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Evaluation of COVID-19-Related Anxiety and Mental Health Status during the Pandemic among Students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 2022 2 2 Background: COVID-19 has not only damaged the individual's physical health, but also the community’s mental health. The current study is conducted to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on mental health and anxiety level of the university students. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 216 students from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were collected using simple random sampling during COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. To determine anxiety symptoms relevant to COVID-19, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) was used, and to assess the status of mental health, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used. Data were analyzed through SPSS software. Descriptive analysis statistics was performed using frequency percentages, and mean and standard deviation indexes. Furthermore, multiple linear regressions were calculated with psychological and physical symptoms of CDAS and mental health scores. The significance level of all statistical tests was 0.05. Results: 84.3% (182 participants) of the participants had medium and high levels of psychological symptoms of Corona disease anxiety, and regarding physical symptoms, approximately more than half of the participants (55.6%, 120 participants) experienced medium and high levels of anxiety. Both the psychological and physical symptoms of the disease anxiety were associated significantly with mental health (ß standard = 0.14, p value = 0.004), and psychological symptom variable was the stronger predictor (ß standard = 0.53, p value = 0.0001). Conclusion: The wide spread of anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown is a warning to health educators and policy makers that significant time, attempt, and funding of the services for mental health should be spent to control anxiety.   Corresponding Author: Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed & Google Scholar Profile 172 179 2023/06/22 1402/4/1 2023/09/10 1402/6/19 Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Mohammadnabizadehs@mums.ac.ir Ali Asghar Najafpoor Ali Asghar Najafpoor Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Najafpooraa@mums.ac.ir Anxiety Mental Health COVID-19 1. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, et al. 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet (London, England). 2020; 395(10224): e37-e8.##2. O'Connor RC, Wetherall K, Cleare S, et al. Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. The British journal of psychiatry: the journal of mental science. 2021; 218(6): 326-33.##3. Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England). 2020; 78: 185-93.##4. Asmundson GJ, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2020; 70: 102196.##5. Yao H, Chen J-H, Xu Y-F. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(4): e21-e.##6. Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima I, et al. The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry research. 2020; 287: 112915.##7. Fardin MA. COVID-19 and anxiety: A review of psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. Archives of clinical infectious diseases. 2020; 15.##8. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open. 2020; 3(3): e203976-e.##9. White RG, Van Der Boor C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and well-being of adults in the UK. BJPsych Open. 2020; 6(5): e90.##10. To KK, Tsang OT, Yip CC, et al. Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020; 71(15): 841-3.##11. Fard SA, Saffarinia M. The prediction of mental health based on the anxiety and the social cohesion that caused by Coronavirus. Social Psychology Research Quarterly. 2020; 9(36): 129-41.##12. eyni S, ebadi m, torabi n. Developing a model of Corona Anxiety in Students Based on Optimism and Resilience: The Mediating role of the Perceived Social Support. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2020; 11(43): 1-32.##13. Ho CS, Chee CY, Ho RC. Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2020; 49(3): 155-60.##14. Li Y, Peng J. Coping Strategies as Predictors of Anxiety: Exploring Positive Experience of Chinese University in Health Education in COVID-19 Pandemic. Creative Education. 2020; 11: 735-50.##15. Eurosurveillance Editorial T. Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern. Euro surveillance: bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2020; 25(5).##16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020; 395.##17. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry research. 2020; 287: 112934.##18. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(3): 228-9.##19. Torjesen I. Covid-19 will become endemic but with decreased potency over time, scientists believe. BMJ. 2021; 372: n494.##20. Miri Z, Razavi Z, Mohammadi S. Evaluation of Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Disorders in Medical Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 27(4): 232-8. [Persian]##21. Alipour A, Ghadami A, Alipour Z, et al. Preliminary Validation of the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in the Iranian Sample. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology. 2020; 8(32): 163-175. [Persian]##22. Ye SS. Factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12): The role of wording effects. Personality and Individual Differences - PERS INDIV DIFFER. 2009; 46: 197-201.##23. Goldberg D, Williams P. A User's Guide to the General Health Questionnaire: NFER-NELSON; 1988.##24. Alizadeh Fard S, Saffarinia M. The prediction of mental health based on the anxiety and the social cohesion that caused by Coronavirus. Social psychology research. 2020; 9(36): 129-41. [Persian]##25. Spitzer MWH, Musslick S. Academic performance of K-12 students in an online-learning environment for mathematics increased during the shutdown of schools in wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(8): e0255629.##26. Tikka SK, Parial S, Pattojoshi A, et al. Anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in India - A multicentric study. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2021; 66: 102880.##27. Irajirad A. Evaluation of the psychological effects of COVID-19 virus in the staff of the Agricultural Research, Training and Promotion Organization in an emergency (Quarantine). 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Factors Associated with Road Traffic Accidents in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study 2 1   2 Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a leading and disproportionately prevalent cause of mortality and disability, particularly burdening Nepal, primarily within the Kathmandu Valley. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 22nd and April 24th, 2021, involving 185 victims admitted to the emergency department of a private hospital. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Socio-demographic characteristics, human factors, and environmental factors data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and all statistical tests were conducted using SPSS version 20. Results: Among the 185 RTA victims, the majority (36.8%) fell within the 21-30 age groups. Male victims (55.7%) outnumbered females (44.3%). Students (36.8%) experienced the highest accident rates, with most incidents (21.1%) occurring on Saturdays and 38.4% taking place between 12:00pm and 6:00pm. Human Factors and RTA: Of the total victims, 80 (43.2%) were drivers, with 43.75% of them reporting the use of emergency brakes. Furthermore, 77.61% indicated that accidents were caused by pedestrians not using zebra crossings when crossing the road. Environmental Factors and RTA: Rainy weather was associated with the highest number of accidents, accounting for 36.2% of cases. Additionally, narrow routes (28.6%) and slippery roads (25.9%) contributed to a significant number of accidents. Conclusion: Nepal faces a high rate of road traffic accidents, with critical factors including victim age, vehicle types, speed, road and weather conditions, and traffic rule violations. Authorities must consider these factors to effectively control and prevent RTAs. Corresponding Author: Rajesh Karki View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed & Google Scholar Profile 180 188 2023/06/222023/05/3 1402/2/13 2023/09/102023/08/25 1402/6/3 Rajesh Karki Rajesh Karki Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal karkirajesh007@gmail.com Bhawana Pudashaini Bhawana Pudashaini Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal bhawanapudasaini12@gmail.com Sanjaya Kumar Shah Sanjaya Kumar Shah Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal Nepal sanjayamph123@gmail.com Public Health Mortality Incidence Global Health 1. Abegaz T, Gebremedhin S. Magnitude of road traffic accident related injuries and fatalities in Ethiopia. PloS one. 2019; 14(1): e0202240.##2. Ruikar M. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. Journal of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Rehabilitation. 2013; 6(1): 1.##3. Mallikarjuna G, Latha G, Veeresh Babu D, et al. Prevalence of road traffic accident in children: retrospective study in tertiary centre. Int J Contemp Pediatrics. 2017; 4(2): 477-81.##4. Vorko-Jović A, Kern J, Biloglav Z. Risk factors in urban road traffic accidents. Journal of safety research. 2006; 37(1): 93-8.##5. Khatib M, Gaidhane A, Quazi Z, et al. Prevalence pattern of road traffic accidents in developing countries: a systematic review. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2015; 4(10): 1324-33.##6. Najimi-Varzaneh A, Gholami Fesharaki M. Prevalence of road traffic accidents in Iran: A systematic review, GIS and meta-analysis. Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2018; 20(10): e83852.##7. Rasool FAA, Alekri AA, Nabi HA, et al. Prevalence and behavioral risk factors associated with road traffic accidents among medical students of Arabian Gulf University in Bahrain. International journal of medical science and public health. 2015; 4(7): 933-8.##8. World Health Organization. Road traffic injuries: WHO; 2022. Available at: URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/road-safety#tab=tab_1.##9. Atreya A, Shrestha DB, Budhathoki P. Epidemiology of road traffic accidents in Nepal from 2009/10 to 2019/20: a 10 year study. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council. 2021; 19(2): 343-8.##10. Karkee R, Lee AH. Epidemiology of road traffic injuries in Nepal, 2001–2013: systematic review and secondary data analysis. BMJ open. 2016; 6(4): e010757.##11. Shrestha VL, Bhatta DN, Shrestha KM, et al. Factors and pattern of injuries associated with road traffic accidents in hilly district of Nepal. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines. 2017; 5(12): 88.##12. Gopalakrishnan S. A public health perspective of road traffic accidents. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2012; 1(2): 144.##13. Asefa NG, Ingale L, Shumey A, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with road traffic crash among taxi drivers in Mekelle town, northern Ethiopia, 2014: a cross sectional study. PLoS one. 2015; 10(3): e0118675.##14. Agnihotri A, Joshi H. Pattern of road traffic injuries: one year hospital-based study in Western Nepal. International journal of injury control and safety promotion. 2006; 13(2): 128-30.##15. Jha N, Srinivasa D, Roy G, et al. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases: A study from South India. Indian J Community Med. 2004; 29(1): 20-4.##16. Kumar A, Lalwani S, Agrawal D, et al. Fatal road traffic accidents and their relationship with head injuries: An epidemiological survey of five years. Indian journal of neurotrauma. 2008; 5(02): 63-7.##17. Jha N, Agrawal CS, editors. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases: A study from Eastern Nepal. Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia Region; 2004.##18. Hadaye RS, Rathod S, Shastri S. A cross-sectional study of epidemiological factors related to road traffic accidents in a metropolitan city. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2020; 9(1): 168.##19. Joshi SK. A study of injuries and violence related articles in Nepal. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2009; 48(3): 209-16.##20. Mishra SR, Neupane D, Bhandari PM, et al. Burgeoning burden of non-communicable diseases in Nepal: a scoping review. Globalization and health. 2015; 11(1): 1-10.##21. Boniface R, Museru L, Kiloloma O, et al. Factors associated with road traffic injuries in Tanzania. Pan African medical journal. 2016; 23(1).##22. Mishra B, Sinha ND, Sukhla S, et al. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases from Western Nepal. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. 2010; 35(1): 115.##23. Casado-Sanz N, Guirao B, Attard M. Analysis of the Risk Factors Affecting the Severity of Traffic Accidents on Spanish Crosstown Roads: The Driver’s Perspective. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland). 2020; 12(6): 2237.##24. Abhilash KPP, Lath D, Kowshik J, et al. Blood alcohol levels in road traffic accidents: Factors associated and the relationship between history of alcohol consumption and blood alcohol level detection. International journal of critical illness and injury science. 2019; 9(3): 132.##25. Manna N, Mallik S, Mandal PK, et al. Epidemiological factors of road traffic accidents: a study in a tertiary care setting in India. J Pak Med Stud. 2013; 3(1): 48-53.##26. Mansuri FA, Al-Zalabani AH, Zalat MM, et al. Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review of existing evidence. Saudi medical journal. 2015; 36(4): 418.##27. Pathak S, Jindal A, Verma A, et al. An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Medical journal armed forces India. 2014; 70(1): 32-5.##28. Sedain B, Pant PR. Road traffic injuries in Nepal during COVID-19 lockdown. F1000Research. 2020; 9.##29. Singh J, Sahni MK, Bilquees S, et al. Reasons for road traffic accidents-victims’ perspective. 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Assessment of Preventive Behaviors of Head Lice Infestation Based on Health Belief Model in Female College Students 2 1   2 Background: People's health behaviors are important in determining the prevalence of the head lice infestation. This study aimed to determine the preventive behaviors of head lice infestation using the Health Belief Model (HBM) in female students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 255 female students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Fars Province, South of Iran in 2021. Sampling was randomly selected from female students studying in the fields of public health, operating room, anesthesia, nursing, laboratory sciences, and medicine. The data collection tool was a four-part standard “preventive behaviors against pediculosis infection” questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. The questionnaire was completed by the participants and the data were entered into SPSS 21 for analysis. Data analysis was performed descriptively with the report of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The correlation was evaluated using Pearson correlation test. Significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results: The mean age and number of roommates (SD) of the participants were 22.4 (1.7) and 3.35 (1.3), respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between the perceived benefits construct and knowledge (r = 0.147, p = 0.04) and the perceived susceptibility construct (r = 0.413, p < 0.001). In addition, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the behavior with knowledge (r = 0.144, p = 0.04) and self-efficacy construct (r = 0.167, p = 0.02). There was a significant inverse correlation between perceived barriers construct with knowledge (r = -0.265, p < 0.001) and behavior (r = -0.213, p = 0.002), as well as between self-efficacy construct and knowledge (r = -0.219, p = 0.001). Conclusion: To improve preventive behaviors of lice infestation in students, in addition to improving people's knowledge, efforts should be made to identify and remove barriers to healthy behavior as well as improve people's perception of these barriers. Corresponding Author: Nader Sharifi View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed & Google Scholar Profile   189 197 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/30 1402/4/9 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/5 1402/6/14 Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran vahidkouh@yahoo.com Razieh Zahedi Razieh Zahedi Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran zahedi_razieh@yahoo.com Zeinab Balaghi Zeinab Balaghi Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran balaghyaynalwzynb@gmail.com Sara Mardaneh Sara Mardaneh Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran s.mrd957576@gmail.com Nader Sharifi Nader Sharifi Department of Public Health, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran Iran nadersharifi81@yahoo.com Behavior Lice Infestation Health Belief Model Students 1. 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Stevenson B, Tesfaye W, Christenson J, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of interventions for treating head lice: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ paediatrics open. 2021; 5: e001129.##7. Feldmeier H. Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31(9): 2105–10.##8. Coscione S, Esau T, Kekeubata E, et al. Impact of ivermectin administered for scabies treatment on the prevalence of head lice in Atoifi, Solomon Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(9): e0006825.##9. Nezhadali A, Babazadeh T, Nadrian H, et al. Cognitive Factors Associated to Pediculosis Preventive Behaviors Among Mothers of School-Age Children in Chaldoran County, Iran. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020; 13: 19–26. [Persian]##10. Moosazadeh M, Afshari M, Keianian H, et al. Prevalence of Head Lice Infestation and Its Associated Factors among Primary School Students in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Osong public Heal Res Perspect. 2015; 6(6): 346–56. [Persian]##11. Sharifi F, Sharifi N. The effect of educational intervention on lifestyle modification associated with osteoporosis in female students. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2017; 20(7): 36–43. [Persian]##12. Afsahi F, Kachooei M. Relationship between hypertension with irrational health beliefs and health locus of control. J Educ Health Promot. 2020; 9(1): 110.##13. Bartosik K, Buczek A, Zając Z, et al. Head pediculosis in schoolchildren in the eastern region of the European Union. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015; 22(4): 599–603. ##14. Wu S, Feng X, Sun X. Development and evaluation of the health belief model scale for exercise. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020; 7: S23–30.##15. Sadeghi R, Tol A, Moradi A, et al. The impacts of a health belief model-based educational program on adopting self-care behaviors in pemphigus vulgaris patients. J Educ Health Promot. 2015; 4: 105. [Persian] ##16. Didarloo A, Nabilou B, Khalkhali HR. Psychosocial predictors of breast self-examination behavior among female students: an application of the health belief model using logistic regression. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1): 861. [Persian]##17. Ghaffari M, Esfahani SN, Rakhshanderou S, et al. Evaluation of Health Belief Model-Based Intervention on Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors among Health Volunteers. J Cancer Educ. 2019; 34(5): 904–12. [Persian]##18. Villar OAE-D, Montañez-Alvarado P, Gutiérrez-Vega M, et al. Factor structure and internal reliability of an exercise health belief model scale in a Mexican population. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1): 229.##19. Shirazi Zadeh Mehraban S, Namdar A, Naghizadeh MM. Assessment of Preventive Behavior for Cervical Cancer with the Health Belief Model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018; 19(8): 2155–63. [Persian] ##20. Andrade L, O’Malley K, Hynds P, et al. Assessment of two behavioural models (HBM and RANAS) for predicting health behaviours in response to environmental threats: Surface water flooding as a source of groundwater contamination and subsequent waterborne infection in the Republic of Ireland. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 685: 1019–29.##21. Mohammadi S, Ghajari H, Valizade R, et al. Predictors of Smoking among the Secondary High School Boy Students Based on the Health Belief Model. Int J Prev Med. 2017; 8: 24. [Persian]##22. Sharifikia I, Rohani C, Estebsari F, et al. Health Belief Model-based Intervention on Women’s Knowledge and Perceived Beliefs about Warning Signs of Cancer. Asia-Pacific J Oncol Nurs. 2019; 6(4): 431–9. [Persian] ##23. Khazir Z, Morrowati Sharifabad MA, Vaezi AA, et al. Predictors of mammography based on Health Belief Model in Khorramabad women. J Educ Health Promot. 2019 ; 8: 180. [Persian]##24. Karimy M, Azarpira H, Araban M. Using Health Belief Model Constructs to Examine Differences in Adherence to Pap Test Recommendations among Iranian Women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017; 18(5): 1389–94.##25. Jeihooni AK, Askari A, Kashfi SM, et al. Application of health belief model in prevention of osteoporosis among primary school girl students. Int J Pediatr. 2017; 5(11): 6017–29. [Persian]##26. Hatam-Nahavandi K, Ahmadpour E, Pashazadeh F, et al. Pediculosis capitis among school-age students worldwide as an emerging public health concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis of past five decades. Parasitol Res. 2020; 119(10): 3125–43. [Persian] ##27. Daneshvar S, Aivazi AA, Naghizadeh MM, et al. Factors Associated with Preventive Behaviors of Pediculosis Infection among Elementary School Girl Students in Eyvan: An Application of the Health Belief Model. J Educ Community Heal. 2019; 6(1): 3–9. [Persian]##28. Ebrahimzadeh Ardakani M, Fayazi Bargin MH. Prevalence of pediculosis capitis in Yazd primary schools in 2013. J Heal. 2018;8(5):587–95. ##29. Firoozfar F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Bahrami A, et al. Head lice infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) prevalence and its associated factors, among the Kormanj tribes in North Khorasan province. Shiraz E Med J. 2019; 20(4). [Persian]##30. Tawfeeq AE. Comparison of prevalence of head lice Pediculus humanus capitis among male and female students of some primary schools in Tikrit City. Tikrit J Pure Sci. 2020; 25(3): 10–3. ##31. Moshki M, Mojadam M, Zamani Alavijeh F. Preventive behaviors of female elementary students in regard to Pediculosis infestation based on Health Belief Model (HBM). Heal Dev J. 2014; 3(3): 269–81.##32. Daneshvar S, Aivazi AA, Naghizadeh MM, et al. Efficacy of Educational Intervention on Preventive Behavior against Head Lice Infestation in Girl School Students. J Educ Community Heal. 2021; 8(3): 215-21. [Persian]##33. Shirvani ZG, Shokravi FA, Ardestani MS. Evaluation of a health education program for head lice infestation in female primary school students in Chabahar City, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2013; 16(1): 42. [Persian]##34. Magalhães P, Figueiredo E V, Capingana DP. Head lice among primary school children in Viana, Angola: Prevalence and relevant teachers’ knowledge. Hum Parasit Dis. 2011; 3.##35. Moshki M, Zamani-Alavijeh F, Mojadam M. Efficacy of peer education for adopting preventive behaviors against head lice infestation in female elementary school students: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169361. ##36. Sharifat R, Mohamadian H, Cheragi M, et al. Impact of theory-based educational intervention on explaining preventive pediculosis infestation behavior among primary school students. Electron physician. 2017; 9(4): 4101. [Persian]##37. MorowatiSharifabad MA, EbrahimZadeh M, Fazeli F, et al. Study of Pediculus capitis prevalence in primary school children and its preventive behaviors determinants based on Health Belief Model in Their Mothers in Hashtgerd, 2012. Tolooebehdasht. 2016; 14(6): 198–207. [Persian]##38. Namdar A, Bigizadeh S, Naghizadeh MM. Measuring Health Belief Model components in adopting preventive behaviors of cervical cancer. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2012; 2(1): 34–44. [Persian]##39. Panahi R, Ramezankhani A, Tavousi M, et al. Predictors of Adoption of Smoking preventive behaviors among university students: Application of health belief model. J Educ Community Heal. 2017; 4(1): 35–42. [Persian]##40. Sharafkhani N. Survey of prostate cancer-preventive behaviors based on the health belief model constructs among male teachers of Urmia city, in 2015. Nurs Midwifery J. 2016; 14(3): 271–81. [Persian]## ##

