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Human, Environment and Sustainable Development Human, Environment and Sustainable Development 2 1 1 2013/07/10 1392/4/19 2013/09/29 1392/7/7 محمد حسن احرامپوش Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush ## ##

Assessment of School Backpack Weight and Other Characteristics in Elementary Schools, Yazd-Iran Assessment of School Backpack Weight and Other Characteristics in Elementary Schools, Yazd-Iran 2 1 Introduction: The carry of heavy backpacks by school children may be associated with several potential health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of body weight represented by school backpacks and other related factors. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study has been done in eight primary schools in Yazd city in which a total of 783 students’ boys (217 subjects in boys’ private schools and 566 ones in boys' governmental schools), grades 1 to 5, were studied. Measures included body mass and school bag weight of students and then the relative backpack weight (RBW) was calculated as percentage of body weight. Results: The average backpack weight was 4.6 kg (range, 1.3 kg to 20.6 kg) and represented 12.9% (range, 5.5% to 37%) of the subjects’ body weights. In private schools, about 43.7% of the students carried backpacks weighing less than 10 percent, 38.4% between 10 – 14% and 17.9% of the students 15 percent or more of their body weights versus 66.2%, 23.5% and 10.3% in governmental schools, respectively. The majority of students carried their bags over one or two shoulders and only 4% used roller bags. The contents of backpacks were mainly text books, exercise books or test books. Conclusion: In conclusion the result of this study indicated that the students of private schools carried heavier backpacks than those of governmental ones and therefore it appears to be reasonable to lighten the load of backpacks and educate students for carrying correctly school backpacks. 2 Introduction: The carry of heavy backpacks by school children may be associated with several potential health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of body weight represented by school backpacks and other related factors. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study has been done in eight primary schools in Yazd city in which a total of 783 students’ boys (217 subjects in boys’ private schools and 566 ones in boys' governmental schools), grades 1 to 5, were studied. Measures included body mass and school bag weight of students and then the relative backpack weight (RBW) was calculated as percentage of body weight. Results: The average backpack weight was 4.6 kg (range, 1.3 kg to 20.6 kg) and represented 12.9% (range, 5.5% to 37%) of the subjects’ body weights. In private schools, about 43.7% of the students carried backpacks weighing less than 10 percent, 38.4% between 10 – 14% and 17.9% of the students 15 percent or more of their body weights versus 66.2%, 23.5% and 10.3% in governmental schools, respectively. The majority of students carried their bags over one or two shoulders and only 4% used roller bags. The contents of backpacks were mainly text books, exercise books or test books. Conclusion: In conclusion the result of this study indicated that the students of private schools carried heavier backpacks than those of governmental ones and therefore it appears to be reasonable to lighten the load of backpacks and educate students for carrying correctly school backpacks. 2 7 2013/07/102013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 ابوالفضل برخورداری Abolfazl Barkhordari محمد حسن احرامپوش Mohamad Hassan Ehrampoush مهدی برخورداری Mahdi Barkhordari ohyazd@gmail.com فاطمه درخشی Fatema Derakhshi محسن میرزائی Mohsen Mirzaii Backpain Equipment Safety Schools Students Public Health Students Health Occupations Backpain Equipment Safety Schools Students Public Health Students Health Occupations 1. Young IA, Haig AJ, Yamakawa KS. The association between backpack weight and low back pain in children. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2006; 19(1):25-33.##2. Sheir-Neiss GI, Kruse RW, Rahman T, et al. The association of backpack use and back pain in adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003; 28(9):922-30.##3. Kistner F, Fiebert I, Roach K. Effect of backpack load carriage on cervical posture in primary schoolchildren. Work. 2012; 41(1):99-108.##4. Ramprasad M, Alias J, Raghuveer AK. Effect of backpack weight on postural angles in preadolescent children. Indian pediatrics. 2010; 47(7):575-80.##5. Talbott NR, Bhattacharya A, Davis K. Effects of Different Backpacks, Weight and Location on Static and Dynamic Stability in Children. Paper presented at: IASTED International Conference on Biomechanics; Honolulu; 2004.##6. Siambanes D, Martinez JW, Butler EW, et al. Influence of school backpacks on adolescent back pain. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004; 24(2):211-7.##7. Talbott NR, Bhattacharya A, Davis KG, et al. School backpacks: It's more than just a weight problem. Work. 2009; 34(4):481-94.##8. Rodríguez-Oviedo P, Ruano-Ravina A, Pérez-Ríos M, et al. School children's backpacks, back pain and back pathologies. Arch Dis Child. 2012; 97(8):730-2. ##9. Whittfield JK, Legg SJ, Hedderley DI. The weight and use of schoolbags in New Zealand secondary schools. Ergonomics. 2001; 44(9): 819-24.##10. van Gent C, Dols JJ, de Rover CM, et al. The weight of schoolbags and the occurrence of neck, shoulder, and back pain in young adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003; 28(9):916-21. ##11. Goh JH, Thambyah A, Bose K. Effects of varying backpack loads on peak forces in the lumbosacral spine during walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1998; 13(1 Suppl 1):S26-S31. ##12. Goodgold S, Corcoran M, Gamache D, et al. Backpack Use in Children. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2002 l; 14(3):122-31. ##13. Limon S, Valinsky LJ, Ben-Shalom Y. Children at risk: risk factors for low back pain in the elementary school environment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004; 29(6):697-702.##14. Negrini S, Politano E, Carabalona R, et al. The backpack load in schoolchildren: clinical and social importance, and efficacy of a community-based educational intervention. A prospective controlled cohort study. Eura Medicophys. 2004; 40(3): 185-90.##15. Al-Hazzaa HM. School backpack. How much load do Saudi school boys carry on their shoulders? Saudi Med J. 2006; 27(10): 1567-71.##16. Cheung CH, Shum ST, Tang SF, et al. The correlation between craniovertebral angle, backpack weights, and disability due to neck pain in adolescents. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2009; 22(4):197-203.##17. Forjuoh SN, Schuchmann JA, Lane BL. Correlates of heavy backpack use by elementary school children. Public Health. 2004; 118(7):532-5.