Do walkable neighborhoods promote physical activity؟ آیا محلات پیاده مدار فعالیت بدنی را افزایش می دهند؟ 2 1 انجمن جراحان آمریکا توصیه می کند که حداقل 30 دقیقه فعالیت بدنی با شدت متوسط روزانه حداقل به مدت پنج روز در هفته انجام شود تا حداقل سلامت جسمانی شهروندان تضمین شود. این نکات را رعایت کنید زیرا فضاهای کافی، مناسب، ایمن و امن برای فعالیت بدنی و ورزش برای شهروندان وجود ندارد یا بسیار نادر است (1) 2 The American Society of Surgeons recommends that at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity be performed daily for at least five days a week to ensure the minimum physical health of citizens. Follow these tips because there are not enough spaces, suitable, safe and secure for physical activity and sports for citizens or very rare (1). 1 2 2020/07/6 1399/4/16 2022/03/28 1401/1/8 آمنه مرزبان ameneh marzban shahid sadoughi university of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران amenemarzban@yahoo.com مسعود سلیمانی راد Masoud Soleymani-rad Islamic Azad University Mobarakeh Branch, Isfahan ایران amenemarzban@yahoo.com Walkable neighborhood physical activity پیاده روی محله فعالیت بدنی Romaguera D, Fernández A, Mavoa S, et al. Moderation Effect of Neighborhood Walkability during a Physical Activity Intervention in Overweight and Obese Elderly Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. 2019.##Kowaleski-Jones L, Zick C, Smith KR, et al. Walkable neighborhoods and obesity: Evaluating effects with a propensity score approach. SSM-population health. 2018;6:9-15.##Towne SD, Lopez ML, Li Y, et al. Examining the role of income inequality and neighborhood walkability on obesity and physical activity among low-income Hispanic adults. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2018;20(4):854-64.##Chandrabose M, Cerin E, Mavoa S, et al. Neighborhood walkability and 12-year changes in cardio-metabolic risk: the mediating role of physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1):86.##Creatore MI, Glazier RH, Moineddin R, et al. Association of neighborhood walkability with change in overweight, obesity, and diabetes. Jama. 2016;315(20):2211-20.##Kowaleski-Jones L, Brown BB, Fan JX. The joint effects of family risk of obesity and neighborhood environment on obesity among women. Social science & medicine. 2017;195:17-24.##Fernández AC, Mavoa S, Ruiz M, et al. Moderation Effect of Neighborhood Walkability during a Physical Activity Intervention in Overweight and Obese Elderly Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. 2019.##Stowe EW, Hughey SM, Hallum SH, K. Associations between walkability and youth obesity: differences by urbanicity. Childhood obesity. 2019;15(8):555-9.##Hinckson E, Cerin E, Mavoa S, et al. What are the associations between neighbourhood walkability and sedentary time in New Zealand adults? The URBAN cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2017;7(10):e016128.##Romaguera D, Fernández A, Mavoa S, et al. Moderation Effect of Neighborhood Walkability during a Physical Activity Intervention in Overweight and Obese Elderly Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. 2019.##Kowaleski-Jones L, Zick C, Smith KR, et al. Walkable neighborhoods and obesity: Evaluating effects with a propensity score approach. SSM-population health. 2018;6:9-15.##Towne SD, Lopez ML, Li Y, et al. Examining the role of income inequality and neighborhood walkability on obesity and physical activity among low-income Hispanic adults. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 2018;20(4):854-64.##Chandrabose M, Cerin E, Mavoa S, et al. Neighborhood walkability and 12-year changes in cardio-metabolic risk: the mediating role of physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1):86.##Creatore MI, Glazier RH, Moineddin R, et al. Association of neighborhood walkability with change in overweight, obesity, and diabetes. Jama. 2016;315(20):2211-20.##Kowaleski-Jones L, Brown BB, Fan JX. The joint effects of family risk of obesity and neighborhood environment on obesity among women. Social science & medicine. 2017;195:17-24.##Fernández AC, Mavoa S, Ruiz M, et al. Moderation Effect of Neighborhood Walkability during a Physical Activity Intervention in Overweight and Obese Elderly Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. 2019.##Stowe EW, Hughey SM, Hallum SH, K. Associations between walkability and youth obesity: differences by urbanicity. Childhood obesity. 2019;15(8):555-9.##Hinckson E, Cerin E, Mavoa S, et al. What are the associations between neighbourhood walkability and sedentary time in New Zealand adults? The URBAN cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2017;7(10):e016128.## ##

