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Psychological Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccination پیامدهای روانی واکسیناسیون کووید-19 2 2 No Abstract 232 234 2022/11/5 1401/8/14 2023/01/1 1401/10/11 فرزین باقری شیخانگفشه Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran farzinbagheri73@gmail.com زینب سیار فرد Zeinab Sayarfard Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran zeinab.sayarfard@gmail.com COVID-19 Vaccine Depression Anxiety Stress کووید-19 واکسن افسردگی اضطراب استرس 1. Andersen A, Fisker AB, Rodrigues A, et al. National immunization campaigns with oral polio vaccine reduce all-cause mortality: a natural experiment within seven randomized trials. Frontiers in public health. 2018; 6: 13.##2. Bahariniya s, ezati asar m, madadizadeh f. Recommendation for how to improve taking care of the elderly with covid-19. Journal of Community Health Research. 2021; 10(4): 281-2. [Persian]##3. Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines. 2021; 9(2): 119.##4. Bono SA, Faria de Moura Villela E, Siau CS, et al. Factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: an international survey among low-and middle-income countries. Vaccines. 2021; 9(5): 515.##5. Chemaitelly H, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, et al. mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the B. 1.1. 7 and B. 1.351 variants and severe COVID-19 disease in Qatar. Nature medicine. 2021; 27(9): 1614-21.##6. Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, et al. Early effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector vaccine on symptomatic disease, hospitalisations and mortality in older adults in England. MedRxiv. 2021.##7. Wilcox CR, Islam N, Dambha-Miller H. Association between influenza vaccination and hospitalisation or all-cause mortality in people with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ open respiratory research. 2021; 8(1): e000857.##8. Sefidkar R, Bahariniya s, Madadizadeh F. A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the Covid-19: From March 5 until December 20 in 2020. Journal of Community Health Research. 2021; 10(1): 1-3. [Persian]##9. Madadizadeh F, Ghelmani SY, Fallah Tafti T. Spatial analysis of the COVID-19 prevalence pattern in Yazd province, Central part of Iran (February 2020 to January 2021). Journal of Community Health Research. 2022; 11(1): 36-44. [Persian]##10. Perez-Arce F, Angrisani M, Bennett D, et al. COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress. PLoS One. 2021; 16(9): e0256406.##11. Koltai J, Raifman J, Bor J, et al. Does COVID-19 vaccination improve mental health? A difference-in-difference analysis of the Understanding Coronavirus in America study. medRxiv. 2021.##12. Sheykhangafshe FB, Farahani H, Azadfallah P. Determinants of public acceptance of the covid-19 vaccine: a systematic review. International Clinical Neuroscience Journal. 2022; 9: e19. [Persian]## ##

Investigating the Causes of Non-compliance with Health Protocols during the COVID-19 Pandemic بررسی علل عدم رعایت پروتکل های بهداشتی در دوران همه گیری کووید-19 2 2 No Abstract 235 237 2022/11/52021/10/16 1400/7/24 2023/01/12022/12/19 1401/9/28 خلیل کلوانی Khalil Kalavani Department of Healthcare Management, Health Policy and Health Economics, School of Management and Medical Information, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran modirtbzmed@gmail.com زهرا زارع Zahra Zare Department of Healthcare Management, Health Policy and Health Economics, School of Management and Medical Information, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran Zahra.zare1993@gmail.com مهدیه حیدری Mahdiyeh Heydari Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran m.heydari8994@gmail.com Management Health Health Protocols COVID-19. 1. Bahariniya S, Ezatiasar M, Madadizadeh F. Recommendation for How to Improve Taking Care of the Elderly with Covid-19. J Community Health Research. 2021; 10(4): 281-282. [Persian]##2. Sefidkar R, Bahariniya S, Madadizadeh F. A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the Covid-19: From March 5 until December 20 in 2020. JCHR 2021; 10(1): 1-3. [Persian]##3. Hellewell J, Abbott S, Gimma A, et al. Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Working Group. Funk S, Eggo RM. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8(4): e488-e496.##4. Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(4): 6-15.##5. Dehnavieh R, Kalavani K. Management-supportive measures for managers of healthcare organizations during the COVID-19 epidemic. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2020; 41(7): 878.##6. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2020; 368: 1-13.##7. Abdi S, Abdullahpoor A, Ahmadifar R, et al. The effectiveness of Covid-19 Lifestyle Training on Mental Health and Adherence to Health Protocols: Application of BASNEF Model. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2021; 10(4): 109-22. [Persian]##8. Kharamin S, Shakibkhah S, Rafiei M, et al. Evaluation of Adherence to Quarantine, Health Related Protocols and Some Associated Factors in Covid 19 Pandemic. armaghanj. 2021; 25(S1): 903-920. Available at URL: http://armaghanj.yums.ac.ir/article-1-2988-fa.html. [Persian]##9. Mir Derikond F, Bezi M, Sadeghpour M, et al. Predicting the level of compliance with the health protocols of Covid-19 based on defensive styles and self-compassion. New advances in behavioural sciences. 2022; 7(55): 225-236. [Persian]## ##

The Effect of Face Mask on Communication with Psychiatric Patients تاثیر ماسک صورت بر ارتباط با بیماران اعصاب و روان 2 2 No Abstract   238 239 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/28 1401/5/6 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/19 1401/9/28 رضا بیدکی Reza Bidaki Department of Psychiatry , Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Science, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran reza_bidaki@yahoo.com ستاره کشکولی Stare Kashkouli Department of psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran Iran mojtaba.mahmoudi.nurse@gmail.com مجتبی محمودی Mojtaba Mahmodi Department of psychiatric nursing , Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran starkashkouli8018131380@yahoo.com اتنا دادگری Atena Dadgari Department of Nursing, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran a.dadgari30@gmail.com Psychiatry Masks COVID-19 روانپزشکی ماسک COVID-19 1. Sefidkar R, Bahariniya s, Madadizadeh F. A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the Covid-19: From March 5 until December 20 in 2020. Journal of Community Health Research. 2021; 10(1): 1-3. [Persian]##2. Hauck G, Gelles K, Bravo V, et al. Five months in: A timeline of how COVID-19 has unfolded in the US. Usa Today. 2020; 23.##3. Klompas M, Morris CA, Sinclair J, et al. Universal masking in hospitals in the Covid-19 era. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 382(21): e63.##4. Wittum KJ, Feth L, Hoglund E, editors. The effects of surgical masks on speech perception in noise. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics ICA2013; 2013: Acoustical Society of America.##5. Mercer SW, Reynolds WJ. Empathy and quality of care. British Journal of General Practice. 2002; 52(Suppl): S9-12.##6. Nightingale SD, Yarnold PR, Greenberg MS. Sympathy, empathy, and physician resource utilization. Journal of general internal medicine. 1991; 6(5): 420-3.##7. Roter DL, Stewart M, Putnam SM, et al. Communication patterns of primary care physicians. Jama. 1997; 277(4): 350-6.##8. Pal A, Gupta P, Parmar A, et al. ‘Masking’of the mental state: Unintended consequences of personal protective equipment (PPE) on psychiatric clinical practice. Psychiatry research. 2020; 290: 113178.##9. Pamungkasih W, Sutomo AH, Agusno M. Description of patient acceptance of use of mask by doctor at poly out-patient care Puskesmas, Bantul. Review of Primary Care Practice and Education (Kajian Praktik dan Pendidikan Layanan Primer). 2019; 2(2): 70-5.##10. Martin DC. The mental status examination. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations 3rd edition. 1990.##11. Mehta UM, Venkatasubramanian G, Chandra PS. The “mind” behind the “mask”: assessing mental states and creating therapeutic alliance amidst COVID-19. Schizophrenia Research. 2020; 222: 503.## ##

Estimating the Life Expectancy at Birth for Iranian Provinces during 2011-16 برآورد امید به زندگی در بدو تولد در استان های ایران طی سال های 95-1390 2 1 زمینه و هدف: امید به زندگی در بدو تولد یک شاخص مفید از مرگ و میر در یک جمعیت در یک مقطع زمانی خاص است. با توجه به پوشش ناقص و متفاوت داده های مرگ و میر در استان های ایران، ایجاد جدول زندگی بدون تصحیح داده ها می تواند نتایج گمراه کننده ای داشته باشد. در این مطالعه پس از ارزیابی و تصحیح داده های مرگ و میر، امید به زندگی در سطح ملی و استانی برای دوره 95-1390 برآورد شده است. روش کار: این یک تحلیل مقطعی بود. در بازه زمانی 1390 تا 1395، داده های مرگ و میر بر حسب سن و جنس (2051602 فوت) از سازمان ثبت احوال کشور و داده های جمعیت بر حسب سن و جنس از مرکز آمار ایران به دست آمده است. پس از ارزیابی و تصحیح داده های مرگ و میر کودکان و بزرگسالان، با استفاده از تکنیک جدول زندگی، امید به زندگی در بدو تولد برای استان های ایران بر اساس جنسیت محاسبه شد. یافته‌ها: میزان ثبت فوت مردان و زنان طی سال‌های 95-1390 در سطح کشور به ترتیب 93 درصد و 85 درصد بوده است. همچنین دامنه این پوشش برای استان ها بین 70 تا 98 درصد بوده است. امید به زندگی در هنگام تولد برای مردان 73.1 و برای زنان 76 سال بود. اصفهان (9/77 برای دختران و 8/74 برای پسران) بیشترین امید به زندگی در بدو تولد و کمترین میزان امید به زندگی در استان سیستان و بلوچستان (4/70 برای زنان و 2/69 برای پسران) بود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اینکه بین امید به زندگی زنان و مردان در استان‌های ایران تفاوت‌های مهمی وجود دارد، شناسایی علل تفاوت‌های استانی در زمینه امید به زندگی در استان‌های ایران می‌تواند در نهایت منجر به بهبود امید به زندگی در سطح کشور شود. 2 Background: Life expectancy at birth is a useful indicator of mortality across a population at a particular point in time. Due to the incomplete and different coverage of mortality data in the provinces of Iran, constructing a life table without data correction can have misleading results. In this study, after evaluating and correcting the mortality data, life expectancy at the national and provincial levels for the period 2011-16 has been estimated. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Regarding the period 2011 to 2016, mortality data were obtained by age and sex (2051602 deaths) from the National Organization for Civil Registration, and the population data were obtained by age and sex from the Statistics Center of Iran. After evaluating and correcting the mortality data regarding children and adults, through the life table technique, life expectancy at birth for the provinces Iran was calculated by sex. Results: The death registration regarding men and women, during 2011-2016, in the national level was 93% and 85% respectively. Moreover, the range of this coverage for the provinces has been between 70% and 98%. The life expectancy at birth for men was 73.1, and for women it was 76 years. Isfahan (77.9 for females and 74.8 for males) had the highest level of life expectancy at birth, and the lowest level was in Sistan and Baluchestan province (70.4 for females and 69.2 for males). Conclusion: Considering that there are important differences between the life expectancy of men and women in the provinces of Iran, identifying the causes of provincial differences in regarding life expectancy in the provinces of Iran can ultimately lead to improved life expectancy at the national level. 240 248 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/7 1400/5/16 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/19 1401/8/28 محمد ساسانی پور Mohammad Sasanipour National Institute for Population Research, Tehran, Iran Iran sasanipourm@gmail.com Mortality Life Table Life Expectancy Iran مرگ و میر جدول زندگی امید به زندگی ایران 1. Roffia P, Bucciol A, Hashlamoun S. Determinants of life expectancy at birth: a longitudinal study on OECD countries. International Journal of Health Economics and Management. 2022; 11:1-24##2. Bilas V, Franc S, Bošnjak M. Determinant factors of life expectancy at birth in the European Union countries. Collegium antropologicum. 2014; 38(1): 1-9.##3. Miladinov G. Socioeconomic development and life expectancy relationship: evidence from the EU accession candidate countries. Genus. 2020; 76(1): 1-20.##4. Haughton J, Khandker SR. Handbook on poverty+ inequality. World Bank Publications; 27 Mar, 2009.##5. Riumallo-Herl C, Canning D, Salomon JA. Measuring health and economic wellbeing in the Sustainable Development Goals era: development of a poverty-free life expectancy metric and estimates for 90 countries. The Lancet Global Health. 2018; 6(8): e843-58.##6. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Mortality 2019: Data Booklet (ST/ ESA/SER.A/436).##7. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2019: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. World Health Organization; 2019.##8. Vaupel JW, Zhang Z, van Raalte AA. Life expectancy and disparity: an international comparison of life table data. BMJ open. 2011; 1(1): e000128.##9. Edwards RD, Tuljapurkar S. Inequality in life spans and a new perspective on mortality convergence across industrialized countries. Population and Development Review. 2005; 31(4): 645-74.##10. Mirzaee M. Development and population: focusing on Iran. Tehran: Nasional Population Studies and Comprehensive Management Institute; 2005. [Persian]. ##11. Askari Nodoushan A, Sasanipour M, Koosheshi M, Khosravi A. Patterns of Sex Differences in Mortality in Iran, 2006-2015. Woman in Development and Politics (Women's Research). 2018; 16(3): 415-38. [Persian].##12. Sasanipour M, Koosheshi M, Askari A, et al. The role of age and causes of death changes in increasing life expectancy in Iran during last decade. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2018; 12(24): 109-134. [Persian].##13. Statistics Center of Iran. Index of life expectancy at birth in Iran. Tehran; 2018. [Persian].##14. Eini-Zinab H, Shams-Ghahfarokhi F, Sajedi A, et al. Modeling and Predicting Mortality in Iran 1996-2041. Journal of Hakim Health System Research. 2016; 18(4): 330-345. [Persian].##15. Sasanipour M. The role of age groups and causes of death in provincial differences of life expectancy at birth in Iran. National Institute for Population Research. 2022. [Persian].##16. Hill K. Methods for measuring adult mortality in developing countries: A comparative review. The global burden of disease 2000 in aging populations. Research paper no. 01.13. 2002 [online]. 2007. Available at: http://www. hsph. harvard. edu/burdenofdisease/p ublications/p.##17. Moultrie TA, Dorrington RE, Hill AG, et al. Tools for demographic estimation. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population; 2013.##18. United Nations. Department of International Economic, Social Affairs. Population Division, & National Research Council (US). Committee on Population. (1983). Indirect techniques for demographic estimation (Vol. 81). United Nations Publications. 1983; 81.##19. Koosheshi M. Life tables of Iran in 2016 based on death registration statistics in Iran. Tehran: Insurance Research Institute; 2018. [Persian]. ##20. United Nations. World mortality report. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. New York. 2013##21. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision.##22. Afghah S, Ahangari A, Askari por H. Estimating Human Development Index of Iranian Provinces and Investigating its Impact on Economic Growth Using Fuzzy Logic. Quarterly Journal of Quantitative Economics. 2020; 17(2): 89-121. [Persian]. ##23. Askari pour lahiji H, OTofat shamsi R. The calculation and evaluation of the human development index of the provinces of Iran in the years 2005, 2010, and 2015. Journal of Human Capital Empowerment. 2020; 2(4): 331-345. [Persian].##24. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2017 - Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/397).##25. World population prospects: the 2017 revision. Geneva: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2017. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/. Accessed 31 March 2019.## ##

The Relationship between the Attachment Styles of Children, Parenting Styles, and the Socio-Economic Status of parents رابطه سبک های دلبستگی کودکان، سبک های فرزندپروری و وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی والدین 2 1 زمینه و هدف: وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی خانواده ممکن است به طور قابل توجهی بر سبک فرزند پروری تأثیر بگذارد. بنابراین، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه سبک های دلبستگی کودکان 7 تا 12 ساله، سبک های فرزندپروری و وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی والدین انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع مقطعی و از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل 7 تا 12 کودک شاغل در مدارس ابتدایی شهر تهران در سال 1390 بود. نمونه ای متشکل از 95 نفر به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انتخاب و با پرسشنامه های وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی (SE) (قدرت نما، 1392)، سبک فرزندپروری PS) (Baumrind، 1973)، پیوست مرکز خویشاوندی (KCA) (Halpern and Kappenberg، 2006). اطلاعات به دست آمده از نمونه ها با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS 22 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. سطح معنی داری 5 درصد در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: بین سبک‌های دلبستگی فرزندان و سبک‌های فرزندپروری و وضعیت اقتصادی-اجتماعی والدین همبستگی معنی‌داری وجود داشت (01/0>p، 284/0-=r). در سبک های فرزندپروری بین سبک فرزندپروری مقتدرانه با سازگاری مثبت (05/0p<، 258/0-r=)، واکنش پذیری عاطفی (05/0>p، 218/0=r)، رفتار منفی (394/0=r، 05/0p<) رابطه معناداری وجود داشت. 0.01) و فاصله گرفتن از حمایت مراقب (r=.407، p<0.01). همچنین بین سازگاری مستبدانه و مثبت (r=.315، p<0.01)، رفتار منفی (r= -.311، p<0.01)، فاصله گرفتن از حمایت مراقب (r= -.379، p<0.01) وجود داشت. ). بین رفتار سهل گیرانه و منفی رابطه معنی داری مشاهده شد (232/0=r و 05/0p<). نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد هر دو سبک فرزندپروری مقتدرانه و سهل‌انگیز ناکارآمد هستند. آنها به دلیل سبک های دلبستگی خود باعث بروز مسائل رفتاری و عاطفی متفاوتی در کودکان می شوند. 2 Background: Family's socio-economic status may significantly influence parenting style. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles of 7 to 12-year-old children, parenting styles, and the socio-economic status of parents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and correlational study. The study population included 7 to 12 children who studied in elementary schools of Tehran in 2021. A sample of 95 individuals were selected by random sampling method and evaluated by questionares regarding Socio-Economic status (SE) (Ghodratnama, 2013), Parenting Style (PS) (Baumrind, 1973), Kinship Center Attachment (KCA) (Halpern and Kappenberg, 2006). The information obtained from the samples was analysed by Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS 22 software. The level of significance was considered 5%. Results: There was a a significant correlation between the attachment styles of the children and parenting styles and the socio-economic status of parents (r= -.284, p<0.01). In parenting styles there was a significant relationship between authoritive parenting style and positive adjustment (r= -.258, p<0.05), emotional reactivity (r= .218, p<0.05), negative behaviour (r= .394, p<0.01) and distancing from caregiver support (r= .407, p<0.01). There was also a significant relationship between authoritarian and positive adjustment (r= .315, p<0.01), negative behaviour (r= -.311, p<0.01), distancing from caregiver support (r= -.379, p<0.01). A significant relationship was observed between permissive and negative behavior (r= .232, p<0.05). Conclusion: Both authoritative and permissive parenting styles seem to be dysfunctional. They cause different behavioural and emotional issues in children due to their attachment styles. 249 255 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/3 1401/1/14 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/19 1401/9/28 اسیه افتخاری Asie Eftekhari Department Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran asie.eftekhari@gmail.com مریم بختیاری Maryam Bakhtiari Department Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Maryam_bakhtiyari@sbmu.ac.ir امیرسام کیانی مقدم Amir Sam Kianimoghadam Department Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran as.kianimoghadam@gmail.com Object Attachment Parenting Social Class دلبستگی شیء فرزندپروری طبقه اجتماعی 1. Soleimani H, Bashash L, Latifiyan M. Psychometric Properties of the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ) of Latency-Aged for Children. Psychological Methods and Models. 