##18. Brewer JM, Davis KG, Dunning KK, et al. Does ergonomic mismatch at school impact pain in school children? Work. 2009; 34(4):455-64.##19. Negrini S, Carabalona R, Sibilla P. Backpack as a daily load for schoolchildren.Lancet. 1999; 354(9194):1974. ##20. Forjuoh SN. School backpack weights: a survey of students in Ghana, Guatemala and the USA. Inj Control Saf Promot. 2004; 11(4):287-9.##21. Emdadi M, Emdadi SH. The relationship between weight and the weight of the school bag in primary school students in Hamadan city. J of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.2004; 3(2).##22. Rateau MR. Use of backpacks in children and adolescents: a potential contributor of back pain. Orthop Nurs. 2004; 23(2):101-5.##23. Mackie HW, Legg SJ, Beadle J, et al. Comparison of four different backpacks intended for school use. Appl Ergon. 2003; 34(3):257-64. ##24. Korovessis P, Koureas G, Papazisis Z. Correlation between backpack weight and way of carrying, sagittal and frontal spinal curvatures, athletic activity, and dorsal and low back pain in schoolchildren and adolescents. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2004; 17(1):33-40. ##25. Forjuoh S N, Little D, Schuchmann J A, et al. Parental knowledge of school backpack weight and contents. Archives of disease in childhood. 2003; 88(1):18-19.#### ##

Performance Study of Reverse Osmosis Plants for Water Desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran Performance Study of Reverse Osmosis Plants for Water Desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran 2 1 Introduction: Reverse osmosis (RO) is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt from seawater to get fresh water), but since the early 1970s it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications. The aim of this research was the performance study of reverse osmosis plants for water desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study the concentrations of a number of physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in raw and treated water of Bandar-Lengeh water Desalination Plants were determined and Performance of RO plants for seawater and costal groundwater desalination were studied. There are two desalination plants in Bandar-Lengeh. Water from these plants are used for municipal supply. Total production capacity of the two RO desalination plants is 8000 m3/d. Results: The results of this study showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride, Sulfate, diatomaceous and Nematodes in seawater were 37749 mg/l 9715 mg/l 22020 mg/l 3067 mg/l 24337 N/100ml and 5 N/100ml and in treated water were 1233 mg/l 436 mg/l 710 mg/l 58 mg/l, 0 N/100ml and 0 N/100ml, respectively. Also the results showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride and Sulfate in coastal ground water were 37131 mg/l 9303 mg/l 21072 mg/l 3745 mg/l and in treated water were 687mg/l 253 mg/l 389 mg/l 19 mg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed the quality of feed water and pretreatment plays an extremely important role in operational problems such as fouling of RO systems. 2 Introduction: Reverse osmosis (RO) is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt from seawater to get fresh water), but since the early 1970s it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications. The aim of this research was the performance study of reverse osmosis plants for water desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study the concentrations of a number of physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in raw and treated water of Bandar-Lengeh water Desalination Plants were determined and Performance of RO plants for seawater and costal groundwater desalination were studied. There are two desalination plants in Bandar-Lengeh. Water from these plants are used for municipal supply. Total production capacity of the two RO desalination plants is 8000 m3/d. Results: The results of this study showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride, Sulfate, diatomaceous and Nematodes in seawater were 37749 mg/l 9715 mg/l 22020 mg/l 3067 mg/l 24337 N/100ml and 5 N/100ml and in treated water were 1233 mg/l 436 mg/l 710 mg/l 58 mg/l, 0 N/100ml and 0 N/100ml, respectively. Also the results showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride and Sulfate in coastal ground water were 37131 mg/l 9303 mg/l 21072 mg/l 3745 mg/l and in treated water were 687mg/l 253 mg/l 389 mg/l 19 mg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed the quality of feed water and pretreatment plays an extremely important role in operational problems such as fouling of RO systems. 8 14 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 علیرضا زیرکراد Alireza Zirakrad سید جمال الدین هاشمیان Seyed Jamalodin Hashemian محمد تقی قانعیان Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian Osmosis Seawater Plants Fresh Water Osmosis Seawater Plants Fresh Water 1. Henmi M, Fusaoka Y, Tomioka H, et al. High performance RO membranes for desalination and wastewater reclamation and their operation results. Water Sci Technol. 2010; 62(9):2134-40. ##2. Congjie G. Development and extension of seawater desalination by reverse osmosis. Chinese J Ocean. Limnol. 2003; 21(l):40-5.##3. Tularam GA, Ilahee M. Environmental concerns of desalinating seawater using reverse osmosis. J Environ Monitor. 2007;9:805-13.##4. Cath TY, Childress AE, Elimelech M. Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments. J. Membrane Sci. 2006; 281:70-87.##5. Judd S, Jefferson B. Membranes for industrial wastewater recovery and reuse. Elsevier; 2003.##6- Bahadori M. Solar desalination for domestic applications, Water Conservation, Reuse, and Recycling. Proceedings of an Iranian-American Workshop; 2007:67-68.##7. Khawaji AD, Kutubkhanah IK, Wie J-M. A 13.3 MGD seawater RO desalination plant for Yanbu Industrial City. Desalination. 2007; 203(1-3):176-188.##8. Mohseni zadeh Y. Last Pearl , Today’s Lengeh. Tehran: Barge Rezvan; 2011. [Persion]##9. APHA. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 21th ed. Washington, D.C. 2005. ##10. Ghaneian MT, Zirakrad AR, Khademi Bafrooei H, et al. Performance study of reverse osmosis plants for seawater desalination in Hormozgan Province, Iran. Proceeding of IWA Regional Conference and Exhibition on Membrane Technology & Water Reuse Istanbul-Turkey; 2010; Istanbul, Turkey.##11. Pearce GK. The case for UF/MF pretreatment to RO in seawater applications. Desalination. 2007; 203(1-3): 286-95.##12.Yang HL, Huang C, Lin JC. Seasonal fouling on seawater desalination RO membrane. Desalination. 2010; 250(2):548-52.#### ##