A tutorial on Quasi-experimental designs آموزش مطالعه نیمه تجربی 2 1 یکی از طرح مطالعات مهم در تحقیقات پزشکی مطالعه نیمه تجربی است. مشخصه اصلی این طرح مطالعه عدم تخصیص تصادفی یا نبود گروه کنترل است. 2 A main step in answering a scientific hypothesis in an epidemiological study is deciding which type of study is suitable to be undertaken, considering methodology, practical considerations and budget and time limitations 3 4 2020/07/62021/06/16 1400/3/26 2022/03/282022/03/28 1401/1/8 ریحانه سفیدکار Reyhane sefidkar Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران reyhanesefidkar@gmail.com فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com Quasi-experimental design Medicine مطالعه نیمه تجربی پزشکی Aggarwal R, Ranganathan P. Study designs: Part 4 - Interventional studies. Perspect Clin Res. 2019;10(3).##Lauren T. An introduction to quasi-experimental designs [Internet]. Available from: https://www.scribbr.com/ methodology/quasi-experimental-design/##Schweizer ML, Braun BI, Milstone AM. Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship - Quasi-Experimental Designs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(10).##Bärnighausen T, Tugwell P, Røttingen J-A, Shemilt I, Rockers P, Geldsetzer P, et al. Quasi-experimental study designs series- Paper 4: uses and value. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;##Maciejewski ML. Quasi-experimental design. Biostat Epidemiol. 2020;4(1):38-47.##Thompson CB, Panacek EA. Research Study Designs: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental. Air Med J. 2006;25(6):242-6.##Rogers J, Révész A. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics. New York: Routledge; 2020.## ##

Mortality among conﬁrmed Lassa Fever cases in Ondo State, Nigeria, January 2017- March 2019: A cross sectional study 2 2 Background: Lassa fever (LF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease endemic in Ondo State, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with mortality among conﬁrmed LF cases. Methods: A cross sectional study design was used by conducting a retrospective review of the records of all patients who had been treated for LF at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo since 2017 till March 2019. Descriptive statistics were done, case fatality rate was calculated. Chi square tests were used to explore associations. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of death. Data were analysed with SPSS version 23.0. P values ≤0.05 were statistically significant. Results: The median age was 34 years, and the inter-quartile range was 24-48 years. A total of 30 deaths (case fatality rate [CFR] = 10.9%) were recorded, of which 24 (15.5%) were males. Also, the fatality rate increased from 1.6% in 2017 to 10.5% in 2018 and 16.7% in 2019. During peak period, mortality recorded was 15(8.5%) and non-peak periods (April to December), 14(14.9%) was recorded (p=0.104). Fatality was 12.5% (1 out of 8) among pregnant women with 100% foetal death. Patients aged 18-45 years had 0.25 odds of dying (AOR = 0.25; 95%CI= 0.08, 0.76) compared to those aged ≥ 46 years. Those who commenced ribavirin ≥7 days (AOR 4.1; CI = 1.06, 15.42) and those with elevated urea level (AOR 7.5; CI = 2.5, 23.1) have more odds of dying. Conclusions: A well-coordinated LF outbreak response is needed both at LF peak non-peak periods. 5 11 2020/07/62021/06/162020/10/18 1399/7/27 2022/03/282022/03/282022/03/19 1400/12/28 Olayinka Ilesanmi Olayinka Ilesanmi Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria ileolasteve@yahoo.co.uk Oladele Ayodeji Oladele Ayodeji Department of Community Health, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria femiayodeji@yahoo.com Nelson Adedosu Nelson Adedosu Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria akinelson2002@yahoo.com Olalekan Ojo Olalekan Ojo Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria ayolekan2001@yahoo.co.uk Chukweyem Abejegah Chukweyem Abejegah Department of Community Health, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria cabegejah2007@gmail.com Tolulope Jegede Tolulope Jegede Department of Paediatrics, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria tolujegede@yahoo.com Tajudeen Adebayo Tajudeen Adebayo Department of Health Information Management, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria adebayott@gmail.com Isiaka Ayeni Isiaka Ayeni Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria sk_ayeni@yahoo.com Lanre Olatunde Lanre Olatunde Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria lanre_olatunde@yahoo.com Liasu Ahmed Liasu Ahmed Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo Nigeria akahmed2@yahoo.co.uk Key words: Epidemiology Lassa Fever Mortality Nigeria Surveillance تب لاسا مرگ و میر نیجریه اپیدمیولوژی نظارت Salami K, Gsell PS, Olayinka A, et al. Meeting report: WHO consultation on accelerating Lassa fever vaccine development in endemic countries. Vaccine. 