2014; 4(16): 41-63. [Persian]##2. O’Farrelly C, Watt H, Babalis D, et al. A brief home-based parenting intervention to reduce behavior problems in young children: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. JAMA pediatrics. 2021; 175(6): 567-76.##3. Martinsen KD, Rasmussen L-MP, Wentzel-Larsen T, et al. Change in quality of life and self-esteem in a randomized controlled CBT study for anxious and sad children: can targeting anxious and depressive symptoms improve functional domains in schoolchildren? BMC psychology. 2021; 9(1): 1-14.##4. Fomby P, Ophir A, Carlson MJ. Family Complexity and Children's Behavior Problems over Two US Cohorts. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2021; 83(2): 340-57.##5. Kim SH, Baek M, Park S. Association of Parent–child Experiences with Insecure Attachment in Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis. Journal of Family Theory & Review. 2021; 13(1): 58-76.##6. Kılıçkaya S, Uçar N, Denizci Nazlıgül M. A Systematic Review of the Association between Parenting Styles and Narcissism in Young Adults: From Baumrind’s Perspective. Psychological Reports. 2021: 00332941211041010.##7. Gastelle M, Kerns KA. A Systematic Review of Representational and Behavioral Measures of Parent-Child Attachment Available for Middle Childhood. Human Development. 2021.##8. Tabachnick AR, He Y, Zajac L, et al. Secure attachment in infancy predicts context-dependent emotion expression in middle childhood. Emotion. 2021.##9. Kanwar P. Pubertal timing and externalizing problem behaviours in adolescents: The influence of perceived parental attachments. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2021; 18(3): 330-49.##10. Pascuzzo K, Cyr C, Joly M-P, et al. Professional carers’ attachment style and reflective functioning: Links with adolescent behavioral and emotional adaptation in residential care. Children and Youth Services Review. 2021; 126: 106044.##11. Laible DJ, Carlo G, Raffaelli M. The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and adolescence. 2000; 29(1): 45-59.##12. Li J, Yao M, Liu H. From social support to adolescents’ subjective well-being: The mediating role of emotion regulation and prosocial behavior and gender difference. Child Indicators Research. 2021; 14(1): 77-93.##13. Hoff E, Laursen B. Socioeconomic status and parenting. Handbook of parenting: Routledge; 2019; 421-47.##14. Ashraf MU, Asif M, Iqbal MMA, et al. Role of Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Practices in construction of Violent Behavior among Youth: A Study from South Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS). 2019; 39(2).##15. Vafaeenejad Z, Elyasi F, Moosazadeh M, et al. Psychological factors contributing to parenting styles: A systematic review. F1000Research. 2019; 7: 906. [Persian]##16. Baumrind D. The development of instrumental competence through socialization. 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The role of socioeconomic conditions in the citizens' motivation for participating in public sports. Applied Research in Sport Management. 2014; 2(3): 89-104. [Persian]##22. Bortz P, Berrigan M, VanBergen A, et al. Family systems thinking as a guide for theory integration: Conceptual overlaps of differentiation, attachment, parenting style, and identity development in families with adolescents. Journal of Family Theory & Review. 2019; 11(4): 544-60.##23. Moazen T, Aghaei A, Golparvar M. Predicted Students Attachment Styles Based on Parents Parenting Styles. (Journal of Instruction and Evaluation) Journal of Educational Sciences. 2014; 7(25). [Persian]##24. Birch P. Attachment styles, emotional loneliness and sexual offending. Sex as Crime?: Willan. 2013; 302-20.## ##

Assessment of Postmenopausal Symptoms among women Residing in Urban Slums ارزیابی علائم یائسگی در بین زنان ساکن در محله های فقیر نشین شهری 2 1 زمینه و هدف: یائسگی یک تغییر فیزیولوژیکی طبیعی و یک انتقال مهم در زندگی زنان است. شروع یائسگی پیامدهای مهمی بر باروری و سلامت زنان دارد. علائم یائسگی از نظر شدت متفاوت است و ممکن است کیفیت زندگی را کاهش دهد، زیرا اکثر زنان هنوز برای این علائم درمان نمی‌کنند زیرا اکثر زنان هندی سابقه انکار و بی‌توجهی دارند. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی شیوع علائم یائسگی در بین زنان مقاوم در محله های فقیر نشین شهری انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی مبتنی بر جامعه بر روی 334 زن یائسه (60-45) ساکن محله های فقیر نشین شهری به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی سیستماتیک انجام شد. مقیاس رتبه بندی یائسگی (MRS) برای ارزیابی علائم پس از یائسگی استفاده شد. معاینه فیزیکی عمومی انجام شد و اندازه گیری های آنتروپومتریک ثبت شد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 20 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج به صورت آمار توصیفی (میانگین (SD)، فراوانی (%)) و برای یافتن ارتباط بین دو ویژگی از آزمون کای اسکوئر استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: 76/69 درصد از شرکت‌کنندگان علائم خفیف، 95/23 درصد علائم متوسط و تنها 1/2 درصد علائم شدید داشتند. شیوع علائم جسمی 93.11 درصد، علائم روانی 85.33 درصد و علائم ادراری تناسلی 33.53 درصد بود. 44.31٪ از زنان از کلاس 4 SES از علائم خفیف تا شدید رنج می بردند و پس از آن کلاس 3 با 20.06٪ (0.00005=p) قرار گرفتند. 73.86 درصد از خانواده های هسته ای و 66.67 درصد برای سه نسل در خانواده خود از علائم خفیف رنج می بردند (0001/0=p). نتیجه‌گیری: شیوع علائم جسمی پس از یائسگی در مقایسه با روان‌شناختی و ادراری-تناسلی با استفاده از MRS بالا بود. عواملی مانند سن، وضعیت اقتصادی-اجتماعی ضعیف، وضعیت تأهل و تحصیلات در علائم یائسگی نقش داشتند. اقدامات لازم برای تشخیص زودهنگام علائم و درمان انجام شود. برای دستیابی به این هدف، دولت، سازمان‌های خصوصی و داوطلبانه می‌توانند در سریع‌ترین زمان ممکن کلینیک‌های پس از یائسگی را در تمام سطوح مراقبت‌های بهداشتی ایجاد کنند. 2 Background: Menopause is a normal physiological change and an important transition in women’s life. Onset of menopause has important implications on women’s fertility and health. Menopausal symptoms vary in severity and may decrease quality of life Thise is, because the majority of women still do not take treatment for these symptoms as most Indian women have a history of self-denial and neglect. This study is conducted to find the prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms among women resisting in urban slums Methods: This was a community based, cross-sectional study conducted among 334 postmenopausal women (45-60) residing in urban slums by systematic random sampling. Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was used to assess postmenopausal symptoms Pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used for collecting data to identify the factors affecting it. General physical examination was carried out and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Data were   analysed using SPSS software version 20. Results were expressed as descriptive statistics (Mean (SD), Frequency (%)) and Chi-square test was used to find the association between two attributes. Results: 69.76% of participants had mild symptoms, 23.95% moderate symptoms and only 2.1% suffered from severe symptoms.   Prevalence of somatic symptoms was 93.11%, psychological symptoms 85.33% and urogenital symptoms was 33.53%. 44.31% of women from class 4 of SES suffered from mild to severe symptoms, followed by class 3 with 20.06% (p= 0.00005). 73.86% from nuclear families and 66.67% for three generations in their families suffered from mild symptoms (p=0.0001) Conclusion: The prevalence of somatic postmenopausal symptoms was high compared to psychological and urogenital using MRS. Factors like age, poor socio-economic status, marital and educational status played a role in postmenopausal symptoms. Measures should be taken for early recognition of symptoms and treatment. To achieve this, the government, private, and voluntary organizations can establish postmenopausal clinics as soon as possible at the earliest at all levels of healthcare. 256 261 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/1 1400/12/10 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/25 1401/10/4 ویجایالاکسمی مانگاسولی Vijayalaxmi Mangasuli Department of Community Medicine, Basaveshwara Medical College & Hospital, Chitradurga, India India dr.vijugokak@gmail.com مایور شرخانه Mayur Sherkhane Department of Community Medicine , SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwar University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India India drmayurss@gmail.com Menopause Rating Scale Menopause Slums Symptoms Urban Women. مقیاس رتبه بندی یائسگی یائسگی زاغه ها علائم شهری زنان. 1. Borker SA, Venugopalan PP, Bhat SN. Study of menopausal symptoms and perceptions about menopause among women at a rural community in Kerala. J Midlife Health. 2013; 4(3): 182-7.##2. Choudhary A, Choudhary P. Socio-cultural beliefs and perception of menopausal symptoms: A study in urban Indian women. Asian J Med Res. 2013; 2(4): 84-8.##3. Anil BS, Anitha B, Jose J. Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among women (menopausal for< 5 years) in a rural area in Kottayam, Kerala, India. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2014; 3(17), 4648-4657.##4. Liu K, He L, Tang X, et al. Relationship between menopause and health-related quality of life in middle-aged Chinese women: across-sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2014; 14(1): 7-14.##5. Vaze N, Joshi S. Yoga and menopausal transition. J Midlife Health. 2010; 1(2): 56-8.##6. Mahajan N, Aggarwal M, Bagga A. Health issues of menopausal women in North India. J Midlife Health. 2012; 3(2): 84-7.##7. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser.1996; 866: 1-107.##8. Unni J. Third consensus meeting of Indian Menopause Society (2008): A summary. J Midlife Health. 2010; 1(1): 43-7.##9. Heinmann, Lothar AJ. Menopause rating scale development of the scale. Status report. 2007. Available at: http://www.menopause-ratingscale.info/documents/Development_of_MRS_scale_review_as_PRO.pdf. Accessed April 26, 2019.##10. Kakkar V, Kaur D, Chopra K, et al. Assessment of the variation in menopausal symptoms with age, education and working/non-working status in north-Indian subpopulation using menopause rating scale (MRS). Maturitas. 2007; 57(3): 306-14.##11. Deotale M, Ranganathan U, Mankeshwar R, et al. Study of epidemiological features of health problems in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in an urban community. Int J Med and Public Health. 2015; 5(2): 147-51.##12. Dutta R, Dcruze L, Anuradha R, et al. A population based study on the menopausal symptoms in a rural area of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian Journal and Diagnostic Research. 2012; 6(4): 597-601.##13. Pal A, Hande D, Khatri S. Assessment of menopausal symptoms in perimenopause and postmenopause women above 40 years in rural area. International J Healthcare and Biomedical Research. 2013; 1(3): 166-74.##14. Khan S, Shukla M, Priya N, et al. Health seeking behaviour among. postmenopausal women: a knowledge, attitude and practices study. Int J Community Med Public health. 2016; 3(7): 1777-82.## ##

