Evaluation of the Routs of Oral Health Information Being Delivered to Yazd Population in 2011 Evaluation of the routs of oral health information beingdelivered to Yazd population in 2011 2 2 Introduction: The discipline of oral public health is known as a science and art of dealing with populationoral health. In order to improve public awareness followed by changing people`s life style itis necessary for the society to be exposed to massive oral health information.The aim of this study was to evaluate the routes of oral health information being delivered to the Yazd population in1389 Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study 16 blocks in urban areas of Yazd city were randomlyselected. A total of 400 subjects (8 years and above) were interviewed and thequestionnaire filled. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis with SPSS 18software. Results:Two hundred and twenty four male subjects (56%) and 173 female subjects (44%)participated in this study. According to this study the main sources of oral healthinformation on Yazd population where mass media (radio & television) (22.3%) and dentists(14.5%). It was also believed that radio and television and dentists were potential sources oforal health information. It was revealed that 67.5% of the population had access to theinternet. The use and the potential of internet for access to oral health information were insixth place. Conclusion: Oral health officials put more time andeffort for providing oral health programs in order to improve oral health conditions in thesociety. Science using the internet as a source of oral health information for access in thesociety was less important than some other countries are main due to, language problems,investment in this area is recommended. 147 153 2013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/7 1392/9/16 احمد حائریان Ahamd Haerian سید سعید مظلومی محمود آباد SeyedSaeid Mazloomy Mazloomy Mahmoudabad امیر محمد مهابادی Amirmohammad Mahabadi حمید رضا دهقان Hamidreza Dehghan زینب حمزه ای Zeinab Hamzehei Chappel D, Maudsley G, Bhopal R, Ebrahim S. Public health education for medical students: a guide for medical schools. Newcastle upon Tyne, university of Newcastle upon Tyne 1996; 7(3):231-39.##2- Department of health. Saving lives: our healthier nation. London, the stationery office 1999; 2(5):139-46.##3- Essential Dental Public Health – BlanaidDaly,RichardG.Watt 2005; 60-61. [Internet]. Available at: Http://www.coh.dent.sbmu.ac.ir. Updated in 2009.##4- Abdellatif H. Oral health knowledge and source of information on fluoride among Saudi parents in Riyadh.Saudi Dental Journal 2004:16(1); 3-8.##5- Tu HT, Hargraves JL. Seeking Health Care Information: Most Consumers Still on the Sidelines.Center forStudying Health System Change 2003. pp. 1–4. [Internet].Available at: http://www.hschange.com/CONTENT/537.##6. O'Neill HW. Opinion study comparing attitudes about dental health. J Am Dent Assoc1984; 109(6):910-5.##7- Wyne AH, Chohan AN, Al-Dosari K, Al-Dokheil M. Oral health knowledge and sources ofinformation among male Saudi school children.Odontostomatol Trop 2004; 27(106):22-6.##8- Zeng X, Parmanto B. Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Symposium2003. Evaluation of web accessibility of consumer health information websites; pp. 743. [Internet]. Available at: http://www.amia.org/pubs/proceedings/symposia/2003/151.pdf. updated in 2009.##9- Pennbridge J, Moya R, Rodrigues L. Questionnaire survey of California consumers' use and rating of sourcesof health care information including the Internet. West J Med1999; 171(5-6): 302–305.##10- Diaz JA, Griffith RA, Ng JJ, Reinert SE, Friedmann PD, Moulton AW. Patients' use of the Internet for medical information. J Gen Intern MED 2002; 17 (3): 180-5.##11.Huang QR. Creating informed consumers and achieving shared decision making. AustFam Physician2003; 32 (5): 335-41.##12. Ullrich PF Jr, Vaccaro AR. Patient education on the internet: opportunities and pitfalls. Spine (Phila Pa1976)2002; 27(7):E185-8.##13. Greenberg L, D'Andrea G, Lorence D. Setting the public agenda for online health search: a white paper andaction agenda. J MED Internet Res 2004; 6 (2): e18.##14. Sun P, Unger JB, Palmer PH, Gallaher P, Chou CP, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Sussman S, Johnson CA. Internet accessibility and usage among urban adolescents in Southern California: implications for web-based health research. Cyber psycholBehav 2005; 8 (5): 441-53.##15. Kidd M. General practice on the internet. AustFam Physician 2001; 30 (4): 359–361.##16. Fox S, Fallows D. Internet health resources: health searches and email have become more commonplace, but there is room for improvement in searches and overall Internet access. Pew Internet & American Life Project Report 2003.## ##

Evaluation of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Population Living in City of Yazd: A Case-Control Study Evaluation of risk factors for type 2 diabetes in population living in city of Yazd: A case-control study 2 2 Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world and the most challenging health problems of the twenty first century. This disease is common in Yazd and has a high prevalence in the province. Due to not available analytic study, the aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of type 2 diabetes among the adult Yazd population, Iran. Materials and Methods: This hospital base case-control study was conducted on the urban population of Yazd city, Iran from 2012 to 2013.A total of 400 subjects including 200 diabetes cases and 200 controls matched by sex and age (±2 years)were studied. Subjects were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers using pretested questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests such as chi- square, student t- test and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The logistic regression model showed that family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives (OR=9.37, P<0.0001), history of dyslipidemia (OR=4.89, P<0.0001), family history of dyslipidemia (OR=2.53, P=0.009), type oil consumption (OR=2.16, P=0.021), type vegetable consumption (OR=4.81, P4 kg (OR=63.89, P=0.001),were considered as associated risk factors for diabetes. Conclusion: The present study showed that family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives, family history of dyslipidemia, history of dyslipidemia, Waist-hip ratio, consumption of fruit, Consumption of vegetables, Type of oil consumption, History of child birth >4 kg and low HDL were positively associated with diabetes. 154 168 2013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 حسن سعادتی Hassan Saadati محمد حسین لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi محمد افخمی اردکانی Mohammad Afkhami Ardakani Diabetes mellitus Risk factors Case-control study 1. World Health Organization (WHO) (2006) Diabetes mellitus fact sheet no. 312. Geneva.##2. Diabetes Atlas Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2006.##3. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 2004;27(5):1047-53.##4. IDF. Diabetes Atlas, 5th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2011. [Internet] Available at http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas Last accessed 1 June 2012.##5. Bonakdaran S, Hami M, Hatefi A. The effects of calcitriol on albuminuria in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2012;23(6):1215.##6. Sobel BE, Schneider DJ. Cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2005;5(2):143-8.##7. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, Chait A, Eckel RH, Howard BV, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1134-46.##8. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;344(18):1343-50.##9. Azizi F. Diabetes mellitus in the Islamic Republic of Iran. IDF bulletin. 1996;41(4):38-9.##10. Tuomilehto J, Wolf E. Primary prevention of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 1987;10(2):238-48.##11. Manson JE, Stampfer M, Colditz G, Willett W, Rosner B, Hennekens C, et al. Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. The Lancet. 1991;338(8770):774-8.##12. Zimmet P, Alberti K, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001;414(6865):782-7.##13. Esteghamati A, Gouya MM, Abbasi M, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Alaedini F, et al. Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Fasting Glucose in the Adult Population of Iran National Survey of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases of Iran. Diabetes care. 2008;31(1):96-8.##14. Afkhami-Ardekani M, Vahidi S. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on age of 30 years and above in Yazd province (Iranian population). J Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2001;9(1):22-7.##15. Baghianimoghadam MH, Afkhami Ardekani M, Mazloomy SS. Asurvey about the quality of life of type 2 diabetic patients, J Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2007;14(4):49-54.##16. Lotfi MH, Saadati H, Afzali M. Prevalence of Diabetes in People aged≥ 30 years: The Results of Screen-ing Program of Yazd Province, Iran, in 2012. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2013;14(1).##17. World Health Organization, Obesity. Report of WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: WHO; 1998. Preventing and managing the global epidemic. 1998 Edited by: WHO Geneva 2006; 3-5 June 1997.##18. Third Report of theNational Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 2002, 106, 3143-421.##19. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52.##20. Afkhami-Ardekani M, Vahidi S, Vahidi A, Ahmadie MH. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on age of 30 years and obove in Yazd province(Iranian population). Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science and Health Services 2001;9(1):22-27.##21. Hadaegh F, Bozorgmanesh MR, Ghasemi A, Harati H, Saadat N, Azizi F. High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in the Iranian urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. BMC public health. 2008;8(1):176.##22. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2007;298(22):2654-64.##23. Montonen J, Knekt P, Harkanen T, Jarvinen R, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A, et al. Dietary patterns and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. American journal of epidemiology. 2005;161(3):219-27. Epub 2005/01/27.##24. Hodge AM, English DR, O'Dea K, Giles GG. Dietary patterns and diabetes incidence in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. American journal of epidemiology. 2007;165(6):603-10.##25. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Annals of internal medicine. 2002;136(3):201-9.##26. Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Fruit and vegetable consumption and diabetes mellitus incidence among U.S. adults. Preventive medicine. 2001;32(1):33-9. ##27. Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, Hu FB. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes care. 2008;31(7):1311-7.##28. Liu S, Serdula M, Janket SJ, Cook NR, Sesso HD, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes care. 2004;27(12):2993-6.##29. Cene CW, Pignone M. The Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Intake on the Incidence of Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2011;29(3):113-5.##30. Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Savage PJ, Bennett PH. Diabetes incidence in Pima Indians: contributions of obesity and parental diabetes. American journal of epidemiology. 1981;113(2):144-56.##31. Cugati S, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P. Ten-year incidence of diabetes in older Australians: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Medical journal of Australia. 2007;186(3):131.##32. Magliano DJ, Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Cameron AJ, Dunstan DW, Colagiuri S, et al. Glucose Indices, Health Behaviors, and Incidence of Diabetes in Australia The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Diabetes care. 2008;31(2):267-72.##33. Najafipour F, Azizi F, Zareizadeh M. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FAMILIAL DIABETES TYPE 2 IN TEHRAN. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders (Formerly: Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders). 2004;4.##34. Najafipour F, Zareizadeh M. PREVALENCE OF DM-IGT AND IFG IN FIRST DEGREE RELATIVE FAMILY MEMBERS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN TABRIZ.(GREATER THAN 30 YEARS). Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders (Formerly: Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders). 2004;4.##35. Feskens EJ, Bowles CH, Kromhout D. Inverse association between fish intake and risk of glucose intolerance in normoglycemic elderly men and women. Diabetes Care 1991;14:935–941.##36. Feskens EJ, Virtanen SM, Rasanen L, Tuomilehto J, Stengard J, Pekkanen J, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. Dietary factors determining diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. A 20-year follow-up of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Diabetes Care 1995;18: 1104–1112.##37. Patel PS, Sharp SJ, Luben RN, Khaw K-T, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, et al. Association between type of dietary fish and seafood intake and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes the European prospective investigation of cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort study. Diabetes care. 2009;32(10):1857-63.##38. van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Feskens EJ. Eating Fish and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based, Prospective Follow-Up Study Response to Boucher and Mannan. Diabetes care. 2010;33(9):e126-e.##39. Kaushik M, Mozaffarian D, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009;90(3):613-20.##40. Pourabdollahi P, Rabeti N, Kooshavar H. The study of relationship between the truncal obesity (WHR) and type-II diabetes (NIDDM) in women aged 30 to 60 years, Tabriz. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2002;4(1):31-5.##41. Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willet WC, Rosner BA, et al. Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Women The Nurses' Health Study. American journal of epidemiology. 1997;145(7):614-9.##42. Cassano PA, Rosner B, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST. Obesity and Body Fat Distribution in Relation to the Incidence of Non-lnsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus A Prospective Cohort Study of Men in the Normative Aging Study. American journal of epidemiology. 1992;136(12):1474-86.##43. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes care. 1994;17(9):961-9.##44. Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;81(3):555-63.##45. Baan CA, Stolk RP, Grobbee DE, Witteman JC, Feskens EJ. Physical activity in elderly subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 219–27.##46. Defay R, Delcourt C, Ranvier M, Lacroux A, Papoz L. 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Quality of Life and Related Factors in Yazd in 2012 Quality of life and related factors in Yazd in 2012 2 2 Introduction: To compare the health status of different parts of the health indicators of quality of life is another factor. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of life for people over 18 years of Yazd city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study on 352 people over 18 years living in households was conducted in the city of Yazd in 1390. Cluster sampling was performed according to the Yazd city health center and for measuring quality of life WHOQOW-BREF questionnaire was used. Results: The mean (SD) domain scores of physical health12.99±2.76, mental health 12.99±2.76, public health, 13.15±2.92 and the environmental health 12.54±2.32, respectively. In the area of quality of life in people with chronic diseases to be significantly higher than healthy people (P <0.001). Quality of life scores in the physical health in men were higher than women. (P = 0.39) but no significant differences in other areas. The inverse relationship between BMI and quality of life score, and there was a direct correlation with income and housing infrastructure (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study can be generalized to the population of Yazd is the quality of people's lives so it could be a good foundation for the city of Yazd in different areas. Meanwhile, the developed countries have a lower quality of life score is the most appropriate size in the population can help to improve quality of life. 169 178 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh مهدیه ممیزی Mahdieh Momayyezi 1- The WHOQOL Group (1995) The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med 41(10):1403–1409.