Prediction of the Tendency to Smoke Based on Emotional Dyslexia and Cognitive Control 2 2 Background: Smoking is a serious health threat, killing about 5 million people worldwide each year. By 2030, the number of diseases and deaths from tobacco use will reach 8 million per year. This study aims to investigate the prediction of smoking tendency based on emotional dyslexia and perceptual control with the mediation of risk perception. Method: This was a descriptive-correlational research conducted on all the 45,000 employees of Tehran Municipality who were working in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 215 members of the aforementioned statistical population, which was determined using the usual sampling method in correlation studies and the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments used included the smoking tendency questionnaire, the emotional nonverbal questionnaire, and the perceptual control questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and Amos software version 22 at two descriptive (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential (structural equation analysis) levels. Results: The coefficient of the direct path between alexithymia and the tendency to smoke was 0.380. It can be concluded that there was a positive and significant relationship between alexithymia and the tendency to smoke. In addition, the coefficient of the direct path between perceptual control and the tendency to smoke was -0.250. Conclusion: There is a negative and significant relationship between cognitive control and the tendency to smoke. Therefore, by teaching people emotional regulation skills, a person can be prepared to face and solve problems and have constructive relationship with others. 198 205 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/14 1401/9/23 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/15 1401/12/24 Fateme Zarei Fateme Zarei Department of Psychology, Faculty Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran Iran fzarei_1365@yahoo.com Afsane Taheri Afsane Taheri Department of Psychology, Faculty Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran Iran a2_taheri@yahoo.com Nastaran Sharifi Nastaran Sharifi Department of Psychology, Faculty Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran Iran nastaran_shrf@yahoo.com Emotional Dyslexia Cognitive Control Tendency to Smoke 1. Hagger MS, Rebar AL, Mullan B, Lipp OV, Chatzisarantis NL. The subjective experience of habit captured by self-report indexes may lead to inaccuracies in the measurement of habitual action. Health Psychology Review. 2015; 9(3): 296-302.##2. Orak U, Yildiz M, Solakoglu O, Aydogdu R, Aydiner C. The utility of social learning theory in explaining cigarette use in a military setting. Substance Use & Misuse. 2020; 55(5): 787-95.##3. Rossel PO, Paredes L, Bascur A, Martínez-Carrasco C, Herskovic V. SAS4P: Providing automatic smoking detection for a persuasive smoking cessation application. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2019; 15(11): 1550147719888167.##4. Zzouli M, Dehbandi R, Yazdani Cherati J, Taaheripour M. Investigating the amount of heavy metals in cigarette tobacco Hookah in Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2019; 30(187): 95-106. [Persian]##5. Santalla M, Pagola L, Gómez I, Balcazar D, Valverde CA, Ferrero P. Smoking flies: testing the effect of tobacco cigarettes on heart function of Drosophila melanogaster. Biology Open. 2021; 10(2): bio055004.##6. Marzban A, Kharkana M. The attitude and attitude of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, in the field of smoking. Preventive medicine. 2017; 5(1): 63-55. [Persian]##7. Taylor KA, Sharma E, Edwards KC, Halenar MJ, Kissin W, et al. Longitudinal pathways of exclusive and polytobacco cigarette use among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1–3 (2013–2016). Tobacco control. 2020; 29(Suppl 3): s139-46.##8. Calvert JR, Isip U. Analyzing Big Tobacco’s global youth marketing strategies and factors influencing smoking initiation by Nigeria youths using the theory of triadic influence. 2020; 1-30.##9. Awad E, Sacre H, Haddad C, Akel M, Salameh P, et al. Association of characters and temperaments with cigarette and waterpipe dependence among a sample of Lebanese adults. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28(7): 8466-75.##10. Linn BK, Stasiewicz PR, Fillo J, Bradizza CM. The great disrupter: relationship of alexithymia to emotion regulation processes and smoking among pregnant women. Substance use & misuse. 2020; 55(7): 1113-21. Available at: URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1729198##11. Safara M, Salamabadi M. Psychological well-being in the elderly: the role of self-compassion and emotional dyslexia. Aging Psychology. 2020; 7(1): 92-83. [Persian]##12. Savidaki M, Demirtoka S, Rodríguez-Jiménez RM. Re-inhabiting one’s body: A pilot study on the effects of dance movement therapy on body image and alexithymia in eating disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020; 8(1): 1-20.##13. Mansell W. The perceptual control model of psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2021; 41: 15-20.##14. Parker MG, Willett AB, Tyson SF, Weightman AP, Mansell W. A systematic evaluation of the evidence for perceptual control theory in tracking studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020; 112: 616-33.##15. Zare H, Eisazadeh F. Relationship between Disease Control Perception and Risk Perception with Self-care Behaviors in Patients Discharged from Hospital Due to COVID-19: Path Analysis Study. 2019; 14(1): 102-114. [Persian]##16. Aghajani Saif E, Parzour P and Ahmadi Sh. The role of risk perception and social isolation in predicting covid-19 anxiety with the mediation of health anxiety in college students. Health and care magazine. 2021; 23(1): 7-19. [Persian]##17. Shore TH, Tashchian A, Adams JS. Development and validation of a scale measuring attitudes toward smoking. The Journal of social psychology. 2000; 140(5): 615-23.##18. Fromme K, Katz EC, Rivet K. Outcome expectancies and risk-taking behavior. Cognitive therapy and research. 1997; 21: 421-42. Available at: URL: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021932326716##19. Sepahund T, Behraman S, Zohra Vand M, Bayat M. Hope and risk perception are psychological factors in response to methadone maintenance treatment. National Conference of Social and Psychological Injuries, Firouzabad. 2017. [Persian]##20. Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of psychosomatic research. 1994; 38(1): 23-32. Available at: URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1##21. Amanelahi A, Moghadam SS, Taghipour M. Moderating role of insecure attachment styles in the relationship between spiritual compatibility with spiritual growth and psychological distress in university students who experienced emotional failure. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2022; 24(3). [Persian]##22. Kamkar Sh, Farrokhi NA, Salimi B, Hossein and Mardani Rad, M. Compilation and testing of the causal model of students' addiction tendency based on the variables of distress tolerance and differentiation with the mediation of emotional dyslexia. Addiction Research. 2019; 14(55): 29-46. [Persian]##23. Kadampour I, Amirian L, Dehnavi H. Prediction of drug addiction based on self-control, disturbance tolerance and feeling of loneliness in addicted women referring to addiction treatment centers. Women and Family Studies. 2021: 14(51): 49-62. [Persian]##24. Fatahi Bojani I. Momeni Kh and Moradi A. The role of thought control abilities, perception of feeling lonely and tolerance of mental distress in students' preparation for drug addiction. The first national conference on the prevention of drug abuse among students, Kermanshah; 2019. [Persian]##25. Karimi M, Jormand H, and Zanganeh M. Factors associated with smoking among college students: Application of the developed theory of planned behavior. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2019; 7(2): 81-87. [Persian]##26. Mostafa A. Self-reported addiction to and perceived behavioral control of water pipe tobacco smoking and its patterns in Egypt: policy implications. Eastern Mediterranean health journal. 2020; 26(1): 18-28. [Persian]##27. Li J, Ye Z, Zhuang J, Okada N, Huang L, et al. Changes of public risk perception in China: 2008–2018. Science of the total environment. 2021; 799: 149453.##28. Kazemi Rezaei, Vand Kazemi Rezaei A. Prediction of addiction tendency based on dyslexia and self-expression in nursing students. Faiz's bimonthly scientific-research journal. 2019; 24 (2): 228-236. [Persian]##29. Bairami M, Babapour Khairuddin J, Hashemi T, et al. Investigating the structural relationship between nature and character, alexithymia and perceived stress with addiction in college students. Thought and behavior in clinical psychology. 2017: 13(50): 77-86. [Persian]##30. Akbari Borang M, Salarifar MH. Explaining addiction tendency based on self-differentiation and dyslexia in students. Scientific Research Quarterly of Law Enforcement Medicine. 2016; 6(2): 151-160. [Persian]##31. Linn BK, Stasiewicz PR, Fillo J, et al. The Great Disrupter: Relationship of Alexithymia to Emotion Regulation Processes and Smoking among Pregnant Women. Substance use & misuse. 2020; 55(7): 1113-1121.##32. Pietri M & Bonnet A. Alexithymia, emotional intensity and anxiety/depressive symptomatology: Dimensions explicative of smoking. Annales medico psychologies’. 2017; 175(2): 146-157.##33. Kalantari F, Gholami S. The relationship between self-control and cognitive regulation of emotion with smoking addiction in students of the Islamic Azad University of Ramhormoz. The first national conference on the prevention of drug abuse among students, Kermanshah; 2019. [Persian]## ##

Knowledge and Practice of Present and Future Dentists about Nutrition Counseling in Yazd, Iran in 2022 2 2 Background: Inadequate nutrition can affect oral health. Compromised oral health can also alter food choices and negatively lead to poor nutrition. This study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of dentists and dental students regarding nutrition counseling. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a valid and reliable four-part questionnaire was conducted among senior students and dentists in Yazd city in February 2022. All 40 senior students in the Faculty of Dentistry were selected by census method, and 98 dentists were selected randomly from all the names registered in the system of Medical Council. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25 and t-test and Chi-square tests were used (P-value < 0.05) Results: Out of a score 9, the mean score of knowledge was 7.12 ± 1.75 for dentists and 6.48 ± 1.2 for students. The mean score of dentists was higher than students (P = 0.03). Out of a score of 10, the mean score of dentists and students' practice were 3.26 ± 2.43 and 3.20 ± 1.82, respectively. There was no significant difference regarding the mean score practice in two groups (P = 0.879). Conclusions:  The knowledge level of both groups was not good but acceptable, and the quality of practice in both groups was poor. It seems that there is a need for corrective educational interventions to improve the practice of dentists and dental students.   206 216 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/10 1402/2/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/11 1402/6/20 Fahimeh Rashidi Maybodi Fahimeh Rashidi Maybodi Department of Periodontics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran rashidimeibodi.fahimeh@gmail.com Zahra Falahati Marvasti Zahra Falahati Marvasti School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran z.falahati.d@gmail.com Azadeh Nadjarzadeh Azadeh Nadjarzadeh Department of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Azadehnajarzadeh@gmail.com Dentists Counseling Cross-Sectional Studies Students. 1. Rajesh Nidhi KR, Ramakrishnan M. Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding diet counseling among dental undergraduate students. Drug Discov Today. 2019; 12(6): 1290-3.##2. Chalmuri Y, Padma TM, Pratap KVNR, et al. Do the dental students have enough nutritional knowledge? A survey among students of a dental college in Telangana State. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent. 2018; 16(1): 38-47.##3. Martinon P, Fraticelli L, Giboreau A, et al. Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases. Journal of clinical medicine. 2021; 10(2): 197. ##4. Bapat S, Asawa K, Bhat N, et al. Assessment of dental nutrition knowledge among nutrition/dietetics students. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016; 10(11): ZC37-40.##5. Pflipsen M, Zenchenko Y. Nutrition for oral health and oral manifestations of poor nutrition and unhealthy habits. Gen Dent. 2017; 65(6): 36-43.##6. Palacios C, Joshipura K, Willett W. Nutrition and health: guidelines for dental practitioners. Oral Dis. 2009; 15(6): 369-81. ##7. Shigli K, Nayak SS, Menon K, et al. Dietary counseling: A requisite in geriatric prosthodontics. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2020; 9(9): 5081-2. ##8. Rocha JS, Arima LY, Werneck RI, et al. Determinants of Dental Care Attendance during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Caries research. 2018; 52(1-2): 139-52. ##9. Graves DT, Ding Z, Yang Y. The impact of diabetes on periodontal diseases. Periodontology 2000. 