Assessing the inequality of health distribution among the provinces of Iran during the Fifth Development Plan (2011-2015) بررسی نابرابری توزیع سلامت در استان های ایران در برنامه پنجم توسعه (94-1390) 2 1 زمینه و هدف: سلامت، هم از نظر جسمی و هم از نظر روحی، سطح سرمایه انسانی را بالا می برد. این مطالعه با هدف به چالش کشیدن عملکرد برنامه پنجم توسعه (94-1390) در خصوص نابرابری در توزیع امکانات بهداشتی در بین استان های کشور انجام شده است. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع مقطعی تحلیلی است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش TOPSIS و با استفاده از شاخص ضریب جینی و نسبت‌های نابرابری، توزیع امکانات بهداشتی در بین استان‌های کشور مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. همچنین برای تعیین درجه توسعه سلامت در بین استان های کشور از 13 شاخص شامل سرانه بیمارستان، سرانه تخت بیمارستان، سرانه خانه بهداشت، سرانه مرکز بهداشت، سرانه آزمایشگاه، سرانه داروخانه، سرانه پزشک عمومی. سرانه پزشک متخصص و سایر کارکنان مراقبت های بهداشتی سرانه استفاده شد. نرم افزار مورد استفاده در این تحقیق SPSS 25 می باشد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که در سال 1390، استان‌های تهران، خراسان رضوی و اصفهان در بالاترین سطح و استان‌های خراسان جنوبی، ایلام و کهگیلویه و بویراحمد در پایین‌ترین سطح از این نظر قرار داشتند. در حالی که در سال 1394 استان های تهران، خراسان رضوی جایگاه قبلی خود را حفظ کردند و استان فارس در جایگاه سوم قرار گرفت. استان ایلام همچنان در پایین ترین سطح قرار داشت. ضریب جینی توزیع تسهیلات بهداشتی در بین استان‌های کشور در سال 1390 برابر 0.49 و در سال 1394 به 0.52 افزایش یافت. و 2015 به ترتیب برابر با 32 و 37 بوده است. نتیجه‌گیری: شدت نابرابری امکانات بهداشتی در بین استان‌های کشور طی برنامه پنجم تشدید شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که استان‌ها از نظر موقعیت دسترسی به امکانات بهداشتی تفاوت معناداری دارند و این نشان‌دهنده توزیع یکسان امکانات بهداشتی در بین استان‌های کشور است. 2 Background: Health, both physically and mentally, raises the level of human capital. This study aims to challenge the performance of the Fifth Development Plan (2011-2015) regarding inequality in the distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country.  Methods: This study is analytical cross sectional. In this research, using the TOPSIS method and using the Gini coefficient index and inequality ratios, was evaluated the distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country. Also, to determine the degree of health development among the provinces of the country, from 13 indices including hospital per capita, hospital bed per capita, health house per capita, health center per capita, laboratory per capita, pharmacy per capita, general practitioner per capita, specialist physician per capita and other health care staff per capita were used. The software used in this research is SPSS 25. Results: The results show that in 2011, the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi and Isfahan were at the highest level and the provinces of South Khorasan, Ilam and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad were at the lowest level in this regard. While, in 2015, the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi maintained their previous position and Fars province was in the third place. The province of Ilam, was still at the lowest level. The Gini coefficient of distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country in 2011 was 0.49, and increased to 0.52 in 2015. The share ratio of the top 20% to the bottom 20% among the provinces in terms of enjoying health facilities in 2011 and 2015 was equal to 32 and 37, respectively. Conclusion: The severity of inequality of health facilities among the provinces of the country has intensified during the Fifth Plan. The results show that the provinces have a significant difference in their position in access to health facilities and this indicates equal distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country.   262 276 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/20 1400/9/29 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/1 1400/12/10 منصور مهینی زاده Mansour Mahinizadeh Department Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran mahinizadeh@yazd.ac.ir محمدرضا پورقربان MohammadReza Pourghorban Department Economics, Payame Noor University of Babol, Babol, Iran. Iran poorghorban@gmail.com Provinces of the Country TOPSIS Method Gini Coefficient Inequality Health Distribution Development Plan استان های کشور روش تاپسیس ضریب جینی نابرابری توزیع سلامت برنامه توسعه 1. Emadzadeh M. Economics of Education. Tehran: Payam Noor University Press; 2004. [Persian]##2. Amini A, Hejazi Azad Z. 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Comparing the Effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy on Forgiveness and Marital Intimacy of Women Affected by Infidelity in Mashhad مقایسه اثربخشی زوج درمانی متمرکز عاطفی و درمان زوج شناختی-رفتاری در بخشش و صمیمیت زناشویی زنان تحت تأثیر خیانت در مشهد 2 1  سابقه و هدف: تجربه خیانت بسیار دردناک است و منجر به عواقب منفی جدی در بین زوجین می شود. هدف این پژوهش مقایسه اثربخشی زوج درمانی متمرکز بر هیجان (EFT) و زوج درمانی شناختی- رفتاری (CBT) بر بخشش و صمیمیت زناشویی زنان آسیب دیده از خیانت است. روش کار: این پژوهش از نوع نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش آزمون پس آزمون بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه زنان مبتلا به خیانت مراجعه کننده به مرکز مشاوره اندیشه و تفکور در سه ماهه اول سال 1399 در شهر مشهد بود. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران برای هر گروه 15 نفر تعیین شد. از این جامعه آماری، 45 نفر به روش هدفمند و بر اساس معیارهای ورود انتخاب شدند و به طور تصادفی در سه گروه CBT (15=N)، EFT (15=N) و گروه کنترل (15=N) جایگزین شدند. کلیه شرکت کنندگان قبل، بعد و دو ماه بعد از مداخله با بخشش زناشویی و واکر و تامپسون (1983) و مقیاس صمیمیت زناشویی (MIS) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. تجزیه و تحلیل واریانس اندازه گیری مکرر یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی شرکت‌کنندگان 03/5 ± 11/33 سال و مدت ازدواج 89/2±23/6 سال بود. نتایج نشان داد که بخشش و صمیمیت زناشویی در گروه های CBT و EFT نسبت به گروه کنترل به طور معنی داری افزایش یافته است (001/0 P<). EFT اثربخشی بالاتری نسبت به CBT در افزایش بخشش و صمیمیت نشان داد (05/0 > P). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌ها، CBT و EFT در بهبود صمیمیت و بخشش بین زوجین اثربخشی دارند. با مقایسه مداخلات، EFT اثربخشی بالاتری را نشان داد. بنابراین پیشنهاد می شود از تکنیک های هیجان محور برای بهبود روابط زوجین استفاده شود. علاوه بر این، با توجه به اثربخشی هر دو درمان، می توان از یک رویکرد یکپارچه در مطالعات آتی استفاده کرد. 2 Background: The experience of infidelity is very painful and leads to serious negative consequence among couples. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT) and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (CBT) on forgiveness and marital intimacy of women affected by infidelity. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-posttest design. The statistical population included all the infidelity-affected women referred to Andishe and Tafakor counseling center in the first quarter of 2020 in Mashhad city. The sample size was determined by Cochran formula as 15 participants for each group. From this statistical population, 45 people were selected by purposive method based on inclusion criteria and were randomly replaced in three groups of CBT (N=15), EFT (N=15), and the control group (N=15. They did not receive any intervention. All participants were assessed before, after, and two months after the intervention with the marital forgiveness and Walker and Thompson's (1983) and marital intimacy scale (MIS). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS-20 by statistical methods of the repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: The mean age of participants was 33.11 ±5.03, and their marriage duration was 6.23±2.89.  The results demonstrated forgiveness and marital intimacy were significantly increased in CBT and EFT groups compared to the control group (P <0.001). EFT showed higher effectiveness than CBT in enhancement of forgiveness and intimacy (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, CBT and EFT indicated efficacy in improvement of intimacy and forgiveness between couples. By comparing interventions, EFT showed higher effectiveness. Therefore, it is suggested to use emotion-focused techniques to improve the relationship of couple. In addition, considering the effectiveness of both treatments, an integrated approach can be used in future studies.   277 286 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/30 1401/4/9 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/19 1401/9/28 مریم اسودی Maryam Asvadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd, Bojnourd, Iran Iran m.asvadi2@gmail.com ابولفضل بخشی پور Abolfazl Bakhshipoor Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd, Bojnourd, Iran Iran ab8boj@gmail.com بی بی زهره رضوی تبادگان Bibi Zohreh Razavi Tabadeghan Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd, Bojnourd, Iran Iran razavi7585@gmail.com Forgiveness Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Intimacy Emotion Couple Therapy 1. Goldenberg H, Goldenberg I. Family therapy: An overview. USA: Cengage; 2012; 18-9. ##2. Hou Y, Jiang F, Wang X. Marital commitment, communication and marital satisfaction: An analysis based on actor–partner interdependence model. International Journal of Psychology. 