2020;38(26):4135-4141.##Ijarotimi IT, Ilesanmi OS, Aderinwale A, et al. Knowledge of Lassa fever and use of infection prevention and control facilities among health care workers during Lassa fever outbreak in Ondo State, Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal. 2018; 30: 56.##McCormick JB. Lassa fever. In: Saluzzo JF, Dodet B, editors. Emergence and Control of Rodent-borne Viral Diseases. Paris: Elsevier; 1999. pp. 177-795.##Kennlyside RA, McCormick JB, Webb PA, et al. Case-control study of Mastomys natalensis and humans in Lassa virus-infected households in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1983;32(4):829-37.##Ajayi NA, Nwigwe CG, Azuogu BN, et al. Containing a Lassa fever epidemic in a resource-limited setting: outbreak description and lessons learned from Abakaliki, Nigeria (January-March 2012. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2013; 17(11):e1011-6.##World Health Organization. Lassa fever. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lassa-fever. Accessed 20 November 2020.##Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Okogbenin SA, et al. Lassa fever outbreaks in Nigeria. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 2018;16(9):663-666.##Olayemi A, Cadar D, Magassouba N, et al. New Hosts of The Lassa Virus. Scientific Reports.2016;3-6.##Buba MI, Dalhat MM, Nguku PM, et al. Mortality Among Confirmed Lassa Fever Cases During the 2015-2016 Outbreak in Nigeria. American Journal of Public Health.2018;108(2):262-4.##Shehu NY, Gomeri P, Isa SE, et al. Lassa fever 2016 outbreak in Plateau State, Nigeria - The changing epidemiology and clinical presentation. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018;6:232. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00232##Mofolorunsho KC. Outbreak of lassa fever in nigeria: Measures for prevention and control. Pan Africa Medical Journal. 2016; 23: 210.##Asogun DA, Adomeh DI, Ehimuan J, et al. Molecular Diagnostics for Lassa Fever at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: Lessons Learnt from Two Years of Laboratory Operation. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2012;6 (9):e1839##NCDC 2020. An update of Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria. Available at: https://ncdc.gov.ng/diseases/sitreps/ %3fcat%3d5%26name%3dAn+update+of+Lassa+fever+outbreak+in+Nigeria. Accessed September 26 2020.##Okokhere P, Colubri A, Azubike C, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors of Lassa fever outcome in a dedicated treatment facility in Nigeria: an observational cohort study HHS Public Access. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2018; 18(6):684-695.##Ilori EA, Furuse Y, Ipadeola OB, , et al. Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Lassa Fever Outbreak in Nigeria, January 1-May 6, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019; 25(6):1066-1074.##NCDC, 2020. Technical guidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response in Nigeria. Available at: http://www.ncdc.gov.ng/ themes/common/docs/protocols/4_1476085948.pdf. Accessed September 26, 2020.##NCDC, 2020. Lassa fever Situation Report: 2020 Week 7. 2020.Available at: https://www.ncdc.gov.ng/ themes/commonfiles/sitreps/6972c8ce98679587edf51016e9ab4051.pdf. Accessed September 26, 2020.##Ehichioya, DU, Hass M, Becker-Ziajar B, et al. Current molecular epidemiology of Lassa virus in Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49: 1157-1161##Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Okogbenin SA, et al. Caseload and Case Fatality of Lassa Fever in Nigeria, 2001-2018: A Specialist Center's Experience and Its Implications. Frontiers in Public Health. 2019; 25.##Asogun D, Okokhere PO, Okogbenin S,. Lassa fever awareness and practices in a Nigerian rural community. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2010; 14(1). e20##Salami K, Gsell PS, Olayinka A, et al. Meeting report: WHO consultation on accelerating Lassa fever vaccine development in endemic countries. Vaccine. 2020;38(26):4135-4141.##Ijarotimi IT, Ilesanmi OS, Aderinwale A, et al. Knowledge of Lassa fever and use of infection prevention and control facilities among health care workers during Lassa fever outbreak in Ondo State, Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal. 2018; 30: 56.##McCormick JB. Lassa fever. In: Saluzzo JF, Dodet B, editors. Emergence and Control of Rodent-borne Viral Diseases. Paris: Elsevier; 1999. pp. 177-795.##Kennlyside RA, McCormick JB, Webb PA, et al. Case-control study of Mastomys natalensis and humans in Lassa virus-infected households in Sierra Leone. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1983;32(4):829-37.##Ajayi NA, Nwigwe CG, Azuogu BN, et al. Containing a Lassa fever epidemic in a resource-limited setting: outbreak description and lessons learned from Abakaliki, Nigeria (January-March 2012. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2013; 17(11):e1011-6.##World Health Organization. Lassa fever. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lassa-fever. Accessed 20 November 2020.##Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Okogbenin SA, et al. Lassa fever outbreaks in Nigeria. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 2018;16(9):663-666.##Olayemi A, Cadar D, Magassouba N, et al. New Hosts of The Lassa Virus. Scientific Reports.2016;3-6.##Buba MI, Dalhat MM, Nguku PM, et al. Mortality Among Confirmed Lassa Fever Cases During the 2015-2016 Outbreak in Nigeria. American Journal of Public Health.2018;108(2):262-4.##Shehu NY, Gomeri P, Isa SE, et al. Lassa fever 2016 outbreak in Plateau State, Nigeria - The changing epidemiology and clinical presentation. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018;6:232. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00232##Mofolorunsho KC. Outbreak of lassa fever in nigeria: Measures for prevention and control. Pan Africa Medical Journal. 2016; 23: 210.##Asogun DA, Adomeh DI, Ehimuan J, et al. Molecular Diagnostics for Lassa Fever at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: Lessons Learnt from Two Years of Laboratory Operation. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2012;6 (9):e1839##NCDC 2020. An update of Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria. Available at: https://ncdc.gov.ng/diseases/sitreps/ %3fcat%3d5%26name%3dAn+update+of+Lassa+fever+outbreak+in+Nigeria. Accessed September 26 2020.##Okokhere P, Colubri A, Azubike C, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors of Lassa fever outcome in a dedicated treatment facility in Nigeria: an observational cohort study HHS Public Access. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2018; 18(6):684-695.##Ilori EA, Furuse Y, Ipadeola OB, , et al. Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Lassa Fever Outbreak in Nigeria, January 1-May 6, 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019; 25(6):1066-1074.##NCDC, 2020. Technical guidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response in Nigeria. Available at: http://www.ncdc.gov.ng/ themes/common/docs/protocols/4_1476085948.pdf. Accessed September 26, 2020.##NCDC, 2020. Lassa fever Situation Report: 2020 Week 7. 2020.Available at: https://www.ncdc.gov.ng/ themes/commonfiles/sitreps/6972c8ce98679587edf51016e9ab4051.pdf. Accessed September 26, 2020.##Ehichioya, DU, Hass M, Becker-Ziajar B, et al. Current molecular epidemiology of Lassa virus in Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49: 1157-1161##Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Okogbenin SA, et al. Caseload and Case Fatality of Lassa Fever in Nigeria, 2001-2018: A Specialist Center's Experience and Its Implications. Frontiers in Public Health. 2019; 25.##Asogun D, Okokhere PO, Okogbenin S,. Lassa fever awareness and practices in a Nigerian rural community. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2010; 14(1). e20## ##

Investigating changes in internalized stigma and avoidant coping among African American adults living with HIV and serious mental illness following a peer-led intervention 2 2 Background: Individuals living with HIV navigate the health implications of HIV and HIV discrimination. This study aimed to examine changes in internalized stigma and avoidant coping among African American adults living with HIV and serious mental illness (SMI) following a peer-led intervention. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 patients were recruited using convenience sampling from an HIV clinic in an urban hospital setting in the United States for a community-based participatory research (CBPR) developed peer-led intervention pilot. Participants answered questions about their experiences of HIV-related discrimination, internalized stigma, and cognitive escape coping before and after participating in four 90-minute peer-led weekly group sessions. For data analysis, paired-samples t-test and linear regression with Hayes’ PROCESS Macro in SPSS 27 were used at a 5% significance level. Results: There was a significant indirect effect of HIV-related discrimination on cognitive escape coping through internalized stigma (b = 0.28, 95% CI [0.03, 0.61]). Post-intervention non-significant associations suggest that a CBPR-developed peer-led intervention may buffer against the effects of HIV-related discrimination. Conclusion: Our study provides initial support that community and peer support approaches may buffer against the effects of discrimination on internalized stigma and avoidant coping among African American individuals living with HIV and SMI. 12 21 