##2- Fairclough, D. L. Design and Analysis of Quality of life studies in clinical trials, lst Ed. New York: champan 8 hall 2002:4-15.##3- Hadi, N.; Malekmakan, L. Health and quality of life of primary school teachers in 1382 in Yazd. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 10(4): 392-387.##4- WHO L group. Measuring quality of life, the development of the world Health organization yuality of life Jutrument (Who 1:1992).##5- Nejat, S; et al. Quality of life of Tehran's Population by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire in 2005. Hakim. 2007; 10 (3):1-8.##6- Serrano-Aguilar, P.; et al. Obesity and health related quality of life in the general adult population of the Canary Islands. Qual Life Res. 2009 Mar; 18 (2):171-177.##7- Sabbah, I.; et al. Quality of life in rural and urban populations in Lebanon using SF-36 Health Survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003; 1: 30.##8- Gallicchio, L.; Hoffman, S.C.; Helzlsouer, K. J. The relationship between gender, social support, and health-related quality of life in a community-based study in Washington County Maryland. Qual Life Res 2007, 16:777-786.##9- Nedjat, S.; et al. Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): a population-based study. BMC Health Serv Res.2008; 8: 61.##10- Skevington, S. M.; Tucker, C. Designing response scales for cross-cultural use in health care: Data from the development of the UK WHOQOL. Br J Med Psycho 1999; 72: 51–61. ##11- Skevington, S. M.; Lotfy, M.; O'Connell, K. A. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res 2004; 13:299-310.##12- Shams-Alizadeh, N.; et al. Quality of life in 15-64 years old people in Kurdistan province, western part of Iran. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health 2010. Vol. 12, No. 1(45), P. 448-456.##13- Bronnum-Hansen, H.; Juel, K.; Davidsen, M. Sorensen J. Impact of selected risk factors on quality adjusted life expectancy in Denmark. Scand J Public Health 2007; 35(5): 510-5. ##14- Graham, J. E.; et al. Health related quality of life in older Mexican Americans with diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2007; 5: 39.## ##

The Yazd People’s Point of View about Effect of Visual Media on Smoking Prevalence View of the people on the impact of visual media on the prevention and incidence of smoking among adolescents in Yazd, Iran 2 2 Introduction: Majority of media users are teenagers which has deeply potential impact either positive or negative on cognitive, social and behavioral and also development of children and adolescent. There is a strong positive correlation between the onset of smoking in adolescents and young adults, and exposure to media and movies which shown consumption of smoking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the views of the people of Yazd, Iran on the impact of visual media on the prevention and incidence of smoking among adolescents and young adults. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive (cross-sectional) study. Participants were 582 individuals living in the city of Yazd. The self administrative questionnaire was used which validity and reliability was measured. After completing the questionnaires, the data was analyzed with using SPSS Version 16. Results: Based on participants' view role of family, friends and media respectively were more important in tendency of teenagers and adolescents smoking users. Almost 80 percent of subjects showed that influence of smoking in the media on a positive attitude towards tobacco smoking among adolescents and young people was very high. More than 55% of participants confirmed that the lack of smoking in movies is not effective in quality of the films. It was also confirmed, that in last month advertisements and anti-smoking programs were not seen by participants. Conclusion: The present study suggest control and monitoring on media, limitation or lack of smoking on media and films is an important factor to decreasing and control of smoking in adolescents and young adults. 179 187 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 محمد حسین باقیانی مقدم Mohammad Hossein Baghianimoghadam حسن شهبازی Hasan Shahbazi معصومه زین العابدینی Masoomeh Zinalabediny فرخ لقا ثروت Farokh legh Servat بتول قانع Batol Ghane ویدا پور مازار Vida Poutmazar 1. Goswami, H. Kashyap, R. Tobacco in Movies and Impact on Youth. Burning Brain Society, Chandigarh, India, 2006. [Internet]. Available at: http://smokefreemovies.ucsf.edu/pdf/ BurningBrain-tobaccoinmovies.pdf##2- Al-Muzahmi, S. N. El-Aziz, S. A. Al-Lawati, J. A. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS – Oman).2007. [Internet].Available at: http://www.moh.gov.om/reports/GlobalYouthTobaccoSurvey (GYTS) 2007.pdf##3- Arora, M. et al. Tobacco Use in Hollywood Movies, Tobacco Promotional Activities and Their Association with Tobacco Use among Indian Adolescents. Top Control 2011[Epub ahead of print].##4- Buckles, M. P. Trinidad and Tobago Global School-based Student Health Survey. 2007. [Internet].Available at: From:http://www.who.int/chp/gshs/2007_GSHS_Trinidad_and_Tobago_Report.pdf##5- Rahmanian, K.;Jafarzadeh, A.;Khalooei, A. Determinants of Smoking Behavior among high School students in Jahrom. Payavard Salamat 2010; 4(1-2): 88-96. [Persian] ##6- Dalton, A. Factors Affect the Health of Middle School Students. A Master’s Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of the College of Education Ohio University. 2008. [Internet].Available at: http://www.cehs.ohio.edu/resources/documents/dalton.pdf ##7- Brener, N. D.; Billy, J. O. G.; Grady, W. R. Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: evidence from the scientific literature. Journal of Adolescent Health 2003; 33: 436-457.##8- Surani, S.et al. Ill Effects of Smoking: Baseline Knowledge among School Children and Implementation of the "AntE Tobacco" Project. Int J Pediatr 2011; 584589: 1-7.##9- World Health Organization. Tobacco Free Film, Tobacco Free Fashion. 2003. [Internet].Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/brochure-en.pdf##10- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smoking in Top-Grossing Movies—United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2011; 60(27): 909-913.##11- Gidwani, P. P.et al. Television viewing and initiation of smoking among youth. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 505-8.##12- Sargent, J. D. Smoking in movies: Impact on Adolescent Smoking, A Readable Detailed Overview of the Research Described in This Report. Adolescent Medicine 2005; 16: 345–370.##13- Bovet, P.;Viswanathan, B.; Warren, W. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey in the Seychelles - 2002.Ministry of Health 2002, Seychelles, Victoria. [Internet].Available at: http://www.who.int /tobacco/surveillance/Seychelles%20GYTS%202002.pdf ##14- West Virginia Department of Education; West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Bureau for Public Health, Office of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Division of Tobacco Prevention and Health Statistics Center. 