2019; 54(3): 369-76.##3. Goodarzi M. Predicting the Probability of Marital Infidelity based on Self-differentiation, Family Function & Couple Burnout. Journal of Counseling Research. 2019; 18(71): 80-99. [Persian]##4. Regas S. Infidelity, self-differentiation, and intimacy: The mindful differentiation model of couple therapy. Integrative couple and family therapies: Treatment models for complex clinical issues (pp 71–90) American Psychological Association https://doiorg/101037/0000151-004. 2019.##5. Renanita T, Lukito Setiawan J. Marital satisfaction in terms of communication, conflict resolution, sexual intimacy, and financial relations among working and non-working wives. 2018.##6. Besharat MA, Rafiezadeh B. 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The Effectiveness of Couple Therapy on Psychological and Relational Variables and Pregnancy Rates in Couples with Infertility: A Systematic Review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 2021; 42(2): 120-44.##11. Chan TMS, Lau V, Chin FF, et al. A Systemic Review of Couple Therapy Research in Greater China. Research on Social Work Practice. 2020; 30(3): 267-74.##12. Welch TS, Lachmar EM, Leija SG, et al. Establishing safety in emotionally focused couple therapy: A single‐case process study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2019; 45(4): 621-34.##13. Beasley CC, Ager R. Emotionally focused couples therapy: A systematic review of its effectiveness over the past 19 years. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2019; 16(2): 144-59.##14. Dehghani M, Aslani K, Amaneli A, et al. 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Challenges of a Program for Public Mental Health Education with an Emphasis on Self-Care in Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study چالش های برنامه آموزش بهداشت روان عمومی با تاکید بر خودمراقبتی در مراقبت های اولیه بهداشتی: یک مطالعه کیفی 2 1 زمینه و هدف: آموزش بهداشت روان با هدف افزایش سواد سلامت روان (MHL) و نقش مهمی بر سلامت روان اعضای جامعه ایفا می کند. اما اجرای آن در مراقبت های اولیه بهداشتی (PHC) با موانع و مشکلاتی مواجه است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف تبیین چالش های برنامه آموزش عمومی سلامت روان با تاکید بر خودمراقبتی در PHC ایران انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه کیفی با رویکرد تحلیل محتوا بود. نمونه پژوهش شامل 20 نفر از ذینفعان به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند با حداکثر تنوع بود. این مطالعه در تهران و البرز انجام شد. داده ها از طریق مصاحبه های عمیق و نیمه ساختاریافته جمع آوری و با رویکرد گرانهایم و لوندمن تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: با تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها، چالش ها در شش موضوع اصلی و 15 دسته طبقه بندی شدند. شش موضوع اصلی شامل چالش های آموزشی، ناکارآمدی روش آموزشی، همکاری نامناسب بین بخشی، چالش های زیرساختی، منابع ناکافی و موانع مشارکت در آموزش و پرورش بود. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به چالش‌ها و موانع چند بعدی، اصلاح و اتخاذ روش‌های اجرایی مناسب با استفاده از متخصصان سلامت روان ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. تحقیقات و سیاست‌های آینده می‌توانند راه‌هایی را برای بهینه‌سازی اجرای برنامه در PHC بررسی کنند. 2 Background: Mental health education aims to increase mental health literacy (MHL) and plays a crucial role on mental health of community members. However, its implementation in primary health care (PHC) faces obstacles and problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain the challenges of the public mental health education program with an emphasis on self-care in Iran's PHC. Methods: This was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. The research sample consisted of 20 stakeholders through purposive sampling with maximum diversity. This study was conducted in Tehran and Alborz, Iran. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman approach. Results: By analyzing data, the challenges were categorized into six main themes and 15 categories. The six main themes included educational challenges, inefficiency of the educational method, unsuitable intersectoral collaboration, infrastructural challenges, inadequate resources and barriers to participation in education. Conclusions: Given multidimensionality challenges and obstacles, reform and adoption of appropriate implementation methods using mental health experts seem necessary. Future research and policies could explore ways to optimize program implementation in PHC.   287 296 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/6 1401/3/16 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/19 1401/9/28 زهرا ولیدآبادی Zahra Validabady Department Mental Health, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran validabady.z@iums.ac.ir نادره معماریان Nadereh Memaryan Spiritual Health Research Center, Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran memaryan.n@iums.ac.ir مرتضی ناصر بخت Morteza Naserbakht Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Iran Naserbakht.m@iums.ac.ir عاطفه زندی فر Atefeh Zandifar Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hossein Hospital, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Iran zandifaratefe@gmail.com مژگان لطفی Mozhgan Lotfi Department of Mental Health, School of Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences. Iran lotfi.mo@iums.ac.ir Mental Health Education Mental Health Literacy Primary Health Care Health Centers آموزش بهداشت روان سواد سلامت روان مراقبت های بهداشتی اولیه مراکز بهداشتی 1. James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 1789-858.##2. WHO. World Mental Health Day: an opportunity to kick-start a massive scale-up in investment in mental health 2020; 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-08-2020-world-mental-health-day-an-opportunity-to-kick-start-a-massive-scale-up-in-investment-in-mental-health.##3. 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Local-level challenges to implementing health education programs in rural settings: a qualitative study. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2019; (1): 30-4. [Persian]##32. Mohammed NY, Elkaluby EA, Mohamed AM. Nursing Students’ Perspectives regarding Challenges and Barriers of Health Education at Different Community Clinical Settings in Alexandria, Egypt. 2019.##33. Wakida EK, Talib ZM, Akena D, et al. Barriers and facilitators to the integration of mental health services into primary health care: a systematic review. Systematic Reviews. 2018; 7(1): 211.##34. Rahimi H, Haghdoost A, Noorihekmat S. A qualitative study of challenges affecting the primary care system performance: Learning from Iran's experience. Health Sci Rep. 2022; 5(2): e568-e. [Persian]##35. Connell CL, Wang SC, Crook L, et al. Barriers to Healthcare Seeking and Provision Among African American Adults in the Rural Mississippi Delta Region: Community and Provider Perspectives. 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Investigating the Factors Related to the Development of Children in Southern Iran بررسی عوامل مرتبط با رشد کودکان در جنوب ایران 2 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به اینکه تکامل جنبه های مختلف ذهنی شامل تغییرات جسمی، ذهنی، عاطفی و اجتماعی است. غربالگری وضعیت رشد کودکان می تواند از عوارض و اختلالات قابل توجه جلوگیری کند. بنابراین وضعیت رشد کودکان استان هرمزگان بر اساس پرسشنامه سنی و مراحل پرسشنامه سن و مراحل (ASQ) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش کار: این مطالعه یک مطالعه تحلیلی بود که به روش مقطعی در آذرماه 1376 در واحدهای بهداشتی درمانی استان هرمزگان انجام شد. بر اساس نمونه‌گیری تصادفی خوشه‌ای، اسامی 2260 کودک 60 ماهه (3 تا 5 ساله) از طریق سامانه یکپارچه سلامت استخراج شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه سن و مراحل (ASQ) برای سنجش رشد کودکان در پنج حوزه ارتباطی، حرکات بزرگ، حرکات ظریف، حل مسئله و مهارت های فردی-اجتماعی بود. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 22 و آزمون‌های آماری ANOVA، مجذور کای، میانگین انحراف معیار و درصد فراوانی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت (05/0>P). یافته‌ها: میانگین سنی کودکان مورد مطالعه 3/2 ± 14/3 سال بود. از 2260 کودک، 1036 نفر (8/45%) دختر و 1224 نفر (2/54%) پسر بودند. از نظر ارتباطی 1.5% موارد، حرکات ظریف 2%، 4.5% حرکات بزرگ، 3% حل مسئله و مهارتهای فردی-اجتماعی، 4% کودکان غیرطبیعی بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که علیرغم رشد طبیعی در اکثر کودکان، تعدادی از کودکان حداقل در یک زمینه دارای اختلالات رشدی بودند. بنابراین، نیاز به برنامه‌هایی برای مقابله با عوامل خطر مرتبط و پیگیری مستمر از نظر توسعه این مناطق برای جلوگیری از عوارض آتی ضروری است. 2 Background: Given that the evolution of various mental aspects includes physical, mental, emotional and social changes. Screening for the developmental status of children can prevent significant complications and disorders. Therefore, the developmental status of children in Hormozgan province was examined based on the ages and stages of questionnaire age and stages questionnaire (ASQ). Methods: This was an analytical study performed by a cross-sectional method in December 1997 in health units of Hormozgan province. Based on the cluster random sampling, the names of 2260 children aged 60 months (3 to 5) were extracted through the integrated health system. Data collection tool was age and stages questionnaire (ASQ) used to assess the development of children in five areas of communication, large movements, fine movements, problem solving and socio-personal skills. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and statistical tests, ANOVA, Chi-square, mean   standard deviation and frequency percentage (P<0.05). Results: The mean age of the children in the study was 3.14 ± 2.3. From 2260 children, 1036 (45.8%) were girls and 1224 (54.2%) were boys. In terms of communication, 1.5% cases, fine movements 2%, 4.5% large movements, 3% problem solving and socio-personal skills, 4% children were abnormal. Conclusion: The results showed that despite the normal development in most children, a number of children had developmental disorders in at least one area. Therefore, the need for programs to deal with related risk factors and continuous follow-up in terms of the development of these areas is essential to prevent future complications. 