Health Literacy in Periodontal Patients Health Literacy in Periodontal Patients 2 1 Introduction: health literacy is a fundamental part of the healing promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal health literacy among patients. Materials and methods: 296 patients attending periodontal clinic who were above 16 years old participated in this study. Gathering data was based on screening questions on a 5-point Likert scale. After completion questionnaire, data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Based on the scores of questions, patients were classified as weak, medium and good health literacy. Result: This study showed significant difference in health literacy between age and education groups (P value = 0.015, P value = 0.003), while there was no significant difference between male and female (P value = 0.54). It was also revealed that patients who had been exposed to oral health education had higher health literacy levels ( P value < 0.0001, P value = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed patients less than 20 years and over 50 years old had poorer heath literacy in relation of periodontal heath, also, patients with higher educational level have higher health literacy. 2 Introduction: health literacy is a fundamental part of the healing promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal health literacy among patients. Materials and methods: 296 patients attending periodontal clinic who were above 16 years old participated in this study. Gathering data was based on screening questions on a 5-point Likert scale. After completion questionnaire, data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Based on the scores of questions, patients were classified as weak, medium and good health literacy. Result: This study showed significant difference in health literacy between age and education groups (P value = 0.015, P value = 0.003), while there was no significant difference between male and female (P value = 0.54). It was also revealed that patients who had been exposed to oral health education had higher health literacy levels ( P value < 0.0001, P value = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed patients less than 20 years and over 50 years old had poorer heath literacy in relation of periodontal heath, also, patients with higher educational level have higher health literacy. 15 21 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 احمد حائریان Ahmad Haerian علی مومن Ali Moemen سعیده عسگری Saeede Asgari فرزانه وزیری Farzane Vaziri farzane.vaziri@gmail.com Health Literacy Periodontal Disease Evaluation Studies as Topic Patients Health Literacy Periodontal Disease Evaluation Studies as Topic Patients 1. Lee JY, Divaris K, Baker AD, et al. The Relationship of Oral Health Literacy and Self-Efficacy with Oral Health Status and Dental Neglect. Am J Public Health. 2012; 102(5): 923-9.##2. Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67(12):2072-8.##3. Baker DW. The Meaning and the Measure of Health Literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2006; 21(8):878-83.##4. Horowitz AH, Kleinman DV. Oral health literacy: a pathway to reducing oral health disparities in Maryland. J Public Health Dent. 2012; 72 Suppl 1:S26-30.##5. Divaris K, Lee JY, Baker AD, et al. The relationship of oral health literacy with oral health-related quality of life in a multi-racial sample of low-income female caregivers. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2011; 9:108.##6. Schillinger D, Grumbach K, Piette J, et al. Association of Health Literacy With Diabetes Outcomes. JAMA. 2002; 288(4):475-82. ##7. Baker DW, wolf MS, Feinglass J, et al. Health Literacy and Mortality Among Elderly Persons. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(14):1503-9.##8. Lee JY, Divaris K, Baker AD et al. Oral health literacy levels among a low-income WIC population. J Public Health Dent. 2011; 71(2):152-60.##9. Hom JM, Lee JY, Darvis K, et al. Oral health literacy and knowledge among patients who are pregnant for the first time. JADA. 2012; 143(9):972-80.##10. Haerian A, Akbari S, Ahmadzade M, et al. Comparison of periodontal destruction, between patients with coronary heart disease and healthy subjects, using panoramic radiography. Journal of Periodontology & Implant Dentistry. 2012; 4(1):3-6.##11. Saito A, Kikuchi M, Ueshima F, et al. Assessment of oral self-care in patients with periodontitis: a pilot study in a dental school clinic in japan. BMC Oral Health. 2009; 9: 27. ##12. Axelsson P, Lindhe J, Nystrom B. On the prevention of caries and periodontal disease. Results of a 15-year longitudinal study in adults. J clin periodontal. 1991; 18(3):182-9.##13. Petersen PE, ogawa H. Strengthening the Prevention of Periodontal Disease: The WHO Approach. J periodontal. 2005; 76(12): 2187-93. ##14. Chew LD, Bradley KA, Boyko EJ. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. Fam Med. 2004; 36(8):588-94##15. Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin Y, et al. The health literacy of american adults: results from the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy (NCES-483). U.S. department of education. Washington, DC: national center for education statistics; 2006.##16. The invisible barrier: literacy and its relationship with oral health. J public health dent. 2005; 65(3): 172-84.## ###### ##

Spirituality and General Health among Hospital Personnel of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd-Iran Spirituality and General Health among Hospital Personnel of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd-Iran 2 1 Introduction: Given the importance of spirituality and health as well as activities done by hospital personnel, the aim of present study is to evaluate the relationship between spirituality and general health and to assess some possible affecting factors such as demographic and work factors on these variables in hospital staff. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done on hospital employees of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. First, 101 hospital staff were selected randomly by using multistage sampling. General Health, spiritual experience and demographic questionnaires as reported by the subjects themselves, were completed. Cut-off point of 23 was considered for general health, So that those, whose score were 23 or less, were considered as healthy individuals. Collected data were entered software SPSS (Ver.19) and then analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-test and ANOVA tests. Results: Mean and standard deviation of spirituality was 251.50 and 42.30 and for general health was 46.79 and 10.82, respectively. Spirituality and general health had a significant negative correlation (p-value=0.03). Spirituality was significantly higher in subjects who were single (p-value=0.04). Men (P-Value=0.01) and those older than 33 years (P-Value=0.001), had significantly better general health. General health significantly associated with service location (P-Value ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: The study finding shows, increase in spirituality is associated with higher levels of general health. Given that the general health score in this study were higher than the cut-off 23, and physical and mental health of hospital staff is associated with their quality of service at work, so promotion of general health and spirituality in hospitals, which are responsible for public health, is essential. 