2002. West Virginia Youth Tobacco Survey. Published 2003. [Internet]. Available at: http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/tobacco/yts/survey.pdf##15- Vasan, A. Films and TV: Viewing Patterns and Influence on Behaviors of College Students. Health and Population Innovation Fellowship Program me Working Paper, No 13, New Delhi: Population Council. [Internet].Available from: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/India_HPIF/013.pdf## ##16- Worth, K.;Tanski, S.; Sargent, J.D. Trends in top box office movie tobacco use 1996-2004, in First Look Report. 2006, American Legacy Foundation: Washington, DC. p. 15.##17- Ahmad, S. A.; Kaiser, F. Effects of portrayal of smoking in movies on adolescents attitudes. RMJ 2009; 34(2): 131-134. ##18- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. Media education. Pediatrics 1999; 104(2):341-3.##19- Watson, N. A.et al. Filthy or fashionable? Young people's perceptions of smoking in the media. Health Education Research 2003; 18(5): 554-567.##20- Ray, M.;Jat, K.R. Effect of electronic media on children. Indian Pediatrics 2010; 47: 561-568.##21- Dalton, M. A.et al. Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: a cohort study. Lancet 2003; 362(9380): 281-5.##22- Glantz, S. A. Smoking in Movies: A Major Problem and a Real Solution. Lancet. 2003; 362(9380): 258-9.##23- Sargent, J. D.et al. Exposure to movie smoking: its relation to smoking initiation among US adolescents. Pediatrics 2005; 116(5):1183-91.##24- Sargent, J. D.et al. Viewing Tobacco Use in Movies: Does It Shape Attitudes That Mediate Adolescent Smoking?. Am J Prev Med 2002; 22(3): 137-45.##25- Wellman, R. J.et al. The Extent to Which Tobacco Marketing and Tobacco Use in Films Contribute to Children’s Use of Tobacco. Archive of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2006; 160(12): 1285-1296##26- Carter, O. B.et al. Impact Of Smoking Images In Magazines On The Smoking Attitudes And Intentions Of Youth. Tob Control 2007; 16(6): 368-72.##27- National Cancer Institute.The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 19, NIH Pub. No. 07-6242, June 2008. [Internet].Available at: http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/19/m19_complete.pdf##28- Sargent, J. D.et al. Effect of Seeing Tobacco Use in Films on Trying Smoking Among Adolescents: Cross Sectional Study. BMJ 2001; 323(7326): 1394-7.##29- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF).Retrospective Series: Social Norms and Attitudes about Smoking, 1991–2010. 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Comparing Mental Health of Female Athlete and Non-Athlete Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Comparing mental health of athlete and non-athlete female students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences 2 1 Introduction: During the recent decades, many scholars focused on the physical activities as an influencing factor on psychological and mental status. Concerning the importance of university students’ mental health, this paper investigates the effects of physical activities on promoting their mental health. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, 200 female students of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences were selected as the participants. The case group consists of athlete female students and the control group includes non-athlete female students. The instrument used in this study was GHQ-28, along with some more demographic questions. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 16, using frequency, standard deviation, T-test and Chi-Square. Results: data has shown that the average scores for general health differ significantly between athlete and non-athlete female students P<.05.The highest average scores were for depression among athlete female students and social dysfunction among non-athlete female students. The lowest average score was for anxiety among both groups. The average score of general health among non-athlete female students was higher than the cut-off point of 23 .It was found that the higher the fathers’ education, the lower the general health’s scores were . Conclusion: The results showed that athletic students' mental health is better than that of non-athletic ones . 2 Introduction: During the recent decades, many scholars focused on the physical activities as an influencing factor on psychological and mental status. Concerning the importance of university students’ mental health, this paper investigates the effects of physical activities on promoting their mental health. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, 200 female students of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences were selected as the participants. The case group consists of athlete female students and the control group includes non-athlete female students. The instrument used in this study was GHQ-28, along with some more demographic questions. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 16, using frequency, standard deviation, T-test and Chi-Square. Results: data has shown that the average scores for general health differ significantly between athlete and non-athlete female students P<.05.The highest average scores were for depression among athlete female students and social dysfunction among non-athlete female students. The lowest average score was for anxiety among both groups. The average score of general health among non-athlete female students was higher than the cut-off point of 23 .It was found that the higher the fathers’ education, the lower the general health’s scores were . Conclusion: The results showed that athletic students' mental health is better than that of non-athletic ones . 188 195 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 سید سعید مظلومی محمود آباد Seyyed Saeid Mazloomy Mahmoudabad ناهید آردیان Nahid Ardian n_ardian1382@hotmail.com ابراهیم سلمانی Ibrahim Salmani نجمه حاجیان Nadjme Hajian 1. Tafti NN, Pakdaman S, Asgari A. The Role of Sport and Personality Traits in Psychosocial Development of Students.Journal of Iranian pscycology. 1999; 5(17):53-62. [Persian]##2. Ahmadi E, Shikh Alizadeh S, shirmohamadzadeh M. Experimental study of the effect of exercise on mental health of students. Tabriz University of Teacher Education. 2006; 29(19-28): 19-29. [Persian]##3. Behrooz, M. Mental Health. Ghoomes Publisher;2010.[Persian]##4. Bani Jamal S, Ahadi. Health and Mental Retardation. Tehran: Ney publisher;1991.[Persian]##5. Esfahani N. Effect of exercise on mental health of Al-Zahra University students. Harekat. 2005; 12(12): 75-86. [Persian]##6. Grossi Farshi MT, Mani A. The Study of mental health in Tabriz Oil Daneshvar Journal. 2004; 2 (11):25-33. [Persian]##7. Nasab SMHM, Taghavi SMR, Mohammadi N. Optimism and Stress Appraisal: Evaluation of Two Theoretical Models in Prediction of Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 13 (2):111-20.##8. Mostafai A. The Comparison between athlete women and non athlete women regarding to mental health and happiness. Annals of Biological research. 2012. 3(5):2144-7.##9. Movaghar A, Rahimi NBSP. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007. 2(4):137-50.##10. Taghavi SMR. (2002). Validity and reliability of the general health QUESTIONNAIRE (GHQ-28) IN COLLEGE STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSI1Y. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001; 55(5):509-13. ##11. Yaghoubi N, Nasr M, Shahmohammadi D. Epidemiological study of mental disorders in urban and rural areas of SoumaahSara city-Gilan. Andisheh and Raftar Journal.1995. 4(11): 55-65.[Persian]##12. Thirlaway K, Benton D. Participation in physical activity and cardiovascular fitness have different effects on mental health and mood. Journal of psychosomatic research.1992. 36 (7): 657-65.##13. Mousavi Gilani SR, Kianpour M, Sadeghi M. Comparison of mental health in athletes non-athlete male students. TABIB-E-SHARGH. 2002; 4(1)(22):43-50. [Persian] ##14. Reza RM, Yahya M, Bita B. Comparison of mental health in athletic and non-athletic male students in Birjand Payam-e-Noor University (2010-2011). Modern Care Journal. 2010. 9(4): 310-6.##15. Hosseini SH, Mosavi SA. The study of mental health of medical students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2000. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2000. 28(10): 23-32.##16. Mehri A, Sedighy Some-Koochak Z. Assessment of mental health status and some related factors among students of Sabzevar Universities in 2010. Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University,Tehran Medical Branch. 2012; 21(4):293-304. [Persian] ##17. Dehkordi AG. The comparison between athlete females and non-athlete females regarding to general health, mental health, and quality of life. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:1737-41.##18. Bakhshayesh SH, Bahmani F, Kamali. Comparative of Mental Health Disabled People of Athletic and Non-Athletic. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health.2012; 5(1):22-6.##19. MacMahon JR. The psychological benefits of exercise and the treatment of delinquent adolescents. Sports medicine. 1990; 9(6):344-51.##20. Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Steptoe A. Dose-response relationship between physical activity and mental health: the Scottish Health Survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 43(14): 1111-4.##21. Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Hashemi Nosrat Abad T, Mashinchi Abassi N. The relationship between personality traits, emotional intelligence and happiness among university students. Journals of kermansha university medical science.2012; 16 (6):435-44.##22. Paluska SA, Schwenk TL. Physical activity and mental health: current concepts.Sports Med. 2000; 29(3):167-80.##23. Donohue B, Covassin T, Lancer K, Dickens Y, Miller A. Examination of psychiatric symptoms in student athletes. The Journal of general psychology. 2004; 131(1):29-35.##24. Aşçı FH. The effects of physical fitness training on trait anxiety and physical self-concept of female university students. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2003; 4(3):255-64.##25-Mazloomy Mahmoudabad SS, Ehrampoush H, Ardian, N. General health of foreign-origin groups and native population.. 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The Relationship between Safety Climate with Fatalism and Perceived Helplessness among Workers: Implication for Health Promotion The Relationship between Safety Climate with Fatalism and Perceived Helplessness among Workers: Implication for Health Promotion 2 2 Introduction: Safety climate received substantial attention due to its potential for explaining variation in safety-related outcomes. The present study examined degree of safety climate related to fatalism and perceived helplessness among workers’ Isfahan Steel Company. Materials and Methods: The current study was a correlation study. Sample consisting of 189 employees in Isfahan Steel Company in 2012 was selected according to the stratified random sampling method. Data gathering tools were questionnaires of demography characteristics, safety climate of Hayes, Perander, Smecko, et al. (1998), fatalism of Williamson et al. (1997) and perceived helplessness of Cohen, Karmark & Mermelstein (1983). The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 15 and statistical tests of multivariate regression and correlation coefficient. Results: The results showed that there was internal significant correlation between safety climate, fatalism and perceived helplessness (p<0.05). Also, multivariate regression analysis showed that about 22% and 19% of the variance of fatalism and perceived helplessness variables was significantly predicted by safety climate (p<0.05). Conclusion: The perception of fatalism and helplessness in work environments can be obstacles to prevent occupational accidents. Promoting safety climate can be associated with fatalism culture change and also perceived helplessness reduction among workers. 196 207 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 فریبا کیانی Fariba Kiani محمدرضا خدابخش Mohammad Reza Khodabakhsh 1. Dejoy DM, Gershon RM, & Schaffer BS. 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Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008; 93: 744-57.##7. Nielsen K, Lyngby Mikkelsen K. Predictive factors for self-reported occupational injuries at 3 manufacturing plants. Safety Science Monitor 11 Article 7. Olsen, E., 2008a. What can Health Care Learn from the Petroleum Industry? A Comparative Study of Safety Climate Differences Healthcare ergonomics and patient safety (Heps 2008). Strasbourg.##8. Henning J, Stufft C, Payne S, Bergman M, Mannan M, Keren N. The influence of individual differences on organizational safety attitudes. Safety Science. 2009; 47: 337–345.##9. Silva S, Lima, ML, Baptista C. OSCI: an organizational and safety climate inventory. Safety Science. 2004; 42 (3): 205–220.##10. Lingard H. The effect of first aid training on Australian construction workers’ occupational health and safety knowledge and motivation to avoid work-related injury or illness. Construction Management and Economics. 2002; 20: 263–273.##11. Henning J, Stufft C, Payne S, Bergman M, Mannan M, Keren N. The influence of individual differences on organizational safety attitudes. Safety Science 2009; 47: 337–345.##12. Prati G, Pietrantoni L. Predictors of safety behavior among emergency responders on the highways. Journal of Risk Research. 2012; 15: 405–415##13. Egede LE, Ellis C. Development and psychometric properties of the 12-item Diabetes Fatalism Scale. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2010; 25: 61–6.##14. Levin JL. Factors influencing safety among a group of Commercial Fishermen along the Texas Gulf Coast, Journal of Agromedicine. 2010; 15: 363–374.##15. Morgan PD, Tyler ID, Fogel J. Fatalism revisited. Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 2008; 24: 237-245.##16. Scott Schieman S, Plickert G. How knowledge is power: education and the sense of control. Social Forces. 2008; 87 (1): 153–183.##17. Mearns K, Rundmo T, Flin R, Gordon R, Fleming M. Evaluation of psychosocial and organizational factors in offshore safety: a comparative study, Journal of Risk Research. 2004; 7: 545–561.##18. Rundmo T, Hale AR. Managers’ attitudes toward safety and accident prevention, Safety Science. 2003; 41: 557–574.##19. Patwary MA, O’Hare WT, Sarker MH. Assessment of occupational and environmental safety associated with medical waste disposal in developing countries: a qualitative approach. Safety Science. 2011; 49: 1200–1207.##20. Dixey RA. ‘Fatalism’, accident causation and prevention: issues for health promotion from an explorative study in Yoruba town, Nigeria. Health Education Research. 1999; 14: 197–208.##21. Hommel KL, Wagner JL, Chaney JL, White MM, Mullins LL. Perceived importance of activities of daily living and arthritis helplessness in rheumatoid arthritis A prospective investigation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2004; 57: 159–164. ##22. Voth J, Sirois FM. The role of self-blame and responsibility in adjustment to inflammatory bowel disease. Rehabilitation Psychology. 2009; 54: 99–108.##23. Shen BJ, McCreary CP, Myers HF. Independent and mediated contributions of personality, coping, social support, and depressive symptoms to physical functioning outcome among patients in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2004; 27: 39-49.##24. Sparr JL, Sonnentag S. Feedback environment and well-being at work: The mediating role of personal control and feelings of helplessness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 2008; 17: 388 – 412.##25. Ashforth BE, Saks AM. Personal control in organizations: A longitudinal investigation with newcomers. Human Relations. 2000; 53: 311–339.##26. Ashforth BE. The experience of powerlessness in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1989; 43: 207–242.##27. Sligman M. Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: Freeman; 1975.##28. Declerck CH, Boone C, Brabander BD. On feeling in control: A biological theory for individual differences in control perception. Brain and Cognition. 2006; 62: 143–176.##29. Abramson L, Seligman M, Teasdale J. Learned Helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1986; 87: 49-74.