Clinical Profile and Pulmonary Function Tests among Females Exposed to Household Fuel Smoke in Bhavnagar, Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Study 2 2 Background: Studies from developing countries, suggest that exposure to smoke from household fuels like wood, animal dung, and kerosene used for domestic cooking, may be a risk factor for airway diseases among women. This study aims to find the effect of household fuel smoke among them through clinical profile and pulmonary function test. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in respiratory medicine outpatient department of Sir T Hospital in Government Medical College, Bhavnagar. Female participants were interviewed with pretested semi-structured questionnaires. They included respiratory symptoms, housing condition, kitchen environment, type of household fuels, habits and history of passive smoking, the number of hours per day and the number of years spent for cooking (biomass exposure index). Chest x-ray and pulmonary function tests like spirometry and diffusion capacity of lungs were performed. Through purposive sampling, 100 female participants were included in the study, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 versions and Chi-square test. Results: The total number of participants was 100 with a mean age of 46.89±12. Three out of 10 had a history of passive smoking. Most of the patients suffered from dyspnea (84%) and cough (76%) as the main symptoms. Nearly half (43%) of them had a runny nose. 30% were passive smokers and 70% were nonsmokers. The patients’ cough and expectoration had a significant association with forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/ Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) > 70 (P = 0.02). The study suggested that with aging, the odds for Fev1/FVC becoming <70 (OR: 4.24; 95% CI: 1.14-15.72, p = 0.03) goes higher. The patients who had a history of exposure to smoking had higher odds of having FEV1/FVC<70 (OR: 4.000; CI: 1.4851 to 10.7739, p = 0.006). Conclusion: The findings suggest that clinical symptoms like dyspnea and cough are significant when there is exposure to household fuels like kerosene, animal dung and wood usage. Smoke emitted from such fuels play an important role in deterioration of lung functions. Efforts should be made to create awareness regarding household fuel smoke effect on health and reduction of their use. 1 6 2020/12/15 1399/9/25 2021/04/28 1400/2/8 Patel Bhoomika Dahyabhai Patel Bhoomika Dahyabhai Department of Respiratory Medicine, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India India doctorbhoomika@gmail.com Dave Jigna Dinkarbhai Dave Jigna Dinkarbhai Department of Respiratory Medicine, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India India drjignadave@yahoo.co.in Mehta Jilan Rameshchandra Mehta Jilan Rameshchandra Shivam Chest and allergy Clinic, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India India jilanrmehta@gmail.com Engti Raktim Engti Raktim Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India India Gohel Kalpeshkumar Kanabhai Gohel Kalpeshkumar Kanabhai Nadiad Civil Hospital, Gujarat, India India kgohel115@gmail.com Agrawal Siddhant Vinodkumar Agrawal Siddhant Vinodkumar DM Gastroenterology at Hyderabad, India India siddhantagrawal625@gmail.com Pujari Shivkumar Pujari Shivkumar Hri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) College of Medical Sciences and Hospital Dharwad Sattur Karnatak, India India drshivpujari@gmail.com kalkotar Sandeep kalkotar Sandeep Maa Hospital, Katargam, Surat, Gujarat, India India Sandeep kalkotar@gmail.com Household Fuel Smoke Exposure Kaccha House Pakka House Biomass Exposure Index Pulmonary Function Test 1. Organ C, Nunn CL, Machanda Z, et al. Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(35): 14555-9. ##2. Wikipedia F, Fora K. Control of fire by early humans Lower Paleolithic evidence. 2013; 1-7. ##3. Miller K. Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire. Discover [Internet]. 2013; 1-9. Available at: http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire##4. Organization (WHO) WH. Household Air Pollution. 2022; 210-21. ##5. Garg A, Bagri S, Choudhrary P, et al. The adverse effects of solid biomass fuel exposure on lung functions in non-smoking female population. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2022; 11(6): 2499-502. ##6. Koning HW, Smith KR LJ. Biomass fuel combustion and health. Bull ofthe WorldHealth Organ. 1985; 63(1): 11-26. ##7. Balakrishnan K, Parikh J, Sankar S, et al. Daily average exposures to respirable particulate matter from combustion of biomass fuels in rural households of Southern India. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110(11): 1069-75. ##8. Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet. 2009; 374(9691): 733-43. ##9. Mahesh PA, Jayaraj BS, Prabhakar AK, et al. Identification of a threshold for biomass exposure index for chronic bronchitis in rural women of Mysore district, Karnataka, India. Indian J Med Res. 2013; 137(1): 87-94. ##10. Pandey MR, Smith KR, Boleij JSM, et al. Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children. Lancet. 1989; 333(8635): 427-9. ##11. Behera D, Jindal SK. Respiratory symptoms in Indian women using domestic cooking fuels. Chest. 1991; 100(2): 385-8. ##12. Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J. 2005; 26(1): 153-61. ##13. Pathak U, Kumar R, Suri TN, et al. Impact of biomass fuel exposure from traditional stoves on lung functions in adult women of a rural Indian village. Lung India. 2018; 36(5): 376-83. ##14. Sehgal M, Rizwan SA, Krishnan A. Disease burden due to biomass cooking-fuel-related household air pollution among women in India. Glob Health Action. 2014; 7(1): 2-3. ##15. Kim SJ, Lee J, Park YS, et al. Age-related annual decline of lung function in patients with COPD. Int J COPD. 2015; 11: 51-60. ##16. Sharma G, Goodwin J. Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology. Clin Interv Aging. 2006; 1(3): 253-60. ##17. GOLD COPD Report: 2023 update. Vol. 11. 2023. ##18. Bajpai J, Kant S, Bajaj DK, et al. Clinical, demographic and radiological profile of smoker COPD versus nonsmoker COPD patients at a tertiary care center in North India. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2019; 8(7): 2364-8. ##19. Brashier B, Kajale S, Tambe S, et al. 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Explaining the Factors Involved in Psychological Effects of Covid-19 on Health Care Workers by Interpretive Structural Modeling 2 2 Background: Spread of COVID-19 worldwide created anxiety, stress. In the meantime, healthcare workers have been suffering from significant psychological distress due to providing direct care to the patient, side injuries and quarantine. The present research aims to investigate and identify the factors involved in reduction of psychological effects of COVID-19 by interpretive structural modeling. Methods: This study was a mixed study (quantitative and qualitative). The study population included doctors, supervisors and nurses of the clinical departments of Khatam-ul-AnbiyaAbarkoh Hospital in Yazd. The participants were selected using the snowball sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In the qualitative part of the research, mainly library studies and expert opinions were used. In the quantitative part of the research, the structural self-interaction matrix was used. The final analysis was performed by MATLAB2018. Results: The results show that the most psychological effects of Covid-19 are related to "appropriate measures to reduce the disease such as environmental ventilation" and "financial support of personnel" and "sufficient provision of personal protective equipment" and "dedicated sufficient manpower to the involved departments" (with a power of 8). And the lowest influence is related to "continuous training of stress management and constant presence of a psychologist" (with an influence of influence 5) Conclusion: The basic factors in the research model include continuous stress management training, the presence of a psychologist, and inspection of infected areas. By the management team and providing adequate personal protective equipment. 7 17 2020/12/152022/04/20 1401/1/31 2021/04/282022/11/1 1401/8/10 Mohammad Ziaadini Mohammad Ziaadini Department of Management, Rafsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan, Iran Iran Mziaaddini@yahoo.com Mohammad Sadegh Abolhasani Mohammad Sadegh Abolhasani Department of Management, Rafsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan, Iran Iran Mziaaddini@yahoo.com Homa Khazaee Homa Khazaee ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran Homakhazaeei@yahoo.com Mohammad Zarezadeh Mohammad Zarezadeh ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran Mziaaddini@yahoo.com Sedigheh Asadi Sedigheh Asadi ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran Mziaaddini@yahoo.com Farzaneh Ghorbani Farzaneh Ghorbani ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran Mziaaddini@yahoo.com Elaheh Salarikhah Elaheh Salarikhah ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran Mziaaddini@yahoo.com covid-19 mental health psychological effects 1. 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Mental distress among Liberian medical staff working at the China Ebola Treatment Unit: a cross sectional study. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2015; 13(1): 1-6.##12. Huang L, rong Liu H. Emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and nursing college students during COVID-19 outbreak. MedRxiv. 2020.##13. Warfield JN. Developing interconnection matrices in structural modeling. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 1974; (1): 81-7.##14. Li W, Yang Y, Liu Z-H, Zhao Y-J, et al. Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International journal of biological sciences. 2020; 16(10): 1732.##15. Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang Y-T, Liu Z, et al. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(4): e17-e8.##16. Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. 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Investigating the Relationship between Job Fit and Job Stress and Organizational Performance of Yasuj Health Center Personnel in the West of Iran 2 1 . 2 Background: Stress of managers and employees of the organization reflected in the efficiency of the organization. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between job fit and stress, and organizational performance of Yasouj Health Center Personnel in the west of Iran. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Yasouj in the west of Iran in 2020. The sample consisted of 196 managers, experts and staff in health centers of Yasouj who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The instrument used in this study was job Fit, job stress, and organizational performance questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient test and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze data by SPSS 20 and a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: There was a direct and significant relationship between job fit, personality and job stress and organizational performance (r = 0.633 and P-value = 0.00) (r = 0.612 and P-value = 0.00); there was a significant relationship between job fit and job stress (r = 0.881 and P-value = 0.00). Moreover, all components of job fit and job stress were able to predict organizational performance (p < 0.05). The variables of job stress and job fit had an effect on the organizational performance of the employees. Conclusion: Considering the strong and positive relationship between job fit and stress and organizational performance, the results of the study can be used in management planning for job suitability and reducing the stress of employees, and improving their performance. Corresponding Author: Zohreh Karimiankakolaki View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Profile 18 24 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/27 1400/10/6 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/5 1402/1/16 Farnaz Shojaei Farnaz Shojaei Department of Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran zohre_116@yhaoo.com Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Zohreh Karimiankakolaki Department of Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran Iran zohrehkarimian68@gmail.com Job Fit Job Stress Organizational Performance Health Center Personnel 1. Gholi pour A, Salami H, Einian M. Explain the effects of personality on work-family conflict and its consequences on employees. Journal of Development Evolution Management. 2009; 1(1): 29-40. [Persian]##2. Kazemi A, Shaemi A. Analyzing the Effect of Person-Job Fit and Person-Organization Fit on Psychological Empowerment. Management Researches. 2016; 9(33): 167-89. [Persian]##3. Spector PE. Industrial and organizational psychology. Research and, 2008, John of Wiley and Soons, Inc P205-213.##4. Ivancevich JM, Ganster DC. Job stress: From theory to suggestion: Routledge; 2014.##5. Kishita N, Shimada H. Effects of acceptance-based coping on task performance and subjective stress. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. 2011; 42(1): 6-12.##6. Mosakhani M, Naebi A, Bakhshi J. Provide a methodology for evaluating the performance of suppliers in the outsourcing process. Knowledge Management Quarterly. 2007; 20(77): 123-38. [Persian]##7. Deniz N, Noyan A, Ertosun ÖG. Linking person-job fit to job stress: The mediating effect of perceived person-organization fit. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 207: 369-76.##8. Armstrong M. A handbook of Human Resource Management Practices, 10th Ed, p.cm. 2006: 389-409.##9. E F, Afrasiabi R. Examining the relationship between employee job suitability and its effect on improving organizational performance. 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The Relationship between Organizational Learning and Performance among Experts of Physical Education Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran. Sport Management Journal. 2009; 1(1): 237-47. [Persian]##15. Safarkhanlou J, Nezhad Ismail Azizi M. Reviewing the connection between personality feature with the career and satisfaction of the staff of security organizations. SPAPS. 2019; 14(52): 29-58.##16. Aghoshani F, Doumehri M, Zamani F, Soleimani A. Investigating the relationship between job and personality type and its relationship with the performance of Damghan Health Network staff. International Conference on Management and Accounting. 2016. https://civilica.com/doc/553896. [Persian]##17. Mohammadi J, Rahimi F, Fakher E, Shoebi G. Evaluation of Personality-Job Fit and Its Relationship with Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Employees of Khuzestan Steel Company. Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies. 2016; 3(1): 19-40. 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Journal of Service Science and Management. 2016; 9(3): 189-94.##23. Dehghani A, Bahariniya S, Servat F. The relationship between job stress and job performance in staff staff of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in 2019. Tolooebehdasht. 2020; 19(2): 72-84. [Persian]##24. Ghaedamini Harouni A, Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi R, Sadeghi M. The Effect of Occupational Stress on Deviant Behaviors in the Workplace with the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Management and Sustainable Development Studies. 2022; 2(3): 19-35. [Persian]##25. Rasool SF, Wang M, Zhang Y, Samma M. Sustainable work performance: the roles of workplace violence and occupational stress. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(3): 912.##26. Amiri H. Comparison of conflict management and mental health of employees with job suitability with personality and without it in Khuzestan cement industry. 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Tutorial on Statistical Performance Evaluation Indices: A Review Study 2 2 Statistical indicators are essential parts of research in many scientific fields such as health and treatment. These indicators play a major role in the evaluation of many health indicators in the general population and can help predict future issues. Statistical indicators are needed to evaluate performance of the tests. Two of the primary indicators are sensitivity and specificity, and other indices are obtained from them. In this tutorial study, evaluation indicators of statistical performance such as false negative rate (FNR), false positive rate (FPR), false discovery rate (FDR), false omission rate (FOR), bookmaker informedness (BM), markedness (MK), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), prevalence threshold (PT), threat score (TS), prevalence (P), Fowlkes-mallows (FM), Phi-coefficient or Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and F1 score have been reviewed. 25 29 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/20 1401/6/29 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/29 1402/1/9 Farzan Madadizadeh Farzan Madadizadeh 1. Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir Hooman Yekrang Safakar Hooman Yekrang Safakar Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Hoomanyekrang@gmail.com Bita Forootani Bita Forootani Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Bita.frt@gmail.com Malihe Bolukyazdi Malihe Bolukyazdi Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mbolukyazdi69@gmail.com Zohreh Khosravani Shooli Zohreh Khosravani Shooli Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Zoh.khosravani@gmail.com Sajjad Bahariniya Sajjad Bahariniya Department of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com Data Accuracy Likelihood Ratio Test Sensitivity and Specificity Statistics 1. Singh JP. Predictive validity performance indicators in violence risk assessment: A methodological primer. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2013; 31(1): 8-22.##2. Dziak JJ, Coffman DL, Lanza ST, Li R, Jermiin LS. Sensitivity and specificity of information criteria. Briefings in bioinformatics. 2020; 21(2): 553-65.##3. Vafaie M, Biener M, Mueller M, Schnabel PA, André F, et al. Analytically false or true positive elevations of high sensitivity cardiac troponin: a systematic approach. Heart. 2014; 100(6): 508-14.##4. Garcia JA, Chamorro-Padial J, Rodriguez-Sanchez R, Fdez-Valdivia J. What is the sensitivity and specificity of the peer review process? Accountability in Research. 2022: 1-22.##5. Swift A, Heale R, Twycross A. What are sensitivity and specificity? Evidence-Based Nursing. 2020; 23(1): 2-4.##6. Lee J, Kim KW, Choi SH, Huh J, Park SH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating diagnostic test accuracy: a practical review for clinical researchers-part II. Statistical methods of meta-analysis. Korean journal of radiology. 2015; 16(6): 1188-96.##7. Toft N, Jørgensen E, Højsgaard S. Diagnosing diagnostic tests: evaluating the assumptions underlying the estimation of sensitivity and specificity in the absence of a gold standard. Preventive veterinary medicine. 2005; 68(1): 19-33.##8. Zhu W, Zeng N, Wang N. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, associated confidence interval and ROC analysis with practical SAS implementations. NESUG proceedings: health care and life sciences, Baltimore, Maryland. 2010; 19:67.##9. Lalkhen AG, McCluskey A. Clinical tests: sensitivity and specificity. Continuing education in anaesthesia critical care & pain. 2008;8(6):221-3.##10. Chu K. An introduction to sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios. Emergency Medicine. 1999; 11(3): 175-81.##11. Congalton RG. A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote sensing of environment. 1991; 37(1): 35-46.##12. Gaines P. 14: Accuracy, Precision, Mean and Standard Deviation. Brolin, B. 2004.##13. Saragiotis C, Kitov I, editors. Tuning IMS station processing parameters and detection thresholds to increase detection precision and decrease detection miss rate. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts; 2020.##14. Tomar P, Mishra R, Sheoran K. Prediction of quality using ANN based on Teaching‐Learning Optimization in component‐based software systems. Software: Practice and Experience. 2018; 48(4): 896-910.##15. Benjamini Y. Discovering the false discovery rate. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: series B (statistical methodology). 2010; 72(4): 405-16.##16. Storey JD. False Discovery Rate. International encyclopedia of statistical science. 2011; 1: 504-8.##17. Zafar MB, Valera I, Gomez Rodriguez M, Gummadi KP, editors. Fairness beyond disparate treatment & disparate impact: Learning classification without disparate mistreatment. Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web; 2017.##18. Powers DM. Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation. arXiv preprint arXiv: 201016061. 2020.##19. Glas AS, Lijmer JG, Prins MH, Bonsel GJ, Bossuyt PM. The diagnostic odds ratio: a single indicator of test performance. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2003; 56(11): 1129-35.##20. Yang Z. Likelihood ratio tests for detecting positive selection and application to primate lysozyme evolution. Molecular biology and evolution. 1998; 15(5): 568-73.##21. Balayla J. Prevalence threshold (ϕ e) and the geometry of screening curves. Plos one. 2020; 15(10): e0240215.##22. Wang C-C. On the calculation and correction of equitable threat score for model quantitative precipitation forecasts for small verification areas: The example of Taiwan. Weather and forecasting. 2014; 29(4): 788-98.##23. Information mh. what is prevalence 2022 [cited 2022 14th January]. Available from: https://www. nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/what-is-prevalence.##24. Porta M. A dictionary of epidemiology, 5th edition. A call for submissions through an innovative wiki. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2006; 60(8): 653.##25. Nemec A, Brinkhurst R. The Fowlkes–Mallows statistic and the comparison of two independently determined dendrograms. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1988; 45(6): 971-5.##26. Fowlkes EB, Mallows CL. A Method for Comparing Two Hierarchical Clusterings. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1983; 78(383): 553-69.##27. Perry NC, Michael WB. The Estimation of a Phi Coefficient for An Entire Criterion Group From a Phi Coefficient Calculated From Use of the Extreme Tails of a Normal Distribution of Criterion Scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1951; 11(4-1): 629-38.##28. Science td. the F1 score 2021 [cited 2022 14th January]. 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Risk Perception, Behavior Change and Perceived Impact due to COVID-19 Pandemic among General Population in Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-Sectional Study 2 2 Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected countries all over the world. Assessment of risk perception and scaling up appropriate behavioral practices are of utmost importance for its prevention and control. The objectives of this study were identifying risk perception, behavioral changes and perceived impact as a result of COVID-19 and its associated factors among general population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done during the first wave of COVID-19 among general population in Tamil Nadu, India. A semi-structured questionnaire was prepared in Google forms and circulated using WhatsApp during April and June 2020. The sample size was calculated at 384. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21.0. Association between the variables was analyzed using Chi-square test. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean age was 38.4 ±13.8, and 52.1% of the participants were females. Almost 2/3rdhad perceived risk of catching COVID-19, which was more among respondents aged 20-39 and residing in urban area. Among the behavior change measures, wearing mask in public places was practiced by 95%, followed by hand washing (90.4%) and social distancing (80%). More than 50% had some form of psychological stress that included inability to perform their daily routines, anxiously browsing media for information about COVID-19, not going to work .etc. Conclusion: General public staying in rural areas have not completed secondary school education, and the elderly have to be targeted to provide appropriate information about COVID-19 and its preventive measures. 31 41 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/19 1400/2/29 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/19 1401/9/28 Hemalatha Kumarasamy Hemalatha Kumarasamy Department of Community Medicine, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Medical University, Tamil Nadu , India India drkhemalatha@gmail.com Prabha Thangaraj Prabha Thangaraj Department of Community Medicine, Trichy SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Medical University, Tamil Nadu , India India prabha_thangaraj@yahoo.com Behavior COVID-19 Perception Population Practice Risk 1. Madhav N, Oppenheim B, Gallivan M, et al. Chapter 17. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/. Last accessed on May 18, 2021.## 2. A brief guide to emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses. 2014. World health Organization. Geneva. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204722.Last accessed on May 17, 2021.##3. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 16-24 February 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf. Last accessed on May 15, 2021.##4. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/ who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic. Last accessed on May 18, 2021.##5. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 85. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200414-sitrep-85-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=7b8629bb_4. Last accessed on August 20, 2020.##6. Daily report on Public Health measures taken for COVID-19. Media Bulletin 15. 04. 2020. State control room, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Tamil Nadu.##7. PM calls for complete lockdown of entire nation for 21 days. Public Information Bureau. Government of India. Delhi. Available at: https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1608009. Last accessed on September 3, 2020.##8. Containment plan for large outbreaks. Novel Corona Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/3ContainmentPlanforL argeOutbreaksof COVID19Final.pdf. Last accessed on August 23, 2020.## 9. Technical report. Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19- second update. European Centre for Disease prevention and Control. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/considerations-relating-social-distancing-measures-response-covid-19-second. Last accessed on February 20, 2021.##10. Davis R, Campbell R, Hildon Z, Hobbs L, Michie S. Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review. Health Psychol Rev. 2015; 9(3): 323-344. ##11. Kasperson RE, Renn O, Slovic P, Brown HS, Emel J, et al. The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework. Risk Analysis. 1988; 8(2): 177-187##12. Strong C, Ansons T. Responding to COVID-19: The importance of understanding how we evaluate risk. IPSOS. 2020.##13. Dillard AJ, MidboeAM, Klein WM. The dark side of optimism: Unrealistic optimism about problems with alcohol predicts subsequent negative event experiences. Personality and social psychology bulletin. 2009; 35(11): 1540-1550.##14. Dillard AJ, McCaul KD, Klein WM. Unrealistic optimism in smokers: Implications for smoking myth endorsement and self-protective motivation. Journal of Health Communication. 2006; 11(S1): 93–102.##15. Ferrer RA, Klein WM, Zajac LE, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Muldoon MF, et al. Unrealistic optimism is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Health Psychology. 2012; 31(6): 815-820.##16. Katapodi MC, Dodd MJ, Lee KA, Facione NC. Underestimation of breast cancer risk: influence on screening behavior. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2009; 36(3): 306–314. ##17. Kuang J, Ashraf S, Das U, Bicchieri C. Awareness, risk perception, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in communities of Tamil Nadu, India. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020; 17(19): 7177.##18. Shahin MA, Hussien RM. Risk perception regarding the COVID-19 outbreak among the general population: a comparative Middle East survey. Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2020; 27(1): 1-9.##19. Honarvar B, Lankarani KB, Kharmandar A, Shaygani F, Zahedroozgar M, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, risk perceptions, and practices of adults toward COVID-19: a population and field-based study from Iran. International journal of public health. 2020; 65(6): 731-9.##20. Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model.Health education quarterly. 1988; 15(2): 175-83.##21. Jose R, Narendran M, Bindu A, Beevi N, Manju L, et al. Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic COVID 19: a health belief model approach. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2021; 9: 41-6.##22. Kutikuppala LV, Kiran AS, Suvvari TK. Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward the COVID-19 pandemic among the Indian general population: A cross-sectional survey. Indian Journal of Respiratory Care. 2021; 10(1): 88.##23. Singh AK, Agrawal B, Sharma A, Sharma P. COVID‐19: Assessment of knowledge and awareness in Indian society. Journal of Public Affairs. 2020; 20(4): e2354.##24. Ferdous MZ, Islam MS, Sikder MT, Mosaddek AS, Zegarra-Valdivia JA, et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: An online-based cross-sectional study. PloS one. 2020; 15(10): e0239254.##25. Lee M, Kang BA, You M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in South Korea. BMC public health. 2021; 21(1): 1-0.##26. Government of India. Transforming India. COVID-19. Busting myths. Available at: https://transformingindia.mygov.in/covid-19/?sector=myth-busters&type=en#scrolltothis. Last accessed on May 5, 2021.##27. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters. Last accessed on May 5, 2021.##28. Afzal MS, Khan A, Qureshi UU, Saleem S, Saqib MA, et al. Community-based assessment of knowledge, attitude, practices and risk factors regarding COVID-19 among Pakistanis residents during a recent outbreak: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Community Health. 2020: 1-1.## ##

A Qualitative Study on Prolonged Grief for the Loss of Spouse in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring Lived Experience 2 2 Background: Millions of people's lives, as well as their physical and mental health, were put in jeopardy when COVID-19 emerged. The pandemic resulted in a high death rate. Health protocols prevented the bereaved from attending the funeral. As a result, many people faced unfinished mourning. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the meaning of mourning and the strategies used by bereaved spouses Methods: The research method was qualitative and based on descriptive phenomenological strategy. Among the bereaved people who met the criteria to enter the research, 15 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and using semi-structured interviews until saturation was reached. The data were coded using the Colaizi method and finally the results were analyzed using the MAXQDA software. Results: After extracting the research findings in the form of 460 concepts, 27subcategories, and 9 main categories, they were represented as an educational package. Major themes were the obligation to hold mourning, social feedback from others, gradual healing, the experience of widowhood, existential emptiness, psychological collapse, the progressive repercussions of widowhood, and comprehensive self-talk about complicated pathological effects of death and mourning Conclusion: Considering Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the lack of mourning for the loss of a spouse, health care practitioners must address these women's psychological and social needs. Thus, knowing these problems can assist health care workers and bereaved women's families in minimizing the psychological challenges of acute sorrow. 42 51 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/13 1400/11/24 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/12 1401/7/20 Maryam Kalantari Maryam Kalantari Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran ایران kalantari50@yahoo.com Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran ایران mailto:Zareei_h@yahoo.com Najmeh Sedrpooshan Najmeh Sedrpooshan Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran ایران mailto:S.sedrpoushan@gmail.com Bereaved people Phenomenology Grief 1. Howarth R. Concepts and controversies in grief and loss. Journal of mental health counseling. 2011; 33(1): 4-10.##2. Malkinson R. Cognitive-behavioral therapy of grief: A review and application. Research on Social Work Practice. 2001; 11(6): 671-698.##3. Seddighi Z, Soltani S. Prevalence of psychological disorders and mental health in working women with school children during the Covid-19 era. The first national conference on the production of health knowledge in the face of corona and governance in the post-corona world: undefined; 2021.##4. Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F. Role of telehealth in the management of COVID-19: lessons learned from previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola outbreaks. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020.##5.Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, et al. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2020; 74(4): 281-282.##6. Yin X, Wang J, Feng J, et al. The Impact of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 Outbreak on Chinese Residents’ Mental Health. Available at SSRN 3556680. 2020.##7. Hoseini E, Zare F. Application of E-health in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Journal of Community Health Research. 2020; 9(2): 66-68.##8. Shear K, Monk T, Houck P, et al. An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2007; 257(8): 453-461.##9. Tang S, Xiang Z. Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19 prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults? Globalization and health. 2021; 17(1): 1-9.##10. Lundorff M, Holmgren H, Zachariae R, et al. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders. 2017; 212: 138-149.##11. Eisma MC, Boelen PA, Lenferink LI. Prolonged grief disorder following the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 288: 113031.##12. Johns L, Blackburn P, McAuliffe D. COVID-19, prolonged grief disorder and the role of social work. International Social Work. 2020; 63(5): 660-4.##13. Ingles J, Spinks C, Yeates L, et al. Posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief after the sudden cardiac death of a young relative. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2016; 176(3): 402-405.##14. Boelen PA, van Denderen M, de Keijser J. Prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, anger, and revenge phenomena following homicidal loss: the role of negative cognitions and avoidance behaviors. Homicide Studies. 