Promoting community health by applying a new technique(fMRI) to treat neurological diseases in the health system ارتقای سلامت جامعه با استفاده از تکنیک جدید (fMRI) برای درمان بیماری‌های عصبی در نظام سلامت 2 1 در این نامه به سردبیر، بطور مختصر در مورد کاربرد تکنیک جدید تصویربرداری تشدید مغناطیسی عملکردی( fMRI ) در بیماری های عصبی مطالبی را ارائه می دهیم. 2 In this letter to the editor, We briefly provided information about the application of the new technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in neurological diseases. 54 56 2021/08/15 1400/5/24 2021/09/11 1400/6/20 محمد رضا قانع پور Mohammadreza Ghaneapur Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ایران mrghaneapur@semums.ac.ir فرزان مددی زاده farzan madadizadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir الهه صالح elahe saleh Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ایران e.saleh3@ymail.com fMRI neurological disease diagnosis بیماریهای مغز و اعصاب تکنیک FMRI تشخیص McGonigal A. Frontal lobe seizures: overview and update. Journal of Neurology. 2022:1-9.##Khanjani N, Ahmadzadeh A, Bakhtiari B, Madadizadeh F. The role of season and climate in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kerman province, Southeastern Iran. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2017;30(2):149-57.##(GBD) GBoD. How do causes of death and disability compare to those in other locations? 2019.##Zhang Y-D, Dong Z, Wang S-H, Yu X, Yao X, Zhou Q, et al. Advances in multimodal data fusion in neuroimaging: overview, challenges, and novel orientation. Information Fusion. 2020;64:149-87.##Orlichenko A, Qu G, Wang Y-P, editors. Phenotype guided interpretable graph convolutional network analysis of fMRI data reveals changing brain connectivity during adolescence. Medical Imaging 2022:Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging; 2022: SPIE.##Mouthaan BE, Rados M, Barsi P, Boon P, Carmichael DW, Carrette E, et al. Current use of imaging and electromagnetic source localization procedures in epilepsy surgery centers across Europe. 2016;57(5):770-6.##Dichter GS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2022.##Picó-Pérez M, Vieira R, Fernández-Rodríguez M, De Barros MAP, Radua J, Morgado P. Multimodal meta-analysis of structural gray matter, neurocognitive and social cognitive fMRI findings in schizophrenia patients. Psychological Medicine. 2022;52(4):614-24.##Crofts A, Kelly ME, Gibson CL. Imaging functional recovery following ischemic stroke: clinical and fMRI studies. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2020;30(1):5-14.##Sun J, Wang B, Niu Y, Tan Y, Fan C, Zhang N, et al. Complexity analysis of EEG, MEG, and fMRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Entropy. 2020;22(2):239.##Batouli SAH, Sisakhti M, Haghshenas S, Dehghani H, Sachdev P, Ekhtiari H, et al. Iranian brain imaging database: a neuropsychiatric database of healthy brain. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. 2021;12(1):115.1.##McGonigal A. Frontal lobe seizures: overview and update. Journal of Neurology. 2022:1-9.##Khanjani N, Ahmadzadeh A, Bakhtiari B, Madadizadeh F. The role of season and climate in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kerman province, Southeastern Iran. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2017;30(2):149-57.##(GBD) GBoD. How do causes of death and disability compare to those in other locations? 2019.##Zhang Y-D, Dong Z, Wang S-H, Yu X, Yao X, Zhou Q, et al. Advances in multimodal data fusion in neuroimaging: overview, challenges, and novel orientation. Information Fusion. 2020;64:149-87.##Orlichenko A, Qu G, Wang Y-P, editors. Phenotype guided interpretable graph convolutional network analysis of fMRI data reveals changing brain connectivity during adolescence. Medical Imaging 2022:Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging; 2022: SPIE.##Mouthaan BE, Rados M, Barsi P, Boon P, Carmichael DW, Carrette E, et al. Current use of imaging and electromagnetic source localization procedures in epilepsy surgery centers across Europe. 2016;57(5):770-6.##Dichter GS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2022.##Picó-Pérez M, Vieira R, Fernández-Rodríguez M, De Barros MAP, Radua J, Morgado P. Multimodal meta-analysis of structural gray matter, neurocognitive and social cognitive fMRI findings in schizophrenia patients. Psychological Medicine. 2022;52(4):614-24.##Crofts A, Kelly ME, Gibson CL. Imaging functional recovery following ischemic stroke: clinical and fMRI studies. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2020;30(1):5-14.##Sun J, Wang B, Niu Y, Tan Y, Fan C, Zhang N, et al. Complexity analysis of EEG, MEG, and fMRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Entropy. 2020;22(2):239.##Batouli SAH, Sisakhti M, Haghshenas S, Dehghani H, Sachdev P, Ekhtiari H, et al. Iranian brain imaging database: a neuropsychiatric database of healthy brain. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. 2021;12(1):115.1.## ##

How do Non-Communicable Diseases Increase COVID-19 Deaths? چگونه بیماری های غیرواگیر مرگ و میر ناشی از کووید-19 را افزایش می دهند؟ 2 1 Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) یک بیماری ویروسی تنفسی جدید است که به دلیل شیوع سریع و میزان مرگ و میر بالا باعث ایجاد اختلالات شدید در سراسر جهان شده است (1). بر اساس آخرین گزارش های سازمان بهداشت جهانی (WHO)، تا تاریخ 2 می 2021، 151.8 میلیون نفر در سراسر جهان مبتلا شده اند و 3.2 میلیون مرگ گزارش شده است که بیشتر آنها در ایالات متحده، هند، برزیل، فرانسه و ترکیه بودند. در ایران 2.5 میلیون نفر مبتلا شده اند و 72 هزار نفر جان خود را از دست داده اند 2 Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel respiratory viral disease which has caused a worldwide emergency due to its rapid spread and high mortality rate causing severe disorders (1). According to the latest reports by World Health Organization(WHO), as of May 2, 2021, 151.8 million people have been infected and 3.2 million deaths have been reported worldwide, most of which occurred in the United States, India, Brazil, France and Turkey respectively. In Iran, 2.5 million people have been infected and 72,000 deaths have been reported (2). 57 58 2021/08/152021/06/9 1400/3/19 2021/09/112022/06/20 1401/3/30 مسلم طاهری سودجانی Moslem Taheri Soodejani Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran moslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com محمد محمدی ابنوی Mohammad Mohammadi Abnavi Master student of Epidemiology, School of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran afshinmohammadi295@yahoo.com محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com Pandemic COVID-19 Non-communicable Diseases Pandemic COVID-19 Non-communicable Diseases Yang L, Liu S, Liu J, Zhang Z, Wan X, Huang B, et al. COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2020;5(1).##World Health Organization. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. . 2021.##Sefidkar R, Madadizadeh F. A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the Covid-19: From March 5 until December 20 in 2020. Journal of Community Health Research. 2021;10(1):1-3.##Jazieh AR. COVID-19 Pandemic as a Catalyst for Healthcare Transformation: Finding the Silver Lining in a Global Catastrophe. Innovative Healthcare Institute; 2020.##Fereydoun Azizi. Lifestyle changes to prevent important non-communicable diseases. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1381 [cited 2021May07]; 4 (2 (Series 14)): 81-84. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=28223. 1381.##https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. 2021.##!!! INVALID CITATION !!! (6).##Sun J, Wang B, Niu Y, Tan Y, Fan C, Zhang N, et al. Complexity analysis of EEG, MEG, and fMRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Entropy. 2020;22(2):239.##Basu S. Non-communicable Disease Management in Vulnerable Patients During Covid-19. Indian journal of medical ethics. 2020(2):103-5.##Bahariniya S, Asar ME, Madadizadeh F. COVID-19: Pros and cons of different caring techniques of elderly patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021;10.##Chang A, Cullen M, Harrington R, Barry M. The impact of novel coronavirus COVID-19 on noncommunicable disease patients and health systems: a review. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2020.##Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2020:1-8.##Yang L, Liu S, Liu J, Zhang Z, Wan X, Huang B, et al. COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2020;5(1).##World Health Organization. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. . 2021.##Sefidkar R, Madadizadeh F. A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the Covid-19: From March 5 until December 20 in 2020. Journal of Community Health Research. 2021;10(1):1-3.##Jazieh AR. COVID-19 Pandemic as a Catalyst for Healthcare Transformation: Finding the Silver Lining in a Global Catastrophe. Innovative Healthcare Institute; 2020.##Fereydoun Azizi. Lifestyle changes to prevent important non-communicable diseases. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1381 [cited 2021May07]; 4 (2 (Series 14)): 81-84. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=28223. 1381.##https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. 2021.##!!! INVALID CITATION !!! (6).##Sun J, Wang B, Niu Y, Tan Y, Fan C, Zhang N, et al. Complexity analysis of EEG, MEG, and fMRI in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Entropy. 2020;22(2):239.##Basu S. Non-communicable Disease Management in Vulnerable Patients During Covid-19. Indian journal of medical ethics. 2020(2):103-5.##Bahariniya S, Asar ME, Madadizadeh F. COVID-19: Pros and cons of different caring techniques of elderly patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021;10.##Chang A, Cullen M, Harrington R, Barry M. The impact of novel coronavirus COVID-19 on noncommunicable disease patients and health systems: a review. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2020.##Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2020:1-8.## ##

The Necessity of Paradigm Shift in Iran's Health System to Achieve Comprehensive Health in Iranian Society ضرورت تغییر پارادایم در نظام سلامت ایران برای تامین سلامت همه جانبه در جامعه ایرانی 2 1 از اجزای مهم توسعه و رفاه اجتماعی، تامین سلامت و ارتقای سلامت آحاد جامعه می باشد. به نحوی که این بعد یکی از ابعاد توسعه پایدار می باشد. تامین سلامت یکی از ابزارهای لازم به منظور توسعه همه جانبه در ابعاد مختلف سیاسی و اقتصادی و اجتماعی و فرهنگی می باشد. 2 One of the essential components of development and social welfare is ensuring the health of society and health promotion so that it is emphasized as one of the dimensions of sustainable development(1). 59 60 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/4 1400/12/13 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 محمد عزتی اثر Mohamad Ezati Asar Researcher of National Defense University and Institute for strategic Research ایران aliezati42@gmail.com محمدرضا خسروی Mohamad Reza Khosravi Researcher of National Defense University and Institute for strategic Research ایران khosravi42@gmail.com Health system paradigm health Ahmad MH, Salleh R, Nor NSM, Baharuddin A, Hasani WSR, Omar A, et al. Comparison between self-reported physical activity (IPAQ-SF) and pedometer among overweight and obese women in the MyBFF@ home study. BMC women's health. 2018;18(1):85-90.##Bahariniya S, Asar ME, Madadizadeh F. COVID-19: Pros and cons of different caring techniques of elderly patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021;10.##Gostin LO, Wiley LF. Public health law: University of California Press; 2016.##Sakamoto H ,Rahman M, Nomura S, Okamoto E, Koike S, Yasunaga H, et al. Japan health system review. 2018.##Bahariniya S, Ezatiasar M, Madadizadeh F. Recommendation for How to Improve Taking Care of the Elderly with Covid-19. Journal of Community Health Research. 202 1.##Mohammadibakhsh R, Aryankhesal A, Jafari M, Damari B. Family physician model in the health system of selected countries: A comparative study summary. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2020;9.##Budiono A, Absori A, Zuhdi S, Kurnianingsih K ,Inayah I, Bangsawan MI, et al. National Health Security Policy in Indonesia: A Narrative Review from Law Perspective. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022;10(E):183-7.##Requejo F, Sanjaume-Calvet M. Explaining Secessionism: What Do We Really Know About It? Politics and Governance. 2021;9(4):371-5.##Mehrolhasani M, Yazdi Feyzabadi V, Oroomiei N, Seyfaddini R, Mirzaei S. Comparative Study of Health Systems of Liberal, Social, and Mixed Countries Based on CLA Framework. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2018;13:14-26.##Gremy F. Will our health system fall apart? The need for a new paradigm. Effective Health Care.1984;1(5):239-47##Ahmad MH, Salleh R, Nor NSM, Baharuddin A, Hasani WSR, Omar A, et al. Comparison between self-reported physical activity (IPAQ-SF) and pedometer among overweight and obese women in the MyBFF@ home study. BMC women's health. 2018;18(1):85-90.##Bahariniya S, Asar ME, Madadizadeh F. COVID-19: Pros and cons of different caring techniques of elderly patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021;10.##Gostin LO, Wiley LF. Public health law: University of California Press; 2016.##Sakamoto H ,Rahman M, Nomura S, Okamoto E, Koike S, Yasunaga H, et al. Japan health system review. 2018.##Bahariniya S, Ezatiasar M, Madadizadeh F. Recommendation for How to Improve Taking Care of the Elderly with Covid-19. Journal of Community Health Research. 202 1.##Mohammadibakhsh R, Aryankhesal A, Jafari M, Damari B. Family physician model in the health system of selected countries: A comparative study summary. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2020;9.##Budiono A, Absori A, Zuhdi S, Kurnianingsih K ,Inayah I, Bangsawan MI, et al. National Health Security Policy in Indonesia: A Narrative Review from Law Perspective. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022;10(E):183-7.##Requejo F, Sanjaume-Calvet M. Explaining Secessionism: What Do We Really Know About It? Politics and Governance. 2021;9(4):371-5.##Mehrolhasani M, Yazdi Feyzabadi V, Oroomiei N, Seyfaddini R, Mirzaei S. Comparative Study of Health Systems of Liberal, Social, and Mixed Countries Based on CLA Framework. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2018;13:14-26.##Gremy F. Will our health system fall apart? The need for a new paradigm. Effective Health Care.1984;1(5):239-47## ##

Knowledge in Spill Management among Trained and Untrained Healthcare Workers in the Government General Hospital, Kakinada, India 2 2 Abstract Introduction: Blood and body fluid spillage continues to be a public health problem, despite, advances in our understanding and control of infections. So, this study was done to compare the knowledge in Spill Management among trained and untrained health care workers based on which measures can be taken to reduce the hazards in hospital. Methods: A Cross-Sectional Study in Teaching Hospital, Kakinada was conducted from September to October 2019 using Semi-structured questionnaire & data was collected from a convenient sampling of 202 Health Care Workers consisting of Interns & PGs, Staff Nurses, Student Nurses & Lab Technicians, MNOs, Sanitation Staff, & Others divided in to three groups. Data was obtained from those present in duty at that time and who gave consent. Those who were not willing to participate in the study were excluded. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Data obtained was entered in Excel 2016, analysed using SPSS20 software and presented as Percentage Distribution, Mean & Standard Deviations and Significance applied wherever necessary. Results: 86.14% (174) had knowledge about Hand hygiene. Knowledge on discarding used materials in the yellow bin was observed in 77.23% (156) overall. Only 27.23% (55) were aware of proper use of PPEs. The right sequence of steps of Spill Management was mentioned by 16.34% subjects overall. 38.61% (78) received training on Spill Management. Hypochlorite was the most used disinfectant for cleaning the spill, as mentioned by 55.94% (113 out of 202). Only 30.2% (61) told they were aware of “Spill Management kit”, of whom, 62.29% (38 of 61) received training (p value obtained is 0.0002). Conclusion: Spill management is seen highest among Group I compared to Group II. So, trainings must be conducted on Quarterly basis to update and sustain knowledge level among all groups of health care workers as this is a dynamic group. 61 69 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/9 1399/9/19 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 Krishna Kishore Aligina1 Krishna Kishore Aligina1 Postgraduate in Department of SPM, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada India drkrishna_k@yahoo.com Krishna Babu Goru Krishna Babu Goru Professor & HOD, Dept.of SPM, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada india krishnababu59@yahoo.co.in Vineela Priyanka Muppidi Vineela Priyanka Muppidi Assistant Professor in Dept.of SPM, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada india dr.muppidivineela@gmail.com Babji Korukonda Babji Korukonda Principal, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada india principal_rmc@yahoo.com Spill Management Health Care Workers Infection Control Spill Management Health Care Workers Infection Control 1. Chand S, Shastry CS, Hiremath S, Joel JJ, Krishna Bhat CH, Mateti UV. 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Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/figure/10.1080/00365540600617025?scroll=top&needAccess=true##Chavali S, Menon V, Shukla U. Hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in an accredited tertiary care hospital. Available from: www.ijccm.org##Ahmed J, Malik F, Memon ZA, Bin Arif T, Ali A, Nasim S, et al. Compliance and Knowledge of Healthcare Workers Regarding Hand Hygiene and Use of Disinfectants: A Study Based in Karachi. Cureus. 2020.##S.A DD. A Survey of Knowledge of Antiseptic and Disinfectant Use in Staff Nurses in A Tertiary Care Hospital. J Med Sci Clin Res. 2017;05(03):19267-73.##Fereidouni Z, Kameli Morandini M, Dehghan A, Jamshidi N, Najafi Kalyani M. The Prevalence of Needlestick Injuries and Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids Among Iranian Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review. Int J Med Rev. 2018;5(1):35-40.##Yasin J, Fisseha R, Mekonnen F, Yirdaw K. Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids and associated factors among health care workers at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Environ Health Prev Med. 2019;24(1):1-9.##Yuan Q, Wang F, Zheng H, Zhang G, Miao N, Sun X, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in China. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):1-12.##Ziglam H, El-Hattab M, Shingheer N, Zorgani A, Elahmer O. Hepatitis B vaccination status among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Tripoli, Libya. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2013;6(4):246-51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2013.02.001##Pathak R, Chaudhary C, Pathania D, Mishra P, Kahlon A, Ahluwalia S. Hepatitis B vaccine: Coverage and factors relating to its acceptance among health care workers of a tertiary care center in North India. Int J Med Public Heal. 2013;3(1):55.##1. Chand S, Shastry CS, Hiremath S, Joel JJ, Krishna Bhat CH, Mateti UV. Water, sanitation, hygiene and biomedical waste disposal in the healthcare system: A review. Biomed. 2020;40(1):14-9.##Mohd Saleem S, Muhammad Salim Khan S, Mukhtar M, Quansar R. Biomedical waste management practices at a paediatric tertiary care hospital of Kashmir valley. Indian J Forensic Community Med. 2020;5(4):231-5.##Virendar Pal Singh, Gautam Biswas JJS. Biomedical Waste Management - An Emerging Concern in Indian Hospitals. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol [Internet]. 2007;1(1):(2007-07-2007-12). Available from: https://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=11&issueid=98&articleid=1324&action=article##K.PARK. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. In: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. Twenty-Fif. M/s Banarsidas Bhanot; 2019. p. 849-849.##Parvathy T Somaiah1 SBM. a Study on Needs Assessment of Infection Control Practices At a District Hospital in Southern India, Using Kayakalp Tool. Natl J Community Med [Internet]. 2016;7(10):816-9. 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Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ whocdscsreph200212.pdf##Lynne Sehulster P, Promotion D of HQ, Diseases NC for I, Raymond Y.W. Chinn M, Advisor H, Hospital SM, et al. Centers for Disease Control and prevention - Infection Control - Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities (2003) [Internet]. 2003. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/ guidelines/environmental/background/services.html##Mathew S. Assess the knowledge regarding spillage management among staff nurses. Int J Adv Sci Res [Internet]. 2017;2(4):52-4. Available from: http://www.allscientificjournal.com/archives/2017/vol2/issue4##A. ALP, GJH, A. MS, et al. A study on personal protective equipment use among health care providers, Tamil Nadu. Int J Community Med Public Heal 2018;5(5):1771-4 [Internet].. Available from: https://www.ijcmph.com/ index.php/ijcmph/article/view/2894/1970##S S, Y K H, P S. 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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management among Health Care Providers in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross Sectional Study from Haldwani, Uttarakhand. Prev Soc Med. 2020;51(1).##Mohammad Nasir Uddin,1 Mohammad Rashedul Islam 2 and Khadiza Yesmin3. Knowledge on Hospital Waste Management among Senior Staff Nurses Working in a Selected Medical College Hospital of Bangladesh. J Waste Manag [Internet]. 2014; Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jwm/2014/573069/##Nair SS, Hanumantappa R, Hiremath SG, Siraj MA, Raghunath P. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Hand Hygiene among Medical and Nursing Students at a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Raichur, India. ISRN Prev Med. 2014;2014:1-4.##Mona M. Basurrah & Tariq A. Madani. Handwashing and gloving practice among health care workers in medical and surgical wards in a tertiary care centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Scand J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2006;38(8):620-4. 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Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids and associated factors among health care workers at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Environ Health Prev Med. 2019;24(1):1-9.##Yuan Q, Wang F, Zheng H, Zhang G, Miao N, Sun X, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers in China. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):1-12.##Ziglam H, El-Hattab M, Shingheer N, Zorgani A, Elahmer O. Hepatitis B vaccination status among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Tripoli, Libya. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2013;6(4):246-51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2013.02.001##Pathak R, Chaudhary C, Pathania D, Mishra P, Kahlon A, Ahluwalia S. Hepatitis B vaccine: Coverage and factors relating to its acceptance among health care workers of a tertiary care center in North India. Int J Med Public Heal. 2013;3(1):55.## ##