2020; 82(1): 214-24. ##10. Jenzsch A, Eick S, Rassoul F, et al. Nutritional intervention in patients with periodontal disease: clinical, immunological and microbiological variables during 12 months. The British journal of nutrition. 2009; 101(6): 879-85. ##11. Oberti L, Gabrione F, Nardone M, et al. Two-way relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease: a reality or a paradigm? Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents. 2019; 33(3 Suppl. 1): 153-9. dental supplement. ##12. Pathan FL, Ardale GUM, Vyavhare S. Nutrition In Periodontal Health And Disease. Maharashtra Institute of Dental Sciences & Research, Latur. 2020; 2(2): 13-9.##13. Santonocito S, Polizzi A, Palazzo G, et al. Dietary Factors Affecting the Prevalence and Impact of Periodontal Disease. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry. 2021; 13: 283-92. ##14. Aljohani SR, Alsaggaf DH. Adherence to Dietary Advice and Oral Hygiene Practices Among Orthodontic Patients. Patient preference and adherence. 2020; 14: 1991-2000.##15. Moynihan PJ. Dietary advice in dental practice. British dental journal. 2002; 193(10): 563-8. ##16. Vaidya RY, Shivani VMR, Santosh S, et al. Knowledge of nutrition among students in a dental teaching institution in Kerala. Amrita j med. 2020; 16(4): 175-80.##17. Sivakumar V, Jain J, Tikare S, et al. Perception of diet counseling among dental students in India. Saudi J Oral Sci. 2016; 3(1): 36-41.##18. Dolatkhah N, Aghamohammadi D, Farshbaf-Khalili A, et al. Nutrition knowledge and attitude in medical students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2017-2018. BMC research notes. 2019; 12(1): 757. [Persian]##19. Abdullah Z, Rathinavel K, Senthilkumar K, et al. Assessment of dental nutrition knowledge among dental students in Chennai. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2021; 9(1): 24-8. [Persian]##20. Alamri MS, Alamri SA, Ingle A, et al. knowledge, attitude, and practice of diet counselling among dental interns and postgraduate students in Riyadh city, kingdom of Saudi arabia. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 2020; 11(4): 38327-38335. DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR##21. Chapple IL, Milward MR, Dietrich T. The prevalence of inflammatory periodontitis is negatively associated with serum antioxidant concentrations. The Journal of nutrition. 2007; 137(3): 657-64. ##22. Talmaç AC, Çalişir M. Antioxidants and Periodontal Diseases. Gingival Disease-A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention: IntechOpen; 2019.##23. Vo TTT, Chu PM, Tuan VP, et al. The Promising Role of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease via the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress Pathways: Updated Insights. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2020; 9(12): 1211. ##24. Sllamniku Dalipi Z, Dragidella F. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation as Non-Surgical Treatment for Periodontal Disease with a Focus on Female Patients: Literature Review. Dentistry journal. 2022; 10(7): 120. ##25. Garcia MN, Hildebolt CF, Miley DD, et al. One-year effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on chronic periodontitis. Journal of periodontology. 2011; 82(1): 25-32. ##26. Aboelsaad N. The effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in chronic periodontitis patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Egyptian Dental Journal. 2019; 65(2-April (Oral Medicine, X-Ray, Oral Biology & Oral Pathology)): 1311-21.##27. Arboleda S, Vargas M, Losada S, et al. Review of obesity and periodontitis: an epidemiological view. British dental journal. 2019; 227(3): 235-9. ##28. Pischon N, Heng N, Bernimoulin JP, et al. Obesity, inflammation, and periodontal disease. Journal of dental research. 2007; 86(5): 400-9. ##29. Czerniuk MR, Bartoszewicz Z, Dudzik-Niewiadomska I, et al. Simple platelet markers: Mean platelet volume and congestive heart failure coexistent with periodontal disease. Pilot studies. Cardiology journal. 2019; 26(3): 253-9. PubMed PMID: 28714524. ##30. Czerniuk MR, Bartoszewicz Z, Filipiak KJ, et al. Plasmatic NT-proBNP concentrations in patients with coexistent periodontal disease and congestive heart failure: pilot studies. Kardiologia polska. 2017; 75(2): 135-42. ##31. Czerniuk MR, Górska R, Filipiak KJ, et al. Inflammatory response to acute coronary syndrome in patients with coexistent periodontal disease. Journal of periodontology. 2004; 75(7): 1020-6. ##32. Czerniuk MR, Górska R, Filipiak KJ, et al. C-reactive protein in patients with coexistent periodontal disease and acute coronary syndromes. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2006; 33(6): 415-20. ##33. Surma S, Romańczyk M, Witalińska-Łabuzek J, et al. Periodontitis, Blood Pressure, and the Risk and Control of Arterial Hypertension: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Pathophysiological Aspects-Review of the Literature and Clinical Trials. Current hypertension reports. 2021; 23(5): 27. ##34. Shah K, Hunter ML, Fairchild RM, et al. A comparison of the nutritional knowledge of dental, dietetic and nutrition students. British dental journal. 2011; 210(1): 33-8. ##35. Ritchie CS, Joshipura K, Hung HC, et al. Nutrition as a mediator in the relation between oral and systemic disease: associations between specific measures of adult oral health and nutrition outcomes. Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists. 2002; 13(3): 291-300. ##36. Hseiki RA, Osman MH, El-Jarrah RT, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Lebanese primary care physicians in nutrition counseling: a self-reported survey. Primary health care research & development. 2017; 18(6): 629-34.##37. Mogre V, Aryee PA, Stevens FC, et al. Future doctors’ nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy regarding nutrition care in the general practice setting: a cross-sectional survey. Med Sci Educ. 2017; 27(3): 481-8.##38. Cole DDM, Boyd LD, Vineyard J, et al. Childhood Obesity: Dental hygienists' beliefs attitudes and barriers to patient education. Journal of dental hygiene. 2018; 92(2): 38-49. ##39. Sim CJ, Iida H, Vann WF, et al. Dietary recommendations for infants and toddlers among pediatric dentists in North Carolina. Pediatric dentistry. 2014; 36(4): 322-8. ##40. Wright R, Casamassimo PS. Assessing attitudes and actions of pediatric dentists toward childhood obesity and sugar-sweetened beverages. 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Assessment of Factors Associated with Life Expectancy Gap Based on the Preston Curve: A Cross-Sectional Study 2 2 Background: Some countries experience lower or higher life expectancy than what is predicted based on their income. This study examines why life expectancy deviation is experienced with the aim of exploring which factors and conditions contribute to better health outcome (life expectancy) at low cost. Methods: In this study at the first stage, the well-known Preston curve is reproduced and updated using the cross-sectional data of variables of life expectancy at birth (years) and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) of 182 countries around the World in 2018 based on the latest available data. After estimating the deviation of each countries life expectancy from the curve, the characteristics of countries with more than four years of positive (group 1) and negative (group 2) gaps from the curve were compared by applying the mean comparison test of two independent groups (t-test). Results: The identified drivers of gains or losses in longevity relative to income included using at least basic sanitation (P = 0.012) and drinking water services (P = 0.045), Universal Health Coverage (UHC) (P = 0.012), access to electricity (P = 0.004), CO2 emissions (P = 0.037), inequality in income (P = 0.003), health expenditure per capita (P = 0.000), non-communicable (P = 0.000) and communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal, and nutrition conditions (P = 0.000), literacy rate (P = 0.057), and road injuries (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Better health outcome in countries and regions with relatively low income or few resources can be achieved that would be critical for global improvement in population health. However, it needs to take effective measures and is of great importance for policy-making. 217 227 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/21 1401/12/2 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/15 1402/2/25 Fatemeh Yari Fatemeh Yari Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran Iran Fateme.yari@modares.ac.ir Lotfali Agheli Lotfali Agheli Economic Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran Iran aghelik@modares.ac.ir Hossein Sadeghi Hossein Sadeghi Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran Iran Sadeghih@modares.ac.ir Sajjad Faraji Dizaji Sajjad Faraji Dizaji Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran Iran s_dizaji@modares.ac.ir Life Expectancy Income Population Health 1. 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Social science & medicine. 2011; 72(4): 617-24.##7. Preston SH. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development. Population studies. 1975; 29(2): 231-48.##8. Preston SH. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development. International journal of epidemiology. 2007; 36(3): 484-90.##9. Bloom DE, Canning D. Commentary: The Preston Curve 30 years on: still sparking fires. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007; 36(3): 498-9.##10. Garcia J, Narvil J, Oh S. Modern day evaluation of the Preston curve: the relationship between life expectancy and income. 2016.##11. Benos N, Karkalakos S, Zotou S. Spatial and economic patterns in life expectancy among US States. Applied Economics. 2019; 51(54): 5856-69.##12. Yari F, Agheli L, Sadeghi H, Dizaji SF. The socioeconomic and political determinants of life expectancy in selected countries of the world. Social Determinants of Health. 2022; 8: 1-9. [Persian]##13. 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Health & place. 2018; 49: 1-6.##19. WHO. Water sanitation and hygiene strategy. World Health Organization; 2019. Available at: URL: https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/about.##20. Lu Z, Bandara JS, Paramati SR. Impact of sanitation, safe drinking water and health expenditure on infant mortality rate in developing economies. Australian Economic Papers. 2020; 59(1): 13-33.##21. Freeman T, Gesesew HA, Bambra C, et al. Why do some countries do better or worse in life expectancy relative to income? An analysis of Brazil, Ethiopia, and the United States of America. International journal for equity in health. 2020; 19(1): 1-19.##22. Irwin BR, Hoxha K, Grépin KA. Conceptualising the effect of access to electricity on health in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Global Public Health. 2020; 15(3): 452-73.##23. Gohlke JM, Thomas R, Woodward A, et al. Estimating the global public health implications of electricity and coal consumption. Environmental health perspectives. 2011; 119(6): 821-6.##24. Rahman MM, Alam K. The role of access to electricity, female education, and public health expenditure on female health outcomes: evidence from SAARC-ASEAN countries. BMC Women's Health. 2021; 21(1): 1-12. [Persian]##25. Juginović A, Vuković M, Aranza I, et al. Health impacts of air pollution exposure from 1990 to 2019 in 43 European countries. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1): 22516.##26. Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, et al. Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective. Cardiovascular research. 2020; 116(11): 1910-7.##27. Amuka JI, Asogwa FO, Ugwuanyi RO, et al. Climate change and life expectancy in a developing country: evidence from greenhouse gas (CO2) emission in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. 2018; 8(4): 113.##28. Obrizan M, Wehby GL. Health expenditures and global inequalities in longevity. World Development. 2018; 101: 28-36.##29. Raghupathi V, Raghupathi W. The influence of education on health: an empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995–2015. Archives of Public Health. 2020; 78(1): 1-18.##30. Luy M, Zannella M, Wegner-Siegmundt C, Minagawa Y, Lutz W, et al. The impact of increasing education levels on rising life expectancy: a decomposition analysis for Italy, Denmark, and the USA. Genus. 2019; 75: 1-21.##31. Chandran A, Kahn G, Sousa T, Pechansky F, Bishai DM, et al. Impact of road traffic deaths on expected years of life lost and reduction in life expectancy in Brazil. Demography. 2013; 50(1): 229-36.##32. James SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, McCracken D, Nixon MR, Sylte DO. Morbidity and mortality from road injuries: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Injury prevention. 2020; 26(Suppl 2): i46-56.##33. Eun SJ. Trends in mortality from road traffic injuries in South Korea, 1983–2017: Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analyses. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2020; 134: 105325.##34. Fei FR, Zhong JM, Yu M, Gong WW, Wang M, et al. Impact of injury-related mortality on life expectancy in Zhejiang, China based on death and population surveillance data. BMC public health. 2018; 18(1): 1-7.##35. Lozano R, Fullman N, Mumford JE, Knight M, Barthelemy CM, et al. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 2020; 396(10258): 1250-84.##36. Davis K, Huang AT. Learning from Taiwan: experience with universal health insurance. Annals of internal medicine. 2008; 148(4): 313-4.##37. Ranabhat CL, Atkinson J, Park MB, Kim CB, Jakovljevic M. The influence of universal health coverage on life expectancy at birth (LEAB) and healthy life expectancy (HALE): a multi-country cross-sectional study. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2018; 9: 960.## ##