2020/07/62021/06/162020/10/182020/12/5 1399/9/15 2022/03/282022/03/282022/03/192022/03/28 1401/1/8 Arryn Guy Arryn Guy Alcohol Research Center on HIV, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School at Brown University America arryn_guy@brown.edu Honor Woodward Honor Woodward Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology America hwoodward@hawk.iit.edu Lynn Kannout Lynn Kannout Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology America lkannout@hawk.iit.edu Steff Du Bois Steff Du Bois Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology America sdubois@iit.edu African Americans HIV Community-Based Participatory Research Social Stigma آمریکایی های آفریقایی تبار HIV تحقیقات مشارکتی مبتنی بر جامعه انگ اجتماعی 1. Centers for Disease Control. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2010-2016 [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control; 2019 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 15] p. 89. (HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report). Report No.: 1. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html.##Siddiqi A-A, Hu X, Hall HI. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mortality among blacks or African Americans with HIV infection--United States, 2008-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 6;64(4):81-6.##Kaholokula JK. Racism and physical health disparities. In: The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2016. p. 163-88. (Cultural, racial, and ethnic psychology book series).##Stockton MA, Giger K, Nyblade L. A scoping review of the role of HIV-related stigma and discrimination in noncommunicable disease care. PloS One. 2018;13(6):e0199602.##Pantelic M, Sprague L, Stangl AL. It's not "all in your head": critical knowledge gaps on internalized HIV stigma and a call for integrating social and structural conceptualizations. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):210.##Yeji F, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Newell M-L, et al. Are social support and HIV coping strategies associated with lower depression in adults on antiretroviral treatment? Evidence from rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2014;26(12):1482-9.##Adams JL, Gaynes BN, McGuinness T, et al. Treating Depression Within the HIV "Medical Home": A Guided Algorithm for Antidepressant Management by HIV Clinicians. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2012 Nov;26(11):647-54.##Skalski LM, Sikkema KJ, Heckman TG, et al. Coping Styles and Illicit Drug Use in Older Adults with HIV/AIDS. Psychol Addict Behav J Soc Psychol Addict Behav [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2020 Dec 14];27(4). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872502/##Du Bois SN, McKirnan DJ. A longitudinal analysis of HIV treatment adherence among men who have sex with men: A cognitive escape perspective. AIDS Care. 2012 Nov;24(11):1425-31.##Hoyt MA, Nemeroff CJ, Huebner DM. The effects of HIV-related thought suppression on risk behavior: Cognitive escape in men who have sex with men. Health Psychol. 2006 Jul;25(4):455-61.##Pérez AE, Wray TB, Celio MA, et al. HIV-related thought avoidance, sexual risk, and alcohol use among men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2018;30(7):930-5.##Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Laurenceau J, et al. Internalized HIV stigma, ART initiation and HIV‐1 RNA suppression in South Africa: exploring avoidant coping as a longitudinal mediator. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2018 Oct 26 [cited 2020 Dec 9];21(10). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6202800/##Tang TS, Funnell MM, Sinco B, et al. Peer-Led, Empowerment-Based Approach to Self-Management Efforts in Diabetes (PLEASED): A Randomized Controlled Trial in an African American Community. Ann Fam Med. 2015 Aug 1;13(Suppl_1):S27-35.##Coughlin SS, Smith SA. A review of community-based participatory research studies to promote physical activity among African Americans. J Ga Public Health Assoc. 2016;5(3):220-7.##Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Dovidio JF, et al. Stigma and racial/ethnic HIV disparities: Moving toward resilience. Am Psychol. 2013;68(4):225-36.##Rao D, Feldman BJ, Fredericksen RJ, et al. A Structural Equation Model of HIV-Related Stigma, Depressive Symptoms, and Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav. 2012 1;16(3):711-6.##Webb Hooper M, Baker EA, McNutt MD. Associations between coping, affect, and social support among low-income African American smokers. Addict Behav. 2013 Nov 1;38(11):2736-40.##Meyer IH. Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003 Sep;129(5):674-97.##Guy AA, Du Bois SN, Thomas N "Novie,", et al. Testing Prepare2Thrive: A Community-Based Participatory Research Pilot Intervention. Prog Community Health Partnersh. in press;14(4).