2 Introduction: Given the importance of spirituality and health as well as activities done by hospital personnel, the aim of present study is to evaluate the relationship between spirituality and general health and to assess some possible affecting factors such as demographic and work factors on these variables in hospital staff. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done on hospital employees of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. First, 101 hospital staff were selected randomly by using multistage sampling. General Health, spiritual experience and demographic questionnaires as reported by the subjects themselves, were completed. Cut-off point of 23 was considered for general health, So that those, whose score were 23 or less, were considered as healthy individuals. Collected data were entered software SPSS (Ver.19) and then analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-test and ANOVA tests. Results: Mean and standard deviation of spirituality was 251.50 and 42.30 and for general health was 46.79 and 10.82, respectively. Spirituality and general health had a significant negative correlation (p-value=0.03). Spirituality was significantly higher in subjects who were single (p-value=0.04). Men (P-Value=0.01) and those older than 33 years (P-Value=0.001), had significantly better general health. General health significantly associated with service location (P-Value ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: The study finding shows, increase in spirituality is associated with higher levels of general health. Given that the general health score in this study were higher than the cut-off 23, and physical and mental health of hospital staff is associated with their quality of service at work, so promotion of general health and spirituality in hospitals, which are responsible for public health, is essential. 22 29 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 ناهید مظلوم بفروئی Nahid Mazloom Bafrooi زیبا لوک زاده Ziba Loukzadeh dr.loukzadeh@gmail.com سحر پاک Sahar Pak زینب زنگوئی Zeinab Zangui Spirituality Health Health Personnel Personnel Hospital Spirituality Health Health Personnel Personnel Hospital 1. Boero ME, Caviglia ML, Monteverdi R, et al. Spirituality of health workers: a descriptive study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005; 42(8):915-21.##2. Shooshtari LT, Pourshafei H. The relation between meaning in life and general health among staff of Birjand University (2009-2010). Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 18(1):55-61. [Persian]##3. Akbarizadeh F, Bagheri F, Hatami HR, et al. Relationship between nurses’ spiritual intelligence with hardiness and general health. Behbood Journal. 2012; 15(6): 466-72. [Persian]##4. Mitchell DL, Bennett MJ, Manfrin-Ledet L. Spiritual development of nursing students: developing competence to provide spiritual care to patients at the end of life. J Nurs Educ. 2006; 45(9):365-70.##5. Walt V, Alletta E. A descriptive and exploratory study towards a spiritual intelligent transitional Model of organizational communication University of South Africa. J Nurs Res. 2006; 35(2):273-80.##6. Ghahremani N. Nadi MA. Relationship between Religious / Spiritual Components, Mental Health and Hope for the Future in Hospital Staff of Shiraz Public Hospitals. Iran Journal of Nursing (IJN). 2012; 25(79):1-11. [Persian]##7. Enjezab B, Farnnia F. Job stress with behavior and psychic responses of lucina in Yazd’s Hospitals. Research- Science Journal of Yazd University. 2003; 3:32-8. [Persian]##8. Rippentrop AE. A Review of the Role of Religion and Spirituality in Chronic Pain Populations. Rehabil Psychol. 2005; 50(3):278-84.##9. Keefe FJ, Affleck G, Lefebvre J, et al. Living with rheumatoid arthritis: the role of daily spirituality and daily religious and spiritual coping. J Pain. 2001; 2(2):101-10.##10. Ghobaribonab B, Salimi M, Selyani L, et al. Spiritual Intelligence. Andishe Novine Dini. 2007; 3(10):125-47. [Persian]##11. Noorbala AA, Bagheri yazdi SA, Mohammad K. The validation of general health questionnaire- 28 as a psychiatric screening tool. Hakim medical journal. 2008; 11(4):47-53. [Persian]##12. Carmody J, Reed G, Kristeller J, et al. spirituality and health related symptoms. Journal of psychosomatic research. (2008); 64:393- 403.##13. Ghobary BanabB, Habibi H. Relation between mental health and spirituality in Tehran University Student. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 5:887-91.##14. Safee Rad I, Karimi L, Shomoossi N, et al. The relationship between spiritual well-being and mental health of university students. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 17(4) :274-280. [Persian]##15. Ebrahimi A, Keykhosrovani M, Dehghani M, et al. Investigating the Relationship between Resiliency, Spiritual Intelligence and Mental Health of a group of undergraduate Students. Life Science Journal. 2012; 9(1):67-70.##16. Tavabi Amir A, Iran-Pour E. The association between religious beliefs and mental health amongst medical students. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011; 61(2):135-8.##17. Vasegh S, Mohammadi MR. Religiosity, anxiety, and depression among a sample of Iranian medical students. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007; 37(2):213-27.##18. Jafaria E, Dehshirib Gh, Eskandarib H, et al. Spiritual well-being and mental health in university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 5:1477-81.##19. Ghoraei B, Ahmadvand A, Akbari Dahaghi A, et al. The relationship between mental health and inner and outer religion in Kashan. Journal of Psychology. 2009; 3(10):65-88. [Persian]##20. Noorbala AA, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Yasamy MT, et al. Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. Br J Psychiatry. 2004; 184:70-3.##21. Noorbala AA, Mohammad K, Yasami MT, et al. A view of mental health in Iran. Tehran: Iranian Red Crescent Society Publication; 2001.##22. Hadadi M, Kaldi A, Sajadi H, et al. Relationship between job classification and mental health in employed women. Social Welfare Quarterly26. 2011; 11(40):107-27. ##23. Raghib M, Ahmadi SJ, Siadat SA. Spiritual intelligence of students of Isfahan University and its relationship with demographic characteristics. Journal of educational psychology students 2008; 5(8): 39-56. [Persian]## ##