Identifying Factors Related to Divorce in Iranian Couples: A Case Study in Yazd, Iran 2 2 Background: Divorce is one of the most damaging social issues. Since the divorce rates are increasing rapidly, the current study evaluated the effects of factors leading to divorce.  Methods: In this qualitative study, by using two-stage sampling method (purposive and snowball) 4 couples on the verge of divorce visiting consulting center and 8 experts with experience in the field of family and divorce in Yazd city were selected. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The contents of the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a content analysis method. Results: The experts who participated in this study included several marriage and divorce registrars, lawyers, and family counselors with over 10 years of experience in the field of family and divorce. The mean age of women on the verge of divorce was 33 ± 8.51 years and for men 37.2 ± 6.13 years. Fifty percent of the couples had a bachelor's degree and 62.5% of them were self-employed. Most of them had a marriage period of 5-10 years. A total of 23 codes were extracted from the interviews. The codes were organized into four main themes. Major topics included lack of preparation for marriage, psychological factors, unfavorable marital relationships, and social factors. Conclusion: The interference of families, extramarital relationships, early marriage and the lack of communication skills and media literacy are the most influential factors of divorce.   228 235 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/21 1402/3/31 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/15 1402/6/24 Nastaran Tavakolian Nastaran Tavakolian Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran nastavakolian@gmail.com Farzan Madadizadeh Farzan Madadizadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com Moslem Taheri Soodejani Moslem Taheri Soodejani Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran moslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com Family Divorce Interview Qualitative Research Iran 1. Ho Y-CL, Mahirah D, Ho CZ-H, et al. The role of the family in health promotion: a scoping review of models and mechanisms. Health promotion international. 2022; 37(6): daac119.##2. Herke M, Knöchelmann A, Richter M. Health and well-being of adolescents in different family structures in Germany and the importance of family climate. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(18): 6470.##3. Akhavi SZ, Zahrakar K, Mohsenzadeh F, et al. An Investigation into The Underlying Factors of Divorce in The Socio-Cultural Context of Tehran: A Qualitative Study. [Persian]##4. Sheykhi MT. Worldwide increasing divorce rates: a sociological analysis. Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi Dan Perubahan Sosial. 2020; 7(2): 116-23. [Persian]##5. Staff Dc. Divorce Rate in the World. Available at: URL: https://divorce.com/blog/divorce-rates-in-the-world/. Accessed April 12, 2023.##6. Ortiz-Ospina E, Rozer M. Marriages and Divorces. Available at: URL: https://ourworldindata.org/marriages-and-divorces. Accessed July 25, 2020.##7. Shim H, Choi I, Ocker BL. Divorce in S outh K orea: An Introduction to Demographic Trends, Culture, and Law. Family Court Review. 2013; 51(4): 578-90.##8. Strizzi JM, Sander S, Ciprić A, et al. “I Had Not Seen Star Wars” and Other Motives for Divorce in Denmark. Journal of sex & marital therapy. 2020; 46(1): 57-66.##9. Askari-Nodoushan A, Shams Ghahfarokhi M, Shams Ghahfarrokhi F. An analysis of the socioeconomic characteristics of divorce in Iran. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran. 2019; 8(2): 1-6. [Persian]##10. Damari B, Masoudi Farid H, Hajebi A, et al. Divorce indices, causes, and implemented interventions in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2022; 28(1): 76-89. [Persian]##11. Hezarjaribi J, Entezari A, Niyyati M. Divorce trends in Iran between 2004-2013. Journal of history culture and art research. 2017; 6(4): 1108-22. [Persian]##12. Sadeghi R. Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Iranian Youth Divorce. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports. 2016; 15(32): 189-205. [Persian]##13. Hosseini H, Teimouri Arshad R. Explaining the durability of marriage leading to divorce in Iran. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2019; 14(27): 115-53. [Persian]##14. Zandiyeh Z, Yousefi H. Woman's experiences of applying for a divorce. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research. 2014; 19(2): 168. [Persian]##15. Diamond RM, Brimhall AS, Elliott M. Attachment and relationship satisfaction among first married, remarried, and post‐divorce relationships. Journal of Family Therapy. 2018; 40: S111-27.##16. Esmaelzadeh AA, Baghaee A. A Systematic Review of Research Studies on Divorce. Strategic Studies on Youth and Sports. 2015; 14(27): 117-32. [Persian]##17. Firozjaeian AA, Sadeghi S, Janmohammadi V, et al. Meta-analysis of studies about divorce in Iran. Journal of Woman and Family Studies. 2018; 6(2): 111-43. [Persian]##18. Karimi Y AS, Mohammadi Z, Fazeli M. Studying the contexts of divorce in divorced people: a phenomenological research. Clinical psychology studies. 2016; 7(25): 191-210. [Persian]##19. Mansour S, Saleh E, Al-Awadhi T. The effects of sociodemographic characteristics on divorce rates in Oman: Spatial modeling of marital separations. The Professional Geographer. 2020; 72(3): 332-47.##20. Mazaheri M, Bahrami F, Goodarzi K, et al. A Qualitative Study of the Causes of Consensual Divorce by Content Analysis; a Phenomenological Study. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2020; 14(56): 47-76. [Persian]##21. Fakhri M, Mahdavianfard R, Kimiaee SAK. Prediction of the probability of divorce based on avoidant attachment, anxiety attachment and family problem solving skills. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2018; 9(33): 207-22. [Persian]##22. Soltani Ramezan Zadeh M, Rasoulian M, Mohammadsadeghi H, et al. The effect of communication skills training and conflict resolution tactics on marital satisfaction of married women in Kermanshah. Journal of Iranian Medical Council. 2020; 3(2): 79-88. [Persian]##23. Ghafari S, Hossein Taghdisi M, Mehrabi Y, et al. Education’s effect on the empowerment of volunteers about couples communication skills in East Tehran’s Health Center. [Persian]##24. Torfi Amidpour Sa-D, Charkhabi M, Hayati D, et al. The effect of communication skills training on marital intimacy and marital conflict among young couples: An experimental study. Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues. 2021. [Persian]##25. Sheykh SFM, Emadian SO. The Impact of Conflict Resolution Skills on The Level of Marital Conflict and Couples Mental Health in Centers Of Psychological and Counseling Services of Qaemshahr City. JIMS8M: The Journal of Indian Management & Strategy. 2016; 22: 32-9. [Persian]##26. Khaki A. Develop a multi-dimensional model of couple therapy ecological crisis intervention centers consultants Welfare Organization (qualitative study focusing on reducing the desire to divorce and marital conflict). Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2017; 8(30): 25-56. [Persian]##27. Barikani A, Ebrahim SM, Navid M. The cause of divorce among men and women referred to marriage and legal office in Qazvin, Iran. Global journal of health science. 2012; 4(5): 184. [Persian]##28. Adimora DE, Romero MPA, Ohia NC, et al. Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 2022.##29. Bunga D, Bipeta R, Molanguri U. A cross-sectional study on domestic violence, marital satisfaction, and quality of life among partners of patients with alcohol use disorder. Archives of Mental Health. 2022; 23: 18-22.##30. 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What Can We Do to Improve the Health Policy-Making Cycle in the Islamic Republic of Iran with a Good Governance Approach? Recommendations for the Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Health and Food Security 2 2 Background: The primary purpose of the health system is to promote equitable health in society. The aim of this study is to offer some recommendations for improving the Iranian health policy-making cycle with a good governance approach. Methods: The systematic review approach was employed to undertake this research. To track down articles published electronically between 2010 and 2021, a comprehensive search in the National Library's English databases, in December 2021, was conducted using the keywords such as public policy, policy, policy-making, health policy, good governance, health, and healthcare. In addition, the Persian equivalents of the aforementioned keywords were searched separately or in combination with Boolean operators (OR, AND) in databases such as Scopus, Ovid, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, PubMed, IranMedex, Magiran, and SID to further pinpoint the desired articles. To evaluate and validate the quality of the selected articles, critical tools appropriate for the type of study were utilized (e.g., the SRQR tool for qualitative studies and the MMAT tool for mixed-methods studies), and finally, the research team conducted content analysis and categorized the findings. Results: Findings revealed that the health policy-making cycle is an extensive and intra-sectoral concern. Good governance in the health system results in specialized and individualized opportunities for better health and reduces inequality. To accomplish this purpose, it is necessary to emphasize cross-sectoral participation, social responsiveness, and transparent processes, and incorporate the viewpoints of experts and implementers of the health policy-making system. Furthermore, the health system's sovereignty and progress toward good governance should be evaluated, which results in effective policies and health justice. Conclusion: Considering the legal mission of the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security (the highest policy-making authority in the Ministry of Health), it is recommended that the council implement the practical recommendations of this research in actualizing and incorporating the good governance approach into the health policy-making cycle.   236 255 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/9 1401/11/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/16 1402/1/27 Marziyeh Azadiyan Marziyeh Azadiyan Department of Management, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran ایران azadiyan.marziyeh@live.com Abbas Vosoogh Moghadam Abbas Vosoogh Moghadam 1. Department of Management, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran 2.Governance and Health Training and Research Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran ایران avosooghm@sina.tums.ac.ir Ali Farhadimahalli Ali Farhadimahalli Department of Management, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran ایران afarhadi19@yahoo.com Policy-Making Learning Health System Iran 1. Mosadeghrad AM, Rahimi-Tabar P. Health system governance in Iran: A comparative study. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019; 26(9): 10-28. [Persian]##2. Joulaei H, Bagheri-Lankarani K, Zarei N, et al. Stewardship and its role in Iran'shealthsystem: A scoping review. IJHP. 2018; 2: 206-16. [Persian]##3. World Health Organization. Government of South Australia. Adelaide statement on health in all policies. 2010. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daq034.##4. De Leeuw E, Kickbusch I, Palmer N, et al. European Healthy Cities come to terms with health network governance. Health promotion international. 2015; 30(suppl_1): i32-44. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dav040.##5. Alamdari S, Alamdari A. IR Iran national health system strategic architecturing based on national vision 1404: A proposed model. Iranian Journal of Public Policy. 