##Du Bois SN, Guy AA, Manser KA, et al. Developing Prepare2Thrive, a community-based intervention targeting treatment engagement among African American individuals living with HIV and serious mental illness. AIDS Care. 2020 Jan 28;1-9.##Magidson JF, Seitz-Brown CJ, Safren SA, et al. Implementing behavioral activation and life-steps for depression and HIV medication adherence in a community health center. Cogn Behav Pract. 2014;21(4):386-403.##Holzemer WL, Uys LR, Chirwa ML, et al. Validation of the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS Care. 2007 Sep;19(8):1002-12.##Maluccio JA, Wu F, Rokon RB, et al Assessing the Impact of Food Assistance on Stigma Among People Living with HIV in Uganda Using the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS Behav. 2017 Mar;21(3):766-82.##Carver CS. You Want to Measure Coping But Your Protocol's Too Long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1997;4:92-100.##Nemeroff CJ, Hoyt MA, Huebner DM, et al. The Cognitive Escape Scale: Measuring HIV-related Thought Avoidance. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(2):305-20.##Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford Publications; 2017. 713 p.##Fazeli PL, Turan JM, Budhwani H, et al. Moment-to-moment within-person associations between acts of discrimination and internalized stigma in people living with HIV: An experience sampling study. Stigma Health. 2017 Aug;2(3):216-28.##Crockett KB, Kalichman SC, Kalichman MO. Experiences of HIV-related discrimination and consequences for internalised stigma, depression, and alcohol use. Psychol Health. 2019 Jul;34(7):796-810.##McKirnan DJ, Ostrow DG, Hope B. Sex, drugs and escape: A psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS Care. 1996 Dec;8(6):655-70.##Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Simoni JM, Kim H-J, et al. The health equity promotion model: Reconceptualization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014 Nov;84(6):653-63.##Crenshaw K. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Rev. 1990 1991;43:1241.##Schmitz RM, Robinson BA, Tabler J, et al. LGBTQ+ Latino/a Young People's Interpretations of Stigma and Mental Health: An Intersectional Minority Stress Perspective. Soc Ment Health. 2020 Jul 1;10(2):163-79.##Cerezo A, Ramirez A. Perceived Discrimination, Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Problems in Sexual Minority Women of Color. J Soc Serv Res. 2020 Jan 21;0(0):1-14.##Shangani S, Gamarel KE, Ogunbajo A, et al. Intersectional minority stress disparities among sexual minority adults in the USA: the role of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Cult Health Sex. 2020 Apr 2;22(4):398-412.##Shiyanbola OO, Tarfa A, Song A, et al. Preliminary Feasibility of a Peer-supported Diabetes Medication Adherence Intervention for African Americans. Health Behav Policy Rev. 2019 Nov 1;6(6):558-69.##Freimuth VS, Quinn SC, Thomas SB, et al. African Americans' views on research and the Tuskegee Syphilis study. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(5):797-808.##Corrigan PW. Community-based participatory research (CBPR), stigma, and health. Stigma Health. 2020;5(2):123-4.##Barajas CB, Jones SCT, Milam AJ, et al. Coping, Discrimination, and Physical Health Conditions Among Predominantly Poor, Urban African Americans: Implications for Community-Level Health Services. J Community Health. 2019 Oct 1;44(5):954-62.##1. Centers for Disease Control. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2010-2016 [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control; 2019 Feb [cited 2020 Apr 15] p. 89. (HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report). Report No.: 1. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html.##Siddiqi A-A, Hu X, Hall HI. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mortality among blacks or African Americans with HIV infection--United States, 2008-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 6;64(4):81-6.##Kaholokula JK. Racism and physical health disparities. In: The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2016. p. 163-88. (Cultural, racial, and ethnic psychology book series).##Stockton MA, Giger K, Nyblade L. A scoping review of the role of HIV-related stigma and discrimination in noncommunicable disease care. PloS One. 2018;13(6):e0199602.##Pantelic M, Sprague L, Stangl AL. It's not "all in your head": critical knowledge gaps on internalized HIV stigma and a call for integrating social and structural conceptualizations. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):210.