Selecting Hospital's Key Performance Indicators, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Technique Selecting Hospital's Key Performance Indicators, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Technique 2 1 Introduction: hospitals performance indicators will help monitoring, evaluation and decision making and therefore must be selected and ranked accurately. The aim of present study is identifying and selecting key hospitals performance indicators. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) study. literature review and expert panel has been done to identify all performance indicators. we prioritize performance indicators by Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The data were analyzed by Excel 2007 and Expert Choice11 software’s. Results: hospital performance indicators are classified to three areas as quality- effectiveness, efficiency- financing and accessibility – equity. Indicators like the rate of hospital average length of stay in hospital based on different diagnosis and the mean rate of inpatient waiting time are considered with highest priority performance indicators of public hospitals. Conclusion: Identifying hospital’s key performance indicators provides an opportunity for health stakeholders to identify critical and problematic points with lower costs and time and to the best correction action. 2 Introduction: hospitals performance indicators will help monitoring, evaluation and decision making and therefore must be selected and ranked accurately. The aim of present study is identifying and selecting key hospitals performance indicators. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) study. literature review and expert panel has been done to identify all performance indicators. we prioritize performance indicators by Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The data were analyzed by Excel 2007 and Expert Choice11 software’s. Results: hospital performance indicators are classified to three areas as quality- effectiveness, efficiency- financing and accessibility – equity. Indicators like the rate of hospital average length of stay in hospital based on different diagnosis and the mean rate of inpatient waiting time are considered with highest priority performance indicators of public hospitals. Conclusion: Identifying hospital’s key performance indicators provides an opportunity for health stakeholders to identify critical and problematic points with lower costs and time and to the best correction action. 30 38 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 رعنا غلامزاده نیکجو Raana Gholamzadeh Nikjoo حسین جباری بیرمی Hossein Jabbari Beyrami Hosseinhosseinj@yahoo.com علی جنتی Ali Jannati محمد اصغری جعفرآبادی Mohammad Asghari Jaafarabadi Health Services Administration Quality of Health Care Benchmarking Quality Assurance Health Care Health Services Administration Quality of Health Care Benchmarking Quality Assurance Health Care 1. Sajjadi H, Hariri M, Karimi S, et al. Self performance evaluation of the hospitals and training centers of Esfahan University of Medical Science by using the organization Excellence model. Research in medical. 2008; 32(2):227-31. [Persian]##2. Arab M, Eskandari Z, Rahimi A, et al. Causes of readmission for patients in hospitals of Tehran. Hospital. 2010; 9(1,2):43-55.##3.Arab M, Zareei A, Rahimi A, et al. Analysis of factors affecting the duration of stay of patients in state hospitals in Lorestan. Hakim. 2009; 12(4):27-31.##4. Ebadifard Azar F, Ansari H, Rezapur A. Survey of hospital bed-day cost and performance indicators in selected hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Management and Medical Information. 2004; 7(18):37-44.##5. Van der Bij JD, Vissers JMH. Monitoring health care processes: a framework for performance indicators. International journal of Health Care Quality Assurance. 1999; 12(5):214-21.##6. Jonidi N, Sadegi M, Ezadi M, et al. Comparative performance indicators of a hospital in Tehran with the national standards. Military Medicine. 2010; 12(4):223-8.##7. Arab M, Tajvar M, Akbari F. Relation between leadership styles and hospital performance indicators. Journal of Gazvin University of Medical Science. 2005; 10(4):70-5.##8. Vlieland V. General hospitals strategic responses to performance indicators in health care. Rotterdam: Erasmus; 2009.##9. Feyzzade A. Survey of hospital performance, additional cost or long term benefit. Health researchers. 2001; 1(1):3-6.##10. Geer e, Tuijl H, Rutte CG. Performance management in health care, performance indicator development, task uncertainty and types of performance indicator. Social science & Medicine. 2009(69):1523-30.##11. Groene O, K.H.Skau J, Frqlich A. An international review of projects on hospital performance assessment. International journal for quality in health care. 2008; 20(3):162-71.##12. Veillard J, Champagne F, Klazinga N, et al. A performance assessment framework for hospitals: the who regional office for Europe PATH project. International journal for quality in health care. 2005; 17(6):487-96.##13. Sajjadi H, Sajjadi Z, Hadi M. Is there a method for the simultaneous comparison of key hospital performance indicators? Health Information Management. 2011; 8(1):71-81.##14. Momeni M, Marmazi H. Quality financial services with the use of QFD and AHP. Review of accounting and auditing. 2007; 14(48):105-24.##15. Yusefiyan S, Najafi M. Organizational Performance Evaluation (Hospital centers). Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Department of Development of Management & Resource, Management development and Business change Center; 2008.##16. Basu A, Howell R, Gopinath D. Clinical performance indicators: intolerance for variety. International journal of health care quality assurance. 2010; 23(4):436-49.##17. Hagparast H. Social and economic load of hospital infections. Management and Medical Information. 2002; 5(12,13):77-82.##18. Feyyazi N, Mahvari K, Zaree S, et al. Study of deaths cases in Mohammadi martyr hospital in Bandar Abbas. Hormozgan medical journal. 2006; 10(3):195-205. [Persian]##19. Pourtaghi GH, Hekmat M, Rafaati H, et al. Hospital accidents prevalence rate and its affective agents in a military hospital staffs. Military Medicine. 2011; 13(1):53-7.##20. Nikpur B, Kebriyayi A, Karbasiyan R. Review the Occurrence of accident in hospital and realated factors. tabibe sharg. 2001; 3(1):29-34.##21. Akbarzadeye Baghban A, Masarat E, Hemmati M. The diagnosis agreement about death causes in hospital records and death certificate in Loghman hospital. Journal of Epidemiology. 2007; 3(1,2):39-46.##22. Ahmadi B, Zivdar M, Rafiyi S. Satisfaction of hospitalized patients with type A Tehran University of Medical Sciences: cross sectional study in 1388. Payavarde salamat. 2010; 4(1,2):44-53.[Persian]##23. Mosadegerad AM. Assessment of patient satisfaction of hospital services in Razi hospital of Qazvin. Management and information in health and cure. 2004; 1(1):28-32.##24. Ebadifard Azar F, Ansari H, Rezapur A. Study of daily bed occupancy costs and performance indexes in selected hospital of Iran university of medical sciences in 1381. Management and Medical Information. 2002; 7(18):37-44.##25. Momayezi M, Fakhr S. The average waiting time for patients in emergency department of Afshar and martyr Rahnamun hospitals. Paper presented at 7th congress on health care management studets; 2009; Kerman.[Persian]##26. Salari M, Hedayati P, Tagavi M, et al. Evaluation of patients waiting for laboratory services, radiology and pharmacy in a AmiralMomenin hospital emergency department Zabul. Paper presented at: 7th congress of health cate management students; 2009; Kerman. [Persian]#### ##