2015; 1(1): 21-42. doi: 10.22059/ppolicy.2015.57150. [Persian]##6. Ebrahimpour H, Eliki F. Investigating the role of good governance in the efficiency of governments. InInternational Conference of Management Elites, Iran; Tehran. 2016; 1. [Persian]##7. Sharifzadeh F, Rahmarallah G. Good governance and the role of government. organizational culture management. 2003; 1(4): 93-109. [Persian]##8. Rahmani K, Rezayatmand R, Sadeghpour N, et al. Policy-making for rationing in the healthcare system: a review to provide suggestions for Iran. Management Strategies in Health System. 2018; 3(3): 249-62. [Persian]##9. Mosadeghrad AM. An integrated health policy making and analysis model. Tehran Univ Med J. 2020; 77(12): 791. [Persian]##10. O’Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, et al. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Academic medicine. 2014; 89(9): 1245-51.##11. Hong QN, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, et al. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for information. 2018; 34(4): 285-91.##12. Zazerani Y, Reza M. Understanding the Policy Process; an Overview of the Concepts, Theories, and Models of Policy Process. Iranian Journal of Public Policy. 2018; 3(4): 189-202. [Persian]##13. Shankardass K, Muntaner C, Kokkinen L, et al. The implementation of Health in All Policies initiatives: a systems framework for government action. Health research policy and systems. 2018; 16(1): 1-0. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0295-z##14. Strehlenert H, Richter-Sundberg L, Nyström ME, et al. Evidence-informed policy formulation and implementation: a comparative case study of two national policies for improving health and social care in Sweden. Implementation Science. 2015; 10: 1-0. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0359-1.##15. Babaei S, Tavakoli G. A policy making process model for public organizations. Public Policy 2015; 1(3): 29-53. doi: 10.22059/ppolicy.2015.57678. [Persian]##16. Maher A, Maziar P. Health policy making process: a systematic review article, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. [Persian]##17. Azline A, Iszaid I, Syahira S, et al. Policy arena of health policy-making process in developing countries. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 2018; 5(3): 32-48.##18. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health of Finland, in collaboration with the National Institute for Health and Welfare of Finland (THL), the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, and the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). Health in all policies: seizing opportunities, implementing policies; Finland. 2013; 25-287.##19. Zuckerman AM. Successful strategic planning for a reformed delivery system. Journal of Healthcare Management. 2014; 59(3): 168-72.##20. Kokkinen L, Muntaner C, O’Campo P, et al. Implementation of Health 2015 public health program in Finland: a welfare state in transition. Health Promotion International. 2019; 34(2): 258-68.##21. Uneke CJ, Ezeoha AE, Ndukwe CD, et al. Research priority setting for health policy and health systems strengthening in Nigeria: the policymakers and stakeholders perspective and involvement. Pan African Medical Journal. 2014; 16(1).##doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.16.10.2318.##22. Damari BA, Monazzam K, Salarianzadeh H. Where and how to make wise policies for health? A qualitative study on the characteristics of health policy system in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Hakim Journal. 2011; 13(4): 210-8. [Persian]##23. Nasrollapour-Shirvani SD, Motlagh ME, Shariati M, et al. The Strategic Plan of Iranian Medical Sciences Universities: From Theory to Practice. Health Information Management. 2016; 12(6): 770-6. [Persian]##24. Alam AY, Alabdulaali MK. Hospital vision and mission strategic planning and departmental performance. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015; 65: 345-46.##25. Bowen G, Bowen D. Strategy formulation and uncertainty in environments. Journal of Business and Economics. 2014; 5(12): 2315-26. doi: 10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/12.05.2014/012.##26. Gholipor R, Mafimoradi S, Rahnavard F, et al. Systematic Analysis of Research Articles on Health Policy in the Developing Countries: Implications for Researchers. Journal of Iranian Public Administration Studies. 2019; 2(2): 25-45. doi: 10.22034/jipas.2019.91495. [Persian]##27. Hyder AA, Corluka A, Winch PJ, et al. National policy-makers speak out: are researchers giving them what they need?. Health policy and planning. 2011; 26(1): 73-82. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czq020.##28. Mafimoradi S, Gholipour R, Rahnavard F, et al. How Health Policies change in Islamic Republic of Iran? A substantive theory to understand the policy process. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2020; 19(6): 673-91. doi: 10.29252/payesh.19.6.673. [Persian]##29. Mosadeghrad AM, Rahimi-Tabar P. Health system governance in Iran: A comparative study. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019; 26(9): 10-28. [Persian]##30. World Health Organization. Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. Production. 2007: 1-56.##31. Davies C. 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Houngbo PT, Coleman HL, Zweekhorst M, et al. A model for good governance of healthcare technology management in the public sector: learning from evidence-informed policy development and implementation in Benin. PloS one. 2017; 12(1): e0168842.##44. Valera Mt, Hartigan-Go Ky, Visperas Mk. A Framework to Promote Good Governance in Healthcare.##45. Tabrizi JS, Pourasghar F, Nikjoo RG. Governance of iranian primary Health Care System: perceptions of experts. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2019; 48(3): 541. [Persian]##46. El-Jardali F, Lavis JN, Ataya N, et al. Use of health systems evidence by policymakers in eastern Mediterranean countries: views, practices, and contextual influences. BMC health services research. 2012; 12(1): 1-20.##47. Jönsson K, Phoummalaysith B, Wahlström R, et al. Health policy evolution in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: context, processes and agency. Health policy and planning. 2015; 30(4): 518-27.##48. Khankeh HR, Lankarani KB, Zarei N, et al. 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A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study of Health Profile and Pattern of Disease regarding the Elderly in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh 2 2 Background: Morbidity pattern shows the burden of the disease and time trends, highlighting demographic differences in disease burden. It also demonstrates the extent and nature of the disease load in the community, and thus, assists in establishment of the priorities for monitoring and evaluating disease control activities, allocating the resources and monitoring the trends for the effect of intervention5.Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of common morbidities in the elderly age group. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted on the 318 elderly subjects in rural areas. Of 60 or above. Random sampling was done to select the villages. A house to house survey was conducted in every selected village, and eligible subjects were interviewed till the required sample size was reached. The study tools were a pre-tested, pre-validated questionnaire Variables included socio- -demographic factors such as age, sex, religion, marital status, education, occupation, type of family, family income, etc. Results: Female preponderance was seen in the study subjects. The majorities of the subjects was between 60-70 and were suffering from either one or two morbidities. 70 % had a positive family history. There were behavioral risk factors (addiction/ habit) in 35% of the participants, and the most common problem was smoking. The most common problems were generalized muscular weakness (63%) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Around 5% of the study subjects suffered from diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Conclusion: Regarding the socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral factors and morbidities, the present study is comparable to many other studies conducted in India. The burden of different diseases or the morbidity pattern is different in different parts of the country.   256 262 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/25 1400/3/4 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/18 1402/6/27 Deepak Chopra Deepak Chopra Department of Community Medicine, Autonomous State Medical College, Hardoi, India India drdeepakchoprakgmu17@gmail.com Nidhi Jauhari Nidhi Jauhari Department of Ophthalmology, Balrampur Hospital, Lucknow, India India drdeepak@iul.ac.in Sandhya Mishra Sandhya Mishra Department of Community Medicine, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Science, Unnao, India India smishra@gmail.com Morbidity Elderly Burden prevalence 1. World Health Organization DA. Health care of elderly. A Manual for Trainers of physicians in Primary & secondary health care facilities, who regional office for South East Asia; WHO. 2001; 11-3.##2. Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India; 2011. Available at: URL: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_ Report/9Chap%202%20-%202011.pdf.##3. World Health Organization. Regional strategy for healthy ageing, 2013-2018. WHO; Geneva: 2014. ISBN 978-92-9022-454-9. Available at: URL: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/ healthy_ageing/about/en/.##4. Lena A, Ashok K, Padma M, et al. Health and social problems of the elderly: A cross-sectional study in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. 2009; 34(2): 131.##5. Chopra D, Manchanda S, Manchanda S, et al. A Study of morbidity pattern in indoor patients in a tertiary care hospital in Lucknow. National Journal of Community Medicine. 2017; 8(04): 169-73.##6. Vasudevan J, Mishra AK, Singh Z. An update on BG Prasad’s socioeconomic scale: May 2016. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016; 4(9): 4183-6.##7. Kamble SV, Ghodke YD, Dhumale GB, et al. Health status of elderly persons in rural area of India. Indian Medical Gazette. 2012; 2012: 295-9.##8. Verma V, Prakash S, Parveen K, et al. A comparative study of morbidity pattern in elderly of rural and urban areas of Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016; 3(5): 1152-6.##9. Ghosh A, Sarkar D, Pal R, et al. A profile of common morbidities among elderly rural Indian population. Am J Public Health Res. 2015; 3(5A): 29-31.##10. Rafiq M, Yasmeen A, Shalinder R. Health problems of the elderly in Budgam District (J&K): A cross sectional study. International Journal Contemporary Medical Research. 2016; 3(12): 3456-8.##11. Kumar R, Bahal SP, Srivastava A. Morbidity pattern of geriatric population in rural areas of western Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2016; 5(3): 430-4.##12. Mundada V, Jadhav V, Gaikwad AV. Study of addiction problems and morbidity among geriatric population in rural area of Aurangabad district. Journal of Mid-life Health. 2013; 4(3): 172.##13. Srinivas PJ, Manjubhashini S. A study on morbidity profile among elderly population in Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2014; 13(9): 21-5.##14. Karmakar N, Nag K, Datta A, et al. A cross-sectional study on morbidity pattern of elderly population residing in a rural area of Tripura. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017; 5(11): 5030-5.##15. Hameed S, Kumar N, Naik PM, et al. Morbidity Pattern among the Elderly Population in A Rural Area of Dakshin Kannada, Karnataka–A Cross Sectional Study. National Journal of Community Medicine. 2015; 6(02): 222-5.##16. Vadrevu L, Kumar V, Kanjilal B. Rising challenge of multiple morbidities among the rural poor in India—a case of the Sundarbans in West Bengal. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2016.##17. Deepak C, Jauhari N, Dhungana H. A Study on Utilization of Maternal Health Services and Factors Influencing the Utilization in Urban Slums of Lucknow. International Journal of Medicine & Public Health. 2018; 8(2).## ##