2016; 20(2): 177-195##15. He L, Tang S, Yu W, et al. The prevalence, comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults. Psychiatry research. 2014; 219(2): 347-352.##16. Wanna R, Lueboonthavatchai P. Prevalance of complicated grief and associated factors in psychiatric outptients at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand. 2015; 60(2): 85-98.##17. Djelantik AMJ, Smid GE, Mroz A, et al. The prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in bereaved individuals following unnatural losses: Systematic review and meta regression analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 265: 146-156.##18.Yi X, Gao J, Wu C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved survivors seven years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China: a cross-sectional study. International journal of nursing sciences. 2018; 5(2): 157-161.##19. Fujisawa D, Miyashita M, Nakajima S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of complicated grief in general population. Journal of affective disorders. 2010; 127(1-3): 352-358.##20. Maxfield M, John S, Pyszczynski T. A terror management perspective on the role of death-related anxiety in psychological dysfunction. The Humanistic Psychologist. 2014; 42(1): 35-53.##21. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 11th ed: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.##22. Worden JW. Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner: springer publishing Company; 2019. 293 pp.##23. Lenferink LI, Eisma MC, Smid GE, et al. Valid measurement of DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder and DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder: The Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report Plus (TGI-SR+). Comprehensive psychiatry. 2022; 112: 152281.##24. Faramarzi S, Asgari K, Taghavi FJRiBS. The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the rate of high school students with abnormal grief. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2013; 5: 373-382.##25. Goveas JS, Shear MK. Grief and the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020; 28(10): 1119-25.##26. Azim Oghlui Oskooi PB, farahbakhsh K, moradi O. Effective fields the experience of mourning after the death of a family member: A phenomenological study %J Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy. 2020; 12(45): 117-160.##27. Blankmeyer K, Hackathorn J, Bequette AW, et al. Till death do we part: Effects of mortality salience on romantic relationship factors. Unpublished manuscript, Saint Louis University. 2011.##28. Spitzenstätter D, Schnell T. Effects of mortality awareness on attitudes toward dying and death and meaning in life—a randomized controlled trial. Death Studies. 2020: 1-15.##29. Yousefi P, Ghelichpoor S, zadeh AAH, et al. The effect of coronavirus pneumonia 2019 on long-term grief disorder: A review study. The second research congress of students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2021.##30. Diolaiuti F, Marazziti D, Beatino MF, et al. Impact and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on complicated grief and persistent complex bereavement disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2021; 300: 113916.##31. Ahmadi K, Darabi A. The effectiveness of patience training on reducing grief and facilitating posttraumatic growth. Cultural Psychology. 2017; 1(1): 114-31.##32. Mortazavi SS, Assari S, Alimohamadi A, et al. Fear, loss, social isolation, and incomplete grief due to COVID-19: a recipe for a psychiatric pandemic. Basic and clinical neuroscience. 2020; 11(2): 225.##33. Nobahari A, Fathi E, Malekshahi Beiranvand F, et al. The Death awareness and Spiritual Experience of Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Outbreak. Journal of Community Health Research 2022; 11(1): 31-35.##34. Colaizzi PF, Valle RS, King M. Existential phenomenological alternatives for psychology. Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. 1978; 48-71.##35. Esmaeilpour K, Bakhshalizadeh Moradi S. The Severity of Grief Reactions Following Death of First-Grade Relatives. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2015; 20(4): 363-371.##36. Creswell JW. Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative: Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ; 2002.##37. Pérez HCS, Ikram MA, Direk N, et al. 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A Cross-sectional Study on Factors Influencing Health Services Utilisation for under-Five Morbidities in South Bengaluru 2 2 Background: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that seeking prompt and appropriate healthcare could reduce child deaths by nearly 30%. In this background, the present study was conducted to 1. assess the health services utilization for diarrhoea and ARI (acute respiratory infections) among under-5 children in South Bengaluru, 2. determine the factors influencing mothers for utilization of health services. Methods: Authors conducted a cross-sectional study in 10 randomly selected wards of South Bengaluru from July, 2019 to January, 2020 using multistage sampling. 432 mothers with under-5 children were interviewed regarding morbidities of their children in the previous one month and the health services they utilised, using a semi-structured questionnaire derived from multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS) by UNICEF. Data were analysed using SPSS 21.0 for descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: 95 of the participants had illnesses in the past one month; but, only 41 had used health facilities for treatment, mainly in the private sector (68.3%). The reasons for non-utilization of healthcare services were negligence (36.9%), long waiting time at the center (22.4%), financial constraints (20.4%) and mothers’ jobs (9.6%). The most significant factors influencing the health services utilisation were: literacy status of the mother (predisposing factor), low socio-economic status/ BPL (below poverty line) families (enabling factor), and severity of symptoms (need factor). Conclusion: Utilisation of healthcare services for under-five morbidities in the studied population was inadequate. The influencing factors have to be addressed on a priority basis to fulfil the goal of universal health coverage. 52 59 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/8 1401/4/17 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/2 1401/12/11 Ravish Haradanhalli Ravish Haradanhalli MD, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India India drravishhs@gmail.com Nitu Kumari Nitu Kumari MD, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India India nitu_beauty18@rediffmail.com Ramya Mandya Ramya Mandya MD, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Karnataka, India India dr.ramya01@gmail.com Jithin Surendran Jithin Surendran MD, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India India jithintittu@gmail.com Childhood Factors Healthcare Morbidities Usage 1. United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals 2018. Available at: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ health/. Accessed on August 3, 2019.##2. Universal health coverage. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage- (uhc). Accessed on August 9, 2019.##3. Sanjay Zodpey, Habib H Farooqui. Universal Health Coverage in India: Progress achieved & the way forward. Indian J Med Res. 2018; 147(4): 327–29.##4. World Health Organization. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025. The integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD), 2013. Available at: https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/global_action_plan_pneumonia_diarrhoea/en/. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##5. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) 2009. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Available at: www.nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/programmes/child-health/guidelines/ module_1.pdf. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##6. Rudan I, El AS, Bhutta ZA, et al. (2011) Setting research priorities to reduce global mortality from childhood pneumonia by 2015. PLoS Med8: e1001099.10. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3653794/. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##7. World Health Organization. (2012) Technical bases for the WHO recommendations on the management of pneumonia in children at first level health facilities. Available at: https://www.who.int/maternal_ child_adolescent/ documents/ ari_91_20/en/. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##8. National Family Health Survey 4, 2015 -16. State Fact Sheet Karnataka. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Available at: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/KA_FactSheet.pdf. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##9. Singh L, Singh CH. Rich–poor gap in maternal care: The case of Northeast India. Asian Population Studies 2007; 3(1): 79–94.##10. Monitoring results with health facility information systems: A technical consultation World Health ##Organization, Switzerland 2014. Available at: https://www.who.int/ healthinfo/facility_information_systems/ MonResultsFacilityInformationJune2014_ Summary Report.pdf. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##11. Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioural model and access to medical care: does it matter. J Health Soc Behav. 1995; 36: 1–10.##12. Randbetween Function. Available at: https:// support.office.com/ en‑us/article/ randbetween‑function‑4cc7f0d1‑87dc‑4eb7‑987f‑a46 9ab381685. Accessed on Nov 12, 2019.##13. UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). Available at: https://www.unicef.org/statistics/ index_24302.html. Accessed on August 14, 2019.##14. Sreerama reddy CT, Sathyanarayana TN, Kumar HNH. Utilization of HealthCare Services for Childhood Morbidity and Associated Factors in India: A National Cross-Sectional Household Survey. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(12): e51904.##15. Ghosh N, Chakrabarti I, Chakraborty M, et al. Factors affecting the healthcare-seeking behavior of mothers regarding their children in a rural community of Darjeeling district, West Bengal. Int J Med Public Health. 2013; 3: 12-6.##16. Metadel A, Bezatu M, Worku M, et al. Utilization of health facilities and predictors of health-seeking behavior for under-five children with acute diarrhoea in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2017; 36: 9.##17. Vachhani PV, Bhimani NR, Sutaria NB, et al. Utilization pattern of child health care services in the rural area of Surendranagar district: a community based cross sectional study. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017; 5: 4903-10.##18. Agunwa CC, Obi IE, Ndu AC, et al. Determinants of patterns of maternal and child health service utilization in a rural community in south eastern Nigeria. BMC Health Services Research. 2017; 17: 715-18##19. Forsberg BC, Petzold MG, Tomson G, et al. 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Structural Equation Modeling of Schema with Readiness of Addiction with the Mediator Variables Stress Coping Strategies and Cognitive Regulation of Emotion in Addicts with Drug Rehabilitation 2 2 Background: This study aims to model structural relationships of schema with the readiness of addiction with the mediation variables stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion in addicts with drug rehabilitation. Methods: This study is analytical-cross-sectional The sample consisted of 300 addicts with drug rehabilitation (18-55 years old) from 4 addiction treatment centers in 1401 in Amol city were selected based on stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire used in this study was Schema, Readiness of Addiction, stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion questionnaires. Analysis of data was performed based on the structural equations modeling in the software Amos 22. Sobel's test was used to examine mediating variables. Results: Findings showed that the schema affects the readiness for addiction with the mediation variables stress coping strategies and cognitive regulation of emotion in addicts with drug rehabilitation. The schema had a direct relationship with stress coping strategies in addicts with drug rehabilitation. It had a direct relationship with cognitive emotion regulation in addicts with drug rehabilitation. Cognitive emotion regulation had a direct relationship with susceptibility to addiction in drug addicts with drug rehabilitation. Stress coping strategies had a direct relationship with susceptibility for addiction in drug addicts with drug rehabilitation. Conclusion: Considering the predictive power of the variables, the results can be used in interventions and trainings in addiction treatment clinics. 60 69 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/30 1401/8/8 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/19 1401/9/28 Mahnaz Elahinezhad Mahnaz Elahinezhad Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudhen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudhen, Iran Iran mahnazelahinejad@yahoo.com Hossein Ebrahimi Moghadam Hossein Ebrahimi Moghadam Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudhen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudhen, Iran Iran hem_psy@yahoo.com Rahim Davari Rahim Davari Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Roudhen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudhen, Iran Iran davari@riau.ac.ir Schema Therapy Addiction Stress Emotional Regulation 1. Ghadimi A, Karami J, Yazdanbakhsh K. The relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and meta-cognitive beliefs with addiction potential. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2015; 17(2). [Persian]##2. Savage, E. H.Facilitator perceptions of mobile Access for social support in addiction relapse prevention. Dissertations & Thesis Capella University. 2016; 10-12.##3. Khademloo M, Mahmudi G, Shafiee S. Comparison of primary maladaptive Schema in patients under methadone maintenance treatment and healthy people in MMT clinics. International Journal of Medical Investigation. 2018; 7(1): 14-22. [Persian]##4. Kakavand R, Kakavand A, Hakami M. A Comparative Study of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Impulsivity Between Opioid Abusers and Non-Abusers. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2018; 6(3): 167-74. [Persian]##5. Bach B, Lockwood G, Young JE. A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive behaviour therapy. 2018; 47(4): 328-49. DOI:10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566.##6. Hedayat S, Arefi M, Mahdavi M. The role of early maladaptive schemas in predicting marital satisfaction of women working in Kermanshah police. Developmental Psychology. 2019; 4(37). [Persian]##7. Khajavi Z, Izadikhah Z. The mediating role of ambivalent insecure attachment style due to perceived rejection by the mother on the patterns of abandonment and emotional deprivation in women. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences (Scientific Research). 2018; 1(14). [Persian]##8. Young J, Closco Z, Wishar M Schema therapy (practical guide for clinicians). The tenth edition. Translated by Hamidpour H, Andooz Z. Tehran: Arjmand. 2018; 11: 268. [Persian]##9. Carré JM, Hyde LW, Neumann CS, et al. The neural signatures of distinct psychopathic traits. Social neuroscience. 2013; 8(2): 122-35.##10. Garland EL. Restructuring reward processing with Mindfulness‐Oriented Recovery Enhancement: novel therapeutic mechanisms to remediate hedonic dysregulation in addiction, stress, and pain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2016; 1373(1): 25-37.##11. Bozkurt G, İnal S, Yantiri L, et al. Relationship between Coping Strategies, Religious Attitude, and Optimism of Mothers of Children with Cancer. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. 2019 ; 30(4): 365–370.##12. Alzoubi FA, Al-Smadi AM, & Gougazeh YM. Coping strategies used by Syrian refugees in Jordan. Clinical Nursing Research. 2019; 28(4): 396–421. ##13. Kim B, Kim E, Lee SM. Examining longitudinal relationship among effort reward imbalance, coping strategies and academic burnout in Korean middle school students. School Psychology International. 2017; 38(6): 628-46.##14. Du Plessis G. Toward an integral model of addiction: By means of integral methodological pluralism and metatheoretical and integrative conceptual framework. Journal of Integral Theory and Practice. 2012; 7(3).##15. Ranjbar Noushri F, Alilou MM, Asadi M. Samarra; Gudari, Yalda and Najjar Mubaraki. Comparison of coping strategies with stress, perfectionism and self-efficacy in people with substance use disorder and normal people. Addiction Research Quarterly. 2012; 7(25): 39-56. [Persian]##16. Steiner H, Van Waes V. Addiction-related gene regulation: Risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants. Progress in neurobiology. 2013; 100: 60-80.##17. Tang YY, Tang R, Posner MI. Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2016; 163: 13-8.##18. Tabibnia G, Creswell JD, Kraynak TE, et al. Common prefrontal regions activate during self-control of craving, emotion, and motor impulses in smokers. Clinical Psychological Science. 2014; 2(5): 611-9.##19. Perez-Dandieu B. The impact of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and schema therapy on addiction severity among a sample of French women suffering from PTSD and SUD. Laboratoire Psychologie, Santé et Qualité de Vie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. 2015; 146: 68-69## ##