Developing Patient Education Questionnaire in Iranian Culture Developing Patient Education Questionnaire in Iranian Culture 2 1 Introduction: The objective of the study was to develop an instrument to measure patient education content. Materials and Methods: First of all, literature searches were undertaken to determine current national and international patient education questionnaires. Then a forty five item questionnaire was developed. Questionnaires were filled by 399 patients in surgery wards of Kerman medical hospitals. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Factor analysis in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to assess the construct validity of the instrument. Results: The alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.95. Using PCA, a five-factor solution was selected as the most appropriate model, which accounted for nearly 70% of the total variance disease information , disease complication, drug information, general information, and miscellaneous . Conclusion: Our new questionnaire demonstrates good psychometric properties. This tool helps patients to create a realistic picture of what to expect in the early recovery period at home. 2 Introduction: The objective of the study was to develop an instrument to measure patient education content. Materials and Methods: First of all, literature searches were undertaken to determine current national and international patient education questionnaires. Then a forty five item questionnaire was developed. Questionnaires were filled by 399 patients in surgery wards of Kerman medical hospitals. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Factor analysis in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to assess the construct validity of the instrument. Results: The alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.95. Using PCA, a five-factor solution was selected as the most appropriate model, which accounted for nearly 70% of the total variance disease information , disease complication, drug information, general information, and miscellaneous . Conclusion: Our new questionnaire demonstrates good psychometric properties. This tool helps patients to create a realistic picture of what to expect in the early recovery period at home. 39 49 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 منصوره عزیززاده فروزی Mansooreh Azzizadeh Forouzi m_azizzadeh@kmu.ac.ir رضا بانشی Reza Baneshi صدیقه ایران منش Sedigheh Iranmanesh Patient Education as Topic Questionnaires Consumer Health Information Patient Education as Topic Questionnaires Consumer Health Information 1. Alibhai S M, Han RK, Naglie G. Medication education of acutely hospitalized older patients. Journal of general internal medicine. 1999; 14(10):610-16.##2. Jones J, Schilling K, Pesut D. Barriers and benefits associated with nurses information seeking related to patient education needs on clinical nursing units. The open nursing journal. 2011; 5:24-30.##3. Aghakhani N, Nia HS, Ranjbar H, et al. Nurses’ attitude to patient education barriers in educational hospitals of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2012; 17(1):12-5.##4. Wouda JC, Zandbelt LC, Smets E MA et al. Assessment of physician competency in patient education: Reliability and validity of a model-based instrument. Patient Education and Counseling. 2011; 85(1) 92-8.##5. Timmins F. A review of the information needs of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Nurs Crit Care. 2005;10(4):174-83.##6. Casey E, O'Connell JK, Price JH. Perceptions of educational needs for patients after myocardial infarction. Patient Education and Counseling. 1984; 6(2):77-82.##7. Derdiarian AK. Informational needs of recently diagnosed cancer patients. Nursing Research. 1986; 35(5):276-81.##8. Leino-Kilpi H, Iire L, Suominen T, et al. Client and information: a literature review. J Clin Nurs. 1993; 2(6):331-40.##9. Charnock D, Shepperd S, Needham G, et al. Discern: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer healthinformation on treatment choices. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999; 53(2):105-11.##10. Cleary M, Horsfall J, Hunt G E. Consumer feedback on nursing care and discharge planning. J Adv Nurs. 2003; 42(3):269-77.##11. Nair K, Dolovich L, Cassels A, et al. What patients want to know about their medications. Focus group study of patient and clinician perspectives. Can Fam Physician. 2002; 48(1):104-10.##12. Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, et al. A Reengineered Hospital Discharge Program to Decrease RehospitalizationA Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150(3):178-87.##13. Neily J B, Toto K H, Gardner E B, et al. Potential contributing factors to noncompliance with dietary sodium restriction in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002; 143(1):29-33.##14. Mcmurray A, Johnson P, Wallis M, et al. General surgical patients’ perspectives of the adequacy and appropriateness of discharge planning to facilitate health decision‐making at home. J Clin Nurs. 2007; 16(9):1602-9.##15. Johansson K, Hupli M, Salanterä S. Patients' learning needs after hip arthroplasty. J Clin Nurs. 2002; 11(5):634-9.##16. Bubela N G s, McCay E, McKibbon A, et al. Perceptions of learning needs to prepare for discharge home: development and testing of a measure. Report submitted to department of Nursing, Toronto, Ontario: Sunnybrook Medical Centre; 1989.##17. Fagermoen MS,Hamilton G. Patient information at discharge-a study of a combined approach. Patient Educ Couns. 2006; 63(1-2):169-76.##18. Mardani HM, Shahraki VA, Roozitalab M. A comparison of the importance of patient educational programs in the viewpoint of nurses and patients. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 8(4).[Persian]##19. Johansson K, Leino-Kilpi H, Salanterä S, et al. Need for change in patient education: a Finnish survey from the patient’s perspective. Patient Educ Couns. 2003; 51(3):239-45.##20. Singh J, Singh N, Kumar R, et al. Awareness about prescribed drugs among patients attending Out-patient departments. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2013; 3(1):48-51.##21. Maloney LR,Weiss ME. Patients' perceptions of hospital discharge informational content. Clin Nurs Res. 2008; 17(3):200-19.##22. Hegney D, Plank A, Watson J, et al. Patient education and consumer medicine information: a study of provision by Queensland rural and remote area Registered Nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2005; 14(7):855-62.##23. Kerzman H, Baron-Epel O,Toren O. What do discharged patients know about their medication? Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 56(3):276-82.##24. Borgsteede S D, Karapinar-Çarkit F, Hoffmann E, et al. Information needs about medication according to patients discharged from a general hospital. Patient Educ Couns. 2011; 83(1):22-8.##25. Delbanco TL, Stokes DM, Edgman-Levitan S, et al. Medical patients’ assessments of their care during hospitalization. JJ Gen Intern Med. 1995; 10(12):679-85.##26. Clark P A, Drain M, Gesell S B, et al. Patient perceptions of quality in discharge instruction. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 59(1):56-68.##27. Pivi GA, da Silva RV, Juliano Y, et al. A prospective study of nutrition education and oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Nutr J. 2011; 10:98.##28. Jacobs V. Informational needs of surgical patients following discharge. Appl Nurs Res. 2000; 13(1):12-8.##29. Pieper B, Sieggreen M, Nordstrom CK, et al. Discharge knowledge and concerns of patients going home with a wound. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2007. 34(3):245-53.## ##