##Yeji F, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Newell M-L, et al. Are social support and HIV coping strategies associated with lower depression in adults on antiretroviral treatment? Evidence from rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2014;26(12):1482-9.##Adams JL, Gaynes BN, McGuinness T, et al. Treating Depression Within the HIV "Medical Home": A Guided Algorithm for Antidepressant Management by HIV Clinicians. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2012 Nov;26(11):647-54.##Skalski LM, Sikkema KJ, Heckman TG, et al. Coping Styles and Illicit Drug Use in Older Adults with HIV/AIDS. Psychol Addict Behav J Soc Psychol Addict Behav [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2020 Dec 14];27(4). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872502/##Du Bois SN, McKirnan DJ. A longitudinal analysis of HIV treatment adherence among men who have sex with men: A cognitive escape perspective. AIDS Care. 2012 Nov;24(11):1425-31.##Hoyt MA, Nemeroff CJ, Huebner DM. The effects of HIV-related thought suppression on risk behavior: Cognitive escape in men who have sex with men. Health Psychol. 2006 Jul;25(4):455-61.##Pérez AE, Wray TB, Celio MA, et al. HIV-related thought avoidance, sexual risk, and alcohol use among men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2018;30(7):930-5.##Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Laurenceau J, et al. Internalized HIV stigma, ART initiation and HIV‐1 RNA suppression in South Africa: exploring avoidant coping as a longitudinal mediator. J Int AIDS Soc [Internet]. 2018 Oct 26 [cited 2020 Dec 9];21(10). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6202800/##Tang TS, Funnell MM, Sinco B, et al. Peer-Led, Empowerment-Based Approach to Self-Management Efforts in Diabetes (PLEASED): A Randomized Controlled Trial in an African American Community. Ann Fam Med. 2015 Aug 1;13(Suppl_1):S27-35.##Coughlin SS, Smith SA. A review of community-based participatory research studies to promote physical activity among African Americans. J Ga Public Health Assoc. 2016;5(3):220-7.##Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Dovidio JF, et al. Stigma and racial/ethnic HIV disparities: Moving toward resilience. Am Psychol. 2013;68(4):225-36.##Rao D, Feldman BJ, Fredericksen RJ, et al. A Structural Equation Model of HIV-Related Stigma, Depressive Symptoms, and Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav. 2012 1;16(3):711-6.##Webb Hooper M, Baker EA, McNutt MD. Associations between coping, affect, and social support among low-income African American smokers. Addict Behav. 2013 Nov 1;38(11):2736-40.##Meyer IH. Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003 Sep;129(5):674-97.##Guy AA, Du Bois SN, Thomas N "Novie,", et al. Testing Prepare2Thrive: A Community-Based Participatory Research Pilot Intervention. Prog Community Health Partnersh. in press;14(4).##Du Bois SN, Guy AA, Manser KA, et al. Developing Prepare2Thrive, a community-based intervention targeting treatment engagement among African American individuals living with HIV and serious mental illness. AIDS Care. 2020 Jan 28;1-9.##Magidson JF, Seitz-Brown CJ, Safren SA, et al. Implementing behavioral activation and life-steps for depression and HIV medication adherence in a community health center. Cogn Behav Pract. 2014;21(4):386-403.##Holzemer WL, Uys LR, Chirwa ML, et al. Validation of the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS Care. 2007 Sep;19(8):1002-12.##Maluccio JA, Wu F, Rokon RB, et al Assessing the Impact of Food Assistance on Stigma Among People Living with HIV in Uganda Using the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS Behav. 2017 Mar;21(3):766-82.##Carver CS. You Want to Measure Coping But Your Protocol's Too Long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1997;4:92-100.##Nemeroff CJ, Hoyt MA, Huebner DM, et al. The Cognitive Escape Scale: Measuring HIV-related Thought Avoidance. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(2):305-20.##Hayes AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford Publications; 2017. 713 p.##Fazeli PL, Turan JM, Budhwani H, et al. Moment-to-moment within-person associations between acts of discrimination and internalized stigma in people living with HIV: An experience sampling study. Stigma Health. 2017 Aug;2(3):216-28.##Crockett KB, Kalichman SC, Kalichman MO. Experiences of HIV-related discrimination and consequences for internalised stigma, depression, and alcohol use. Psychol Health. 2019 Jul;34(7):796-810.##McKirnan DJ, Ostrow DG, Hope B. Sex, drugs and escape: A psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviours. AIDS Care. 1996 Dec;8(6):655-70.##Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Simoni JM, Kim H-J, et al. The health equity promotion model: Reconceptualization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014 Nov;84(6):653-63.