The Structural Model of Self-acceptance, Thematic Relationships and Hope for Employment through Mediating Sense of Agency and Its Effect on Life Quality of Blind and Low-vision Graduates 2 2 Background: The present study aims to use structural model in explaining the effect of unconditional self-acceptance, the quality of thematic relationships, and the hope for employment regarding the life quality of blind and visually impaired students based on the mediating role of the sense of agency. Methods: This study used descriptive research method of correlation type, which was carried out by structural equations. Moreover, this project was practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the current research included all the 12 to 35 blind and partially sighted people who were members of the Blind Association of Khuzestan province in 2022 with, university education (associate to doctorate). Targeted face sampling was used, and research tools included the following questionnaires: Life Quality of the Blind and Visually Impaired (2000), Unconditional Self-Acceptance (2001), the Quality of Subjective Relationships (1985), the Employment Hope (2007) and the Sense of Agency for People with Visual Impairments (2007). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The sum of squared multiple correlations (R2) for quality of life was equal to 0.58 (P = 0.001, β = 0.358). Accordingly, it can be said that the sense of agency mediates the effect of quality of the subject relationships regarding life quality of the blind graduates in a negative way, and the effect of hope for employment (β = 0.303, P = 0.001) and unconditional acceptance (β = 0.254, P = 0.001) on their life quality in a positive and meaningful way. Conclusion: Hope for employment and self-acceptance and the quality of local relationships as well as the sense of agency affect the life quality of blind and visually impaired people, and psychologists and people who are in contact with them. 70 80 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/8 1400/10/18 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/27 1402/3/6 Fatemeh Asvadzadeh Fatemeh Asvadzadeh Department of Educational Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran fatemeh.asvadzadeh@gmail.com Sahar Safarzadeh Sahar Safarzadeh Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran safarzadeh1152@yahoo.com Rezvan Homaei Rezvan Homaei Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran rezvanhomaei@gmail.com Hope for Employment Unconditional Self-acceptance Sense of Agency Quality of Subject Relationships Quality of Life 1. 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Ejiakor I, Achigbu E, Onyia O, et al. Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Visual Impairment on Quality of Life of Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in South East, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2022; 25(1): 5-11.##7. Ahmadizadeh Z, Kamran F, Kasbi F, et al. Quality of life and its related factors in Iranian mothers' with a mentally retarded child. Koomesh. 2018; 20(4).##8. Berger BG, Pargman D, Weinberg RS. Foundations of exercise psychology: Fitness Information Technology, Inc; 2002.##9. Kamelska AM, Mazurek K. The assessment of the quality of life in visually impaired people with different level of physical activity. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research. 2015; 67(1): 31-41.##10. Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, et al. The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life. Current opinion in ophthalmology. 2011; 22(1): 19-27.##11. Naseri Z. Compilation and test of the causal model of family functioning based on identity styles and self-acceptance with the mediation of self-esteem of female high school students of Anbarabad city; 2019.##12. Oyewole O, Odusan O, Bodunde O, et al. Self-acceptance and attitude towards disability among people with disability attending a Nigerian tertiary health facility. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research. 2017; 21(3): 1-10.##13. Plexico LW, Erath S, Shores H, et al. Self-acceptance, resilience, coping and satisfaction of life in people who stutter. Journal of fluency disorders. 2019; 59: 52-63.##14. Popov S, Radanović J, Biro M. Unconditional self-acceptance and mental health in ego-provoking experimental context. Suvremena psihologija. 2016; 19(1): 71-9.##15. Attari B, Munirpour N, Zarghami Hajbi M. The Relationship of happiness with self-acceptance, gratitude and forgiveness in the elderly: The Mediating role of self-efficacy. Aging Psychology. 2017; 4(3): 197-211.##16. Huprich SK, Greenberg RP. Advances in the assessment of object relations in the 1990s. Clinical psychology review. 2003; 23(5): 665-98.##17. Cassidy J. Adult romantic attachments: A developmental perspective on individual differences. Review of General Psychology. 2000; 4(2): 111-31.##18. Jafari Soltanabadi A, Monirpoor N, Mirzahouseini H. The Association of Couples' Feeling of Happiness with Differentiation of Self (DoS) and Early Object Relations with the Mediating Role of Religious Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Applied Family Therapy. 2021; 2(1): 159-76.##19. Weiten W, Dunn DS, Hammer EY. Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century: Cengage Learning; 2014.##20. Hong PYP, Polanin JR, Pigott TD. Validation of the employment hope scale: Measuring psychological self-sufficiency among low-income jobseekers. Research on Social Work Practice. 2012; 22(3): 323-32.##21. Lopez SJ, Pedrotti JT, Snyder CR. Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths: Sage publications; 2018.##22. Hong PYP, Choi S. The employment hope scale: Measuring an empowerment pathway to employment success. International Journal of Psychology Research. 2013; 8(3).##23. Donnell CM, Mizelle ND, Zheng Y. Consumers of Vocational Rehabilitation Services Diagnosed with Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Journal of Rehabilitation. 2009; 75(3).##24. Tsai S-Y. Health-related quality of life association with work-related stress and social support among female and male disabled employees. Women & health. 2016; 56(8): 957-76.##25. Miltiadou M, Savenye WC. Applying social cognitive constructs of motivation to enhance student success in online distance education. AACE Review (formerly AACE Journal). 2003; 11(1): 78-95.##26. Moradi J, Ebadi M, Shahrjerdi S, Golpaygani M. Relationship between postural abnormalities with quality of life and self efficacy of blinds and partially sighted people. Koomesh. 2020: 22 (1) :78-84##27. Jang H-J, Jeon M-K. Relationship between self-esteem and mental health according to mindfulness of university students. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2015; 8(21): 1-5.##28. Leube D, Whitney C, Kircher T. The neural correlates of ego-disturbances (passivity phenomena) and formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. 2008; 258: 22-7.##29. Sarabandi A, Kamali M, Mobaraki H. The relationship between impaired visual function and quality of life of the blind. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2013; 8(6): 1015-23.##30. Kalantari F. The effectiveness of rational-emotional behavioral therapy on body mass index, irrational food beliefs and weight self-efficacy, body image and self-acceptance in overweight female adolescents; 2013.##31. Hadinezhad H, Tabatabaeian M, Dehghani M. A Preliminary Study for Validity and Reliability of Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology. 2014; 20(2): 162-9.##32. Qureshi Rad FS. Investigating the Future of Employment in Humanities Students. Journal of Isfahan University. 2008; 29(1): 47-66.##33. Senra H, Hernandez-Moreno L, Moreno N, et al. Anxiety levels moderate the association between visual acuity and health-related quality of life in chronic eye disease patients. Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1): 2313.##34. Caputo EL, Porcellis da Silva RB, Leal da Cunha L, Krüger GR, Reichert FF. Physical Activity and Quality of Life in People With Visual Impairments: A Systematic Review. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 2022; 116(1): 48-60.##35. Patino CM, Varma R, Azen SP, et al. The impact of change in visual field on health-related quality of life: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. 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Investigating the Relationship between Internet Addiction and Dietary Behavior among Students: an analytical cross-sectional study 2 2 Background: Internet addiction can affect students' general health. Regarding to the importance of healthy eating and the impact on health and academic achievement of students. This research was conducted to aim the assessment of relationship between internet addiction and dietary behavior among students. Methods: In this an analytical cross-sectional study, 373 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated in 2020. Data were collected by Young's Internet Addiction Scale, demographic data and Dietary Behavior questionnaire. Data analyzed by SPSS V.21 and descriptive indicators including frequency, percentage, and inferential tests including chi-square test. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. Results: The majority of the student population had no internet addiction by 91.4%. Also, 8.3% and 0.3% from student population were potential risk and high risk respectively. There was a statistical significant correlation between levels of internet addiction and dietary behavior in high-fat diets (r = 0.483, P = 0.004), snacking (r = 0.455, P > 0.001), emotional eating behavior (r = 0.543, P > 0.001) and poor dietary pattern (r = 0.632; P < 0.001). Conclusions: It is suggested to improve students' beneficial use of the internet with training and improve their dietary behavior. 81 89 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/1 1400/5/10 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/19 1401/9/28 Ali Dehghani Ali Dehghani Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Paramedical, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran ali.dehghani2000@gmail.com Asieh Darvish Asieh Darvish Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran, Iran Iran sedarvish@yahoo.com Atefeh Barikani Atefeh Barikani Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran, Iran Iran barikani@yahoo.com Addiction Nursing Midwifery Students Dietary Addictive behavior 1. Bender PK, Plante C, Gentile DA. The effects of violent media content on aggression. Current opinion in psychology. 2018; 19: 104-8.##2. Alavi S. Psychometric properties of Young internet addiction test. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 4(3): 183-9. [Persian]##3. Young KS. Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. American behavioral scientist. 2004; 48(4): 402-15.##4. Spada MM. An overview of problematic Internet use. Addictive behaviors. 2014; 39(1): 3-6.##5. Lee EJ. A case study of internet game addiction. Journal of Addictions Nursing. 2011; 22(4): 208-13.##6. Bahri N, SadeghMoghadam L, Khodadost L, et al. Internet addiction status and its relation with students’ general health at Gonabad Medical University. Modern Care Journal. 2011; 8(3). [Persian]##7. Mazloomy Mahmoudabad SS, Lotfi MH, Ardian N, et al. The Internet Addiction and Related Factors among Students of Yazd Universities. Health Education and Health Promotion. 2014; 2(2): 21-9. [Persian]##8. Cho H, Kwon M, Choi J-H, et al. Development of the Internet addiction scale based on the Internet Gaming Disorder criteria suggested in DSM-5. Addictive behaviors. 2014; 39(9): 1361-6.##9. Scimeca G, Bruno A, Cava L, et al. The relationship between alexithymia, anxiety, depression, and internet addiction severity in a sample of Italian high school students. The Scientific World Journal. 2014.##10. Kim Y, Park JY, Kim SB, et al. The effects of Internet addiction on the lifestyle and dietary behavior of Korean adolescents. Nutrition research and practice. 2010; 4(1): 51-7.##11. Gupta R, Taneja N, Anand T, et al. Internet addiction, sleep quality and depressive symptoms amongst medical students in Delhi, India. Community mental health journal. 2021; 57: 771-6.##12. So R, Makino K, Fujiwara M, et al. The prevalence of internet addiction among a Japanese adolescent psychiatric clinic sample with autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2017; 47: 2217-24.##13. Kargar M, Sabet Sarvestani R, Tabatabaee HR, et al. The assessment of eating behaviors of obese, over weight and normal weight adolescents in Shiraz, Southern Iran. International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery. 2013; 1(1): 35-42. [Persian]##14. Christakis DA, Moreno MM, Jelenchick L, et al. Problematic internet usage in US college students: a pilot study. BMC medicine. 2011; 9(1): 1-6.##15. Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, et al. Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18: 1-15.##16. Kim HM, Park J, Kim H-S, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean children and adolescents aged 10–18 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998 and 2001. American journal of epidemiology. 2006; 164(8): 787-93.##17. Schlundt DG, Hargreaves MK, Buchowski MS. The eating behavior patterns questionnaire predicts dietary fat intake in African American women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003; 103(3): 338-45.##18. Lam LT. Parental mental health and Internet Addiction in adolescents. Addictive behaviors. 2015; 42: 20-3.##19. Mohammadsalehi N, Mohammadbeigi A, Jadidi R, et al. Psychometric properties of the Persian language version of Yang Internet Addiction Questionnaire: an explanatory factor analysis. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction. 2015; 4(3). [Persian]##20. Dehghan P, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Salekzamani S. Validity, reliability and feasibility of the eating behavior pattern questionnaire (EBPQ) among Iranian female students. Health promotion perspectives. 2015; 5(2): 128. [Persian]##21. Felicen SS, Ylagan AP. Effects of Computer Reservation System in the Operations of Travel Agencies. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2016; 4(4): 23-8.##22. Tabrizi AM, Hoveyda L, Omidi F. Deep Involving on Cyber Space and Personal and Psychological Consequences: Survey of Young Severs in Tehran City. Journal of Sociological Researches. 2011; 4(3): 51. [Persian]##23. Jacobsen WC, Forste R. The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2011; 14(5): 275-80.##24. Namiranian N, Mansouri SS, Shafiee M. An evaluation of internet addiction and its related factors among the students of Yazd University of Medical Science. Journal of Community Health Research. 2020. [Persian]##25. Xie Y, Zhou P, Xu L, et al. Prevalence of internet addiction and the related factors in middle school students in Guangzhou. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao. Journal of Southern Medical University. 2010;30(8):1801-4.##26. Pirzadeh A. The relation between general health and internet addiction in scholars of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012; 13(1). [Persian]##27. Shek DT, Tang VM, Lo C. Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: assessment, profiles, and psychosocial correlates. The Scientific World Journal. 2008; 8: 776-87.##28. Fatehi F, Monajemi A, Sadeghi A, et al. Quality of life in medical students with internet addiction. Acta Medica Iranica. 2016: 662-6.##29. Stefańiska E, Ostrowska L, Sajewicz J. Assessment of dietary habits in students of the Medical University of Bialystok with differentiated nutritional status. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2011; 62(2): 187-92.##30. Talatappeh D, Tavakoli H, Rahmati Najarkolaei F, et al. Knowledge, beliefs and behavior of food consumption among students of Military University: the application of health belief model (HBM). Iranian Journal of Military Medicine Vol. 2012; 14(3): 192-9. [Persian]##31. Raza S, Sheikh MA, Hussain M, et al. Dietary modification, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk in medical students of a government medical college of Karachi. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2010; 60(11): 970-4.##32. Alzayani S, Hamadeh RR. Dietary Behaviors among Medical Students in the Middle East: Identifying Areas for Intervention.##33. Deliens T, Clarys P, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. Determinants of eating behaviour in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC public health. 2014; 14(1): 1-12.##34. Yuan C, Lv J, VanderWeele TJ. An assessment of health behavior peer effects in Peking University dormitories: A randomized cluster-assignment design for interference. PLoS one. 2013; 8(9): e75009.##35. Eliacik K, Bolat N, Koçyiğit C, et al. Internet addiction, sleep and health-related life quality among obese individuals: a comparison study of the growing problems in adolescent health. 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COVID-19 Cases among Healthcare Workers in Imam Reza Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2020 2 2 Background: Healthcare workers caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at high risk of contracting the infection. This study is designated in imam Reza hospital in Mashhad, which is the largest hospital in east Iran, to determine COVID-19 cases characteristics among healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional, single-center study in Imam Reza hospital in Iran, we enrolled confirmed healthcare workers with COVID-19 who worked at the forefront to fight against COVID-19 since its outbreak 2020. Demographic characteristics and work status and disease symptoms were studied in the affected personnel. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software. The chi square test was used to investigate the relationship between the variables. Results: In total, out of 2195 people working in the two departments, 154 (7.01%) had coronary heart disease. most of HCWs who were infected to covid19 were nurse (60%) and women (65%) and the lowest has been observed in para clinical staff (1%). There was no significant difference between the use of personal protective equipment and disease in the general department (GD) and high-risk department (HRD). It was indicated that the HRD group had a higher risk of developing COVID-19 compared with the GD group. Common symptoms were Sweating (91.1%), fever (84.93%), Cough (79.31%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (78.77%). Conclusion: Results have found that Sweating and fever are common in HCWs with COVID-19. Also HCWs worked in HRD had a higher risk of COVID-19. However, further large sample studies are needed to confirm these findings. 90 99 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/13 1401/11/24 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/15 1402/1/26 Somayeh Fazaeli Somayeh Fazaeli Department of Medical Records and Health Information Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران fazaelis@mums.ac.ir Zahra Ebrahimi Zahra Ebrahimi Department of Human Resource Management, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran ایران ebrahimiz2@mums.ac.ir Shaghyegh Yousefi Shaghyegh Yousefi Department of Health Care Management, Imam Reza Educational, Research and Medical Institution, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران yousefimh@mums.ac.ir Mehdi Yousefi Mehdi Yousefi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران arfaen2@mums.ac.ir Nafiseh Arfa Shahidi Nafiseh Arfa Shahidi Department of Human Resource Management, Imam Reza Educational, Research and Medical Institution, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ایران COVID-19 Health Worker Hospital IRAN 1. 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Evolving epidemiology and impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. MedRxiv. 2020: 2020-03.##17. Wang J, Zhou M, Liu F. Reasons for healthcare workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J Hosp infect. 2020; 105(1).##18. World Health Organization. Protocol for assessment of potential risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among health workers in a health care setting. WHO; 2020.##19. Ran L, Chen X, Wang Y, et al. Risk factors of healthcare workers with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study in a designated hospital of Wuhan in China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020; 71(16): 2218-21.##20. Mo Y, Deng L, Zhang L, et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic. Journal of nursing management. 2020; 28(5): 1002-9.##21. Temsah MH, Al-Sohime F, Alamro N, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers in a MERS-CoV endemic country. Journal of infection and public health. 2020; 13(6): 877-82.##22. Lo D, De Angelis M. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet. 2020; 395(10228): 922.##23. Huang L, Lin G, Tang L, et al. Special attention to nurses’ protection during the COVID-19 epidemic. Critical Care. 2020; 24(1): 120.##24. Macintyre C, Seale H, Yang P, et al. Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures. Epidemiology & Infection. 2014; 142(9): 1802-8.##25. Zou Q, Yin W, Du L. Study on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Nosocomial Infection of Doctors and Nurses in Intensive Care Units. Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2003; 3(4): 416-9.##26. Control CfD, Prevention. Cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases among protected health-care workers-Toronto, Canada, April 2003. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2003; 52(19): 433.##27. Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, et al. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? International journal of epidemiology. 2020; 49(3): 717-26.##28. Ing EB, Xu Q, Salimi A, et al. Physician deaths from corona virus (COVID-19) disease. Occupational Medicine. 2020; 70(5): 370-4.##29. Rowan NJ, Laffey JG. Challenges and solutions for addressing critical shortage of supply chain for personal and protective equipment (PPE) arising from Coronavirus disease (COVID19) pandemic–Case study from the Republic of Ireland. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 725: 138532.##30. Mahmood SU, Crimbly F, Khan S, et al. Strategies for rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among healthcare providers during the COVID-19 crisis. Cureus. 2020; 12(5).##31. Jaeger JL, Patel M, Dharan N, et al. Transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus among healthcare personnel—Southern California, 2009. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2011; 32(12): 1149-57.##32. World Health Organization. Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance. WHO; 2020.##33. Gheysarzadeh A, Sadeghifard N, Safari M, et al. Report of five nurses infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during patient care: case series. New Microbes and New Infections. 2020; 36: 100694. [Persian]##34. Bartoszko JJ, Farooqi MA, Alhazzani W, et al. Medical masks vs N95 respirators for preventing COVID‐19 in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2020; 14(4): 365-73.##35. Chu J, Yang N, Wei Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 54 medical staff with COVID‐19: a retrospective study in a single center in Wuhan, China. Journal of medical virology. 2020; 92(7): 807-13.##36. Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020; 88: 559-65.##37. Loeb M, McGeer A, Henry B, et al. SARS among critical care nurses, Toronto. 2004; 10(2): 251.##38. Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, et al. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. The lancet respiratory medicine. 2020; 8(5): 506-17.##39. World Health Organization. Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19: interim guidance, WHO; 2020.##40. World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when COVID-19 is suspected: interim guidance. WHO; 2020.##41. Ng K, Poon BH, Kiat Puar TH, et al. COVID-19 and the risk to health care workers: a case report. Annals of internal medicine. 2020; 172(11): 766-7.##42. Kang SK. COVID-19 and MERS infections in healthcare workers in Korea. Safety and health at work. 2020; 11(2): 125.## ##

Lived Experiences of Cured Breast Cancer Women regarding the Meaning of Life in Iran: A Qualitative Research 2 2 Background: Finding meaning in life reduces stress and increases life expectancy in human beings. The purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of women recovered from breast cancer and the meaning of their lives. Methods: This qualitative study was performed on cured women with breast cancer, who referred to Yazd cancer medical centers in January and February, 2021. Eleven women with breast cancer who have been healthy for at least 5 years were interviewed based on theoretical saturation, and purposeful, in-depth and semi-structured talks. Due to COVID-19 condition, all interviews were done by telephone the interviews were analyzed using the Colaizzi's method of data analysis. Results: Data analysis led to the emergence of a main theme called individual and social development and four sub-themes including spiritual perfection, oneness, individual well-being and social growth. The patients saw cancer as an opportunity to reflect their own values and goals and to correct them in order to draw themselves closer to spirituality and to love other beings. Conclusion: Achieving perfection, personal growth, striving for well-being and social interest play a significant role in life experiences of women recovered from cancer. Findings of this study can be used as a conceptual basis for designing meaningful teaching intervention models for patients who have recently been diagnosed with cancer. 100 108 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/8 1401/12/17 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/28 1402/3/7 Fateme Nemati Fateme Nemati Department of Counseling, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Iran Fatima_1102002@yahoo.com Fahimeh Dehghani Fahimeh Dehghani Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Iran Iran dehghanif@hotmail.com Saeed Vaziri Saeed Vaziri Department of Counseling, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Iran s.vaziri@iauyazd.ac.ir Seyed Mohammad Reza Mortazavizadeh Seyed Mohammad Reza Mortazavizadeh Hazrat Ali-Ibn Abitaleb (AS) School of Medicine, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran Iran mortazavizadeh@ssu.ac.ir Meaning of Life Cured Breast Cancer Lived Experiences 1. Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH. Cancer nursing: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2016.##2. Carlson LE, Zelinski EL, Toivonen KI, et al. Prevalence of psychosocial distress in cancer patients across 55 North American cancer centers. Journal of psychosocial oncology. 2019; 37(1): 5-21.##3. Mravec B, Tibensky M, Horvathova L. Stress and cancer. Part I: Mechanisms mediating the effect of stressors on cancer. Journal of neuroimmunology. 2020; 346: 577311.##4. Joulaee A, Joolaee S, Kadivar M, et al. Living with breast cancer: Iranian women's lived experiences. International nursing review. 2012; 59(3): 362-8.##5. Willis K, Ravyts SG, Lanoye A, et al. Measuring and understanding death anxiety in caregivers of patients with primary brain tumor. Palliative & Supportive Care. 2022: 1-8.##6. Damian SI, Necula MR, Bunea O. Humanist Therapies in Postmodernity (English version). Postmodern Openings. 2012; 11: 89-106.##7. Winger JG, Adams RN, Mosher CE. Relations of meaning in life and sense of coherence to distress in cancer patients: A meta‐analysis. Psycho‐oncology. 2016; 25(1): 2-10.##8. Shek DT, Yu L. Self-harm and suicidal behaviors in Hong Kong adolescents: prevalence and psychosocial correlates. The Scientific World Journal. 2012; 2012.##9. Saber K, Hamzian N, Madadizadeh F. COVID-19 Anxiety and Related Factors in Cancer Patients Undergoing External Radiation Therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care. 2022 Aug 12;7(3):451-8. [Persian]##10. Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, Edwards LM, Marques SC, editors. The Oxford handbook of positive psychology. Oxford university press; 2020.##11. Mokhles S, Akbari R, Rasooli Sharbani R, et al. Reconstructing Ibn Sina's Theory on the Meaning of Life. A Research Quarterly in Islamic Theology (kalam) and Religious Studies. 2017; 13(50): 7-20. [Persian]##12. Madadizadeh F, Ghanbarnejad A, Ghavami V, Bandamiri MZ, Mohammadianpanah M. Applying additive hazards models for analyzing survival in patients with colorectal cancer in Fars Province, Southern Iran. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2017;18(4):1077.##13. Narimani M, Eyni S. Relationship between meaning of life, self-compassion and sense of coherence with perceived stress in cancer patients. Iranian Journal of Cancer Care (ijca). 2020; 1(3): 1-10. [Persian]##14. Ka'opua LSI, Gotay CC, Boehm PS. Spiritually based resources in adaptation to long-term prostate cancer survival: perspectives of elderly wives. Health & Social Work. 2007; 32(1): 29-39.##15. Yanez B, Edmondson D, Stanton AL, et al. Facets of spirituality as predictors of adjustment to cancer: relative contributions of having faith and finding meaning. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2009; 77(4): 730.##16. Wagner GB. Cancer recovery and the spirit. Journal of Religion and Health. 1999; 38(1): 27-38.##17. Maliski SL, Connor RSE, Williams L, et al. Faith among low-income, African American/black men treated for prostate cancer. Cancer nursing. 2010; 33(6): 470.##18. Gall TL, Guirguis‐Younger M, Charbonneau C, et al. The trajectory of religious coping across time in response to the diagnosis of breast cancer. Psycho‐Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer. 2009; 18(11): 1165-78.##19. Taleghani F, Parsa-yekta Z, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. Coping with breast cancer in newly diagnosed women: A qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2006; 12(3): 282-8. [Persian]##20. Harandy TF, Ghofranipour F, Montazeri A, et al. Muslim breast cancer survivor spirituality: coping strategy or health seeking behavior hindrance? Health care for women international. 2009; 31(1): 88-98.##21. Mengers AA. The benefits of being yourself: An examination of authenticity, uniqueness, and well-being. 2014.##22. Moustakas CE. Loneliness: Pickle Partners Publishing; 2016.##23. Bhattacharya A, Mehrotra S. The journey of personal growth: A qualitative exploration of personal growth processes in young adulthood. Psychological Studies. 2013; 58: 456-63.##24. Romeo A, Di Tella M, Ghiggia A, et al. Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors: Are depressive symptoms really negative predictors? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2020; 12(3): 244.##25. Karimzadeh Y, Rahimi M, Goodarzi MA, et al. Posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer: emotional regulation mediates satisfaction with basic needs and maladaptive schemas. European journal of psychotraumatology. 2021; 12(1): 1943871. [Persian]##26. Graham JR, Shier ML. The social work profession and subjective well-being: The impact of a profession on overall subjective well-being. British Journal of Social Work. 2010; 40(5): 1553-72.##27. Coreil J, Wilke J, Pintado I. Cultural models of illness and recovery in breast cancer support groups. Qualitative Health Research. 2004; 14(7): 905-23.##28. Fasano J, Shao T, Huang H-h, et al. Optimism and coping: Do they influence health outcomes in women with breast cancer? A systemic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2020; 183: 495-501.##29. Gravier AL, Shamieh O, Paiva CE, et al. Meaning in life in patients with advanced cancer: a multinational study. Supportive care in Cancer. 2020; 28: 3927-34.##30. Ho MY, Cheung FM, Cheung SF. The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and individual differences. 2010; 48(5): 658-63.##31. Alhaj-Mahmoud FM, Ahmad SA. Psychological well-being program efficacy on meaning-in-life in a sample of University of Jeddah students. Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2021; 31(3): 232-6. [Persian]##32. McMahan EA, Renken MD. Eudaimonic conceptions of well-being, meaning in life, and self-reported well-being: Initial test of a mediational model. Personality and individual differences. 2011; 51(5): 589-94.##33. Krok D, Telka E. Meaning in life in cancer patients: relationships with illness perception and global meaning changes. Health Psychology Report. 2018; 6(2): 171-82.##34. Porter LS, Clayton MF, Belyea M, et al. Predicting negative mood state and personal growth in African American and White long-term breast cancer survivors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2006; 31(3): 195-204.##35. Park CL, Malone MR, Suresh D, et al. Coping, meaning in life, and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients. Quality of Life Research. 2008; 17: 21-6.##36. Czyżowska N, Gurba E. Enhancing meaning in life and psychological well-being among a european cohort of young adults via a gratitude intervention. Frontiers in psychology. 2022; 12: 751081.##37. Pintado S. Self-concept and emotional well-being in patients with breast cancer. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud. 2017; 8(2): 76-84.##38. Adler A. Understanding human nature (Psychology revivals): Routledge; 2013.##39. Alizadeh H, Little RJ, Asgari M, et al. Development of the Social Interest Scale for Iranian adolescents. The Journal of Individual Psychology. 2021; 77(1): 40-58. [Persian]##40. Foley YC. Cross Generational Personality Variables and Stress Coping Resources among Mainland Chinese. 2005.##41. Tiwari DN, Misra G. Social interest and social well-being across adolescence, young adulthood, and middle adulthood stages in the Indian context. Trends in psychology. 2022; 30(2): 294-315.##42. Huo D. Social interest and collectivism: A study in Mainland China: Adler University; 2019.##43. Lauri MA, Calleja SS. Prosocial behaviour and psychological wellbeing. Perspectives on wellbeing: Brill; 2019. p. 46-62.##44. Klein N. Prosocial behavior increases perceptions of meaning in life. The Journal of positive psychology. 2017; 12(4): 354-61.##45. Cheng L, Ye Y, Zhong Z, et al. Mediating effects of general self-efficacy on the relationship between the source of meaning in life and prosocial behaviours in vocational college nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Plos one. 2020; 15(12): e0243796.##46. Hanghøj S, Pappot H, Hjalgrim LL, et al. Helping others: reasons for participation in service user involvement initiatives from the perspective of adolescents and young adults with cancer. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology. 2019; 8(5): 534-9.###### #### ## ## ## ## .## ##