297 306 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/62022/07/11 1401/4/20 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/192022/12/19 1401/9/28 شیرین سلطانی Shirin Soltani Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Research Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Iran shirinsoltani6@gmail.com علی موصلی Ali Mouseli Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Research Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Iran mouseli136025@hums.ac.ir زهرا مستانه Zahra Mastaneh Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Research Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Iran zahra.mastaneh@hums.ac.ir ارزو مبارک ابادی Arezoo Mubarakabadi Mother and Child Care Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Iran arezo_mb48@yahoo.com صغری کمالی Soghra Kamali Mother and Child Care Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Iran ahadmahdi@yahoo.com ابوبکر جعفرنژاد Aboubakr Jafarnezhad Department of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran ajafarnejad0@gmail.com Development Child ASQ Children Iran. رشد کودک ASQ کودکان ایران. 1. Ghahramani M, Tavakolizadeh J, Chamanzari H. The survey of developmental criteria of one year old infant in Gonabad city and its comparison to standard index. Journal of Medical Sciences School of Gonabad. 2002; 2(8): 81-89. [Persian]##2. Kazroni S, Keshavarz K, Abbasi R, et al. Development status of premature children aged 4 to 12 months with a history of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit based on the ASQ questionnaire. Armaghane Danesh magazine. 2013; 19(9): 92. [Persian]##3. American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Children With Disabilities, Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Bright Futures Steering Committee and Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Needs Project Advisory Committee. Identifying Infants and Young Children with Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pediatr. 2006; 118(1): 405-420.##4. Rydz D, Srour M, Oskoui M, et al. Screening for developmental delay in the setting of community pediatric clinic: A prospective Assessment of Parent-Report Questionnaires. Pediatr. 2006; 118(4): e1178-86.##5. Glascoe FP. Evidence-based approach to developmental and behavioral surveillance using parents’ concerns. Child Care Health Dev. 2000; 26(2): 137-149.##6. Glascoe FP. Early detection of developmental and behavioral problems. Pediatr Rev. 2000; 21(8): 272- 280.##7. Halfon N, Regalado M, Sareen H, et al. Assessing development in the pediatric office. Pediatr. 2004; 113: 1926-1933.##8. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Dadkhah A. High-risk Infants Referred to Health-care Centers in North and East of Tehran and Risk Factors of Motor Developmental Delay. Hakim Research Journal. 2009; 12(2) 11- 18. [Persian]##9. Mahjoob Al-Naddawi, Mohammad F. Ibraheem, Shaima Hussein Alwan. Causes of Global Developmental Delay in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital-Baghdad. The Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2013; 12 (3) 383-389.##10. K Poon J, C Larosa A, PAI G S. Developmental Delay: Timely Identification and Assessment. IndianPediatrics. 2010; 47(17) 415-422##11. Potijk MR, Kerstjens JM, Bos AF, et al. Developmental Delay in ModeratelyPreterm-Born Children with Low Socioeconomic Status: Risks Multiply .Journal of ediatrics. 2013; 163(5) 1289-1295.##12. Soleimani F, Sajdi F, Amir Ali Akbari P. Children's developmental delay and related factors. Scientific research journal of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2013; 24(85): 61-70. [Persian]##13. Soleimani F, Teymouri R, Biglarian A. Predicting Developmental Disorder in Infants using an Artificial Neural Network. Acta Medica Iranica. 2013; 51(6): 347-352. [Persian]##14. Torabi F, Amir Ali Akbari S, Amiri S, et al. Correlation between High-risk Pregnancy and Developmental Delay in Children aged 46 Months. Libyan Journal of Medicine. 2012; 7:18811. [Persian]##15. Sajdi F, Roshank Vamghiri R, Kraskian Mojambari A, et al. Standardization and validation of developmental disorders screening tool "Ages and Stages Questionnaire ASQ" in Tehrani children. Journal of Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 70(7): 436 to 446.##16. Elbers J, Macnab A, McLeod E, et al. The Ages and Stages Questionnaires: feasibility of use as a screening tool for children in Canada. Can J Rural Med. 2008; 13(1): 9-14.##17. Vameghi R, Marandi AR, Sajedi F, et al. Developing a comprehensive program for promotion of development in Iranian children. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 2009. [Persian]##18. Dareh F, Fatahi Bayat Gha. Investigating the developmental status of children aged 4 to 60 months with a history of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit based on the ASQ questionnaire in Amirkabir Arak Hospital. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Summer. 2019; 11(2): 143-150.##19. Noh Jahs, Mukholi Khazaei F, Mahdavizadeh N. Evaluation of motor development of children covered by health centers in Dezful using World Health Organization standards. Mashhad Journal of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences. Spring and summer. 1993; 3(1): 16-26.##20. Soleimani F, Zaheri F, Abdi F. Developmental outcome of premature and low birth weight infants. Journal of Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 71(9): 551-561. [Persian]##21. Shahshahani S, Vamqir R, Azrin N, et al. Screening the development of children aged 4-60 months in Tehran using Denver 2 developmental screening tests and age and stages questionnaire. Rehabilitation magazine. 2019; 12(3): 48.##22. Abdizdan Z, Ehsanpour S, Hemmati A. Developmental indices in children with normal, low and very low birth weight. Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty Journal. 1992; 11(8): 577-570. [Persian]##23. Khabazkar F, Dolatian M, Soleimani F, et al. Investigating the correlation of domestic violence during pregnancy and after delivery with the developmental status of breastfed infants aged 8-12 months. Scientific Journal of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 19(6): 320-327. [Persian]##24. Juneja M, Mohanty M, Jain R, et al. Ages and Stages Questionnaire as a screening tool for developmental delay in Indian children. Indian pediatrics. 2012; 49(6): 457-461.##25. Hornman J, Kerstjens JM, de Winter AF, et al. Validity and internal consistency of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire 60-month version and the effect of three scoring methods. Early human development. 2013; 89(12): 1011-1015.##26. Uma M, Kapur M, Girimaji SR. A Screening tool for assessment of the home environment and sychosocial development of preschool children. Indian J pediat. 1992; 50: 417-422.##27. Akbar Shahi SH, Anosheh M, Alhani F. The effect of home visiting program on the practice of mothers in the development process of preschool children. Daneshvar Medicine. 2005; 13 (59): 1-10. [Persian]##28. Khorrami Z, Namdar A. Development Status among One-Year-Old Children Referring to Urban Health. Centers of Jahrom: An Assessment based on Ages and Stages Questionnaires. Community Health. 2018; 5(2):141-50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/ch.v5i2.18289.##29. Ali Abadi F, Nazi S, Maghfori B. 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Structural Model of the Association between Spiritual Health and Self-Esteem in Students of Yazd Farhangian University and the Mediating Role of General Health الگوی ساختاری ارتباط بین سلامت معنوی و عزت نفس در دانشجویان دانشگاه فرهنگیان یزد و نقش میانجی سلامت عمومی 2 1 زمینه و هدف: سلامت معنوی و روانی از مولفه های مؤثر بر عزت نفس و از ویژگی های ضروری هر معلمی است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی رابطه سلامت معنوی و عزت نفس دانشجویان دانشگاه فرهنگیان یزد و نقش میانجی سلامت عمومی در سال تحصیلی 90-90 انجام شده است. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع تحلیلی و مقطعی بود که بر روی کلیه دانشجویان معلم دانشگاه فرهنگیان یزد انجام شد. 323 نفر بر اساس فرمول کوکران به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. داده ها از طریق مقیاس بهزیستی معنوی Paloutzian، R. F. و Ellison، C. W. (SWBS)، پرسشنامه سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ (GHQ-28) و پرسشنامه عزت نفس Coopersmith (CSEI) جمع آوری شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مبتنی بر کوواریانس (CB-SEM)، تکنیک بوت استرپینگ و شاخص‌های برازش برای مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری از طریق SPSS و AMOS 24 در سطح معنی‌داری کمتر از 05/0 استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که بین سلامت معنوی و سلامت عمومی (001/0p<، 316/0r=) و سلامت عمومی و عزت‌نفس (423/0r=، 001/0p<) همبستگی مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین بین سلامت معنوی و عزت نفس رابطه مثبت و معناداری وجود داشت (01/0p<، 339/0r=). یافته‌ها همچنین بر اهمیت نقش میانجی سلامت عمومی بین متغیرهای سلامت معنوی و عزت نفس تأکید کردند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به رابطه معنادار، مثبت و قوی بین سلامت معنوی و سلامت عمومی و همچنین عزت نفس، توصیه می شود برای ارتقای سلامت معنوی و عمومی نوجوانان و افزایش عزت نفس آنان، برنامه های آموزشی مورد بازنگری و توجه بیشتر قرار گیرد. برای استخدام دانشجویان دانشگاه فرهنگیان پرداخت شود. 2 Background: Spiritual and mental health are the components affecting self-esteem and a necessary feature of every teacher. This study aims at examining the association between spiritual health and self-esteem of students of Yazd Farhangian University and the mediating role of general health in the academic year 2020-2021. Methods: This was an analytical and cross-sectional study conducted on all the students-teachers of Yazd Farhangian University. 