The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parents Behavioral Training and Medication with Ritalin on the Rate of the Signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parents Behavioral Training and Medication with Ritalin on the Rate of the Signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 2 2 Introduction: The aim of the present research is to determine the effectiveness of parents’ behavioral training in compare to medication on the rate of the signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials & Methods: Our population in this research was all boys in the elementary school (third, fourth and fifth grades) and finally a sample of 630 subjects were included. We used a questionnaire of children’s morbid signs (CSI-4) which was completed by parents. For determination of acceptable scores in this scale, all subjects who obtained score 6 and more were selected and out of these subjects by use of random method as many as 45 subjects were chosen and 15 subjects were considered as the behavioral experimental group (under special care of a psychiatrist) and the other 15 subjects were randomly put as the control group. The parents participated in seven sessions of behavioral training program, while for control group no kinds of training and medication intervention were carried out. Results: The results showed that both parent’s behavioral training program and medication have been effective meaningfully on ADHD (P=0.0005), also considering the averages differences, medication with Ritalin has caused more reduction of the signs of ADHD than parent’s behavioral training. Conclusion: At present, for children afflicted with ADHD, multi interventions are recommended that contains medication and parents training. 50 58 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/11/16 1392/8/25 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/11/16 1392/8/25 مینا شهربانیان Mina Shahrbanian mina.shahrbanian@gmail.com سیروس صالحی Sirous Salehi احدالله عزیزی Ahadallah Azizi Hyperkinesis Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Methylphenidate Parents Education Pharmaceutical Preparations. 1. Alhambra MA, Fowler TP, Alhambra AA. (1995). EEG biofeedback: A new treatment option for ADD/ADHD. Journal of Neurotherapy. 1995; 1(2):39-43. ##2. Kratochwil R, Morris R, Thomas A. Clinical Child Psychology (therapy approaches). Second edition. [Nayynyan M, loss g trans]. Tehran: Growth; 2002. [Persian]##3. Sadock BJ. Kaplan and sadock poket handbook of clinical psychiatry.4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.##4. Kalantari M, Neshatdoost H, Zarei M. Effect of parent behavioral training and drug therapy on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with hyperactivity. Journal of Psychology. 2001; 18:118-35.##5. Gorji Y. Evaluate and compare the effectiveness of behavior modification techniques used by parents, teachers, and combine both in reducing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and primary school students (MSc thesis). Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University; 2004.[Persian]##6. Fathi A. Impact management training to parents in reducing attention deficit disorder – ADHD (MS Thesis). Tehran Psychiatric Institute, 1995. [Persian]##7. Scott MJ.2005. The evaluation of a group parent training program. Behavioral Psychotherapy,15: 224-239.##8. Mirzaeiyan B, Ahadi H, Pasha Sharifi H, et al. release. Impact of maternal education on child management skills to reduce symptoms of attention deficit - hyperactivity in children and maternal depression. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Psychology. 2006. 29:102-81. [Persian]##9. Simcon F, Doma A. The comparative effectiveness of behavioral parent training and cognitive on ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009; 28:480-5.##10. Christensen DF, Sprague RI. Reduction of hyperactive behavior by conditioning procedures alone and combined with methylphenidate (Ritalin). Behav Res Ther. 1973; 11(3):331-4.## ##

The Effect of Drug Addiction on Education from University Students’ Point of View The Effect of Drug Addiction on Education from University Students’ Point of View 2 1 Introduction: Higher education system in each country is mainly responsible for training specialists and efficient personnels in different levels of government. Regarding a community approach, if the system uses social factors properly, goals attainment will be facile. On the contrary, if the system is affected by common social traumas and deviations, it will result in dissonant maladroit graduated students who would trouble themselves, their family and their society. Addiction to narcotic drugs is one of the most important social traumas that is quite common in developing countries. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive analytic study has been conducted in community of Yazd University in academic year of 2010 -2011. For this purpose, 406 students of this university were selected via stratified random sampling method who responded to a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed utilizing psychometric standards. Regarding data description, frequency indexes, percent, mean, and standard deviation were applied. Moreover, inferential tests of chi-square test and correlation coefficient of Pearson were utilized. Results: The study results revealed that approximately 21/9 percent of students were suggested the drug abuse whose rate of drug use was 25/9 percent. 34/1 percent of subjects determined their friend's homes as the most propitious place for their use and most important reasons involved respectively release of spiritual stress, inability to say "No" in response to others’ suggestion. Furthermore, students’ point of view revealed the significant effect of narcotic drugs use on education process. Any of students’ demographic variables had significant correlation with drug abuse. conclusion: since one of the most common social traumas associated with youth generation, specially college students, is addiction to narcotic drugs, that in addition to extensive economic loss, it would jeopardize their physical and social health, one of the most important ways to prevent and control the drug use is recognizing its factors as well as the peripheral circumstances of this trauma. Moreover, investigating students’ view point regarding this issue is of great significance that has been regarded in the present study. 