Examining the Effect of Partial and Complete Elimination of a Specific Disease on the Gain in Life Expectancy at Birth in India and Selected States 2 2 Background:  Life expectancy, especially life expectancy at birth is a good indicator of current health condition of the population and is estimated through life tables. The present study aims to examine the effect of partial and complete elimination of a specific disease on the gain in life expectancy at birth by sex in India and selected states using Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD) secondary data for 2017. Methods:  Life tables were constructed for all cause-specific deaths using Greville method for both males and females separately for India and selected states.  Cause-deleted life tables were also constructed for partial (25%, 50%, 75%) and complete (100%) elimination of ten leading cause of death groups.  Gain in life expectancy was estimated as the difference between values of cause-deleted life tables and cause-specific life tables. Results: Complete elimination of diseases of the circulatory system yielded maximum gain in life expectancy at birth in males (14.64 years) and in females (15.49 years) both in Haryana. It was followed by diseases of the respiratory system in males (6.45 years) in Jharkhand and in females (6.17 years) in Uttar Pradesh; certain infectious and parasitic diseases in males (3.82 years) in Uttar Pradesh and in females (3.58 years) in Delhi; neoplasms in males (2.71 years) and in females (2.11 years) both in Kerala.  Similar results were obtained in case of remaining diseases. Conclusions:  Maximum gained years would be obtained after reducing mortality from diseases of the circulatory system.  These may have implications for practical decision making in setting up health goals, allocating resources, and launching tailor-made health care programs.   263 274 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/8 1401/11/19 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/3 1402/2/13 Bal Kishan Gulati Bal Kishan Gulati National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India gulbk@hotmail.com Damodar Sahu Damodar Sahu National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India sahuicmr@gmail.com Saurabh Sharma Saurabh Sharma National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India ssharmadoc@gmail.com Vishnu Vardhana Rao M Vishnu Vardhana Rao M National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India dr_vishnurao@yahoo.com Life Expectancy MCCD Non-Communicable Disease 1. Preston SH, Heuveline P, et al. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Malden, MA, Blackwell Publishing. 2001.##2. Jose MP, Francisco M, Josep L. Introducing migratory flows in life table construction. SORT. 2012; 36(1): 103-114. ##3. Shkolnikov VM, Jdanov DA, Andreev EM and Vaupel JW. Steep increase in best-practice cohort life expectancy. Population and Development Review. 2011; 37(3): 419-434.##4. Glasen P. Basic antecedents of life expectancy at birth. Linear regression modelling. Munich: GRIN Verlag. 2015. https://www.grin.com/document/311417.##5. Rabbi Fazle AM. Imbalance in life table: Effect of infant mortality on lower life expectancy at birth. Journal of Scientific Research. 2013; 5(3):479-488. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i3.14105.##6. Sharma R. Health and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic panel data of 143 years. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(10), e0204940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204940.##7. Conti S, Farchi G, Masocco M, Toccaceli V, Vichi M. The impact of the major causes of death on life expectancy in Italy. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999; 28(5): 905-910.##8. Lai D, Hardy RJ. Potential gains in life expectancy or years of potential life lost: impact of competing risks of death. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999; 28: 894-898.##9. Wang HG. Study on the Influence of Main Diseases to Life expectancy of Chinese Residents. Peking Union Medical College, Master Thesis; 2011.##10. Elizabeth A, Melonie H, Betzaida T. United States life tables eliminating certain causes of death, 1999–2001. National Vital Statistics Report. 2013; 9(61): 1-128. ##11. Zhao NQ, Chen F. Health Statistics. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2008.##12. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014.##13. Missov TI. Gamma-Gompertz life expectancy at birth. Demographic Research. 2013; 28(9), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2012.28.9.##14. Barford A, Dorling D, Davey Smith G, Shaw M. Life expectancy: women now on top everywhere. BMJ. 2006; 332.##15. Registrar General of India. SRS Based Abridged Life Tables 2014-18. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2020. ##16. Mathers CD, Fat DM, Inoue M, Rao C, Lopez AD. Counting the death and what they died from: an assessment of the global status of cause of death data. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83(3): 172-177.##17. Registrar General of India. Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death, 2017. Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division, Government of India; 2019.##18. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 1993.##19. Gulati BK, Pandey A, Ubaidullah M. Potential gain in life expectancy after partial and complete elimination of specified causes of death: An analysis of Medical Certification of Causes of Death data in India and its selected states; International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development. 2015; 2(4): 508-512.##20. Mahapatra P & Rao CPV. Cause of death reporting systems in India: A performance analysis. National Medical Journal of India. 2001; 14(3): 154-162.##21. Hinde A. Demographic Methods. London: Arnold publishers; 1998.##22. Siegel JS and Swanson DA. (Editors). The Methods and Materials of Demography, 2nd Edition. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004.##23. Beltran-Sanchez H, Preston SH, Canudas-Romo V. An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: cause-deleted life tables and decompositions of life expectancy. Demographic Research. 2008; 19 (35): 1323–1350. doi: 10.4054/DemRes. 2008; 19: 35.##24. Registrar General of India. Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2017. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2018. ##25. Murray CJL & Lopez A. The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Harvard School of Public Health. 1996.##26. Registrar General of India. Population Projection for India and States 2011–2036. Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2020. ##27. Greville TNE. Short methods of constructing abridged life tables. Record of the American Institute of Actuaries. 1943; 32(65): 29-42.##28. Tsai SP, Lee ES, Hardy RJ. The Effect of a Reduction in Leading causes of Death: Potential Gains in Life Expectancy. American Journal of Public Health. 1978; 68(10): 966-971. ##29. Jayachandran V. Study of cause of death and differential life expectancies in India: An empirical approach. Ph.D. Thesis, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai; 1999. ##30. Kulkarni MS, Ferreira AMA, Motghare DD. Potential gain in life expectancy with control of cardiovascular disease in India: A case study from Goa state. South Asian Journal of Preventive Oncology. 2004; 8(4).##31. Gulati BK, Sahu D, Kumar A, Rao MVV. Potential gain in life expectancy by gender after elimination of a specific cause of death in urban India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2020; 7(5): 1848-53.##32. GBD 2016 India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative CVD Collaborators. The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016. Lancet Glob Health. 2018; 6: e1339-51.##33. http://dghs.gov.in (accessed May 28, 2021).##34. http://pmjay.gov.in (accessed May 28, 2021).##35. Jan S, Laba T-L, Essue BM, et al. Action to address the household economic burden of non-communicable diseases. 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Reducing Organizational Cynicism in Health Promoting Girls' Schools: A Grounded Theory Approach 2 1   2 Background: Organizational cynicism is a negative attitude toward the organization. The design of health promoting schools (HPSs), one of the indicators of which is the creation of mental health for school staff, can reduce cynicism. Methods: The present study used a qualitative approach and the grounded theory (GT) method. The statistical population included all managers and assistants of secondary HPSs in Tabriz. The purposive sampling method was used, and the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Results: This research aimed to identify a model for reducing organizational cynicism in HPSs in Tabriz. According to the inclusion criteria and to reach data saturation, a semi-structured interview was conducted with eight people. Data analysis was performed based on Strauss and Corbin's continuous comparison strategy. The findings identified individuals, groups, and environments as factors affecting organizational cynicism (causative conditions). The basis and background of organizational cynicism is the internal and external environment of HPSs, which are also affected by the implementation barriers of HPS programs.  Conclusion: The best strategy for solving this problem is to build confidence in the design of the HPSs to attract cooperation in its implementation and create coordination between the activities of different organizations, which can lead to sustainable psychological outcomes and the success of HPSs programs.   275 284 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/23 1402/4/2 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/15 1402/6/24 Fateme Karimi Fateme Karimi Department of Educational Administration, School of Educational Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran ftmhkarimi@yahoo.com Behnam Talebi Behnam Talebi Department of Educational Administration, School of Educational Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran btalebi1972@gmail.com Organizational Cynicism Health Promoting Schools Grounded Theory 1. Yanchus NJ, Derickson R, Moore SC, et al. Communication and psychological safety in veterans’ health administration work environments. Journal of health organization and management. 2014; 28(6): 754-76.##2. Spector PE. Employee control and occupational stress. Current directions in psychological science. 2002; 11(4): 133-6.##3. Mete YA. Relationship between organizational cynicism and ethical leadership behaviour: A study at higher education. Procedia-Social and behavioral sciences. 2013; 89: 476-83.##4. Tabatabai M H. Tafsir al-Mizan Fifth edition. Qom: Office of the Society of Seminary Teachers; C. 18. 1995##5. Majlisi M B. Bihar al-Anwar al-Jamaa leder Akhbar al-Imam al-Athar. Beirut: Dar Ehiya al-Trath al-Arabi. 1403.##6. Chiaburu DS, Peng AC, Oh IS, et al. Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of vocational behavior. 2013; 83(2): 181-97.##7. Çınar O, Karcıoğlu F, Aslan İ. The relationships among organizational cynicism, job insecurity and turnover intention: A survey study in Erzurum/Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 150: 429-37.##8. Jabedar A. Investigating intra-organizational factors affecting the service motivation of employees of the police command of West Azerbaijan province. Quarterly Journal of Development of Human Resource Management and Support. 2011; 22.##9. Anita TL, Heisler WS, Janisse DL. Organizational Factors That Contribute To Operational Failures In Hospitals. Working paper 14-023, 2013, Harvard Business School; 2013.##10. Balochi H, Rastgar, A, et al . An interpretation of factors affecting organizational pessimism. Quarterly Journal of Government Organizations Management. 2015; 2(11).##11. García-Moreno MB, García-Moreno S, Nájera-Sánchez JJ, De Pablos-Heredero C. An explanatory model of the organizational factors that explain the adoption of E-business. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. 2016; 9(2): 547-81.##12. Khaki Gh. Research method with a grounded approach. Tehran: Fujan; 2013.##13. Danaei Fard H, et al. Qualitative methodology in management. Tehran: Safar; 2016##14. Iman M T. Qualitative research methodology. Qom: Seminary and University; 2015.##15. Farastkhah M. Qualitative research method in social sciences with emphasis on grounded theory. Aware Tehran; 2018##16. Strauss A, Corbin J, et al. The basis of qualitative research. Translated by Buyuk Mohammadi. Tehran: Publishing Center for Cultural Studies and Human Sciences; 2008##17. Strauss, Anselm L, Corbin, Juliet M. Basics of Qualitative Research : Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, Sage Publications, Inc. Second Edition. 1998##18. Mohammadpour A. Anti-method qualitative research method. Sociologists Publication. 2013.##19. Johnson RB, Christensen L. Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Sage publications; 2019.##20. Creswell JW. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Higher Ed; 2020.##21. Yasin T, Khalid S. Organizational cynicism, work related quality of life and organizational commitment in employees. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS). 2015; 9(2): 568-82.##22. Yıldız S, Şaylıkay M. The effect of organizational cynicism on alienation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014; 109: 622-7.## ##