323 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through the Paloutzian, R. F., and Ellison, C. W.’s Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI). To analyze the research data, Pearson correlation coefficient, covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM), bootstrapping technique, and fit indices for structural equation modeling were employed through SPSS and AMOS 24 at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: Findings revealed a positive and significant correlation between spiritual health and general health (r= 0.316, p<0/001), as well as between general health and self-esteem (r=0.423, p<0/001). Furthermore, there was a positive and significant association between spiritual health and self-esteem (r=0.339, p<0/01). The findings also emphasized the significance of the general health’s mediating role between the spiritual health and self-esteem variables. Conclusions: Considering the significant, positive and strong relationship between spiritual health and general health as well as self-esteem, it is recommended that to enhance the adolescents’ spiritual and general health and increase their self-esteem, educational programs be revised and more attention be paid to employ Farhangian University students.   307 317 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/62022/07/112022/05/24 1401/3/3 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/19 1401/9/28 محمود زارع جمال آبادی Mahmoud Zare’ Jamalabadi Department of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran zaremahmoud059@gmail.com سید علیرضا افشانی Seyed Alireza Afshani Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Iran arafshani@yahoo.com Spiritual Health General Health Self-Esteem Farhangian University سلامت معنوی سلامت عمومی عزت نفس دانشگاه فرهنگیان 1. 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Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents: Greenwich, Connecticut: Information Age Publishing; 2006.##6. Glickman C, Tamashiro R. A comparison of first year, fifth-year, and former teachers on efficacy, ego development, and problem-solving. Psychology in Schools. 1982; 19: 558–562.##7. Mazaheri MF, Madah S, Rahgozar M. Nursing attitude to spirituality and spiritual care. J Payesh. 2009; 8(1): 7-31. [Persian]##8. Fakouri A, Pilehvar Zadeh M, Shamsi A, et al. The association between religious beliefs and self-esteem in students. Zanko Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 16(49): 50-60. [Persian]##9. Darvishi A, Otaghi M, Mami S. The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on spiritual well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy in patients on hemodialysis. Journal of religion and health. 2020; 59(1): 277-88. [Persian]##10. Chang MY, Cha KS, Cho OH. Correlation between self-esteem, death anxiety, and spiritual wellbeing in Korean university students. 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Spiritual belief may affect outcome of bereavement: Prospective study. BMJ. 2002; 324(7353): 1551.##27. Neergat M, Gunasekar V, Rahul R. Carbon-supported Pd–Fe electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and their methanol tolerance. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2011; 658(1-2): 25-32.##28. Karaca A, Yildirim N, Cangur S, et al. Relationship between mental health of nursing students and coping, self-esteem and social support. Nurse education today. 2019; 76: 44-50.##29. Yıldırım N, Karaca A, Cangur S, et al. The relationship between educational stress, stress coping, self-esteem, social support, and health status among nursing students in Turkey: A structural equation modeling approach. Nurse Education Today. 2017; 48: 33-9.##30. Mikaeili N, Samadifard HR. The Prediction of Suicidal Thoughts Based on Happiness, Self-esteem and Spiritual Health among Female Teenagers. Journal of Research Relig Health. 2019; 5(3): 59-71. [Persian]##31. 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The Role of Ethnic Differences on Adolescents' Smoking Experience in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study in Varamin نقش تفاوت‌های قومیتی بر تجربه مصرف سیگار نوجوانان در ایران: مطالعه مقطعی شهر ورامین 2 1 مقدمه: شرکت در فعالیت‌های اوقات فراغت با همسالان و جمع‌های خانوادگی مفید است، اما برخی فعالیت‌ها مانند سیگار کشیدن ممکن است باعث افزایش رفتارهای مضر برای سلامتی شوند. این اولین مطالعه ای است که به بررسی چگونگی درک دانش آموزان شهر ورامین، تهران، ایران از مصرف سیگار در اوقات فراغت می پردازد. روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی در سال 1390 انجام شد و بر روی 319 نوجوان مدرسه‌ای (16 تا 18 ساله) شهرستان ورامین تهران انجام شد که پرسشنامه‌ای ناشناس خود ایفا در مورد مصرف مواد دخانی را تکمیل کردند. در مقیاس لیکرت پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه ها، داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های فراوانی (درصد)، t-test (دو نمونه ای مستقل)، تحلیل واریانس (ANOVA یک طرفه)، ضرایب همبستگی کندال و پیرسون و آزمون کای اسکوئر (کمتر) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. از 0.01). یافته‌ها: در مجموع، پنج قومیت در جمعیت هدف مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. مصرف دخانیات در میان قومیت های عرب، فارس و لر به ترتیب با میانگین نمرات 4، 3.6 و 3.41 با میانگین نمرات 2.86، 2.36 و 2 بیشتر از سیگار در میان ترک ها، سایر اقوام و کردها بود. استعمال دخانیات در مجامع خانوادگی، سطوح بسیار پایین و پایین به ترتیب بیشترین فراوانی 72 و 61 را دارند، در حالی که سیگار کشیدن در جمع دوستان، سطوح متوسط و بالا به ترتیب بیشترین فراوانی را دارند، یعنی به ترتیب 99 و 57 با (Sig: 0.000). ) کمتر از 0.01 است. نتیجه‌گیری: این نیاز به هوشیاری و پاسخگویی به نابرابری‌های جنسیتی و قومیتی در رابطه با الگوی عوامل خطر و عوامل محافظتی را تقویت می‌کند. بنابراین، فعالیت های اوقات فراغت و قومیت ممکن است عوامل کلیدی برای تنظیم برنامه های پیشگیری با ویژگی ها و نیازهای منحصر به فرد آنها باشد. 2 Background: Participation in leisure activities with peers and family gatherings is beneficial, but some activities such as smoking, may increase harmful health behaviors. This is the first study which investigates how students in Varamin, Tehran, Iran, perceive smoking during their leisure time. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 and involved 319 school-going adolescents in Varamin County, Tehran, Iran (aged 16-18 years) who completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire on the use of tobacco products which was designed based on the Likert scale. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using, frequency (percentage), t-test (Independent Two-sample), analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA), Kendall’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and the chi-square test (less than 0.01). Results: Overall, five ethnicities in the target population were examined in this study. Smoking among Arab, Fars, and Lur ethnicities, with mean scores of 4, 3.6, and 3.41, respectively, were higher than smoking among Turks, other ethnicities, and Kurds, with mean scores of 2.86, 2.36, and 2. In addition, smoking in family gatherings, the very low and low levels have the highest frequencies of 72 and 61, respectively, while smoking in friend gatherings, average and high levels have the highest frequencies, i.e., 99 and 57, respectively, with (Sig: 0.000) is less than 0.01. Conclusions: This reinforces the need to be alert for, and respond to, gender and ethnic disparities regarding the pattern of risk and protective factors. Thus, leisure activities and ethnicity may be key factors to tailor prevention programs to their unique characteristics and needs. 318 326 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/62022/07/112022/05/242022/08/28 1401/6/6 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/19 1401/9/28 آزاده نظری Azadeh Nazari Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Science, Communication & Media (FSSCM), Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran a.nazari.83@gmail.com نسترن خواجه نوری Nastaran Khadjeh Noori Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Science, Communication & Media (FSSCM), Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran khadjehnoori.n@gmail.com حوریه دهقان شاد Hourieh Dehghan Shad Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Science, Communication & Media (FSSCM), Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran hourishad@gmail.com مهناز رونقی نوتاش Mahnaz Ronaghi Noutash Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Science, Communication & Media (FSSCM), Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran mahnaz_ronagh@yahoo.com Tobacco smoking Free time Ethnicity Students سیگار کشیدن گروه همسالان ارتباطات بین فرهنگی وضعیت اجتماعی-اقتصادی 1. 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The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy on Emotional Divorce and Self-efficacy of Working Couples تأثیر گروه درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد بر طلاق عاطفی و خودکارآمدی زوجین شاغل 2 1 زمینه و هدف: طلاق عاطفی زمانی اتفاق می‌افتد که زن و مرد با هم زندگی سردی داشته باشند اما تقاضای طلاق قانونی نکنند. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر درمان گروهی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد (ACT) بر طلاق عاطفی و خودکارآمدی زوجین است. روش کار: این یک آزمایش کنترل شده بود. شهرستان بوعلی استان همدان در سال 1399 دارای 338 کارگر متاهل کارخانه بود. نویسندگان 60 فرد مبتلا به طلاق عاطفی را با استفاده از پرسشنامه انتخاب کردند. 40 نفر از افراد دارای امتیاز پرسشنامه خودکارآمدی متوسط به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. گروه آزمایش 8 هفته درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد دریافت کردند، در حالی که گروه کنترل هیچ مداخله ای دریافت نکردند. پرسشنامه طلاق عاطفی گاتمن 1994 و پرسشنامه خودکارآمدی شرر و همکاران 1982 به عنوان پیش و پس آزمون مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. SPSS نسخه 23 داده ها را تجزیه و تحلیل کرد. آزمون Shapiro-Wilk نرمال بودن توزیع متغیر را ارزیابی کرد. نمرات در گروه آزمایش و کنترل نرمال است زیرا طلاق عاطفی و خودکارآمدی معنی دار است (05/0 > P). آزمون لون برابری واریانس دو گروه جامعه را مورد آزمایش قرار داد. یافته‌ها: در مرحله پس‌آزمون، یافته‌های تحلیل کوواریانس نشان داد که درمان گروهی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد منجر به نمرات کمتر طلاق عاطفی (p کمتر از 0.05) و سطوح بالاتر خودکارآمدی (p کمتر از 0.05) در بیماران شد. گروه آزمایش در مقایسه با گروه کنترل. هر دو متغیر طلاق عاطفی (P = 0.414، F = 0.682) و متغیر خودکارآمدی (P = 0.601، F = 0.278) با توجه به نتایج آزمون لون واریانس یکسانی داشتند (0.601 = P، F = F. 0.278). نتیجه‌گیری: درمان گروهی مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد توانست طلاق عاطفی را به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش دهد و خودکارآمدی را نسبت به گروه کنترل افزایش دهد. بنابراین می توان از درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد برای کاهش طلاق عاطفی و پیشگیری از آسیب های روانی و اجتماعی جلوگیری کرد. 2 Background: Emotional divorce happens when a man and a woman live coldly together but do not request a legal divorce. So the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of acceptance and commitment group therapy (ACT) on emotional divorce and self-efficacy of couples. Methods: This was a controlled experiment. In 2020, Bu Ali town, Hamedan province, had 338 married factory workers. Authors chose 60 emotional divorce sufferers using a questionnaire. 