##30. Murphy S. Learned helplessness: Form concept to comprehension. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1982; 20: 27-32.##31. Roth S. A revised model of learned helplessness in humans. Journal of Personality. 1980; 48: 103-133.##32. kiani F, Samavatyan H, Pourabdian S, Jafari E. Predictive power of injuries reporting rate and its dimensions by job stress among workers’ Isfahan Steel Company. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2011; 40: 105-112.##33. Mearns K, Rundmo T, Flin R, Gordon R, Fleming M. Evaluation of psychosocial and organizational factors in offshore safety: a comparative study, Journal of Risk Research. 2004; 7: 545–561.##34. Rundmo T, Hale AR. Managers’ attitudes toward safety and accident prevention, Safety Science. 2003; 41: 557–574.##35. Mark BA, Hughes LC, Belyea M, Chang Y, Hofmann D, Jones CB, Bacon CT. Does safety climate moderate the influence of staffing adequacy and work conditions on nurse injuries? Journal of Safety Research. 2007; 38: 431-446.##36. Esfahan steel Company. Profile of Esfahan Steel Company. Cited 2012 January.Availableto:http://www.esfahansteel.com/steel_form.php?pge1=about&type=1&pge=profile##37. Molavi H. SPSS 10-13-14 applied guidance in behavioral sciences. 2 ed. Isfahan: Poyesh Andishe Publication; 2007. [Persian]##38. Hayes BE, Perander J, Smecko T, Trask J. Measuring perceptions of workplace safety: development and validation of the work safety scale. Journal of Safety Research. 1998; 29: 145-161.##39. Williamson AM, Feyer AM, Cairns D, Biancotti D. The development of a measure of safety climate: the role of safety perceptions and attitudes. Safety Science. 1997; 25(1-3): 15–27.##40. Cohen S, Karmark T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; 24: 385-396. ##41. Milczarek M, Najmiec A. The relationship between workers’ safety culture and accidents, near accidents and health problems. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE). 2004; 10: 25–33.##42. Cohen S. Perceived stress scale. Retrieved from http://www.mindgarden.com/ does/PerceivedStressscale.pdf; 2006.##43. Teresa Eve A. Associations of mindfulness, perceived stress, and health behaviors in college freshmen. Doctoral dissertation. Available from Proquest database; 2008.##44. Majori S, Bonizzato G, Signorelli D, Lacquaniti S, Andreeta L, Baldo V. Epidemiology and prevention of domestic injuries among children in the Verona area (north-east Italy). Ann Ig. 2002; 14: 495-502.##45. Al-Khatib A, Maqdadi R, Habash R, Aliyan G, Khofash F, Grayesh S. 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Individual Behavior in the Control of Danger. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 1987.##52. Mearns K, Flin R. Risk perceptions in hazardous industries. Psychologist. 1996; 9 (9): 401–404.##53. McKean V. Motivating children and adolescents in educational settings college. Cited in Dominique, Available at: URL: http://www.ematusov.com; 1992.##54. Nahrgang JD, Morgeson FP, Hofmann DA. Safety at work: a meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2011; 96: 71–94.##55. Neal A, Griffin MA. A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behaviour and accidents at individual and group levels. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2006; 91: 946–53.##56. Zacharatos A, Barling J, Iverson RD. High-performance work systems and occupational safety. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2005; 90 (1): 77–93.##57. Zohar D, Luria G. 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The Study on Factors of Health Economics and Economic Growth in Iran The study on factors of healthcare economy and economic growth in Iran 2 1 Introduction: Economic development and public welfare are some of macroeconomic goals for any country. Health economy is one of the parameters as criterion for action in evaluation of this important subject. The present study has been intended to investigate into the relationship among factors of health economy including total health expenditures (some percent of Gross Domestic Product GDP), life expectancy, Infant mortality rate, and Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population on Iranian economic growth minus petroleum. Materials and Methods: In order to estimate this ratio, the needed study has been carried out by the aid of a econometric model based on Aggregated Growth Theories and according to indices of healthcare economy within time interval 1996:1-2010:4 and by means of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). Conclusion: The results of the estimations suggest that among four factors of in the field of health economy in this survey, two factors, i.e total health expenditures (as some percent of GDP) and Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population have been positively and significantly affected on Iranian economic growth during career of study. Although, other known variables in economic growth models such as financial development and foreign commercial parameters like exportations and importations have also affected on Iranian economic growth minus petroleum positively and significantly in accordance with the existing expectations and theories. Results: Thus, it seems that the authorities and policy- makers in the field of healthcare of this country may prepare the ground for boosting economic growth of this country through increasing healthcare and medical costs by orientation of development and deepening the healthcare infrastructures and system in the future. 2 Introduction: Economic development and public welfare are some of macroeconomic goals for any country. Health economy is one of the parameters as criterion for action in evaluation of this important subject. The present study has been intended to investigate into the relationship among factors of health economy including total health expenditures (some percent of Gross Domestic Product GDP), life expectancy, Infant mortality rate, and Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population on Iranian economic growth minus petroleum. Materials and Methods: In order to estimate this ratio, the needed study has been carried out by the aid of a econometric model based on Aggregated Growth Theories and according to indices of healthcare economy within time interval 1996:1-2010:4 and by means of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). Conclusion: The results of the estimations suggest that among four factors of in the field of health economy in this survey, two factors, i.e total health expenditures (as some percent of GDP) and Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population have been positively and significantly affected on Iranian economic growth during career of study. Although, other known variables in economic growth models such as financial development and foreign commercial parameters like exportations and importations have also affected on Iranian economic growth minus petroleum positively and significantly in accordance with the existing expectations and theories. Results: Thus, it seems that the authorities and policy- makers in the field of healthcare of this country may prepare the ground for boosting economic growth of this country through increasing healthcare and medical costs by orientation of development and deepening the healthcare infrastructures and system in the future. 208 219 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 نغمه قریشی Naghmeh Ghorashi عباس علوی راد Abbas Alavi Rad محمد رضا اسلامی Mohammad Reza Eslami 1- Asefzadeh Sa. HealthCare Economics. Qazvin university of Medical Sciences. 2010[Persian]##2- Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam. London Press.1976.##3- Sophie, W. Tim, E. Matthew, Jowet & Robin Thompson. Health Economic for Developing Countries. 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Lisman, J.H.C., 1964. Derivation of quarterly figures from annual data. Applied statistics 2011; 13(2), 87-90.##13- Stock, J.H. Watson, M.W. (1993). A Simple estimator of Co-integrating Vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrical 1993; 61, 783-820.