Validity and Reliability of Persian Version of Volition in Exercise Questionnaire among Students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences 2 2 Background: The present study was conducted to develop and validate the Persian version of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ). Methods: The statistical population of the analytical cross-sectional research was the students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2022, selected using two-stage cluster random sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the measurement model and factors obtained from exploratory factor analysis.The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its validity was evaluated using face validity, content validity, and construct validity.The SPSS software version 24 and AMOS software version 24 were used for data analysis. Results: Descriptive findings showed that 310 questionnaires were completed (mean age: 21.94 ± 3.03 years).CVR, CVI, and impact score were calculated for each question. After calculating the CVR coefficients, all questions had a CVR above 0.99. All questions had a CVI above 0.79. In quantitative face validity, all questions had an impact score of ≥ 1.5 and therefore remained in the questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis led to the extraction of five factors and the model had a good fit and the values and parameters of the model were statistically significant (χ2/df: 2.15, CFI: 0.915, TLI: 0.884 RMSEA: 0.07). The results showed that the overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated for the tool and its factors were acceptable (0.894). Also, the stability of the questionnaire with a 2-week interval showed satisfactory results (overall ICC: 0.576 Conclusion: The results confirmed the measurement model and showed that the obtained factors had a favorable fit as the original version. 109 118 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/13 1401/11/24 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/10 1402/1/21 Hossein Fallahzadeh Hossein Fallahzadeh Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hofaab@yahoo.com Fatemeh Sadat Asgarian Fatemeh Sadat Asgarian Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Iran Fatisadat@yahoo.com Soheila Sheikhzade Soheila Sheikhzade Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran s.sheikhzade96@gmail.com علی دهقانی Ali Dehghani Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran adehghani42@gmail.com Validity Reliability Volition Exercise Questionnaire 1. Chen FT, Chen SR, Chu IH, et al. Multicomponent exercise intervention and metacognition in obese preadolescents: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology. 2017; 39(4): 302-12.##2. Abd El-Kader SM, Al-Jiffri OH. Aerobic exercise improves quality of life, psychological well-being and systemic inflammation in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease. African health sciences. 2016; 16(4): 1045-55.##3. DeBoer LB, Powers MB, Utschig AC, et al. Exploring exercise as an avenue for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2012; 12(8): 1011-22.##4. Sameenia M, Paymanizad H, Javadipour MJSMS. The Pathology of strategic of sport for all in Iran and provide development solutions based on SWOT model. Sport Management Studies. 2013; 5(20): 221-28. [Persian]##5. Abbasi B, Nazari R, Saffari M. Strategies and Outcomes of Health-Oriented Citizenship Sport in Metropolitan Areas of Iran: A Qualitative Study (Content analysis). Health Promotion Management. 2021; 10(2). [Persian]##6. Nazari R, Shahvali JJ. Strategic Scenarios of Health-Based Sport in Iran. Journal of Sport Management. 2022; 14(1): 72-151. [Persian]##7. Arabadeh Tafti SMA, Goodarzi M, Farahani M, et al. Designing and preparing the strategic development plan for Yazd province’s public sport. Journal of Sport Management. 2022; 14(1): 87-68. [Persian]##8. Mortezaei L, Andam R. The study of validity and reliability of motivations questionnaire for women’s participation in recreational water sports. Applied Research in Sport Managemen. 2014; 2(4): 11-22. [Persian]##9. Nasri S, Yosefi S. The Role of Hope and Perfectionism in Predicting the Sport Motivation in Students. Sport Psychology Studies. 2020; 8(30): 173-89. [Persian]##10. Abdossaleh Zar FJ. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Physical Activity and Exercise on Dimensions of Soldiers' Spiritual Intelligence. Journal of Marine Medicine. 2021; 3(1): 21-6. [Persian]##11. Luo W, Ai L, Wang B, et al. Eccentric exercise and dietary restriction inhibits M1 macrophage polarization activated by high-fat diet-induced obesity. Life sciences. 2020; 243: 117246.##12. Gholamnia-Shirvani Z, Ghofranipour F, Gharakhanlo R, et al. Improving and maintaining physical activity and anthropometric indices in females from Tehran: application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of education Community Health. 2016; 2(4): 13-24. [Persian]##13. Naserpoor F, Zamani-Alavijeh F, Shahri P, et al. Effect of education based on Penders health promotion model on nutrition behavior of adolescent girls. Journal of Research Health. 2018; 8(5): 394-402. [Persian]##14. Corder K, Sharp SJ, Atkin AJ, et al. Change in objectively measured physical activity during the transition to adolescence. British journal of sports medicine. 2015; 49(11): 730-36.##15. Gallotta MC, Bonavolontà V, Guidetti L, et al. Initial validation of the Italian version of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ-I). PloS one. 2021; 16(4).##16. Mohebi F, Mohajer B, Yoosefi M, et al. Physical activity profile of the Iranian population: STEPS survey, 2016. BMC public health. 2019; 19(1): 1-17. [Persian]##17. Ramezanzade HJ. Processes of Exercise Behavior Change in Students: Cognitive or Behavioral? Research on Educational Sport. 2016; 4(11): 115-34. [Persian]##18. Elsborg P, Wikman JM, Nielsen G, et al. Development and initial validation of the volition in exercise questionnaire (VEQ). Measurement in Physical Education. 2017; 21(2): 57-68.##19. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, et al. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000; 25(24): 3186-91.##20. Esmaeili M, Kamkari K. Validity And Reliability Of Persian Persian Version Of Sport Motivation Scale (Sms-6). Motor Learning and Movement. 2020; 12(3): 255-70.##21. Madadizadeh F, Bahariniya S. Tutorial on how to Calculating contentvalidity of scales in medical research. Perioper Care Operat Room Man-age. 2023:100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcorm.2023.100315.##22. Bahariniya S, Ezatiasar M, Madadizadeh F. A Brief Review of the Types of Validity and Reliability of scales in Medical Research. Journal of Community Health Research. 2021 Mar 10;10(2):100-2.##23. Ghanbari-Firoozabadi M, Mirzaei M, Nasab MV, Grace SL, Okati-Aliabad H, Madadizadeh F, Dadras H, Amrolahi N, Entezari M, Sadrbafghi SM. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS-P). BMJ open. 2020 Jun 1;10(6):e034552.##24. DeVellis RF, Thorpe CT. Scale development: Theory and applications: Sage publications; 2016.##25. Plichta SB, Kelvin EA, Munro BH. Munro's statistical methods for health care research: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.##26. Pfeffer I, Elsborg P, Elbe A-MJ. Validation of the German-language version of the Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ-D). German Journal of Exercise Sport Research. 2020;50(1):102-13.## ##

The Prevalence of Hypertension and its Related Factors in Children Aged 7 to 12 Years in Larestan (South Fars Province, Iran) 2 2 Background: Childhood hypertension can have serious consequences for children, especially during their adulthood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its related factors in children aged 7 to 12 years in Larestan (Iran). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1110 students from 7 to 12 years old in Larestan were enrolled in the study using cluster sampling. In order to collect educational data, 10 girls' primary schools and 10 boys' primary schools were randomly selected from all the girls' and boys' primary schools. Then, considering that each school has different number of students, 55 students of each school were randomly selected. Students' blood pressure was measured as standard. Their personal information was also recorded in a checklist. A checklist containing demographic information, factors and variables that affect the prevalence of hypertension in children aged 7 to 12 years was used. To collect information, a checklist was used that included demographic information such as age, gender, and place of residence. Also, in order to identify factors and variables effective in the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP), tools such as sphygmomanometer and other risk factors including obesity, type of diet, physical activities, and body mass index (BMI) were used. Results: The mean age of girls was 9.11 ± 1.53 and boys were 9.19 ± 1.52, which did not differ significantly from the statistical point of view. The prevalence of pre hypertension was 6.03% (95% CI: 4.71-7.60) and the prevalence of hypertension was 4.14% (95% CI: 3.05-5.49). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure has direct relation with height and weight of children. Diastolic blood pressure also had a higher prevalence in girls (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Overweight and obesity as a moderate aggressive factor were significantly associated with blood pressure. Also, the prevalence of HBP in children was significant, and it is necessary to pay attention to it in childhood. Moreover, hypertension cases should be identified and treatment should start faster for the affected person to prevent the adverse consequences in the future. 119 125 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/8 1402/3/18 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/1 1402/5/10 Ziba Moravej Ziba Moravej Department of Health, Larestan University of medical sciences, Larestan, Iran Iran ajafar159@yahoo.com Gholamali Haghighat Gholamali Haghighat Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Iran haghighat.gholamali@gmail.com Aboubakr Jafarnezhad Aboubakr Jafarnezhad Department of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran ajafarnejad0@gmail.com Atefeh Raoufi Atefeh Raoufi Department of Nursing, Larestan University of medical sciences, Larestan, Iran Iran dr_raoofi@yahoo.com Sanaz Atef Sanaz Atef Noncommunicable Diseases Research Centers, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran sa.atef68@gmail.com Azizallah Dehghan Azizallah Dehghan 1. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Centers, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran 2. Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran dehghan.aziz@yahoo.com Childhood Hypertension Obesity Body Mass Index Iran 1. American Heart Association. About High Blood Pressure. American Heart Association; 2014. Available at: URL: https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/ AboutHighBloodPressure/ About-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_002050_Article.jsp.##2. Blood Pressure UK. What is high blood pressure? Blood Pressure UK; 2016. Available at: URL: http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Whatishigh.##3. Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, et al. Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. Jama. 2004; 291(17): 2107-13.##4. Wright CS, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes, child adiposity, and blood pressure. American journal of hypertension. 2009; 22(2): 215-20.##5. Adair LS, Cole TJ. Rapid child growth raises blood pressure in adolescent boys who were thin at birth. Hypertension. 2003; 41(3): 451-6.##6. Perng W, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kramer MS, et al. Early weight gain, linear growth, and mid-childhood blood pressure: a prospective study in project viva. Hypertension. 2016; 67(2): 301-8.##7. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta–regression analysis. Circulation. 2008; 117(25): 3171-80.##8. Lauer RM, Clarke W. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. 1989; 84(4): 633-41.##9. Ghanbarian A, Salehi P, Rezaei GN, et al. Blood pressure in a Tehranian urban population of adolescents. Hakim Research Journal. 2003; 6(3): 21-8. [Persian]##10. Moradmand S, Ganji Mohammad R, Meysami Ali P, Akbari Z, Mirkhani Seyede Z, Tabrizchi N, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and its impact on birth weight and current body weight in school children in Tehran. 2012. [Persian]##11. Zrdast M, Namakin K, Taheri F, et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure in primary school children in Birjand-Iran. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 19: 61-8. [Persian]##12. Dormanesh B, Arasteh P, Daryanavard R, et al. Epidemiology of obesity and high blood pressure among school-age children from military families: the largest report from our region. BMC pediatrics. 2023; 23(1): 1-8. [Persian]##13. Chuang H-H, Cherng W-J, Lin C-H, et al. Physical fitness mediates and predicts for high blood pressure among children in relation to weight status. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023; 11: 1157351.##14. Hall A, West X, Brown M, et al. Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience With Obesity, High Blood Pressure, and Parental Report of Behavioral Health Symptoms in Children: A Cross Sectional Study. Global Pediatric Health. 2023; 10: 2333794X231159518.##15. Mehr-Alizadeh S, Ghorbani R, Sharafi S. Prevalence of hypertension in 9-17 years old schoolchildren in Iranian population. Koomesh. 2010; 12(1). [Persian]##16. Salem Z. Prevalence of hypertension in Rafsanjan school children. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2009; 9(2): 198-205. [Persian]##17. Samvat T, Hodjatzadeh A, Naderi A. Guide to diagnosis, evaluation & treatment of hypertension for doctors. Tehran: Seda Publication. 2000: 39-45. [Persian]##18. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, et al. Blood pressure and its influencing factors in a national representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2006; 13(6): 956-63. [Persian]##19. Mohammadi J. Blood pressure variation among children of 7-11 years old in Ilam. 2007. [Persian]##20. Moayeri H, Bidad K, Aghamohammadi A, et al. Overweight and obesity and their associated factors in adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004–2005. European journal of pediatrics. 2006; 165: 489-93. [Persian]##21. Basiratnia M, Derakhshan D, Ajdari S, et al. Prevalence of childhood obesity and hypertension in south of Iran. Iranian journal of kidney diseases. 2013; 7(4): 282. [Persian]## ##

Male Involvement in Childcare: A Qualitative Exploration of Men’s Opinion in Nigeria 2 2 Background: Traditionally, women assume the sole responsibility of improving child health. The patriarchal nature of the African society gives men more socioeconomic power and control at home, making the importance of investigating male involvement in child-care practices a priority. This study explored the opinions of community dwelling fathers on male involvement in child-care practices. Methods: A community-based study was carried out among fifty-nine married men aged 21-49 years in Sepeteri, Saki East LGA, Oyo State. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted using a FGD guide. We explored the knowledge of childcare practices, men’s roles in childcare and readiness to partake in childcare practices among the participants. The resulting data were analyzed thematically, using direct manual content analysis. Results: Eight FGDs were conducted among 56 married men, 50 of the respondents believed that mothers are responsible for taking care of the children while men have to provide money and shelter for the family. Willingness to participate in childcare practices was low due to some societal perceptions around male involvement in such activities. However, a few respondents agreed to secretly helping out with household chores. Conclusion: Male involvement in childcare practices was observed to be poor among the study group. To optimize child health and welfare in our society, there is a need for health education and health promoting-interventions that will enable men participate in childcare practices. 126 133 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/82023/04/12 1402/1/23 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/12023/07/8 1402/4/17 Olubukola Omobowale Olubukola Omobowale Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Nigeria ocomobowale@com.ui.edu.ng Ayodeji Adebayo Ayodeji Adebayo Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Nigeria davidsonone@yahoo.com Temiloluwa Iyanda Temiloluwa Iyanda Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Nigeria temiiyanda2@gmail.com Child Care Family Roles Male Involvement Nigeria 1. Kulwa KB, Kinabo JL, Modest B. Constraints on good child-care practices and nutritional status in urban Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2006; 27(3): 236-44.##2. Fleischer Michaelsen K, Weaver L, Branca F, et al. Feeding and nutrition of infants and young children: guidelines for the WHO European region, with emphasis on the former Soviet countries. 2003.##3. Schulz R, Eden J. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Family caregiving roles impacts. Families Caring for an Aging America Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 2016.##4. Doucet A. Gender roles and fathering. Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives. 2013; 2: 297-319.##5. Akanle O, Adesina JO, Ogbimi A. Men at work keep-off: male roles and household chores in Nigeria. Gender and Behaviour. 2016; 14(3): 7833-54.##6. World Health Organization. Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction.Who decides on family size? Safe Mother. WHO.##7. Bodin M, Käll L. Is it an issue before it’sa problem? Investigating men’s talk about fertility. Sociology of Health & Illness. 2020; 42(7): 1611-25.##8. Yaya S, Okonofua F, Ntoimo L, et al. Men’s perception of barriers to women’s use and access of skilled pregnancy care in rural Nigeria: a qualitative study. Reproductive health. 2019; 16(1): 1-12.