Civil Liability Arising from Health and Medical Research 2 2 Background: In, health in addition to promoting medical knowledge, it aims to diagnose or treat diseases. According to ethical and legal principles, the damage to the patient in the process of health research must be fully compensated. Methods: In this research, the issued verdicts and the existing judicial procedures in legal cases in judicial and quasi-judicial authorities were analyzed in order to formulate the necessary legal theories with regard to the jurisprudential and legal basis of civil liability of researchers and scientific centers. To achieve results, it has been tried to avoid any violation of human rights without hindering the process of scientific research. Results: The basis of this view is moral and legal commitment of society to compensate for injuries caused by research, because ultimately, it is society that benefits from the results of medical and scientific research. As a result, it is better to provide legal support for the need to insure patients in medical research and to allocate special funds for damages resulting from medical research. Conclusion: There are drawbacks to filing a civil liability lawsuit for injuries caused by medical research; this is because it either leads to incomplete compensation or is an obstacle to medical research and medical researchers. Assuming the sole responsibility of research centers to create such liability insurance, legislators should enact comprehensive laws to resolve the existing ambiguities regarding the claim for injuries.   285 296 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/24 1401/12/5 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/9 1402/2/19 Ali Akbar Jafari Nadoushan Ali Akbar Jafari Nadoushan Faculty member of Law, Faculty of Law, Political Science and History, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran jafarinadoushan@yazd.ac.ir Hamid Rahmani Manshadi Hamid Rahmani Manshadi Faculty member of Law, Faculty of Law, Political Science and History, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran rahmani@yazd.ac.ir Medical Liability Civil Liability Compensation Medical Research Obligation 1. Hosseini Nejad H. Civil Liability, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press; 1991. [Persian]##2. Katozian N. Non-contractual obligations (coercive guarantee); 2007. [Persian]##3. Jafari Langroudi MJ. Legal Terminology, Fourteenth Edition, Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh Publishing; 2004. [Persian]##4. Plummer A-Abbasi, Zali A. Law and Ethics in Medical Research, first edition, Tehran: published by Sina Legal Cultural Institute, 2008. [Persian]##5. Stauch, M, Wheat, K & Tingle, J, Sourcebook on medical law, London: Cavendish sourcebook series, 2002.##6. Plomer, A, The law and ethics of medical research: international bioethics and human rights, Australia: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2005.##7. Ackerman TF. Human Subjects Research, Ethics, Compensation of Subjects for Inquiry; 2000.##8. Kopelman, Lm., human subjects research, ethics, and research on children, encyclopedia of ethical, legal, and policy issues in biotechnology; 2000.##9. Abbasi M. The Role of Satisfaction in Medical Research, First Edition, Tehran: Legal Publications; 2003. [Persian]##10. Deville KA, Brigham D. Liability in Clinical Trials Research, Chicago: The medical malpractice survival handbook, American College of Legal Medicine. Mosby Inc; 2007.##11. Abbasi M, Collection of articles on medical law, Tehran: legal publications; 2000. [Persian]##12. Mousavi Bojnourdi SM. Rules of Jurisprudence, Tehran: Oruj Publishing House. 2000; 1. [Persian]##13. Najafi MH, Jawahar al-Kalam. Tehran, third edition, Islamic Library. 1997; 27. [Arabic]##14. Mousavi Khomeini R, Tahrir al-Wasila. Qom, Islamic Islamic Library, 18th edition; 2002. [Arabic]##15. Giesen D. civil liability of physicians for new methods of treatment and experimentation, the international and comparative law quarterly.1976; 25(1): 180-213##16. Lele C & sharma S. compensation for research injuries: national regulations and international standards, international pharmaceutical industry, spring / summer. 2013; 5(2): 26-30##17. Miller R. Individual researcher liability for clinical research on humans, J Biolaw Bus. 2003; 6(2): 8-18##18. Skage DJ. The Law of Medical Ethics, translated by Bahram Mashayekhi and Mahmoud Abbasi, first edition, Tehran: Paya Publications; 1998. [Persian]##19‭. Leenen HJ. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬Patients' rights in European countries, translated by: Baqer Larijani and Mahmoud Abbasi, first edition,Tehran, Al-Hura Institute; 1998. [Persian]‬##20. Levine Rj. human subjects research, ethics, principles governing research with human subjects, encyclopedia of ethical, legal, and policy issues in biotechnology; 2000.##21. Ferry l. L'information dans la recherche biomédicale, Centre de Documentation multimédia en Droit médical de Paris 5, http://www.droit.univ-paris5.fr/cddm, 2001. ##22. Resnik DB. Compensation for Research-Related Injuries: Ethical and Legal Issues, Journal of Legal Medicine; 2006: 27. Available at: URL: www.researchgate.net ##23. Boila LR. Medical Liability in the Context of the Civil Liability "Crisis", Postmodern Openings. 2013; 4(1): 29-38##24. Abram MB. compensating for research injuries, A report on the ethical and legal implications of programs to redress injuries caused by biomedical and behavioral research, volume one, US President's commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical and behavioral research, Washington, DC,1982## ##

Identifying Effective Factors on Promoting Health and Hygiene Education in Secondary Schools of Sistan and Baluchistan Province: A Qualitative Study 2 2 Background: This was a qualitative study with the aim of specifying effective factors regarding the improvement of health and hygiene education in secondary schools of education and training in Zahedan city in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Methods: The research community included all the academic experts, principals, and healthcare providers of Sistan and Baluchistan province in the academic year 1401-1402.  Purposive sampling method was conducted on the statistical population, and those who met the criteria for entering the study were selected through snowball method. The number of samples was selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation, and 20 people were selected. Data were analyzed using content analysis method and theme analysis approach. Results: The results of the study led to the identification of effective factors on the promotion of health and hygiene education in secondary schools, which can be considered in health education plans of schools. Conclusion: By identifying effective factors on the promotion of health and hygiene education in secondary schools, effective measures can be taken in maintaining and promoting healthy lifestyle in future generations.   297 306 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/11 1402/3/21 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/25 1402/7/3 Mohamadamin Jahantigh Mohamadamin Jahantigh Medical student, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran Iran mjahantigh54@gmail.com Reza Khamarniaei Reza Khamarniaei Executive Vice President of the Branch Management of Maskan Bank, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Zahedan, Iran Iran reza.kh1918@gmail.com Maryam Jahantigh Haghighi Maryam Jahantigh Haghighi Department of Nursing, School of Chabahar Nursing, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Chabahar, Iran Iran Farnaz Jahantigh Farnaz Jahantigh Health care, Education, Zahedan District 2, Zahedan, Iran Iran farnaz1011@gmail.com Education Health Hygiene Sistan and Baluchistan 1. Simovska V, Nordin LL, Madsen KD. Health promotion in Danish schools: local priorities, policies and practices. Health Promotion International. 2015; 31(2): 480-9.##2. Khodabandeh M, Maleki Avarasin S, Nikniaz L. The relationship between health literacy, perceived self-efficacy and self-care performance of female senior high school students in health promoting schools of Miyaneh, 2016-2017. Journal of Health Literacy. 2017; 2(3): 164-76. [Persian]##3. Bramke, Moin, Laden. Comparison of personality traits and mental health of gifted and normal students of the first secondary education of one district of Shiraz. Psychology studies and educational sciences. 2020; 31(6): 255-65.##4. Khosroshahi JB, Kaleybar RH, Farid A. The effectiveness of promoting health education program on academic stress, life skills and risky behaviors among students. 2017. [Persian]##5. Ramezani H, Nikbakht HA, Nasrollahpour Shirvani SD, Ahoei KH, Mohsenian H. 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The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Understanding and Interpreting the Quran 2 2 No Abstract ​ 310 311 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/112023/01/62024/01/10 1402/10/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/252022/04/192023/11/28 1402/9/7 Farzan Madadizadeh Farzan Madadizadeh 1. Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com Sajjad Bahariniya Sajjad Bahariniya MSc student of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com Artificial Intelligence Quran Interpreting 1. Rahman J. Spiritual Gems of Islam: Insights & Practices from the Qur'an, Hadith, Rumi & Muslim Teaching Stories to Enlighten the Heart & Mind: SkyLight Paths Publishing; 2013.##2. Badri M. Contemplation:: An Islamic Psychospiritual Study (New Edition): International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT); 2018.##3. Akkila AN, Abu-Naser SS. Rules of Tajweed the Holy Quran intelligent tutoring system. 2018.##4. Rostam NAP, Malim NHAH. Text categorisation in Quran and Hadith: Overcoming the interrelation challenges using machine learning and term weighting. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences. 2021; 33(6): 658-67.##5. Korteling J, van de Boer-Visschedijk GC, Blankendaal RA, et al. Human-versus artificial intelligence. Frontiers in artificial intelligence. 2021; 4: 622364.##6. Natale S, Ballatore A. Imagining the thinking machine: Technological myths and the rise of artificial intelligence. Convergence. 2020; 26(1): 3-18.##7. Haleem MA. The role of context in interpreting and translating the Qur'an. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 2018; 20(1): 47-66.##8. Abdulkader ZN, Al-Irhayim YFM. A Review of Arabic Intelligent Chatbots: Developments and Challenges. Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ). 2022; 27(2): 178-89.##9. Harish R, Raghavendra Rao G, editors. Transcription of Ancient Indian Manuscripts Through Artificial Intelligence—Current Status of Technology and the Way Forward. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence on Textile and Apparel; 2023: Springer.##10. Raquib A, Channa B, Zubair T, et al. Islamic virtue-based ethics for artificial intelligence. Discover Artificial Intelligence. 2022; 2(1): 11.## ##

A Gentle Introduction to Cross-Cultural Adapting of Questionnaires in Medical Research 2 2 No Abstract 312 314 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/112023/01/62024/01/102024/01/10 1402/10/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/252022/04/192023/11/282023/11/28 1402/9/7 Farzan Madadizadeh Farzan Madadizadeh Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com Forouzan Zare Forouzan Zare Department of Health Technology Assessment, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran forouzan.zare@gmail.com Cross-Cultural Adaptation Scale Translation 1. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 1993; 46(12): 1417-1432.##2. Gjersing L, Caplehorn JR, Clausen T. Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC medical research methodology. 2010; 10(1): 1-10.##3. Yasir A. Cross cultural adaptation & psychometric validation of instruments: Step-wise. International journal of psychiatry. 2016; 1(4).##4. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, et al. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000; 25(24): 3186-91.##5. Bonomi AE, Cella DF, Hahn EA, et al. Multilingual translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) quality of life measurement system. Quality of Life research. 1996; 5: 309-20.##6. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, et al. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in health. 2005; 8(2): 94-104.##7. Squires A. Language barriers and qualitative nursing research: methodological considerations. International nursing review. 2008; 55(3): 265-273.##8. World Health Organization. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. WHO; 2014.## ##