##14- Dickey, D. Fuller, W.A. Distribution of Estimators for Auto Regressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1979; 74, 427-431.##15- Salmani M, Mohammadi A, Analysis of Effect of Government Health Expenditures on Economic Growth of Health Expenditures on Economic Growth of Health. Faslname-pajohesh haye eghtesadi 2009; 13(39):73-92[Persian].##16- Rivera,B and Currais, L.Public Capital and Productivity in the Spanish Regions:A Dynamic Panel Data Model, World Development, 2004; 32(5), 871-885.##17- Barro, R. Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Journal of Economics 1991; 106, 407–443.##18- Bloom and Maloney. (1998).Macroeconomic Consequences of the Russian Mortality Crisis. World Development, 1998; 26(11), 2073-2085.##19- Wilson-Saharan African and OECD countries. The Quartery Review of Economics and Finance 2009; 44, 296-320.##20- Bharagava and et al. modeling the effects of health on economic growth. Journal of Health Economics 2001; 20, 423-440.##21- McDonald, Scott and Roberts, Jennifer. Growth and multiple form of human capital in an augmented Solow model: a panel data investigation. Economics Letters 2002; 74, 271-276.##22- Seetanah, B., 2008. Stock market development and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from Panel VAR framework [online]. CSAE Working Paper 041, University of Oxford, UK. Available from: http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2010- EDiA/papers/041-Seetanah.pdf [Accessed 04 October 2010].## ##

Correlation between Religious Beliefs and Quality of Life in Dialysis Patients Referred to Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Yazd-2012 Correlation between Religious Beliefs and Quality of Life in Dialysis Patients Referred to Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Yazd-2012 2 1 Introduction: The most important consequence of nephrogenic disease is the chronic renal failure and unfortunately, there is no significant program to improve the life quality of these patients. Although they need mental support as well as physical rehabilitation but all current endeavors focused on increasing their physical ability not the mental aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between religious beliefs and quality of life in dialysis patients. Material and Methods: In this analytical descriptive study, the data were gathered by a questionnaire about patients' belief and life quality. In this study, the data of 56 patients including 20-60 year old people who were under dialysis treatment in Shahid Rahnemoon hospital in Yazd were gathered. The measurement instruments included a short-formed questionnaire of life quality (SF36) which investigated the condition of the patient and his/her life quality, and also a questionnaire of national approach of studying religious belief which included 66 questions regarding religious cultures. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software putting the descriptive statistics into use. T-test and non-parametric tests were done for data analyzing (with the level of significance of 5). Results: In 24 women and 32 men who were under venous dialysis treatment, the correlation between the degree of religious belief and life quality was significant (r= 0.34, P=0.01). Moreover, the correlation between scores of religious belief and life quality in patients experienced 4 to 8 years of dialysis & correlation between score of religious belief and life quality among those who had chronic disease were significant( r= 0.36 & r= 0.62 respectively ,P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that due to the influence of religious belief on life quality of patients who were under dialysis treatment, their life quality can be improved through the proper program of teaching religious belief. 2 Introduction: The most important consequence of nephrogenic disease is the chronic renal failure and unfortunately, there is no significant program to improve the life quality of these patients. Although they need mental support as well as physical rehabilitation but all current endeavors focused on increasing their physical ability not the mental aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between religious beliefs and quality of life in dialysis patients. Material and Methods: In this analytical descriptive study, the data were gathered by a questionnaire about patients' belief and life quality. In this study, the data of 56 patients including 20-60 year old people who were under dialysis treatment in Shahid Rahnemoon hospital in Yazd were gathered. The measurement instruments included a short-formed questionnaire of life quality (SF36) which investigated the condition of the patient and his/her life quality, and also a questionnaire of national approach of studying religious belief which included 66 questions regarding religious cultures. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software putting the descriptive statistics into use. T-test and non-parametric tests were done for data analyzing (with the level of significance of 5). Results: In 24 women and 32 men who were under venous dialysis treatment, the correlation between the degree of religious belief and life quality was significant (r= 0.34, P=0.01). Moreover, the correlation between scores of religious belief and life quality in patients experienced 4 to 8 years of dialysis & correlation between score of religious belief and life quality among those who had chronic disease were significant( r= 0.36 & r= 0.62 respectively ,P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that due to the influence of religious belief on life quality of patients who were under dialysis treatment, their life quality can be improved through the proper program of teaching religious belief. 220 228 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi رضا علی فلاح زاده Reza Ali Fallahzadeh ابراهیم سلمانی Ibrahim Salmani علی اکبر عسکرنژاد Ali Akbar Askarnejad نجمه حاجیان Nadjme Hajian صدیقه فلاح زاده Sedigheh Fallahzadeh 1. Sayin A, Mutluay R, Sindel S. Quality of life in hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation patients. Transplant Proc 2007; 39(10): 3047-53.##2. Eryilmaz MM, Ozdemir C, Yurtman F, Cilli A, Karaman T. Quality of sleep and quality of life in renal transplantation patients. Transplant Proc 2005; 37(5): 2072-6.##3. Zahedi F, Larijani B. Iranian model of kidney transplantation and approaches to ethical reinforcement. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and lipid Disorders 2007; 7(24):63-75.##4. Lazzaretti CT, Carvalho JGR, Mulinari RA, Rasia JM. Kidney transplantation improves the multidimensional quality of life. Transplant Proc 2004; 36(4): 872-3.##5. Shrestha A, Shrestha A, Valance C, Mckane WS, Shrestha BM, Raftery AT. Quality of life of living kidney donors: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2008; 40(5): 1375-7.##6. Lee SY, Lee HJ, Kim YK, Kim SH, Kim L, Lee MS, et al. Neurocognitive function and quality of life in relation to hematocrit levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Psychosomatic Research 2004; 57(1): 5-10.##7. Harirchi A, Rasooli A, Montazeri A. Comparison quality of life in hemodialysis patients and kidney transplanting patients. Payesh J 2004; 3(2): 117-21.##8. Ogutmen B, Yildirim A, Sever MS, Bozfakioglv S, Ataman R, Erek E, et al. Health-related quality of life after kidney transplantation in comparison intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and normal controls. Transplant Proc 2006; 38(2):419-21.##9. Safi Zadeh H, Garoosi B, Afsharpoor S. Quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Payesh J 2005; (5):29-35. ##10. Yildirim A. The importance of patient satisfaction and health-related quality of life after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2006; 38(9): 2831-4.##11. Galanter, M. (1982). Charismatic religious sects and psychiatry, an overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1533-48.