A study on neck pain and low back pain among the undergraduate students of a medical college in Bhopal, India 2 2 Abstract: Introduction: Development of at a younger age is a potential risk of developing chronic low back pain in adulthood. The study was planned with the purpose to know the extent of the less studied musculoskeletal disorders as a health problem among Indian medical students. The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of low back and neck pain among medical students, find the associations of low back and neck pain with quality-of-life issues, self-perceived stress and lifestyle. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Bhopal, India from May to July 2019, total 220 medical students were randomly selected. A questionnaire including the pre-validated instruments viz. Oswestry Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale and Perceived Stress Scale-10 were used to collect the data. Data entry was done in Microsoft Excel and was analyzed on statistical package SPSS version 23. Results: The overall prevalence of Low Back and Neck Pain were 49.1% and 56.4% respectively. A significant association of female gender was found with Neck and Low Back Pain. A significant negative correlation was found between body mass index and Visual Analogue Scale neck & back (p=0.003). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of low back pain and neck pain in medical students at Bhopal. Females were affected more than males. Complaint of lower back pain was more than neck pain. Playing outdoor sports and weightlifting was found to be having protective effect on low back pain and neck pain. 70 81 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/13 1400/2/23 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 Aditi Sachdeva Aditi Sachdeva nternist, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal, India india Arvind Athavale Arvind Athavale Professor and Head Department of Community Medicine, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal, India india Sachin Gupta Sachin Gupta Associate Professor Department of Community Medicine, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal, India india Pradeep Kumar Tiwari Pradeep Kumar Tiwari Statistician cum Assistant professor Department of Community Medicine, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal , India india tiwaripradeepkumar390@gmail.com Lower Back Pain Medical Students Neck Pain Prevalence کمر درد گردن درد شیوع دانشجویان پزشکی در مقطع کارشناسی. Apexa S. Raithatha and Daxa G. Mishra, "Musculoskeletal Disorders and Perceived Work Demands among Female Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India," International Journal of Chronic Diseases, vol. 2016, Article ID 5038381, 6 pages, 2016##Ng A, Hayes MJ, Polster A. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Working Posture among Dental and Oral Health Students. Healthcare (Basel). 2016;4(1):13. Published 2016 Jan 23.##Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abate KH, Abd-Allah F, et al. (GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990- 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017; 390: 1211- 59##Aggarwal N, Anand T, Kishore J, Ingle GK. Low back pain and associated risk factors among undergraduate students of a medical college in Delhi. Educ Health 2013; 26:103-8.##Musculoskeletal conditions,[Intemet] Geneva:France: World Health Organization;C 2019[cited and accessed on October 23,2019] Available from: www.who.int/news-roorn/ fact-sheets/detail/muscu loskeletal -conditions##Forde MS, Punnett L & Wegman DH. Path mechanisms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: conceptual issues. Ergonomics 2002; 45(9), 619-630. doi:10.1080/00140130210153487##Hossain MD, Aftab A, Al Imam MH, et al. Prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and ergonomic risk assessment among readymade garment workers of Bangladesh: A cross sectional##study. PLoS One. 2018;13(7): e0200122. Published 2018 Jul 6.##NIOSH [2012]. Research Compendium: The NIOSH Total Worker Health TM Program: Seminal Research Papers 2012. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Se1vice, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012-146, 2012 May:1-214.##MacDonald L, Karasek R, Punnett L, Scharf T. Covariation between workplace physical and psychosocial stressors: evidence and in1plications for occupational health research and prevention. Ergonomics 2001;44(7):696- 718.##Nilsen TI, Holtermann A, Mork PJ (2011) Physical exercise, body mass index, and risk of chronic pain in the low back and neck/shoulders: Longitudinal data from the Nord-Trondelag Health Study. Arn J Epidemiol 174: 267-273.##Du et al. Neck Pain and Low Back Pain in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int Arch Public Health Community Med, 2017; 1:002##Moroder P, Runer A, Resch H, Tauber M. Low back pain among medical students. Acta O1thop. Belg., 2011; 77:88-92##Vujcic I, Stojilovic N, Dubljanin E, Ladjevic N, Ladjevic I, Sipetic-Grujicic S. Low Back Pain among Medical Students in Belgrade (Serbia): A Cross-Sectional Study," Pain Res Manag. ,2018; Volume 2018, Article ID 8317906, 6 pages.##Casas AS, Patino MS, Camargo DM. Association between the sitting posture and back pain in college students. Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud. 2016; 48(4): 446-454.##Cho CY, Hwang IS, Chen CC. The association between psychological distress and musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by Chinese high school students. J O1thop Spo1ts Phys Ther, 2003; 33: 344-353.##Hendi OM, Abdulaziz AA, Althaqafi AM, Hindi AM, Khan SA, Atalla AA. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its correlation to physical activity among health specialty students. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:48##Elise P, Legault, Cantin V, Descarreaux M. Assessment of rnusculoskeletal symptoms and their in1pacts in the adolescent population: adaptation and validation of a questionnaire. BMC Pediatric: 2014; 14: 173.##Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The oswestiy disability index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000; 25: 2940-2952.1##Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine, 2006; J 15: S 17-S24.##Boonstra AM, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Reneman MF, Posthumus JB, Stewart RE. Reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale for disability in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Int J Rehabil Res. 2008 Jun;31(2):165-9. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fc0f93. PMID: 18467932.##Cohen S, Kamarck T, Me1melstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health SocBehav, 1983; 24: 385-396.##Alshagga MA, Nuner AR, Yan LP, Ibrahim IA, Al-Ghamdi SS, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with neck, shoulder and low back pains among medical students in a Malaysian Medical College. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6: 244.##Ganesan S, Acharya, AS, Chauhan R & Acharya S. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in 1,355 Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Spine Journal 2017; 11(4):610-17. doi:10.4184/asj.2017.11.4.610##Behera P, Majumdar A, Revadi G, Santoshi JA, Nagar V, Mishra N. Neck pain among undergraduate medical students in a premier institute of central India: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and associated factors. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3574-81.##Smith D. R., Wei N., Ishitake T., Wang Rui-Sheng. Musculoskeletal disorders among Chinese medical students. The Kurnrne Medical Journal. 2005;52(4):139- 146.##Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F & Buchbinder R. The Epidemiology of low back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 2010, 24(6):769-781. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002##Haroon H, Mehmood S, Imtiaz F, Ali SA, Sarfraz M Musculoskeletal pain and its associated risk factors among medical students of a public sector University in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2018; 68:682- 688.##Bansal D, Asrar MM, Ghai B & Pushpendra D. Prevalence and impact of low back pain in a community-based population in northern India. Pain Phys 2020; 23: E389-e398.##Meman SH, Pais V, Kalal BS. Physical risk factors for low back pain among young sedentary individuals - A prospective study. Indian J Pain 2017; 31:157-63.##Kennedy C, Kassab o, Gilkey D, Linnel S, Monis D. Psychosocial factors and low back pain among college students. J Am Coll Health 2008; 57:191-5.##Apexa S. Raithatha and Daxa G. Mishra, "Musculoskeletal Disorders and Perceived Work Demands among Female Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India," International Journal of Chronic Diseases, vol. 2016, Article ID 5038381, 6 pages, 2016##Ng A, Hayes MJ, Polster A. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Working Posture among Dental and Oral Health Students. Healthcare (Basel). 2016;4(1):13. Published 2016 Jan 23.##Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abate KH, Abd-Allah F, et al. (GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990- 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 2017; 390: 1211- 59##Aggarwal N, Anand T, Kishore J, Ingle GK. Low back pain and associated risk factors among undergraduate students of a medical college in Delhi. Educ Health 2013; 26:103-8.##Musculoskeletal conditions,[Intemet] Geneva:France: World Health Organization;C 2019[cited and accessed on October 23,2019] Available from: www.who.int/news-roorn/ fact-sheets/detail/muscu loskeletal -conditions##Forde MS, Punnett L & Wegman DH. Path mechanisms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: conceptual issues. Ergonomics 2002; 45(9), 619-630. doi:10.1080/00140130210153487##Hossain MD, Aftab A, Al Imam MH, et al. Prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and ergonomic risk assessment among readymade garment workers of Bangladesh: A cross sectional##study. PLoS One. 2018;13(7): e0200122. Published 2018 Jul 6.##NIOSH [2012]. Research Compendium: The NIOSH Total Worker Health TM Program: Seminal Research Papers 2012. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Se1vice, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012-146, 2012 May:1-214.##MacDonald L, Karasek R, Punnett L, Scharf T. Covariation between workplace physical and psychosocial stressors: evidence and in1plications for occupational health research and prevention. Ergonomics 2001;44(7):696- 718.##Nilsen TI, Holtermann A, Mork PJ (2011) Physical exercise, body mass index, and risk of chronic pain in the low back and neck/shoulders: Longitudinal data from the Nord-Trondelag Health Study. Arn J Epidemiol 174: 267-273.##Du et al. Neck Pain and Low Back Pain in Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int Arch Public Health Community Med, 2017; 1:002##Moroder P, Runer A, Resch H, Tauber M. Low back pain among medical students. Acta O1thop. Belg., 2011; 77:88-92##Vujcic I, Stojilovic N, Dubljanin E, Ladjevic N, Ladjevic I, Sipetic-Grujicic S. Low Back Pain among Medical Students in Belgrade (Serbia): A Cross-Sectional Study," Pain Res Manag. ,2018; Volume 2018, Article ID 8317906, 6 pages.##Casas AS, Patino MS, Camargo DM. Association between the sitting posture and back pain in college students. Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud. 2016; 48(4): 446-454.##Cho CY, Hwang IS, Chen CC. The association between psychological distress and musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by Chinese high school students. J O1thop Spo1ts Phys Ther, 2003; 33: 344-353.##Hendi OM, Abdulaziz AA, Althaqafi AM, Hindi AM, Khan SA, Atalla AA. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its correlation to physical activity among health specialty students. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:48##Elise P, Legault, Cantin V, Descarreaux M. Assessment of rnusculoskeletal symptoms and their in1pacts in the adolescent population: adaptation and validation of a questionnaire. BMC Pediatric: 2014; 14: 173.##Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The oswestiy disability index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000; 25: 2940-2952.1##Haefeli M, Elfering A. Pain assessment. Eur Spine, 2006; J 15: S 17-S24.##Boonstra AM, Schiphorst Preuper HR, Reneman MF, Posthumus JB, Stewart RE. Reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale for disability in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Int J Rehabil Res. 2008 Jun;31(2):165-9. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fc0f93. PMID: 18467932.##Cohen S, Kamarck T, Me1melstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health SocBehav, 1983; 24: 385-396.##Alshagga MA, Nuner AR, Yan LP, Ibrahim IA, Al-Ghamdi SS, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with neck, shoulder and low back pains among medical students in a Malaysian Medical College. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6: 244.##Ganesan S, Acharya, AS, Chauhan R & Acharya S. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in 1,355 Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Asian Spine Journal 2017; 11(4):610-17. doi:10.4184/asj.2017.11.4.610##Behera P, Majumdar A, Revadi G, Santoshi JA, Nagar V, Mishra N. Neck pain among undergraduate medical students in a premier institute of central India: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and associated factors. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3574-81.##Smith D. R., Wei N., Ishitake T., Wang Rui-Sheng. Musculoskeletal disorders among Chinese medical students. The Kurnrne Medical Journal. 2005;52(4):139- 146.##Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F & Buchbinder R. The Epidemiology of low back pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 2010, 24(6):769-781. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002##Haroon H, Mehmood S, Imtiaz F, Ali SA, Sarfraz M Musculoskeletal pain and its associated risk factors among medical students of a public sector University in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2018; 68:682- 688.##Bansal D, Asrar MM, Ghai B & Pushpendra D. Prevalence and impact of low back pain in a community-based population in northern India. Pain Phys 2020; 23: E389-e398.##Meman SH, Pais V, Kalal BS. Physical risk factors for low back pain among young sedentary individuals - A prospective study. Indian J Pain 2017; 31:157-63.##Kennedy C, Kassab o, Gilkey D, Linnel S, Monis D. Psychosocial factors and low back pain among college students. J Am Coll Health 2008; 57:191-5.## ##

Factors Regarding Adherence to Medication in Patients with Hypertension Based on Health Belief Model in the South of Kerman,Iran. in 2019 عوامل مرتبط با تبعیت دارویی در بیماران مبتلا به پرفشاری خون بر اساس مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی: یک مورد در ایران 2 1 مقدمه و هدف: پرفشاری خون، مهم‌ترین مشکل بهداشتی در کشورهای در حال توسعه و یکی از دلایل مرگ زودرس و عامل خطر بیماری‌های قلبی- عروقی، سکته مغزی و نارسایی کلیه است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل مرتبط با تبعیت دارویی در افراد مبتلا به پرفشاری خون بر اساس مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی بود روش کار: مطالعه حاضر از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بود. کل 403 بیماران مبتلا به فشار خون بالا که پرونده سلامت داشتند بصورت سرشماری وارد مطالعه شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته مشتمل بر سؤالات دموگرافیک و سازه‌های مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری من ویتنی، کای اسکوئر و رگرسیون لجستیک و با به‌کارگیری نرم‌افزار 23SPSS مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: بیش از نیمی از بیماران (8/58 درصد) از تبعیت دارویی بدی برخوردار بودند. همچنین اکثر افراد (3/87 درصد) مورد مطالعه کمتر از سه دارو مصرف می‌نمودند. در بین سازه‌های مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی بالاترین میانگین مربوط به منافع درک شده (92/10± 93/88) و کمترین مربوط به سازه خودکار آمدی (55/31 ± 97/51) می‌باشد. در مدل رگرسیون لجستیک، سه عامل آگاهی، راهنما برای عمل و موانع درک شده بر تبعیت دارویی تأثیر داشتند و اصلی‌ترین و مؤثرترین عامل پیشگویی‌کننده رفتار تبعیت دارویی، میزان آگاهی بیماران بود نتیجه‌گیری: مداخلات مؤثر بر اساس مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی و با تاکید بر ارتقاء آگاهی، راهنمای عمل و رفع موانع درک شده می تواند تبعیت دارویی در بیماران فشار خون بالا را افزایش دهد. 2 Introduction: hypertension is the most important public health problem in developing countries. It is a leading cause of stroke, kidney failure, premature death and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of conducting this study was to investigate the factors associated medical Adherence of hypertension based on health belief model. Method: The present study was a descriptive-analytical study. A total of 403 hypertensive patients with health records were enrolled in the study. Data collection questionnaire included demographic questions and health belief model structures. Data using logistic regression analysis using software was 23 SPSS. Results: More than half of the patients (58.8%) had poor medication adherence. Most of the subjects (87.3%) used less than three drugs. Pearson test results showed a significant relationship between drug compliance with age, education and job. Among the constructs of HBM, the highest mean was related to perceived benefits (88.93 ± 10.92) and the lowest to self-efficacy constructs (51.97 ±31.55). In the logistic regression model, three factors of awareness, guides to action and perceived barriers, confidently influence drug compliance. Conclusion: Effective interventions based on health belief model and with emphasis on raising awareness, practice guide and removing perceived barriers can increase medication adherence in patients with hypertension. 82 90 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/24 1399/7/3 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/29 1400/10/8 عباس زنگی آبادی Abbas Zangiabadi Msc of Health Education, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ایران Abbas.zangiabadi1357@gmail.com آرمیتا شاه اسماعیلی Armita Shah Esmaili HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ایران a.shahesmaeili@gmail.com سید وحید احمدی طباطبایی seyed vahid ahmadi Tabatabaei Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ایران v.tabatabaei@gmail.com احسان موحد ehsan movahed Department of public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Ira ایران ehsanmovahed89@yahoo.com حمیده شانکستانی Hamideh Shankestani Msc student of Health Education, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran ایران hshankestani@yahoo.com Medication Adherence Hypertension Health Belief Model فشارخون بالا تبعیت دارویی مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی Hu HH, Li G, Arao T. The association of family social support, depression, anxiety and self-efficacy with specific hypertension self-care behaviours in Chinese local community. Journal of human hypertension. 2015;29(3):198-203.##Li G, Wang H, Wang K, Wang W, Dong F, Qian Y, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and risk factors related to hypertension among urban adults in Inner Mongolia 2014: differences between Mongolian and Han populations. BMC public health. 2016;16(1):294.##Fang L, Song J, Ma Z, Zhang L, Jing C, Chen D. Prevalence and characteristics of hypertension in mainland Chinese adults over decades: a systematic review. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2014;28(11):649-56.##Cai L, Dong J, Cui WL, You DY, Golden AR. Socioeconomic differences in prevalence, awareness, control and self-management of hypertension among four minority ethnic groups, Na Xi, Li Shu, Dai and Jing Po, in rural southwest China. Journal of human hypertension. 2017;31(6):388-94.##Zdrojewski T, Rutkowski M, Bandosz P, Gaciong Z, Jędrzejczyk T, Solnica B, et al. Prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors in Poland. Assumptions and objectives of the NATPOL 2011 Survey. Kardiologia polska. 2013;71(4):381-92.##Musaiger AO, Al-Hazzaa HM. Prevalence and risk factors associated with nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. International journal of general medicine. 2012;5:199.##Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Feeny DH, McFarland BH. Self-reported hypertension prevalence and income among older adults in Canada and the United States. Social science & medicine. 2010;70(6):844-9.##Borzecki AM, Oliveria SA, Berlowitz DR. Barriers to hypertension control. The American heart journal. 2005;149(5):785-94.##Hyman DJ, Pavlik V. Medication adherence and resistant hypertension. Journal of human hypertension. 2015;29(4):213-8.##Morowatisharifabad M-A, Movahed E, Nikooie R, Farokhzadian J, Bidaki R, Askarishahi M, et al. Adherence to medication and physical activity among people living with HIV/AIDS. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research. 2019;24(5):397.##Porter AK, Taylor SR, Yabut AH, Al-Achi A. Impact of a pill box clinic to improve systolic blood pressure in veterans with uncontrolled hypertension taking 3 or more antihypertensive medications. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy. 2014;20(9):905-11.##Sharifirad G, Entezari MH, Kamran A, Azadbakht L. The effectiveness of nutritional education on the knowledge of diabetic patients using the health belief model. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2009;14(1):1.##Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.##Najimi A, Alidousti M, Moazemi GA. A survey on preventive behaviors of high school students about Influenza A based on health belief model in Shahrekord, Iran. 2010.##Moharamzad Y, Saadat H, Shahraki BN, Rai A, Saadat Z, Aerab-Sheibani H, et al. Validation of the Persian version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) in Iranian hypertensive patients. Global journal of health science. 2015;7(4):173.##Kamran A, Ahari SS, Biria M, Malpour A, Heydari H. Determinants of patient's adherence to hypertension medications: application of health belief model among rural patients. Annals of medical and health sciences research. 2014;4(6):922-7.##Fernandez-Arias M, Acuna-Villaorduna A, Miranda JJ, Diez-Canseco F, Malaga G. Adherence to pharmacotherapy and medication-related beliefs in patients with hypertension in Lima, Peru. PloS one. 2014;9(12):e112875.##Yang S, He C, Zhang X, Sun K, Wu S, Sun X, et al. Determinants of antihypertensive adherence among patients in Beijing: application of the health belief model. Patient education and counseling. 2016;99(11):1894-900.##Aus BS, Kumar SN. Medication adherence and health belief model among hypertensive patients attending rural health centres of a tertiary care hospital in South India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2017;4(4):1159.##Obirikorang Y, Obirikorang C, Acheampong E, Odame Anto E, Gyamfi D, Philip Segbefia S, et al. Predictors of noncompliance to antihypertensive therapy among hypertensive patients ghana: application of health belief model. International Journal of Hypertension. 2018;2018.##MazloomyMahmoodabad SS, Agh Atabay R, Movahed M, Alizadeh S. Predictive control high blood pressure in patients with hypertension based on health belief model in Kerman in 2015. Tolooebehdasht. 2016;14(6):98-106.##Baskabadi MH, Hassanzade A. Evaluation of blood pressure in patients older than 18 years, residents of Mashhad. Physiology and Pharmacology. 2005;9(2):195-202.##Poormuhamad S, Jalili Z. Related factors to self-care behaviors in elderly with hypertension based on the Health Belief Model in Uremia County. Journal of Gerontology. 2017;2(1):41-50.##Yue Z, Li C, Weilin Q, Bin W. Application of the health belief model to improve the understanding of antihypertensive medication adherence among Chinese patients. Patient education and counseling. 2015;98(5):669-73.##Mathew J, Krishnamoorthy S, Chacko L, Philip JH, Jacob JE, Jose JA, et al. Non Compliance to Anti-Hypertensive Medications and Associated Factors-Community Based Cross Sectional Study from Kerala. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences. 2016;4(6):1956-9.##Parsa-Yekta Z, Zakeri Moghaddam M, Mehran A, Palizdar M. Study of medication compliance of patients with coronary heart diseases and associated factors. Journal of hayat. 2004;9(4):34-43.##Motlagh SFZ, Chaman R, Sadeghi E, Eslami AA. Self-care behaviors and related factors in hypertensive patients. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(6).##Abed Y, Abu-Haddaf S. Risk factors of hypertension at UNRWA primary health care centers in Gaza governorates. ISRN Epidemiology. 2013;2013.##Hu HH, Li G, Arao T. The association of family social support, depression, anxiety and self-efficacy with specific hypertension self-care behaviours in Chinese local community. Journal of human hypertension. 2015;29(3):198-203.##Li G, Wang H, Wang K, Wang W, Dong F, Qian Y, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and risk factors related to hypertension among urban adults in Inner Mongolia 2014: differences between Mongolian and Han populations. BMC public health. 2016;16(1):294.##Fang L, Song J, Ma Z, Zhang L, Jing C, Chen D. Prevalence and characteristics of hypertension in mainland Chinese adults over decades: a systematic review. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2014;28(11):649-56.##Cai L, Dong J, Cui WL, You DY, Golden AR. Socioeconomic differences in prevalence, awareness, control and self-management of hypertension among four minority ethnic groups, Na Xi, Li Shu, Dai and Jing Po, in rural southwest China. Journal of human hypertension. 2017;31(6):388-94.##Zdrojewski T, Rutkowski M, Bandosz P, Gaciong Z, Jędrzejczyk T, Solnica B, et al. Prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors in Poland. Assumptions and objectives of the NATPOL 2011 Survey. Kardiologia polska. 2013;71(4):381-92.##Musaiger AO, Al-Hazzaa HM. Prevalence and risk factors associated with nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. International journal of general medicine. 2012;5:199.##Kaplan MS, Huguet N, Feeny DH, McFarland BH. Self-reported hypertension prevalence and income among older adults in Canada and the United States. Social science & medicine. 2010;70(6):844-9.##Borzecki AM, Oliveria SA, Berlowitz DR. Barriers to hypertension control. The American heart journal. 2005;149(5):785-94.##Hyman DJ, Pavlik V. Medication adherence and resistant hypertension. Journal of human hypertension. 2015;29(4):213-8.##Morowatisharifabad M-A, Movahed E, Nikooie R, Farokhzadian J, Bidaki R, Askarishahi M, et al. Adherence to medication and physical activity among people living with HIV/AIDS. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research. 2019;24(5):397.##Porter AK, Taylor SR, Yabut AH, Al-Achi A. Impact of a pill box clinic to improve systolic blood pressure in veterans with uncontrolled hypertension taking 3 or more antihypertensive medications. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy. 2014;20(9):905-11.##Sharifirad G, Entezari MH, Kamran A, Azadbakht L. The effectiveness of nutritional education on the knowledge of diabetic patients using the health belief model. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2009;14(1):1.##Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.##Najimi A, Alidousti M, Moazemi GA. A survey on preventive behaviors of high school students about Influenza A based on health belief model in Shahrekord, Iran. 2010.##Moharamzad Y, Saadat H, Shahraki BN, Rai A, Saadat Z, Aerab-Sheibani H, et al. Validation of the Persian version of the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) in Iranian hypertensive patients. Global journal of health science. 2015;7(4):173.##Kamran A, Ahari SS, Biria M, Malpour A, Heydari H. Determinants of patient's adherence to hypertension medications: application of health belief model among rural patients. Annals of medical and health sciences research. 2014;4(6):922-7.##Fernandez-Arias M, Acuna-Villaorduna A, Miranda JJ, Diez-Canseco F, Malaga G. Adherence to pharmacotherapy and medication-related beliefs in patients with hypertension in Lima, Peru. PloS one. 2014;9(12):e112875.##Yang S, He C, Zhang X, Sun K, Wu S, Sun X, et al. Determinants of antihypertensive adherence among patients in Beijing: application of the health belief model. Patient education and counseling. 2016;99(11):1894-900.##Aus BS, Kumar SN. Medication adherence and health belief model among hypertensive patients attending rural health centres of a tertiary care hospital in South India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2017;4(4):1159.##Obirikorang Y, Obirikorang C, Acheampong E, Odame Anto E, Gyamfi D, Philip Segbefia S, et al. Predictors of noncompliance to antihypertensive therapy among hypertensive patients ghana: application of health belief model. International Journal of Hypertension. 2018;2018.##MazloomyMahmoodabad SS, Agh Atabay R, Movahed M, Alizadeh S. Predictive control high blood pressure in patients with hypertension based on health belief model in Kerman in 2015. Tolooebehdasht. 2016;14(6):98-106.##Baskabadi MH, Hassanzade A. Evaluation of blood pressure in patients older than 18 years, residents of Mashhad. Physiology and Pharmacology. 2005;9(2):195-202.##Poormuhamad S, Jalili Z. Related factors to self-care behaviors in elderly with hypertension based on the Health Belief Model in Uremia County. Journal of Gerontology. 2017;2(1):41-50.##Yue Z, Li C, Weilin Q, Bin W. Application of the health belief model to improve the understanding of antihypertensive medication adherence among Chinese patients. Patient education and counseling. 2015;98(5):669-73.##Mathew J, Krishnamoorthy S, Chacko L, Philip JH, Jacob JE, Jose JA, et al. Non Compliance to Anti-Hypertensive Medications and Associated Factors-Community Based Cross Sectional Study from Kerala. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences. 2016;4(6):1956-9.##Parsa-Yekta Z, Zakeri Moghaddam M, Mehran A, Palizdar M. Study of medication compliance of patients with coronary heart diseases and associated factors. Journal of hayat. 2004;9(4):34-43.##Motlagh SFZ, Chaman R, Sadeghi E, Eslami AA. Self-care behaviors and related factors in hypertensive patients. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(6).##Abed Y, Abu-Haddaf S. Risk factors of hypertension at UNRWA primary health care centers in Gaza governorates. ISRN Epidemiology. 2013;2013.## ##

Investigating the Effects of Social Determinants of Traffic Crash Mortality in Isfahan City بررسی تعیین کننده های اجتماعی مرتبط با مرگ های ناشی از حوادث ترافیکی در شهر اصفهان 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: حوادث ترافیکی سالانه جان بسیاری از مردم جهان را به خطر می اندازند. این حوادث در سطح دنیا به عنوان سومین علت مرگ ومیر مطرح هستند، اما در ایران در سطح وسیعتری مطرح می باشد. با توجه به لزوم توجه به مولفه های اجتماعی که موجب ایجاد مخاطره برای سلامت می شوند، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی ارتباط عوامل اجتماعی مرتبط با مرگ های ناشی از حوادث ترافیکی انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه، مقطعی ثانویه می باشد، بر اساس چارچوب کمیسیون تعیین کننده های اجتماعی سلامت بر روی اطلاعات پرونده های مصدومین حوادث ترافیکی پذیرش شده در بیمارستانهای الزهرا و آیت الله کاشانی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان در سالهای 1396 – 1393 و بر روی 29909 پرونده انجام گردید.داده ها با نرم افزار STATA14 و در سطح معناداری کمتر از پنج درصد تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد719 (2.8 درصد )از مصدومین حوادث ترافیکی فوت نمودند. رگرسیون لجستیک چندگانه نشان داد نسبت شانس مرگ ناشی از حوادث ترافیکی در مردان، در افراد بیکار و بالای65 سال، در مصدومین منتقل شده از سایر مراکز و سرنشینان ون/کامیون کوچک بیشتر از سایرین می باشد. نتیجه گیری: یا توجه به اهمیت و تاثیر شغل، جنس، سن، نحوه انتقال مصدوم و نوع وسایل نقلیه بر مرگ ناشی از حوادث ترافیکی تدوین برنامه های پیشگیرانه و اتخاذ سیاست بر اساس عوامل تعیین کننده اجتماعی شناسایی شده موثر بر مرگ و میر حوادث ترافیکی در عرصه سلامت پیشنهاد می گردد 2 Abstract Introduction Many people die as a result of road traffic crashes globally every year. Low- and middle-income countries had higher road crashes mortality compared to high-income countries and Iran is one of the countries with the high road crashes mortality in the world. Regarding the important and basic role the social components plays in health. The current study aims to investigate social determinants of traffic crash mortality in Isfahan during the 2014-2017. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional data secondary analysis. 29909 traffic crashes were analyzed. Data were extracted from the Hospital Information System (HIS) and analyzed using logistic regression. Social determinants were selected using the Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework. Data were analyzed with Stata 14 software at a significance level of less than 0.05 Results: we found that 719(2.8%) mortalities were related to traffic accident injury. The death rate due to traffic crash in the hospital was 2.4%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that men (P-value =0.00), unemployed people, less than 65 years of age, injured transported from suburb and passengers of small vans/trucks (P-value <0.00) had higher odds of mortality caused by traffic crashes Conclusions: Considering the importance of social factors on traffic crashes mortality, health policy-makers should develop preventive programs and adopting policies based on occupation, sex, age, mode of transport of the injured, and the type of vehicles to inform interventions aimed at reducing injury-related mortality. 91 98 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/242022/06/14 1401/3/24 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/292022/06/20 1401/3/30 حسن جعفری Hasan Jafari Health Policy and Management Research Center, Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran Jafary_h@yahoo.com مصطفی امینی رارانی Mostafa Amini-Rarani Social determinants of health research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran iran mostafaaminirarani@gmail.com محمد رنجبر Mohammad Ranjbar Health Policy and Management Research Center, Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran ranjbar3079@gmail.com میلاد شفیعی Milad Shafiee Health Policy and Management Research Center, Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran milad.shafii@ssu.ac.ir اشرف حاج هاشمی Ashraf Haj-Hashemi Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran a.hashemi3399@gmail.com Road traffic crashes Road traffic accidents Social determinants of health Social factor مرگ های ناشی از حوادث ترافیکی سوانح جاده ای عوامل اجتماعی تعیین کننده سلامت 2018.http://www.who.int/violence injury prevention/ road safety status/2018/en##Heyder A A . Injuries in low-and middle-income countries: a neglected disease in global public health. Injury.2013;44(5):579-80##Kh. Rahmani, S.S Hashemi Nazari *, M.R Ghadirzadeh .Trend Analysis of Traffic Accidents Deaths in Iran During 2006 - 2012: Hospital or Pre-Hospital Occurred Deaths Volume 15, Issue 2 (5-2016) . JRUMS 2016, 15(2): 115-128##Khorami Z, Hashemi Nazari Sُ, Ghadirzadeh MR. [An epidemiology study of deaths from road traffic accidents (Persian)]. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2017; 4(4):217-24.##Khorasani-Zavareh D. Bo J.A. Haglund Mohammadi R. Traffic injury deaths in West Azarbaijan province of Iran: a cross-sectional interview-based study on victims' characteristics and pre-hospital care. Pages 119-126 . 07 Aug 2009##Wilson O, Meleckidzedeck Kh, PM Heda. Road traffic injuries in Kenya: magnitude, causes and status of intervention. Inj Control Saf Promot. Mar-Jun 2003;10(1-2):53-61##World Health Organization. The world health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. World Health Organization; 2000##Naghibi S A, Kordasiabi M. review of Social Determinants of Health. Clin Exc 2017, 7(2): 50-62##Azerbaijan. Vahidi R., Kousha A., Kalantari H.*, Tabrizi J.S.Social Determinants Of Health And Their Related Organizations In East Azerbaijan. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND HYGIENE WINTER 2013 , Volume 3 , Number 4; Page(s) 20 To 28.##Zaboli R, Malmoon Z, Seyedjavadi M, Seyedin H. Developing a conceptual model of social determinants of health inequalities: A qualitative study. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2014;3(4):74-88##Vahidi R, Kousha A, Kalantari H, Tabrizi J. Social Determinants of Health and Their Related Organizations in East Azerbaijan journal of health. 2013;3(4):20-28.##Moradi, A, K. Rahmani, Trend of Traffic Accidents and Fatalities in Iran over 20 Years (1993-2013). J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2014. 24(118): 186-97.##Hatamabadi H. Epidemiologic study of road traffic injuries by road user type characteristics and road environment in Irán: A community-based approach. Traffic Injury Prevention 2012. 13(1): 61-4.##erfanpoor, S and Hashemi Nazari, S S , Ghadirzadeh, .An epidemiology study of fatal road traffic accidents in khorasan razavi province in 2011. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences, 59 (4). pp. 261-268.##Khorrami Z, Hashemi Nazari SS, Ghadirzadeh MR. An Epidemiology study of deaths from road traffic accidents. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2016; 4(4): 217-24 .##Rakhshani T, Kashfi S M, Idani F, Ebrahimi M R, Hashemi Nazari S S. An Epidemiology Study Of Deaths From Road Traffic Accidents, Iran, Ahvaz JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM January 2018, Volume 6, Number 1; Page(s) 46 To 51.##Ataey A, Moradi-Asl E, Mirzaei E, Darsaraei F. Epidemiology of Death and Years of Life Lost (YLL) Due to Accidents in Ardabil Province. 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Epub 2015 Aug 5.##Yousefzadeh chabok, Shahrokh, Ahmadi Dafchahi, Masomeh, Mohammadi Maleksari, Haniyeh, Dehnadi Moghadam, Anosh, Hemati, Hossein, Shabani, Somayeh, Epidemiology of Injuries and their Causes among Traumatic Patients Admitted into Poursina Hospital Rasht, " Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, 2007##Kumar N, Ghormade PS, Tingne CV, Keoliya AN. Trends of fatal road traffic accidents in central india. J Forensic Med, Sci Law. 2013; 22(2):8-11.##D C Grossman 1, L G Hart, F P Rivara, R V Maier, R Rosenblatt. From roadside to bedside: the regionalization of trauma care in a remote rural county. J Trauma 1995 Jan;38(1):14-21. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199501000-00006.##Santamarina-Rubio E. Injury profiles of road traffic deaths. Accident Analysis Prevention 2007. 39(1): 1-5.##Souri H, Rouyanian M., Zali A.R., Movahedinezhad A.A. Study Of Changes On Road Traffic Injury Rates, Before And After Of Four Interventions By Iran Traffic Police. RESEARCHER BULLETIN OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (PEJOUHANDEH) APRIL-MAY 2009 , Volume 14 , Num##2018.http://www.who.int/violence injury prevention/ road safety status/2018/en##Heyder A A . Injuries in low-and middle-income countries: a neglected disease in global public health. Injury.2013;44(5):579-80##Kh. Rahmani, S.S Hashemi Nazari *, M.R Ghadirzadeh .Trend Analysis of Traffic Accidents Deaths in Iran During 2006 - 2012: Hospital or Pre-Hospital Occurred Deaths Volume 15, Issue 2 (5-2016) . JRUMS 2016, 15(2): 115-128##Khorami Z, Hashemi Nazari Sُ, Ghadirzadeh MR. [An epidemiology study of deaths from road traffic accidents (Persian)]. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2017; 4(4):217-24.##Khorasani-Zavareh D. Bo J.A. Haglund Mohammadi R. Traffic injury deaths in West Azarbaijan province of Iran: a cross-sectional interview-based study on victims' characteristics and pre-hospital care. Pages 119-126 . 07 Aug 2009##Wilson O, Meleckidzedeck Kh, PM Heda. Road traffic injuries in Kenya: magnitude, causes and status of intervention. Inj Control Saf Promot. Mar-Jun 2003;10(1-2):53-61##World Health Organization. The world health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. World Health Organization; 2000##Naghibi S A, Kordasiabi M. review of Social Determinants of Health. Clin Exc 2017, 7(2): 50-62##Azerbaijan. Vahidi R., Kousha A., Kalantari H.*, Tabrizi J.S.Social Determinants Of Health And Their Related Organizations In East Azerbaijan. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND HYGIENE WINTER 2013 , Volume 3 , Number 4; Page(s) 20 To 28.##Zaboli R, Malmoon Z, Seyedjavadi M, Seyedin H. Developing a conceptual model of social determinants of health inequalities: A qualitative study. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2014;3(4):74-88##Vahidi R, Kousha A, Kalantari H, Tabrizi J. Social Determinants of Health and Their Related Organizations in East Azerbaijan journal of health. 2013;3(4):20-28.##Moradi, A, K. Rahmani, Trend of Traffic Accidents and Fatalities in Iran over 20 Years (1993-2013). J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2014. 24(118): 186-97.##Hatamabadi H. Epidemiologic study of road traffic injuries by road user type characteristics and road environment in Irán: A community-based approach. Traffic Injury Prevention 2012. 13(1): 61-4.##erfanpoor, S and Hashemi Nazari, S S , Ghadirzadeh, .An epidemiology study of fatal road traffic accidents in khorasan razavi province in 2011. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences, 59 (4). pp. 261-268.##Khorrami Z, Hashemi Nazari SS, Ghadirzadeh MR. An Epidemiology study of deaths from road traffic accidents. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2016; 4(4): 217-24 .##Rakhshani T, Kashfi S M, Idani F, Ebrahimi M R, Hashemi Nazari S S. 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Patients' Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Dental Implants آگاهی و نگرش بیماران در مورد ایمپلنت دندان 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: هر چه بیمار در مورد یک درمان اطلاعات بیشتری داشته باشد، نتیجه بهتری از آن درمان به دست می آید. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی آگاهی و نگرش بیماران نسبت به ایمپلنت دندانی و تعیین منابع اطلاعاتی و همچنین صحت اطلاعات دریافتی آنان بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه مقطعی، 246 شرکت کننده با سن حداقل 20 سال به طور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته شامل مشخصات دموگرافیک و سوالات مربوط به میزان آگاهی و نگرش شرکت کنندگان استفاده شد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS.23 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت و p-value کمتر از 0.05 از نظر آماری معنی دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: میانگین نمره آگاهی شرکت‌کنندگان در مورد کاشت دندان 12/2 ± 08/8 از 12 بود. منبع اصلی اطلاعات بیماران، دوستان و آشنایان (9/32%) و پس از آن دندانپزشکان (8/26%) بودند. میزان آگاهی در جوانان (P-value: 0.00) و افراد تحصیل کرده (P-value: 0.00) و دارای پوشش بیمه ای (P-value: 0.012) بیشتر بود. دلیل اصلی عدم انتخاب درمان ایمپلنت در 9/58 درصد از شرکت کنندگان، هزینه های بالای آن بود. بین جنسیت (P-value: 0.55) و درآمد ماهانه بیماران (P-value: 0.09) با سطح آگاهی آنها رابطه ای وجود نداشت. نتایج نشان داد که سطح آگاهی شرکت کنندگان در مورد دوام ایمپلنت، نکات منفی احتمالی انتخاب این نوع درمان، محل قرارگیری، جنس بدنه، انواع درمان های متکی بر ایمپلنت، عوارض احتمالی پس از درمان و مراقبت های بهداشتی مورد نیاز برای ایمپلنت دندانی، پایین بود؛ از این رو ارتقا سطح اطلاعات شرکت کنندگان و هم چنین اصلاح منابع اطلاعاتی آنان ضروری به نظر می رسد. 2 Abstract Introduction: The more informed a patient about a treatment, the better the obtained outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the patients regarding dental implants and determine the sources of information and also the accuracy of received information. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 246 participants with the age of at least 20 years, were randomly selected. A researcher-made questionnaire including demographic characteristics and questions related to participants' knowledge and attitude was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS.23 and p -value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean score of the participants ' knowledge on dental implants was 8.08 ± 2.12 out of 12. The primary main source of patients for getting information was friends and acquaintances (32.9%), followed by dentists (26.8%). The level of knowledge was higher in younger (P-value: 0.00) and educated ones (P-value: 0.00) and in those who had insurance coverage (P-value: 0.012). The main reason for not choosing implant treatment in 58.9% of participants was high costs. There was no relationship between gender (P-value: 0.55) and monthly income of patients (P-value: 0.09) with their level of knowledge. The results revealed that knowledge level of the participants about durability of implants, possible negative points of choosing this treatment, location of placement, body material, types of implant-based treatments, probable complications after treatment and health cares needed for dental implant was low; Therefore, it seems necessary to improve the level of information of participants and to correct their information sources. 99 106 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/242022/06/142021/04/28 1400/2/8 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/292022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 فهیمه رشیدی میبدی Fahimeh Rashidi Maybodi Associate professor, Periodontics Department, Dental Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران f_rashidi63@yahoo.com مسعود شایقی Masoud Shayeghi Dentistry student, Dental Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ایران masoodsh72@yahoo.com Dental implant knowledge attitude ایمپلنت‌های دندانی آگاهی نگرش Schwartz‐ Arad D, Herzberg R, Levin L. Evaluation of long‐ term implant success. Journal of periodontology.2005;76(10):1623-8.##Esposito M, Siormpas K, Mitsias M, Bechara S, Trullenque-Eriksson A, Pistilli R. Immediate, early (6 weeks) and delayed loading (3 months) of single implants: 4-month post-loading from a multicenter pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2016;9(3):249-60.##Ahmed H, Fathy A, Essam E. Effect of Different Types of Luting Cements on Retention and Marginal Adaptation of Implant-Supported Crowns (An in Vitro Study). Al-Azhar Dental Journal for Girls. 2017;4(1):13-21.##Rani S, Singh RK, Kundra S. Quantitative Estimation and Evaluation of Existing Knowledge, Attitude and Knowledge among Patients about Execution of Dental Implants: A Questionnaire Based Original Study. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research. 2017;5(9):15-8.##Fakheran O, Moosaali F. Knowledge and knowledge of patients toward dental implants as an option in replacing missing teeth: A survey in Kerman, Iran. Journal of Advanced Periodontology & Implant Dentistry. 2017;8(2):43-8.##Edelmayer M, Woletz K, Ulm C, Zechner W, Tepper G. Patient information on treatment alternatives for missing single teeth Systematic review. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2016;9(Suppl 1):S45-S57.##Saha A, Dutta S, Vijaya V, Rajnikant N. Knowledge among patients regarding Implants as a treatment option for replacement of missing teeth in Chattisgarh. Journal of international oral health: JIOH. 2013;5(5):48.##Kohli S, Bhatia S, Kaur A, Rathakrishnan T. Trends in patients' mindset on dental implants: A survey in Malaysia. Journal of Dental Implants. 2014;4(1):33.##Amri RA, Saker S. Dental Implants Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients' Knowledge and Knowledge. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research. 2017:1-9##Özçakır Tomruk C, Özkurt-Kayahan Z, Şençift K. Patients' knowledge and knowledge of dental implants in a Turkish subpopulation. The journal of advanced prosthodontics. 2014;6(2):133-7.##Al-Johany S, Al Zoman HA, Al Juhaini M, Al Refeai M. Dental patients' knowledge and knowledge in using dental implants as an option in replacing missing teeth: A survey in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The Saudi dental journal. 2010;22(4):183-8.##Awooda EM, Eltayeb AS, Hussein SA, Dayelnaiem SI, Abdelhamied MA, Mohamed L, et al. Knowledge, attitude and acceptance of dental implants among patients attending Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2014;13(11):19-23.##Jha A, Aher V, Lath P, et al. Knowledge and awareness of dental implants as a treatment choice in the adult population in North India: A hospital-based study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2021;12(2):244-249. doi:10.4103/njms.NJMS_38_20##Satpathy A, Porwal A, Bhattacharya A, Sahu PK. Patient knowledge, acceptance and perceived cost of dental Implants as a treatment modality for replacement of missing teeth: A survey in Bhubaneswar and Cuttack. Int J PublicHealth Dent. 2011;2(1):1-7.##Dhir S, Mahesh L, Kurtzman GM, Vandana KL. Peri-implant and periodontal tissues: a review of differences and similarities. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34(7):e69-75. PMID: 24428439.## ##

