin cancers in Ghaem hospital in Mashhad during 1975-1995. 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Study on Efficacy of Group Motivational Interviewing in Reducing Impulsivity among Drug Users on Methadone Treatment The Effect of Group Motivational Interview on Impulsivity among Drug Users under Methadone Treatment 2 1 Introduction: motivational interviewing techniques to manipulate and extract of patients' good behavior in order achieve to their better health behavior changes. Materials and Methods: The type of research used in this quasi-experimental, pre-test and post-test in done by control group. The statistics obtained from the population the population consists of all individuals associated with drug addiction treatment center in the city of Yazd, using purpose sampling methods were employed. . Therefore, 40 patients in methadone treatment were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (2004) was used. Motivational interviewing program administered to experimental group for 6 sessions of 90 minutes. At the end of the training period, both groups were assessed again. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: T-test results showed that impulssivity is a significant difference between experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The results of this study can be concluded that group motivational interviewing in reducing drug addiction and impulssivity highly effective drug-dependent individuals. 2 Introduction: motivational interviewing techniques to manipulate and extract of patients' good behavior in order achieve to their better health behavior changes. Materials and Methods: The type of research used in this quasi-experimental, pre-test and post-test in done by control group. The statistics obtained from the population the population consists of all individuals associated with drug addiction treatment center in the city of Yazd, using purpose sampling methods were employed. . Therefore, 40 patients in methadone treatment were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (2004) was used. Motivational interviewing program administered to experimental group for 6 sessions of 90 minutes. At the end of the training period, both groups were assessed again. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: T-test results showed that impulsivity is a significant difference between experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The results of this study can be concluded that group motivational interviewing in reducing drug addiction and impulsive highly effective drug-dependent individuals. 301 308 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/182014/03/182014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 2014/06/242014/04/52014/04/52014/03/182014/03/182014/03/182014/03/182014/03/18 1392/12/27 حمیده زارع منگ آبادی Hamideh Zare Mangabady صدرالله خسروی Sadrellah Khosravi علی جعفری ندوشن Ali Jafari Nodoushan رضا جعفری ندوشن Reza Jafari Nodoushan jafarinodoushan@gmail.com ابوالفضل آزادنیا Abolfazl Azadnia Motivational interviewing Impulsivity Methadone Treatment outcome Motivational interviewing Impulsivity Methadone Treatment outcome 1- Nikkhou MR, Avadis Yans H. American Psychiatric Association. Text revised fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Tehran: Sokhan. 2000.##2- Bilsen HP. Motivational interviewing: perspective from the Netherlands, with particular emphasis on heroin dependent clients. In: Miller WR, Rollnick S,(Eds). Motivational interviewing: preparing people to change addictive behavior. New York: Guilford Press. 2002##3- Britt E, Hudson SM, Blampied NM. Motivational interviewing in health setting: a review. Patient education and counseling. 2004; 53(2): 147-55.##4- Burke B, Arkowitz H, Menchola M. The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71(5): 843-61.##5- De Win MM, de Win MM, Schilt T, Reneman L et al. Ecstacy use and self-reported depression, impulsivity and sensation seeking: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006; 20(2):226-35.##6- Dom G, De Wilde B, Hulstijn W, et al. Behavioral aspects of impulsivity in alcoholics with and without a cluster B personality disorder. Alcohol. 2006; 41(4):412-20.##7- Dom G, Hulstijn W, Sabbe B. 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