##12. Weiner, B., Grahan, S., Peter, O. & Zumuidinas, M. (1991). Public confessions and forgiveness. Journal of Personality, 59, 263-312.##13. Wentis, W. L. (1995). The relationship between religion and mental health. Journal of Social Issues, 15, 33-48.##14. Mousavi Lotfi SM, Gholamrezaye, The role of spiritual health on human health, Danesh va Tandorosti 2010:204.##15. Kroll, J., & Sheehan, W. (1989). Religious beliefs and practices among 52 psychiatrics inpatient in Minnesota. American Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 673.##16. Pahlavani H, Dolatshahi B, Vaezi SA, Review of relationship between religious coping and mental health, Olume Ensani, Azad University, 1998(4); 21-25.##17. Morris, P. A. (1982). The effect of pilgrimage on anxiety, depression, and religious attitude. Psychological Medicine, 12, 2, 91-294.##18. Larson, D. B., Pattison, E. M., Blazer, D. G., Omron, A. R., & Kaplan, B. H. (1986). Systematic analysis of research of religious variables in four major psychiatric Journals, 1978-82. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 3, 329-334.##19. Koenig, H.G. (2004). Spirituality, Wellness and Quality of life, Sexuality Reproduction and Menopause, 2, P (76-82).##20. Keshavarz, A., Jahangiri, J. Sociological study of the relationship between socioeconomic status and their religious attitudes , Journal of Sociology, 1387##21. Watson, D.L. & R.G. Thrap (1994). 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Application of Electron Beam/MnII Process for Humic Acid Removal from Aqueous Solutions Application of electron beam/MnII process for humic acid removal from aqueous solutions 2 2 Introduction: Natural organic matters (NOMs) existing in water resources led to various problems such as formation of disinfectant by-products (DBPs). Humic matters like humic acid (HA) are component of NOMs that should be removed from water. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) is one of the NOMs removal methods. The aim of this study was to survey the degradation of humic acid by electron beam irradiation/Mn II ion from aqueous solutions. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed in laboratory batch study. In this study, effect of pH (4 to 10), different doses of electron beam radiation (1 to 15 kGy), initial concentration of manganese ions (0.1 to 0.4 mg/l) and the initial concentration of humic acid (10 to 50 mg/l) in degradation of humic acid were investigated. Electron irradiation was performed using an electron accelerator model TT200 (IBM company, Belgium). Residual concentrations of humic acid in the samples were determined by spectrophotometer UV/Visible (Optima SP-3000 Plus model, Japan) at wavelength of 254 nm. Results: According to results, pH changes had no effect on removal efficiency of humic acid. Results showed that increase of absorbed dose led to increase of removal efficiency. With increase of MnII ion concentration to 0.2 mg/l, removal efficiency was increased but in higher concentrations, removal efficiency decreased. So that in concentration of 0.2 mg/l and 0.4 mg/l of MnII ions, removal efficiencies were equal to 65.83% and 50.26%, respectively. Survey on the experimental data showed that degradation of humic acid by e-beam irradiation in presence of MnII ions follows second-order kinetic. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that electron beam irradiation coupled MnII ions is an effective method for removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions. 229 237 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 2013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/72013/12/7 1392/9/16 محمد تقی قانعیان Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian محمد حسن احرامپوش Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush محبوبه دهواری Mahboobeh Dehvari منیره خیرخواه Monireh Kheirkhah فاطمه انوری Fatemeh Anvari بهزاد جمشیدی Behzad Jamshidi Degradation Humic acid Electron beam irradiation MnII ion Water treatment 1. Goslan EH, Gurses F, Banks J, et al. An investigation into reservoir NOM reduction by UV photolysis and advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere. 2006; 65(7):1113-9.##2. Senem Uyguner C, Bekbolet M. A comparative study on the photocatalytic degradation of humic substances of various origins. Desalination. 2005; 176 (1-3): 167-76.##3. Matilainen A, Sillanpää M. Review: Removal of natural organic matter from drinking water by advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere. 2010; 80(4):351-65.##4. Mahvi AH, Maleki A, Rezaee R, et al. reduction of humic substances in water by application of ultrasound waves and ultraviolet irradiation. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. 2009; 6(4):233-240.##5. Liao CH, Lu Mch, Su ShH. Role of cupric ions in the H2O2/UV oxidation of humic acids. Chemosphere 2001; 44(5):913--9.##6. Yigit Z, Inan H. A study of the photocatalytic oxidation of Humic Acid on anataseand mixed-phase anatase–rutile tio nanoparticles. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus. 2009; 9(3-4) :237-43.##7. Roshani B, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Effect of persulfate on the oxidation of benzotriazole and humic acid by e-beam irradiation. J Hazard Mater. 2011; 190 (1-3):403-8.##8. Wua Y, Zhoua Sh, Qina F, et al. Modeling the oxidation kinetics of Fenton’s process on the degradation of humic acid. J Hazard Mater. 2010; 179(1-3):533-9.##9. Comninellis C, Kapalka A, Malato S, et al. Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: advances and trends for R&D. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2008; 83:769-76.##10. Suty H, De Traversay C, Cost M. Applications of advanced oxidation processes: present and future. Water Sci Technol. 2004; 49 (4):227-233.##11. Ma J, J.D. Graham N. Degradation of atrazine by manganese-catalysed ozonation-influence of radical scavengers. Wat Res. 2000; 34(15): 3822-8.##12. Alsheyab M, H. Muñoz A. Reducing the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) by ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/O3). Desalination. 2006; 194(1-3):121-6. ##13. Pikaev A.K. Current status of the application of ionizing radiation to environmental protection: II. Wastewater and other liquid wastes (a review). High Energy Chem.2000; 34 (3):55-73.##14. Gun Kwon B, Kim E, H. Lee J. Pentachlorophenol decomposition by electron beam process enhanced in the presence of Fe (III)-EDTA. Chemosphere. 2009; 74 (10):1335-9.##15. Boukari SO, Pellizzari F, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Inﬂuence of persulfate ions on the removal of phenol in aqueous solution using electron beam irradiation. J Hazard Mater. 2011; 185 (2-3):844-51.##16. Andreozzi R, Insola A, Caprio V, D'Amore M.G. The kinetics of Mn(II)-catalysed ozonation of oxalic acid in aqueous solution. Water Research. 1992; 26(7): 917-21.##17. Soleymani AR, Saien J, Bayat H. Artificial neural networks developed for prediction of dye decolorization efficiency with UV/K2S2O8 process. Chem Engin J. 2011; 170:29-35.##18. Criquet J, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Electron beam irradiation of citric acid aqueous solutions containing persulfate. Separation and Puriﬁcation Technology. 2012; 88:168-73.##19. Kwon M, Yoon Y, Cho E, et al. Removal of iopromide and degradation characteristics in electron beam irradiation process. J Hazard Mater. 2012; 227- 228:126-34.##20. Yu S, Lee M. radiolytic decomposition of cephalosporin. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on environmental science and technology. Kos Island, Greece. 2007; 1610-1615.##21. Zhang J, Zheng Z, Luana J, et al. Degradation of hexachlorobenzene by electron beam irradiation. J Hazard Mater. 2007; 142(1-2):431-436.##22. Gehringer P, Eschweiler H, Fiedler H. Ozon-electron Beam Treatment for Groundwater Remediation. Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria. 1995; 46:1075--8.##23. Criquet J, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Radiolysis of acetic acid aqueous solutions-Effect of pH and persulfate addition. Chem Engin J. 2011; 174(2):504-9. ## ##