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Food Labeling in Patients with Chronic Diseases in Gilan Province, North pf Iran آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد بیماران مبتلا به بیماری های مزمن در استان گیلان در ارتباط با برچسب های مواد غذایی 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: برچسب های مواد غذایی به عنوان ابزاری مفید در حفظ سلامتی بیماران مبتلا به بیماری های مزمن در نظر گرفته می شوند. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی میزان آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد بیماران مبتلا به بیماری های مزمن در ارتباط با برچسب های مواد غذایی و ارتباط آن با عوامل اجتماعی و دموگرافیک بود. روش: مطالعه مقطعی بر روی 800 بیمار مبتلا به بیماری های مزمن که در طول سال های 2018 تا 2019 به کلینیک بیمارستان های رازی و حشمت گیلان مراجعه کرده بودند، با روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انجام شد. اندازه گیری های آنتروپومتریک و اطلاعات اجتماعی و دموگرافیک ارزیابی شد. وضعیت آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد افراد در خصوص برچسب های مواد غذایی از طریق پرسشنامه خودایفا بررسی شد. آزمون Mann-whitney U-test و Kruscal-wallis برای انجام آنالیزهای آماری مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و P value<0.05 به عنوان سطح معنی داری در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: میانگین سن شرکت کنندگان 14±6/55 سال بود. میانگین و انحراف معیار امتیاز آگاهی 22/1 ± 47/8 بود. حدود 70% بیماران معتقد بودند که تاریخ نوشته شده بر روی بسته بندی مواد غذایی، آن ها را از تازه بودن محصول مطمئن می کند. 68% افراد اعتقاد داشتند که خواندن اطلاعات تغذیه ای روی برچسب های مواد غذایی، در انتخاب محصولات با ارزش تغذیه ای بالا مفید است. از نظر عملکرد، 99% شرکت کنندگان در هنگام خرید، به برچسب های مواد غذایی توجه می کردند، هرچند، اکثریت آن ها این برچسب ها را صرفا جهت مشاهده قیمت و تاریخ تولید و انقضا می خواندند. تنها 11% شرکت کنندگان در هنگام خرید، برچسب های مواد غذایی را به منظور دریافت اطلاعات تغذیه ای می خواندند. نتیجه گیری: بیماران مبتلا به بیماری های مزمن، آگاهی خوب و عملکرد ضعیف در خصوص برچسب های مواد غذایی دارند. با توجه به اهمیت انتخاب مواد غذایی در پیشگیری از بیماری های مزمن، آموزش در خصوص اهمیت برچسب های مواد غذایی ضروری به نظر می رسد 2 Abstract Introduction: Food labels can be beneficial instruments for patients with chronic diseases to take care of the health. The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of patients with chronic diseases about food labeling and effects of sociodemographic factors on it. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018-2019 on 800 patients with chronic diseases who referred to clinics of Heshmat and Razi hospitals in Gilan, Iran, through convenience sampling. Anthropometric measurements and sociodemographic information were assessed. Status of knowledge, attitude and practice toward food labeling were assessed through a self-reported questionnaire. Mann-whitney U-test and Kruscal-wallis test was used for statistical analysis. P-value<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 55.6±14..The mean± SD of knowledge score was 8.47± 1.22. Almost 70% of the patients believed that written date on food package insures that the product is fresh. 68% of them believed that reading nutritional information on food labels is helpful to choose a product with high nutritional value. In the field of practice, 99% of participants paid attention to food labels when purchasing, however, the majority of them read these labels to find out the produce and expiry date and price. Only 11% of the participants read food labels when purchasing to get nutritional information. Conclusion: Patients with chronic diseases have good knowledge but poor practice about food labeling. Regarding the importance of food choices in prevention of chronic diseases, educating people about the importance of food labels seems necessary. 107 116 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/242022/06/142021/04/282021/01/9 1399/10/20 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/292022/06/202022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 سمیرا ربیعی Samira Rabiei 1Department of Nutrition Researches, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran ایران samirarabiei@yahoo.com آسیه عاشوری Asieh Ashouri School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran iran a.ashouri@gmail.com مرجان مهدوی روشن Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran iran samirarabiei2015@gmail.com Food Labeling Knowledge Attitude Practice Chronic Disease برچسب گذاری مواد غذایی آگاهی نگرش عملکرد بیماری مزمن 1. 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Gender Differences in Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Psychosocial Factors تفاوت های جنسیتی در بروز دیابت نوع 2 و عوامل روانی- اجتماعی مرتبط 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: دیابت یکی از بیماری های مزمنی است که باعث بروز سایر بیماری های مزمن می شود. بروز آن در جوامع مختلف از جمله ایران رو به افزایش است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تفاوت های جنسیتی در بروز دیابت نوع 2 و عوامل روانی اجتماعی مرتبط با آن انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی در سال 1398 در بین افراد 20 تا 60 سال انجام شد. تمامی 600 شرکت کننده، متاهل و ساکن کرمان بودند. با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای، 300 مرد و 300 زن انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه و شامل 3 بخش بود: متغیرهای جمعیت شناختی - اجتماعی، متغیر سبک زندگی سالم و متغیر استرس ادراک شده. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، آزمون لامدا، آزمون تی دو نمونه مستقل و رگرسیون لجستیک باینری انجام شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار SPSS 23 استفاده گردید. سطح معناداری پژوهش 05/ =0 p در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: میانگین (انحراف معیار) نمره فعالیت بدنی زنان به طور معنی داری پایین تر از مردان بود: (7.6 (2.3) در مقابل 8.2 (2.7) (P=0.006) . در همین راستا، میانگین نمره (انحراف معیار) رژیم غذایی سالم در بین زنان به طور معناداری بیشتر از مردان بود: (18.6 (3) در مقابل 18 (2.4)، (P<0.001) . میزان اجتناب از مصرف دخانیات و الکل در بین زنان به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از مردان بود: (19.4 (1.3) در مقابل 17.9 (2.6)، (P<0.001 . نتایج رگرسیون لجستیک چندگانه نشان داد که در گروه زنان، شانس ابتلا به دیابت با سطح استرس ادراک شده (OR=1.21)، سطح فعالیت های ورزشی (OR=0.48) و تحصیلات رابطه معناداری دارد. سطح تحصیلات و رژیم غذایی سالم نیز تاثیر معنی داری بر شانس ابتلای مردان به دیابت دارد (به ترتیب 63/0 =OR 63/0 و 35/1). نتیجه‌گیری: ازبین شاخص‌های سبک زندگی سالم، انجام ورزش و فعالیتهای بدنی در زنان و داشتن رژیم غذایی سالم در مردان در پیش‌بینی خطر ابتلا به دیابت مؤثر بود. همچنین میزان استرس اجتماعی ادراک شده، یکی از مهمترین عوامل در ایجاد دیابت فقط در زنان بود. بنابراین، شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر دیابت در مردان و زنان به طور جداگانه بسیار مهم است. این امر می تواند ابزار تحلیلی مناسبی برای جامعه شناسان و محققین سلامت در شناخت و تمرکز بر این معضل و همچنین برای سیاست گذاران سلامت در جهت کاهش و کنترل عوامل زیان آور باشد. 2 Abstract Introduction: Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases which causes other chronic diseases. The incidence of it is increasing in different societies, including Iran. This study aimed to investigate Gender differences in incidence of type 2 diabetes and related psychosocial factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 among people with the age group of 20 to 60. All the 600 participants were married and lived in Kerman. Using multi-stage sampling, 300 men and 300 women were selected. Data were collected through a questionnaire which included 3 sections as follows: Social demographic variables, healthy lifestyle variabl and perceived stress variable. Statistical analysis was done through descriptive statistics, Lambda test, Independent sample T -test and Binary Logistic regression. The SPSS 23 was used to perform the data analysis. The significance level of the study was considered to be p=0.05. Results: The mean (SD) score of physical activity for women was significantly lower than men: (7.6 (2.3) vs. 8.2 (2.7) (P=0.006) ). In the same vein, the mean (SD) score of healthy diet among women was significantly higher than men: (18.6 (3) vs. 18 (2.4),( P<0.001) ). The rate of avoidance of tobacco and alcohol consumption among women was significantly higher than men:( 19.4 (1.3) vs. 17.9 (2.6),( P<0.001) ). results of multiple logistic regression showed that in the group of women, the chance of developing diabetes was significantly related to perceived stress level (OR=1.21), level of sports activities OR=0.48) (and education. Education level and health diet also had a significant effect on men's odds of developing diabetes (OR=0.63, 1.35, respectively). Conclusion: Among the indicators of healthy lifestyle, doing exercise in women and having a healthy diet in men were effective in predicting the risk of diabetes. In addition, the amount of perceived social stress was one of the most important psychological factors in the development of diabetes just in women. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the factors affecting diabetes in both men and women separately. and This can be an appropriate analytical instrument for sociologists and health researchers to recognize and focus on this problem as well as for health policy makers to reduce and control harmful factors. 117 125 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/242022/06/142021/04/282021/01/92021/07/10 1400/4/19 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/292022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 اعظم علیزاده azam alizadeh Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. iran a-alizadeh@pnu.ac.ir پروانه دانش parvaneh danesh Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. iran p_danesh@pnu.ac.ir امیر ملکی amir maleki Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. iran a_maleki@pnu.ac.ir فاطمه جواهری Fatemeh Javaheri Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. iran Type 2 Diabetes Gender difference Social factors Perceived Stress دیابت نوع 2 تفاوت جنسیتی عوامل اجتماعی استرس ادراک شده World Health Organization.2021. 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Strategies and Challenges for Managing Human Influenza in the Iranian hospitals: A Qualitative Study in Yazd province, Central part of Iran راهبردها و چالش های مدیریت آنفلوانزای انسانی در بیمارستان های ایران: یک مطالعه کیفی در استان یزد 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه: ویروس آنفلوانزا یکی از کشنده ترین ویروس هایی است که در طول سالیان متمادی جمعیت انسانی را تهدید کرده است. هر ساله سازمان ها و بیمارستان ها باید آمادگی مقابله با این بیماری و درمان افراد مبتلا به آنفولانزا را داشته باشند و بتوانند بیماری را در بیمارستان مدیریت کنند. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی راهبردهای مدیریت بیمارستانی برای آنفلوانزای انسانی در استان یزد، بخش مرکزی ایران بود. روش پژوهش: این مطالعه یک مطالعه کیفی با رویکرد متعارف استقرایی بود. در مجموع ۱۴ بیمارستان اصلی استان یزد در سال ۱۳۹۹ مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل روسا و مدیران بیمارستان ها، پرستاران، سرپرستان آموزشی و بالینی، مترون ها، مسئولین دفتر بهبود کیفیت و کمیته کنترل عفونت بود. شرکت کنندگان با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند. برای جمع آوری داده ها از مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته استفاده شد. حجم نمونه در این پژوهش تا حد اشباع اطلاعات بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش تحلیل محتوا استفاده شد. یافته ها: با استفاده از نظرات و دیدگاه های ۳۸ نفر از مدیران و مسئولان بیمارستان های منتخب استان یزد، اشباع داده ها به دست آمد. مهمترین وظایف مدیریت بیمارستان از نظر کنترل و مدیریت آنفلوانزا در ۵ حوزه (اقدامات میدانی، پشتیبانی، آموزش، آگاهی، حفاظت و اقدامات در حوزه منابع انسانی) تقسیم شد. چالش‌های عمده در مورد کنترل و مدیریت آنفولانزا در ۳ حوزه بیمارستانی (بهداشت)، کلان (دانشگاهی، استانی، ملی و دستورالعمل‌های وزارت بهداشت) و سطح جامعه طبقه‌بندی شدند. در نهایت مهمترین راهکارها و پیشنهادها در این ۳ حوزه کلیدی دسته بندی شدند. نتیجه‌ گیری: با توجه به چالش‌ها و مشکلات طبقه‌بندی شده و همچنین طبقه‌بندی مهم‌ترین راهبردها و پیشنهادات، می‌توان اقدامات مفیدی را برای کنترل و مدیریت آنفولانزا چه در سطح بیمارستانی و چه در سطح جامعه در بیمارستان‌های ایران به ویژه در استان یزد انجام داد. 2 Abstract: Introduction: Influenza virus is one of the deadliest viruses that has threatened the human population over the years. Every year, organizations and hospitals must be prepared to deal with the disease and treat people with the flu and be able to manage the disease in the hospital. The aim of this study was to identify hospital management strategies for human influenza in Yazd province, central part of Iran. Methods: This study was a qualitative study with inductive conventional approach. A total of 14 main hospitals in Yazd province were surveyed in 2021. The study population included heads and managers of hospitals, nurses, educational and clinical supervisors, metrons, officials of the quality improvement office and the infection Control Committee. Participants were selected using snowball sampling method. semi structured interviews were used to collect data. The sample size in this study was up to information saturation. Content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: Using the opinions and views of 38 managers and officials of selected hospitals in Yazd province, data saturation was obtained. The most important tasks of the hospital management in terms of influenza control and management were divided into 5 areas (field measures, support, training, awareness, protection and measures in the field of human resources). The major challenges regarding the influenza control and management were classified into 3 areas: hospital (health), macro (university, provincial, national and Ministry of Health guidelines) and community level. Finally, the most important solutions and suggestions were categorized in these 3 key areas. Conclusion: Based on the categorized challenges and problems, as well as the classification of the most important strategies and suggestions, useful action can be taken to the control and management of influenza, both at the hospital level and in the community, in Iranian hospitals especially in Yazd province. 126 136 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/242022/06/142021/04/282021/01/92021/07/102022/03/4 1400/12/13 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/292022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 سجاد بهاری نیا Sajjad Bahariniya 1. MSc student of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com میلاد شفیعی Milad Shafii 2. Department of Health Services Management, Health Policy and Management Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran milad.shafii@gmail.com فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh 3. Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. iran f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir محمد شریف یزدی Mohammad Sharif Yazdi Assistant Professor, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran iran chief.sharif@gmail.com Hospital Management Influenza Yazd Province مدیریت بیمارستانی آنفولانزا استان یزد 1. Hadi-Alijanvand H. From Folding Pathway of Hemagglutinin to Influenza Prevalence in Iran, A Computational Approach. Cellular and Molecular Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology). 2020;33(4):598-612.[ DOI: 10.18502/jchr.v11i2.10001 ] [ Downloaded from jhr.ssu.ac.ir on 2022-07-12 ]##Organization WH. 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Comorbidity and its Impact on Mortality of COVID-19 in Yazd Province, a Central Part of Iran: a Hospital-Based Study ابتلای همزمان به کووید19 و بیماری های زمینه و تاثیر آن بر مرگ های ناشی از آن در استان یزد: مطالعه ی مبتنی بربیمارستان 2 1 -چکیده مقدمه: سازمان جهانی بهداشت در مارس 11 سال 2020 طغیان بیماری حاد تنفسی را تایید کرد و این بیماری را کووید 19 نام گذاری کرد.هدف اصلی این مطالعه بررسی مرگ ناشی از کووید 19 بر اساس بیماری های زمینه ای در مبتلایان به این بیماری است. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه به صورت مقطعی انجام شده است که در ان تمام بیماران کووید 19 با تشخیض قطعی وارد مطالعه شده اند. متغیر هایسی چون سن، جنس دیابت، سرطان ها، پرفشاری خون بیماری های قلبی، بیماری ، بیماری ها کلیویو بیماری های کبدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمون های t، کای دو و رگرسیون لجستیک در سطح معنی داری 5 درصد جهت آنالیز داده ها استفاده شد. نتایج: از 22849 تست PCR و CT Scan ، 16061 نفر مثبت بودند. طبق موارد مثبت قطعی شیوع این بیماری 019/0 به دست آمد.همچنین میزان کشندگی میرایی این بیماری در افراد بستری به ترتیب برابر 156 و2/8 مورد در 10 هزار نفر به دست آمد. پرفشاری خون و سن ارتباط معنی داری با ایتلا یه بیماری کووید 19 داشتند، از سوی دیگر سن(OR:4.51, P<0.001) ، بیماری های کلیوی (OR:1.84, P<0.001)، دیابت(OR: 1.31, p<0.001)، سرطان(OR: 2.73, p<0.001)، بیماری کبدی(OR: 2.27, p<0.001)تاثیر معنی داری بر مرگ ناشی از کووید 19 داشتند. شاخص منتسب جمعیتی برای دیابت، سرطان ها، بیماری کلیوی و بیماری کبدی به ترتیب برابر 2/4 ، 4/2، 3/1 و 2/0 درصد به دست آمد. نتیجه گیری: سن وبرخی از بیماری های زمینه ای شانس مرگ از کووید 19 را افزایش می دهد. به نظر می رسد پیشگری از ابتلا در افراد با بیماری زمینه ای می تواند تا حدود زیادی مرگ های ناشی از کووید 19 را کاهش دهد، برای این کار باید پروتکل های بهداشتی با جدیت بیشتری در این گروه از افراد رعایت شود. 2 Abstract Introduction: The World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 declared the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 disease (COVID-19) a pandemic situation. The main aim of this study was investigating mortality of COVID 19 by considering chronic diseases. Materials and methods: this study was conducted as a cross-sectional in which all confirmed cases were examined. The variables considered in this study were age, sex, diabetes mellitus, cancers, hypertension, heart diseases, kidney diseases, and liver diseases. Independent sample t test, Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to data analysis. All statistical analysis was done in SPSS 16 and significant level was set at 0.05. Results: Out of 22849 PCR and CT scan tests, 16061 ones were positive. According to the confirmed cases, prevalence of COVID-19 was calculated about 0.019. Also hospital case fatality rate and mortality rate were calculated 156 and about 8.2 per 100000 respectively. Hypertension, and age had significant relationship with morbidity of COVID-19, in other hand, age (OR: 4.51, p<0.001), kidney diseases (OR: 1.84, p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.31, p<0.001), cancer (OR: 2.73, p<0.001), liver diseases (OR: 2.27, p<0.001) had impact on mortality of covid-19. Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) showed that diabetes mellitus, cancers, kidney diseases, and liver diseases had 4.2, 2.4, 1.3, and 0.2 percent, respectively. Conclusion: age and some underlying diseases increase odds of death due to COVID-19. It seems that preventing high-risk people from being infected is an effective solution to reduce COVID-19 death rate. To do this, health protocols need to be implemented more seriously for these sensitive groups. 137 141 2021/08/152021/06/92022/03/42020/12/92021/05/132020/09/242022/06/142021/04/282021/01/92021/07/102022/03/42022/04/20 1401/1/31 2021/09/112022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202021/12/292022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/202022/06/20 1401/3/30 مسلم طاهری Moslem Taheri Soodejani Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran moslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com سعید حسینی Saeed Hosseini Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran saeed.hosseini2014@gmail.com ریحانه سفیدکار Reyhane Sefidkar Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran reyhanesefidkar@gmail.com فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fallahzadeh.ho@gmail.com احمد دهقان Ahmad Dehghan Accident prevention and crisis research center, emergency organization, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran moslemtaheri7@gmail.com ندا دهقانی تفتی Neda Dehghani Tafti Accident prevention and crisis research center, emergency organization, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran m.taheri@ssu.ac.ir محمدحسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com SARS-COV-2 Risk Factors Population attributable fraction pandemic Yazd Iran کووید 19 سهم منتسب جمعیتی یزد Hosseini S, Bahrevar V, Rahmanian V, Hazar N. 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Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020;14(5):1017-25.##Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN comprehensive clinical medicine. 2020:1-8.##Ye C, Zhang S, Zhang X, Cai H, Gu J, Lian J, et al. Impact of comorbidities on patients with COVID‐19: A large retrospective study in Zhejiang, China. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92(11):2821-9.##Cho SI, Yoon S, Lee H-J. Impact of comorbidity burden on mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis of the Korean health insurance database. 2020.##Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. Jama. 2020;323(16):1574-81.##Rosenbaum L. Facing Covid-19 in Italy-ethics, logistics, and therapeutics on the epidemic's front line. 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Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. European Respiratory Journal. 2020;55(5).##Nandy K, Salunke A, Pathak SK, Pandey A, Doctor C, Puj K, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of various comorbidities on serious events. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020;14(5):1017-25.##Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19. SN comprehensive clinical medicine. 2020:1-8.##Ye C, Zhang S, Zhang X, Cai H, Gu J, Lian J, et al. Impact of comorbidities on patients with COVID‐19: A large retrospective study in Zhejiang, China. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92(11):2821-9.##Cho SI, Yoon S, Lee H-J. Impact of comorbidity burden on mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis of the Korean health insurance database. 2020.##Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. Jama. 2020;323(16):1574-81.##Rosenbaum L. Facing Covid-19 in Italy-ethics, logistics, and therapeutics on the epidemic's front line. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(20):1873-5.##Organization WH. Islamic Republic of Iran country health profile 2020##Daneshpazhooh M, Mahmoudi H. COVID-19: The experience from Iran. Clinics in Dermatology. 2020.##Peykari N, Eybpoosh S, Safikhani H, Haghdoost AA, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Larijani B. Non-communicable Diseases and COVID-19; a double-edged sword A Special Communication from IRAN. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2020:1-5.##Yanez ND, Weiss NS, Romand J-A, Treggiari MM. COVID-19 mortality risk for older men and women. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1-7.##Tian Y, Qiu X, Wang C, Zhao J, Jiang X, Niu W, et al. Cancer associates with risk and severe events of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International journal of cancer. 2021;148(2):363-74.##Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(7):6049.##Jakhmola S, Indari O, Baral B, Kashyap D, Varshney N, Das A, et al. Comorbidity assessment is essential during COVID-19 treatment. Frontiers in physiology. 2020;11.##Lotfi MH, Saadati H, Afzali M. Prevalence of diabetes in people aged≥ 30 years: the results of screen-ing program of Yazd Province, Iran, in 2012. Journal of research in health sciences. 2013;14(1):88-92.## ##