##9. Funk T, Källander K, Abebe A, et al. ‘I also take part in caring for the sick child’: a qualitative study on fathers’ roles and responsibilities in seeking care for children in Southwest Ethiopia. BMJ open. 2020; 10(8): e038932.##10. McMunn A, Martin P, Kelly Y, et al. Fathers’ involvement: Correlates and consequences for child socioemotional behavior in the United Kingdom. Journal of Family Issues. 2017; 38(8): 1109-31.##11. Fawole OI, Adeoye IA. Women’s status within the household as a determinant of maternal health care use in Nigeria. African Health Sciences. 2015; 15(1): 217-25.##12. Kalisa R, Malande OO. Birth preparedness, complication readiness and male partner involvement for obstetric emergencies in rural Rwanda. The Pan African medical journal. 2016; 25.##13. Coates EE, Phares V. Predictors of paternal involvement among nonresidential, Black fathers from low-income neighborhoods. Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 2014; 15(2): 138.##14. Kansiime N, Atwine D, Nuwamanya S, et al. Effect of male involvement on the nutritional status of children less than 5 years: a cross sectional study in a rural southwestern district of Uganda. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2017; 2017.##15. Adongo PB, Tapsoba P, Phillips JF, et al. The role of community-based health planning and services strategy in involving males in the provision of family planning services: a qualitative study in Southern Ghana. Reproductive health. 2013; 10(1): 1-15.##16. Yogman M, Garfield CF, Bauer NS, et al. Fathers’ roles in the care and development of their children: the role of pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(1).##17. Rollè L, Gullotta G, Trombetta T, et al. Father involvement and cognitive development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology. 2019; 10: 2405.##18. Deng Q, Li Q, Wang H, et al. Early father-infant skin-to-skin contact and its effect on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of moderately preterm infants in China: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018; 19(1): 1-11.##19. McWayne C, Downer JT, Campos R, et al. Father involvement during early childhood and its association with children's early learning: A meta-analysis. Early Education & Development. 2013; 24(6): 898-922.##20. Jeynes WH. A meta-analysis: The relationship between father involvement and student academic achievement. Urban Education. 2015; 50(4): 387-423.##21. Opondo C, Redshaw M, Savage-McGlynn E, et al. Father involvement in early child-rearing and behavioural outcomes in their pre-adolescent children: evidence from the ALSPAC UK birth cohort. BMJ open. 2016; 6(11): e012034.##22. Davis J, Vyankandondera J, Luchters S, et al. Male involvement in reproductive, maternal and child health: a qualitative study of policymaker and practitioner perspectives in the Pacific. Reproductive health. 2016; 13(1): 1-11.##23. Dubowitz H, Black MM, Kerr MA, et al. Fathers and child neglect. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000; 154(2): 135-41.##24. Dillip A, Mboma ZM, Greer G, et al. ‘To be honest, women do everything’: understanding roles of men and women in net care and repair in Southern Tanzania. Malaria journal. 2018; 17: 1-8.##25. Jorosi-Tshiamo WB, Mogobe KD, Mokotedi MT. Male involvement in child care activities: a review of the literature in Botswana. African journal of reproductive health. 2013; 17(4).##26. Kevane M. Gendered production and consumption in rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012; 109(31): 12350-5.##27. Moore T, Kotelchuck M. Predictors of urban fathers’ involvement in their child’s health care. Pediatrics. 2004; 113(3): 574-80.##28. Hook JL, Wolfe CM. New fathers? Residential fathers’ time with children in four countries. Journal of family issues. 2012; 33(4): 415-50.##29. Lowe M. Social and cultural barriers to husbands’ involvement in maternal health in rural Gambia. The Pan African medical journal. 2017; 27.##30. Evans R. Children’s caring roles and responsibilities within the family in Africa. Geography Compass. 2010; 4(10): 1477-96.##31. Putnick DL, Bornstein MH. Girls’and Boys’labor And Household Chores In Low-And Middle-Income Countries. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 2016; 81(1): 104.##32. Mannion CA, Hobbs AJ, McDonald SW, et al. Maternal perceptions of partner support during breastfeeding. International breastfeeding journal. 2013; 8(1): 1-7.##33. Rempel LA, Rempel JK. The breastfeeding team: the role of involved fathers in the breastfeeding family. Journal of Human Lactation. 2011; 27(2): 115-21.##34. World Medical Association Declaration of HelsinkiEthical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects WHO. WHO; 2001.## ##

Utilization and Satisfaction of Services Provided for Children under the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in a Block of West Bengal, India 2 2 Background: The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme is a community-based program in India for the betterment of health and nutrition of children aged 0-6, pregnant and lactating mothers, and women aged 15-44 years. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of the utilization of services and the level of satisfaction of mothers regarding the services provided to their children in a block of West Bengal, India. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2016 to November 2018, and simple random sampling was used to select ICDS centres. The centres’ were evaluated for determining the rate of utilization of the services. For evaluating satisfaction, a face and content-validated, pre-tested questionnaire was used. The first part of questionnaire was for collecting the socio-demographic profile of mothers. The second part was concerned about determining satisfaction regarding various services provided by centers to children below 6 years of age on a 5-point Likert scale. About 10% of children enrolled in each ICDS centre were selected, and their mothers were surveyed for satisfaction regarding supplementary nutrition services, informal education, immunization, and other health-related services and infrastructures. The data were expressed in number and percentages and the test of association between categorical variables was done using a chi-square test. The GraphPad Prism 6.01 (GraphPad Software, USA) was used for statistical test. Results: Among the surveyed 62 ICDS centres, service utilization rates were 98.04% for immunization, 90.56% for supplementary nutrition, 82.52% for informal education, 40.27% for health check-ups, and 13.32% for referral services regarding different health problems. A total of 89.63% of the mothers were satisfied with the supplementary nutrition, 83.46% with immunization and health-related services, 77.42% with informal education, and 56.5% with infrastructures. Conclusion: Using supplementary nutrition and informal education exceeded expectations, but immunization, other health-related services, and referral services need improvement to achieve the program's goal. ICDS center infrastructure needs improvement, and a holistic approach is necessary to meet the satisfaction of mothers regarding different services. 134 143 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/82023/04/122023/02/25 1401/12/6 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/12023/07/82023/05/28 1402/3/7 Rajesh De Rajesh De Department of Community Medicine, Santiniketan Medical College, Bolpur, West Bengal, India India dr.rajeshde@gmail.com Mandira Roy Mandira Roy Department of Pediatrics, Santiniketan Medical College, Bolpur, West Bengal, India India drmandiraroy@gmail.com Jadab Chandra Sardar Jadab Chandra Sardar Department of Community Medicine, Raiganj Government Medical College and Hospital, Raiganj, West Bengal, India India jadabsardarjcs@gmail.com Himel Mondal Himel Mondal Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India India himelmkcg@gmail.com Child Development Child Health Community Health Services Immunization India 1. Peters DH, Garg A, Bloom G, et al. Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences. 2008; 1136(1): 161-71.##2. Sankar M, Neogi S, Sharma J, et al. State of newborn health in India. Journal of perinatology. 2016; 36(3): S3-S8.##3. Paul VK, Sachdev HS, Mavalankar D, et al. Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge. The Lancet. 2011; 377(9762): 332-49.##4. Mehra S, Agrawal D. Adolescent health determinants for pregnancy and child health outcomes among the urban poor. Indian pediatrics. 2004; 41(2): 137-45.##5. Gupta A, Gupta S, Nongkynrih B. Integrated child development services (ICDS) scheme: a journey of 37 years. Indian journal of community health. 2013; 25(1): 77-81.##6. Sachdev Y, Dasgupta J. Integrated child development services (ICDS) scheme. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2001; 57(2): 139-43.##7. Collaborators MDS. Causes of neonatal and child mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. The Lancet. 2010; 376(9755): 1853-60.##8. Vashishtha VM. Status of immunization and need for intensification of routine immunization in India. Indian pediatrics. 2012; 49: 357-61.##9. Montgomery AL, Ram U, Kumar R, et al. Maternal mortality in India: causes and healthcare service use based on a nationally representative survey. PloS one. 2014; 9(1): e83331.##10. Neufeld LM, Beal T, Larson LM, et al. Global landscape of malnutrition in infants and young children. Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. 2020; 93: 1-14.##11. Asha K. Efficiency of anganwadi centres–A study in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR). 2014; 3(3): 132-6.##12. Manual GM. National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development. New Delhi. 2011.##13. Sivakumar D, Bina T. Child care services for three to six Years old children in urban anganwadi’s in Kozhikode Corporation in Kerala–An evaluation study. National Journal of Community Medicine. 2015; 6(03): 318-22.##14. Rathore MS, Vohra R, Sharma BN, et al. Evaluation of integrated child development services program in rajasthan, India. International Journal of Advanced Medical and Health Research. 2015; 2(2): 95-101.##15. Rajpal S, Joe W, Subramanyam MA, et al. Utilization of integrated child development services in India: programmatic insights from national family health survey, 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9): 3197.##16. Dutta A, Ghosh S. Impact of integrated child development scheme on child malnutrition in West Bengal, India. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2017; 13(4): e12385.##17. Biswas AB, Das DK, Roy RN, et al. Awareness and perception of mothers about functioning and different services of ICDS in two districts of West Bengal. Indian journal of public health. 2010; 54(1): 33-5.##18. Jain I, Singh A, Chaturvedi R, et al. Coverage vs Utilization of integrated child services scheme (ICDS): A community based study in urban block of Patiala, Punjab (India). Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022; 11(2): 762.##19. Davey A, Davey S, Datta U. Perception regarding quality of services in urban ICDS blocks in Delhi. Indian journal of public health. 2008; 52(3): 156-8.##20. Kumar P, Kundu S, Bawankule R. District level geospatial analysis of utilization of ICDS services among children in India. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022; 10: 874104.##21. Mondal H, Mondal S. Social desirability bias: A confounding factor to consider in survey by self-administered questionnaire. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2018; 50(3): 143.## ##

The Effects of Mindfulness Exercises on the Psychological Health of Active and Inactive Girl Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2 2 Background: In the face of stressful situations, people can be helped with purposive exercises that enhance cognitive functions but don’t reduce social performances. The present study seeks to examine the effects of mindfulness exercises on the psychological health indices of active and inactive girl students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on three major indicators of psychological health including attention, concentration, and stress. Methods: To this end, 80 girl students ranging from 15 to 18 years of age were selected from some schools in the city of Yazd, Iran. The selection was based on the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). In the pre-test phase, the students filled out a questionnaire about concentration and a stress questionnaire (DASS-21). They were then randomly classified into experimental active, experimental inactive, active control, and inactive control groups. The test groups attended 45-minute mindfulness training sesseions once a week for four weeks, while the control groups did their life routines. At the end of the last training session, the students took a post-test, and the results were recorded. The data were analyzed through repeated measures multivariate ANOVA in the SPSS software version 26. Results: The mindfulness exercises could significantly affect the active and inactive students’ attention, concentration, and stress (p < 0.05). Also, a comparison of the groups showed that the attendants in the test groups outperformed those in the control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, mindfulness trainings seem to be useful to improve girl students’ psychological health indices. 144 152 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/82023/04/122023/02/252023/07/6 1402/4/15 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/12023/07/82023/05/282023/07/23 1402/5/1 Farahnaz Afrough Farahnaz Afrough Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran farahnazafroogh1@gmail.com Mohamad Reza Sadeghian shahi Mohamad Reza Sadeghian shahi Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran rsadeghian@yazd.ac.ir Farahnaz Ayatizadeh Tafti Farahnaz Ayatizadeh Tafti Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran fayati@yazd.ac.ir Behzad Aria Behzad Aria Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran b.aria@yazd.ac.ir Mindfulness Attention Stress COVID-19 Girl Students 1. Zurlo MC, Cattaneo Della Volta MF, Vallone F. COVID-19 student stress questionnaire: development and validation of a questionnaire to evaluate students’ stressors related to the coronavirus pandemic lockdown. Frontiers in psychology. 2020; 11: 576758.##2. Kurniawan K, Yosep I, Maulana S, et al. Efficacy of Online-Based Intervention for Anxiety during COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sustainability. 2022; 14(19): 12866.##3. Moawad RA. Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and academic stress in university students. Revista Românească pentru Educaţie Multidimensională. 2020; 12(1 Sup2): 100-7.##4. Zhu X, Haegele JA, Liu H, et al. Academic stress, physical activity, sleep, and mental health among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14): 7257.##5. Organization WH. Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health and our food systems. Joint statement by ILO, FAO, IFAD and WHO. 2020; 13.##6. Pouraboli B, Esfandiari S, Ramezani T, et al. effectiveness of their teaching skills to reduce stress job psychological empowerment of nursing staff in intensive care units in the center of Shiraz Shahid Rajaee 1392. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery. 2016; 5(1): 23-35.##7. Boutcher SH. Attentional processes and sport performance. 2002.##8. Manning MR, Fusilier MR. The relationship between stress and health care use: An investigation of the buffering roles of personality, social support and exercise. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1999; 47(2): 159-73.##9. Ohama N, Sato H, Shinozaki K, et al. Transcriptional regulatory network of plant heat stress response. Trends in plant science. 2017; 22(1): 53-65.##10. Li Y, Yang N, Zhang Y,et al. The relationship among trait mindfulness, attention, and working memory in junior school students under different stressful situations. Frontiers in psychology. 2021; 12: 558690.##11. Lee J, Ahn J-H. Attention to banner ads and their effectiveness: An eye-tracking approach. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 2012; 17(1): 119-37.##12. Tamm L, Hughes C, Ames L, et al. Attention training for school-aged children with ADHD: Results of an open trial. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2010; 14(1): 86-94.##13. Noordermeer SD, Luman M, Greven CU, et al. Structural brain abnormalities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with oppositional defiant disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2017; 82(9): 642-50.##14. Pinna M, Visioli C, Rago CM, et al. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in adult bipolar disorder patients. Journal of affective disorders. 2019; 243: 391-6.##15. Monno A, Temprado J-J, Zanone P-G, et al. The interplay of attention and bimanual coordination dynamics. Acta psychologica. 2002; 110(2-3): 187-211.##16. Mitchell JT, Zylowska L, Kollins SH. Mindfulness meditation training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Current empirical support, treatment overview, and future directions. Cognitive and behavioral practice. 2015; 22(2): 172-91.##17. Kabat-Zinn J. Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness: Hachette UK; 2005.##18. Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, et al. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and cognition. 2010; 19(2): 597-605.##19. Morgan LP. The practice effect: The relationships among the frequency of early formal mindfulness practice, mindfulness skills, worry, and quality of life in an acceptance-based behavior therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: University of Massachusetts Boston; 2011.