2 Introduction: Higher education system in each country is mainly responsible for training specialists and efficient personnels in different levels of government. Regarding a community approach, if the system uses social factors properly, goals attainment will be facile. On the contrary, if the system is affected by common social traumas and deviations, it will result in dissonant maladroit graduated students who would trouble themselves, their family and their society. Addiction to narcotic drugs is one of the most important social traumas that is quite common in developing countries. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive analytic study has been conducted in community of Yazd University in academic year of 2010 -2011. For this purpose, 406 students of this university were selected via stratified random sampling method who responded to a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed utilizing psychometric standards. Regarding data description, frequency indexes, percent, mean, and standard deviation were applied. Moreover, inferential tests of chi-square test and correlation coefficient of Pearson were utilized. Results: The study results revealed that approximately 21/9 percent of students were suggested the drug abuse whose rate of drug use was 25/9 percent. 34/1 percent of subjects determined their friend's homes as the most propitious place for their use and most important reasons involved respectively release of spiritual stress, inability to say "No" in response to others’ suggestion. Furthermore, students’ point of view revealed the significant effect of narcotic drugs use on education process. Any of students’ demographic variables had significant correlation with drug abuse. conclusion: since one of the most common social traumas associated with youth generation, specially college students, is addiction to narcotic drugs, that in addition to extensive economic loss, it would jeopardize their physical and social health, one of the most important ways to prevent and control the drug use is recognizing its factors as well as the peripheral circumstances of this trauma. Moreover, investigating students’ view point regarding this issue is of great significance that has been regarded in the present study. 59 69 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/11/162013/07/10 1392/4/19 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/11/162013/09/29 1392/7/7 محمد افخمی عقدا Mohammad Afkhami Aqda محمود کمالی زارچ Mahmood Kamali Zarch نادره شکراوا Nadereh Shokorawa 1. Sabbaghian Z. Principles classroom in higher education. (MSc Thesis). Tehran: University in Shahid Beheshti; 2006.[Persian]##2. Rajabi A, Asrafi B. Approach towards new challenges. Collections of abstracts in the 47th meeting of universities chancellors;Tehran,national education Assessment organization. 2002:168-191. [Persian]##3. Tavassoli Gh. sociology of education for yesterday, present, tomorrow. Tehran: Publication Elm; 2008. [Persian]##4. Aghzadeh A. Problems and difficulties of education in schools.Tehran: Samt; 2004. [Persian]##5. Shikhi M. Applied sociology in social problems and social workers. Hareer; 2008.##6. Shasavand A. The basic programming's in the field of demand reduction of addictions have prepared abstracts. Paper presented at the scientific symposium to prevention from addiction in Isfahan organization behziesty; 1978; Isfahan, Iran. [Persian]##7. Le Moal M, Koob GF. Drug addiction: Pathways to the disease and pathophysiological perspectives. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 17(6-7):377-93.##8. Nouri R. Workshop report survey draft popular program of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation for substance abuse (Office of Social Welfare Organization of Victims). Tehran: 2003. [persian]##9. Mahbobi Manesh H. Men used addictions, threat are for wife and family. Journal wife's social and culture. 2003; 6(2):41-50.##10. Chitwood D, Sanchez J , Comerford M, et al. First injection and current risk factors for HIV among new and long-term injection drug users. AIDS Care. 2000; 12(3):313-20.##11. Campbell J, Hagan H , Latka MH, et al. High prevalence of alcohol use among hepatitis C virus antibody positive injection drug users in three US cities. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006; 81(3):259-65.##12. Acquaintance With addictive synthetic drugs (supervision of the Office for the Coordination of treatment and rehabilitation). Tehran: The Anti-Drug Secretariat staff; 2003. [persian]##13. Jha P, Chaloupka F, editors. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington D.C: The World Bank; 1999.##14. Donovan JE. Adolescent alcohol initiation: a review of psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2004; 35(6):529.e7-18.##15. Yazd County Planning Department Office of Statistics. Yazd: Statistical Yearbook of Yazd; 2010:602.[Persian]##16. Mozafar H, Zakariyai M, Sabeti M. Culture anomi and drug addiction among youth 13 to 25 years in Tehran. Journal of Social Sciences. 2010; 3(4):33-54 .[persian]##17. Aslamdost S. Addictions (etiology and treatments). Tehran: Peyam Noor; 2010. [Persian]##18. Orford J. Empowering family and friends. Drug and Alcohol Review.1994; 13(2):89-114.##19. Mobaraky M. Evaluation between social capital and crime [Ms thesis]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University; 2004.##20. hajli A, zakariyaei M, hojjati kermani S. People's attitudes towards using addictions in Iran. Journal social problem in iran. 2010; 1(2):81-112. [Persian]##21. Siam SH. To evaluate way of using food addiction between made students in Resht. Journal of Tabibshargh Zahedan Medical University. 2009; 8(4):279-85. [persian]##22. Nurco DN, Kinlock TW, O'Grady KE, et al. Differential contributions of family and peer factors to the etiology of narcotic addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998; 51(3):229-37.##23. Sussman S, Gunning M, Lisha NE, et al. Concurrent predictors of drug use consequences among U.S. and Russian adolescents. Salud Drogas. 2009; 9(2):129-48.##24. Rafiei H. Social problem in priority of Iran. Journal Sociology Iran. 2008; 9(1):184-208.##25. Motamedi S. Prioritize injuries and social problem in Iran. Journal of Social Welfare. 2007; 6(24):327-47. [Persian]##26. Delawar A, Rezaei A, Alizadeh A. Related family factors with attitude drugs among high school students in Tehran. Scientific Research Journal of Shahed University. 2009; 16(37):21-35. [Persian] #### ##