40 persons with average self-efficacy questionnaire ratings were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 weeks of acceptance and commitment-based treatment, while the control group received no intervention. Gottman's 1994 Emotional Divorce Questionnaire and Scherer et al1982.’s self-efficacy questionnaire were utilized as pre- and post-test. SPSS version 23 analyzed data. Shapiro-Wilk test assessed variable distribution normality. The scores in the experimental and control groups are normal because emotional divorce and self-efficacy are significant (P < 0.05). Leven's test tested the population's two groups' variance equality. Results: In the post-test phase, the findings of the analysis of covariance showed that acceptance and commitment group therapy resulted in lower scores of emotional divorce (p less than 0.05) and higher levels of self-efficacy (p less than 0.05) in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Both the emotional divorce variable (P = 0.414, F = 0.682) and the self-efficacy variable (P = 0.601, F = 0.278) were found to have identical variances according to the results of the Leven test (P = 0.601, F = 0.278). Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment group therapy was able to significantly reduce emotional divorce and increase self-efficacy compared to the control group. Therefore, it is possible to prevent acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce emotional divorce and prevent psychological and social damage. 327 336 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/62022/07/112022/05/242022/08/282022/05/26 1401/3/5 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/5 1401/9/14 الهه افشاری Elahe Afshari Department of Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Hamedan branch, Islamic Azad university, Hamedan, Iran Iran e.afshar65@gmail.com محمداسماعیل ابراهیمی Mohammad Ismail Ebrahimi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran Iran Mse58_2007@yahoo.com آریا حدادی Arya Haddadi Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Iran arya.haddadi@gmail.com Emotional-divorce Self-efficacy Group Therapy Acceptance and Commitment Therapy طلاق عاطفی خودکارآمدی گروه درمانی درمان مبتنی بر پذیرش و تعهد 1. 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Empowering the Migrant and Refugee Family's Parenting Skills: A Literature Review توانمندسازی مهارت های فرزندپروری خانواده مهاجر و پناهنده: مروری بر ادبیات 2 1 زمینه و هدف: در سراسر جهان، بیش از 79.5 میلیون نفر به اجبار آواره شده اند، از جمله تعداد قابل توجهی از خانواده های مهاجر و پناهنده دارای فرزند. مهاجرت و پناهندگی در ابعاد مختلف از جمله سلامت روحی، جسمی و روحی بر این خانواده ها تأثیر می گذارد. شناسایی نیازهای خانواده و تقویت مهارت های فرزندپروری می تواند انسجام و سلامت خانواده و همچنین ادغام آسان در کشور میزبان را بهبود بخشد. این بررسی بخشی از پروژه Erasmus+ با بودجه IENE 8 (آموزش بین فرهنگی برای پرستاران در اروپا) با هدف توانمندسازی خانواده‌های مهاجر و پناهنده در مورد مهارت‌های فرزندپروری است. روش‌ها: این یک بررسی محدوده‌ای از ادبیات بود. کشورهای شریک IENE 8 (قبرس، آلمان، یونان، ایتالیا، رومانی، و بریتانیا) مقالات بررسی شده، ادبیات خاکستری و گزارش های رسانه های جمعی را در سطح بین المللی، اروپایی و ملی جستجو کردند. بازه زمانی جستجوی ادبیات علمی و خاکستری بین 2013-2018 و برای رسانه های جمعی بین سال های 2016 تا 2018 بوده است. یافته ها: 124 منبع مرتبط شناسایی شد. آنها شامل 33 مقاله بررسی شده، 47 سند ادبیات گری و 44 گزارش رسانه های جمعی بودند. این امر اهمیت درک نیازهای خانواده های مهاجر دارای فرزند را آشکار کرد. نتیجه گیری: از ادبیات مشهود است که نیاز به حمایت از والدین پناهنده برای تنظیم مهارت های موجود و توانمندسازی آنها برای توسعه مهارت های جدید وجود دارد. متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی و خدمات اجتماعی نقش اساسی در بهبود مهارت های فرزندپروری پناهندگان دارند. این امر می تواند با تدوین و اجرای برنامه های مداخله ای خانواده محور و حساس فرهنگی انجام شود. 2 Bachground: Worldwide, more than 79.5 million people are forcibly displaced, including a significant number of migrant and refugee families with children. Migration and refugeedom affect these families in different dimensions, such as mental, physical and spiritual health. Identifying family needs and enhancing parenting skills can improve family cohesion and health, as well as smooth integration into the host country. This review is part of the Erasmus+ funded project- IENE 8 (Intercultural Education for Nurses in Europe) aiming at empowering migrant and refugee families regarding parenting skills. Methods: This was a scoping review of literature. The IENE 8 partner countries (Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, and United Kingdom) searched for peer reviewed papers, grey literature and mass media reports at international, European and national level. The time period for the search of scientific and grey literature was between2013-2018, and for mass media, it was between 2016 and 2018. Results: 124 relevant sources were identified. They included 33 Peer reviewed papers, 47 Grey literature documents and 44 mass media reports. This revealed the importance of understanding the needs of migrant families with children. Conclusion: It is evident from the literature that there is a need to support refugee parents to adjust their existing skill and to empower them to develop new ones. Healthcare and social services professionals have an essential role in improving the refugees' parenting skills. This can be done by developing and implementing family-centered and culturally-sensitive intervention programs. 337 348 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/62022/07/112022/05/242022/08/282022/05/262021/03/7 1399/12/17 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/52022/11/16 1401/8/25 کریستینا کوتا Christiana Kouta Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus Cyprus christiana.kouta@cut.ac.cy ونیتیا صوفیه ولوناکی Venetia Sofia Velonaki Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Greece venvel@nurs.uoa.gr رونا لازارینو Runa Lazzarino Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health, Middlesex University School of Health and Education United Kingdom R.Lazzarino@mdx.ac.uk النا روسو Elena Rousou Department of Nursing, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus Cyprus elena.rousou@cut.ac.cy پاراسکوی آپوستولارا Paraskevi Apostolara Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Greece vapostolara@uniwa.gr vapostolara@un آپوستولارا دورو AnaMaria Dorou Teacher, Edunet Nursing School Pictor Obedeanu 1, Craiova, Romania Romania doru.anamaria@yahoo.com دورو دوداو Victor Dudau Trainer, Edunet Organization Basarabia, Craiova, Romania Romania vdudau@yahoo.fr آتنا کالوکایرینو Athena Kalokairinou Department of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Greece athkal@nurs.uoa.gr اورازیو لیسیاردلو Orazio Licciardello Scientific Director C;B Formazione Professionale, Catania, IT Italy orazio1947@gmail.com مانوئلا ماوسری Manuela Mauceri Scientific Director C;B Formazione Professionale, Catania, IT Italy mauceri.manuela@gmail.com النا نیکولیدو Elena Nikolaidou Department Community Nursing Services, Cyprus Health Service Organisation, Limassol, Cyprus Cyprus elenanch@cytanet.com.cy آلفونسو پزلا Alfonso Pezzella Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health, Department of Mental Health and Social Work Middlesex University UK , London , UK United Kingdom a.pezzella@mdx.ac.uk کریستینا سامارتزی Christina Samartzi Doctors of the World-Greek Delegation Athens, Greece Greece projects@mdmgreece.gr آندره وکرت-وشتاینریش Andrea Kuckert-Wöstheinrich Research and innovative project, St. Augustinus-Gruppe Neuss, Germany and Manager Bachelor of Science in Health Studies Fachhochschule Vorarlberg GmbH University of Applied Sciences, Dornbirn, Austria Austria Andrea.kuckert@fhv.at ایرنا پاپادوپولوس Irena Papadopoulos Department of Transcultural Health and Nursing Head, Research Centre for Transcultural Studies in Health, School of Health and Education Middlesex University UK, London, UK United Kingdom r.papadopoulos@mdx.ac.uk Parenting Migrants/Refugees Cultural Competence والدین مهاجران/پناهندگان شایستگی فرهنگی 1. 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Corrigendum to "Tutorial on Applied Study Designs in Medical Research" [JCHR 2022; 11(3): 202-209] تصحیح "آموزش طرح های مطالعات کاربردی در تحقیقات پزشکی" [مجله تحقیقات سلامت 2022; 11(3); 202-209] 2 1 اصلاحیه 2 The mistake made in article 9 is that the name of the fourth author is "Mehrnoosh Qomi", while the correct name is "Farnoosh Qomi".On behalf of the author, the publisher wishes to apologize for this error. The online version of article has been updated on 28 September 2022 and can be found at https://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-892-en.html. 349 350 2022/11/52021/10/162022/07/282021/08/72022/04/32022/03/12021/12/202022/06/302022/06/62022/07/112022/05/242022/08/282022/05/262021/03/72023/01/21 1401/11/1 2023/01/12022/12/192022/12/192022/11/192022/12/192022/12/252022/03/12022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/192022/12/52022/11/162022/12/19 1401/9/28 سجاد بهاری نیا sajjad Bahariniya PHD MSc student of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com الهام خالدی Elham Khaledi MSc student of biostatistics, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran elhamkhaledi76@gmail.com فرنوش قمی Farnoosh Qomi MSc student of biostatistics, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran ghomi.farnoosh@gmail.com . . ## ##