##20. Nezlek JB, Holas P, Rusanowska M, et al. Being present in the moment: Event-level relationships between mindfulness and stress, positivity, and importance. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 93: 1-5.##21. Thompson RW, Kaufman KA, De Petrillo LA, et al. One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. 2011; 5(2): 99-116.##22. Kabat-Zinn J, Hanh TN. Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness: Delta; 2009.##23. Joo HM, Lee SJ, Chung YG, et al. Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction program on depression, anxiety and stress in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2010; 47(5): 345.##24. McManus F, Surawy C, Muse K, et al. A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus unrestricted services for health anxiety (hypochondriasis). Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2012; 80(5): 817.##25. Husky MM, Kovess-Masfety V, Swendsen JD. Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2020; 102: 152191.##26. Kristeller J, Wolever RQ, Sheets V. Mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT) for binge eating: A randomized clinical trial. Mindfulness. 2014; 5: 282-97.##27. Pate RR, Ward DS, Saunders RP, et al. Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: a randomized controlled trial. American journal of public health. 2005; 95(9): 1582-7.##28. Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, et al. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological assessment. 1998; 10(2): 176.##29. Siamak S, Bahram J, editors. A Study on the Reliability and Validity of The Short form of The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21); 2007.##30. Rabi’e M, Nasiri Farsani, Babak and et al. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on students' attention, concentration and distraction. The second national school psychology conference 2015 Ardabil: Mohaghegh Ardabili University. ##31. Felver JC, Tipsord JM, Morris MJ, et al. The effects of mindfulness-based intervention on children’s attention regulation. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2017; 21(10): 872-81.##32. Norris CJ, Creem D, Hendler R, et al. Brief mindfulness meditation improves attention in novices: Evidence from ERPs and moderation by neuroticism. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2018: 315.##33. Slagter HA, Lutz A, Greischar LL, et al. Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS biology. 2007; 5(6): e138.##34. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology: Human kinetics; 2023.##35. McKay T, Walker BR. Mindfulness, self-compassion and wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences. 2021; 168: 110412.##36. Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DRS, et al. 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Neural mechanisms of attentional control in mindfulness meditation. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2013; 7: 8.##42. Goldin PR, Morrison A, Jazaieri H, et al. Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2016; 84(5): 427.##43. Carlson LE, Speca M, Patel KD, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic medicine. 2003; 65(4): 571-81.##44. McCarney RW, Schulz J, Grey AR. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies in reducing symptoms of depression: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling. 2012; 14(3): 279-99.## ##

Motorcycle, an Unforeseen and Scary Killer on Bangladesh’s Roads 2 2 No Abstract 153 156 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/82023/04/122023/02/252023/07/62023/05/28 1402/3/7 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/12023/07/82023/05/282023/07/232023/08/27 1402/6/5 Kallol Debnath Kallol Debnath Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh kalloldebnath@pharmacy.uoda.edu.bd Shila Debnath Shila Debnath Department of English, Faculty of Arts, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh hellowwshila@gmail.com Shamsi Ornob Proma Shamsi Ornob Proma Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh Bangladesh promashamsi9s@gmail.com Motorcycles Accidents Mortality Helmets Bangladesh 1. Rahman S. Chaos on roads: 830 killed in motorcycle accidents in four months. Available at: URL: https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/accident/830-killed-in-motorcycle-accidents-in-four-months. Accessed May 02, 2023.##2. Hossain S. Global scenario Bangladesh counts highest death rates from bike accidents. Available at: URL: https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/accident/bangladesh-counts-highest-death-rates-from-bike-accidents. Accessed April 24, 2023.##3. Bangladesh 106th among 183 countries for having most road accidents. Available at: URL: https://www.tbsnews.net/ bangladesh/bangladesh-106th-among-183-countries-having-most-road-accidents-report-335299. Accessed May 03, 2023.##4. Reports, The Road Safety Foundation (RSF) Bangladesh. Available at: URL: https://www.facebook.com/ RoadSafetyFnd.BD/. Accessed April 28, 2023.##5. Highest deaths on roads: Political commitment needed to end anarchy, Prothom. Available at: URL: https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/editorial/qxqp47v7iv. Accessed May 01, 2023.##6. Rahman S. Road accidents kill highest number of students in 2022. Available at: URL: https://en. prothomalo.com/bangladesh/accident/nr3n0krxfx. Accessed April 26, 2023.##7. Health topics: Road traffic injuries. Available at: URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/road-safety#tab=tab_1. Accessed May 03, 2023.##8. Road safety is still a far cry. Available at: URL: https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/opinions/road-safety-is-still-a-far-cry-1666366402. Accessed May 02, 2023.##9. World Health Rankings - Bangladesh: Road Traffic Accidents: World Health Organization (2020). Available at: URL: https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/bangladesh-road-traffic-accidents. Accessed May 02, 2023.##10. Transportation Safety: Motorcycle Safety. Available at: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/transportationsafety/ mc/index.html. Accessed April 27, 2023.## ##

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of General Practitioners regarding Oral Cancer in Tehran 2 2 Background: General practitioners (GPs) are the primary examiners of patients suspected of oral cavity cancer. The present study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of general practitioners regarding oral cancer in Tehran. Methods: A 17-item questionnaire was applied to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of general practitioners in this cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study, in 2019. The questionnaires were completed by 154 GPs participating in different medical congresses. Data were analyzed with a linear regression model using SPSS-25. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 154 GPs, 44.8% were female with a mean age of 44.5 ± 13.3, mean clinical experience of 14.6 ± 11.6 years, and mean time of 16.9 ± 12.1 years elapsed from graduation. Age, sex, and marital status had no significant association with knowledge, attitude, and practice; however, the time elapsed from graduation had a significant indirect association with knowledge (p = 0.04), and mean clinical experience had a significant direct association with attitude towards oral cancer (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Educational interventions are required to improve the GPs’ knowledge and practice to improve the early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer. 157 163 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/82023/04/122023/02/252023/07/62023/05/282023/05/19 1402/2/29 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/12023/07/82023/05/282023/07/232023/08/272023/08/4 1402/5/13 Fatemeh Zarei Fatemeh Zarei Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran Iran Zareifateme75@yahoo.com Katayoun Sargeran Katayoun Sargeran Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran k-sargeran@tums.ac.ir Zeinabsadat Razavian Zeinabsadat Razavian Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran zsr.dentist@gmail.com Mouth Cancer General Practitioners Knowledge Attitude Practice 1. Azad A, Talattof Z, Niakan N. Evaluation of knowledge and diagnostic skills of general physicians and dentists in the city of Shiraz about squamous cell carcinoma. J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2015; 39(4): 291-302. [Persian]##2. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2021; 71(3): 209-49.##3. Aminzadeh A, Motaghi A, Mohammadi E. Epidemiologic study of oral and paraoral malignancies in one cancer referral center in Isfahan in a 5-year period. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2013: 25(2): 560-6. [Persian]##4. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Oral and maxillofacial pathology: 4,editor. london: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015; 120-134.##5. Mauceri R, Bazzano M, Coppini M, et al. Diagnostic delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma and the fear of diagnosis: A scoping review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022; 13: 1009080.##6. Khalili M, Aghababaei H, Hosseinzadeh A. Knowledge, attitude and practice of general physicians in relation with oral malignancies. Journal of Inflammatory Diseases. 2004; 8(3): 67-72.##7. Shooryabi M, Razawi Satvati S, Mansoori B, et al. Medical students' clinical skill rate in diagnosis of oral mucosal disease at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Res Dent Sci. 2013; 10(3): 205-10.##8. Ala Aghbali A, Vosough Hossani S, Mahmoudifar F, et al. Evaluation of Urmia Dentists Knowledge attitude practes about Oral Cancer In 2010. Journal of Urmia Nursing & Midwifery Faculty. 2011;9(5).##9. Babaee N, Jahanian I, Bijani A, et al. Needs assessment on inserting oral health topics in general medicine educational curriculum. Medical Education Journal. 2013; 1(2): 19-26.##10. Ahmad M, Abuzar M, Razak I, et al. Educating medical students in oral health care: current curriculum and future needs of institutions in Malaysia and Australia. European Journal of Dental Education. 2017; 21(4): e29-e38.##11. Da Cunha Lima AM, Meira IA, Soares MSM, et al. Delay in diagnosis of oral cancer: a systematic review. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2021; 26(6): e815.##12. Rezapour A, Jahangiri R, Olyaeemanesh A, et al. The economic burden of oral cancer in Iran. PloS one. 2018; 13(9): e0203059.##13. Borhan‐Mojabi K, Moradi A, Yazdabadi A. Evaluating the degree of knowledge on oral cancer among general practitioners and dentists in Qazvin. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice. 2012; 18(2): 498-501.##14. Dezfouli M, Meybodi FR, Ahrami E, et al. Effect of Educational Intervention on Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude of General Practitioners Regarding Lesions of the Oral Cavity. Journal Of Mashhad Dental School,[online]. 2020; 44(1): 35-45.##15. Saraswat N, Everett B, Pillay R, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of general medical practitioners in developed countries regarding oral cancer: an integrative review. Family practice. 2020; 37(5): 592-605.## ##

A Community-Based Observational Study on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Single-Use Plastics Ban in Rural Puducherry, South India 2 2 Background: India's industries produce nearly 9,000,000 metric tons of disposable plastic annually. Government of Puducherry implemented a ban on single-use plastics from 1st August 2019. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) levels concerning the use and legislation of single-use plastics among rural Puducherry's community residents. Methods: A 6-month community-based observational study was conducted in rural Puducherry using multistage random sampling among 450 households. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to an adult member (aged > 18 years) in each household before and after the plastic ban. Data collection utilized the Epi-collect 5 application, and SPSS v16 was used for statistical analysis, employing paired t-test and chi-square test (p-value < 0.05) Results: Mean age of study participants was 39.64 (13.23) years, nearly 57% of them were female. Before ban, 80.4% of the subjects were carrying their shopping contents using plastic bags provided by the seller in the rural area, whereas after ban implementation, it has reduced to 16.4%. Mean KAP score before ban was 8 +2.8 (95% CI: 7.7-8.2) and after ban, it increased to 15.2 +1.8 (95% CI: 15-15.4). The pre- and post-ban KAP scores differences were found to be statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The perception of the law banning the use of plastic bags was found to be significantly higher in younger age group, female gender, and groups with higher educational and occupational status (p = 0.01) Conclusion: The study results will be useful for planning future needs and Information, Education Communication strategies for effective implementation and plastic use reduction in future. 164 171 2020/12/152022/04/202021/12/272022/09/202021/05/192022/02/132022/07/82022/10/302022/01/82021/08/12023/02/132023/03/82023/02/132023/06/82023/04/122023/02/252023/07/62023/05/282023/05/192023/04/11 1402/1/22 2021/04/282022/11/12023/04/52023/03/292022/12/192022/10/122023/03/22022/12/192023/05/272022/12/192023/04/152023/05/282023/04/102023/08/12023/07/82023/05/282023/07/232023/08/272023/08/42023/07/16 1402/4/25 Devi Kittu Devi Kittu Department of Community Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India India devi.kittu@rediffmail.com Sivapushani Aruljothi Sivapushani Aruljothi Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India India aruljothi.prasanna93@gmail.com Lalithambigai Chellamuthu Lalithambigai Chellamuthu Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India India lalli.muthu@gmail.com Plastic Ban Single-Use Plastic Observational Study Community Residents Rural Area 1. Chen Y, Awasthi AK, Wei F, et al. Single-use plastics: Production, usage, disposal, and adverse impacts. Science of the total environment. 2021; 752: 141772.##2. Single-Use Plastics: A Roadmap for Sustainability, United Nations Environment Programme, 2018; 2022. Available at: URL: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/single-use-plastics-roadmap-sustainability.##3. Plastic Waste Management, Issues Challenges and Solutions, MOHUA, Government of India, 2019; 2022. Available at: URL: https://mohua.gov.in/pdf/627b8318adf18Circular-Economy-in-waste-management-FINAL.pdf.##4. Sutton J, Turner B. Plastic Bags: Hazards and Mitigation. Social Sciences, 2012; 2021. Available at: URL: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/socssp/85.##5. Khanam N, Wagh V, Gaidhane AM, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice on uses of plastic products, their disposal and environmental pollution: A study among school-going adolescents. Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University. 2019; 14(2): 57-60.##6. Praveena BG. Health Hazards of the Plastic Use: Strategies to Handle the Situation. Innov J Nurs Healthc. 2019; 5(3): 31-3.##7. Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities 2021. Available at: URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/ PMC2873020/.##8. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016. 2021. Available at: URL: http://www.mppcb.nic.in/ proc/Plastic% 20Waste%20 Management%20Rules,%202016%20English.pdf.##9. Singh M, Devi SR. Hazards of Plastic Bags in Dholpur-A Small District town of Rajasthan, India. Int Res J Environ Sci. 2013; 2: 6-10.##10. Singh KD, A M. Plastic pollution in India: an evaluation of public awareness and consumption behaviour. OIDA Int J Sustain Dev. 2019; 12(7): 25-40.##11. Adane L, Muleta D. Survey on the usage of plastic bags, their disposal and adverse impacts on environment: A case study in Jimma City, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. 2011; 3(8): 234-48.##12. Manoj R. The Impact of awareness about environmental hazards caused by plastic pollution, on the attitude towards governmental ban on single use plastic products among adults in the Indian City Chennai and its suburbs. J Multidiscip Res. 2019; 13: 156-67.##13. Sanghi S. Use of plastic bags: factors affecting ecologically oriented behavior in consumers. Abhigyan. 2008; 26(3): 34-46.##14. Convery F, McDonnell S, Ferreira S. The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy. Environmental and resource economics. 2007; 38: 1-11.##15. He H. Effects of environmental policy on consumption: lessons from the Chinese plastic bag regulation. Environment and Development Economics. 2012; 17(4): 407-31.##16. Xing X. Study on the ban on free plastic bags in China. Journal of Sustainable Development. 2009; 2(1): 156-8.##17. Dowarah K, Duarah H, Devipriya SP. A preliminary survey to assess the awareness, attitudes/behaviours, and opinions pertaining to plastic and microplastic pollution among students in India. Marine Policy. 2022; 144: 105220.##18. Rajkumar P. A study on the plastic waste and environmental degradation. ABC Journal of advanced research. 2015; 4(1): 9-16.##19. Joseph N, Kumar A, Majgi SM, et al. Usage of plastic bags and health hazards: A study to assess awareness level and perception about legislation among a small population of Mangalore city. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2016; 10(4): LM01.##20. Bahattare V N, Salunke S S, S NA. A study of knowledge and practices about single use plastics among residents in UHTC area. MedPulse International Journal of Community Medicine. 2020; 14(1): 07-12.## ##