##Crenshaw K. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Rev. 1990 1991;43:1241.##Schmitz RM, Robinson BA, Tabler J, et al. LGBTQ+ Latino/a Young People's Interpretations of Stigma and Mental Health: An Intersectional Minority Stress Perspective. Soc Ment Health. 2020 Jul 1;10(2):163-79.##Cerezo A, Ramirez A. Perceived Discrimination, Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Problems in Sexual Minority Women of Color. J Soc Serv Res. 2020 Jan 21;0(0):1-14.##Shangani S, Gamarel KE, Ogunbajo A, et al. Intersectional minority stress disparities among sexual minority adults in the USA: the role of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Cult Health Sex. 2020 Apr 2;22(4):398-412.##Shiyanbola OO, Tarfa A, Song A, et al. Preliminary Feasibility of a Peer-supported Diabetes Medication Adherence Intervention for African Americans. Health Behav Policy Rev. 2019 Nov 1;6(6):558-69.##Freimuth VS, Quinn SC, Thomas SB, et al. African Americans' views on research and the Tuskegee Syphilis study. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(5):797-808.##Corrigan PW. Community-based participatory research (CBPR), stigma, and health. Stigma Health. 2020;5(2):123-4.##Barajas CB, Jones SCT, Milam AJ, et al. Coping, Discrimination, and Physical Health Conditions Among Predominantly Poor, Urban African Americans: Implications for Community-Level Health Services. J Community Health. 2019 Oct 1;44(5):954-62.## ##

Comparing Mental and Physical Health of Full-Service Sex Workers in the United States to the Health of the General Population in 2019-2020 2 2 Introduction: Full-service sex workers (FSSWs) are relatively prevalent in the U.S. and are known to face criminalization, stigma, and other factors relating to poor health. The main aim of this study was compare the mental and physical health of full-service sex workers in the United States in 2019-2020 Methods: In this prospective cohort study, participants were recruited through national community samples from U.S.-based FSSW advocacy and community organizations. Data were collected from November 2019 to February 2020. The study sample (n=83) included mostly of the white (81.9%), cisgender females (66.3%), who were relatively young (28.01 [4.25]), and identified as a sexual minority (57.8%). Participants completed an online survey on mental (e.g., depression, anxiety) and physical (e.g., sleep, fatigue) health, using the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS-29). Mean (SD) and Frequency (%) were used for description and for data analysis z-tests in SPSS version 27 with 5% significant level were used. Results: The sample of FSSWs reported significantly poorer health in all health domains compared to the U.S. general population reference indices. FSSWs showed higher levels of depression (p <.001), anxiety (p <.001), fatigue (p <.001), sleep difficulties (p <.001), lower levels of physical functioning (p <.001) and the ability to participate in social activities (p =.03) compared with the U.S. reference indices. Conclusions: FSSWs experience significant mental and physical health disparities compared to general population. the need for further investigation of the social-ecological determinants of health for members of this marginalized community, many of whom are known to face health inequities. 22 30 2020/07/62021/06/162020/10/182020/12/52020/12/17 1399/9/27 2022/03/282022/03/282022/03/192022/03/282022/03/28 1401/1/8 Stephen Ramos Stephen Ramos Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America America sramos2@hawk.iit.edu Winifred Guerra Winifred Guerra Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America America wguerra@hawk.iit.edu Steff Du Bois Steve Du Bois Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America America sdubois@iit.edu Full-Service Sex Work Sex Work Health Disparities Mental Health Physical Health Cohan D, Lutnick A, Davidson P, Cloniger C, Herlyn A, Breyer J, et al. Sex worker health: San Francisco style. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(5):418-22.##Sawicki DA, Meffert BN, Read K, Heinz AJ. Culturally competent health care for sex workers: an examination of myths that stigmatize sex work and hinder access to care. Sex Relatsh Ther. 2019;34(3):355-71.##Shannon K, Strathdee SA, Goldenberg SM, Duff P, Mwangi P, Rusakova M, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants. Lancet. 2015;385(9962):55-71.##Havoscope. Prostitution: Prices and Statistics of the Global Sex Trade. 2013.##Hagen JJ. Compounding Risk for Sex Workers in the United States: Latinx queer and trans women will suffer disproportionally from a set of new laws restricting sex workers from seeking clients online. NACLA Rep Am. 2018;50(4):395-7.##Weitzer R. Sociology of sex work. Annu Rev Sociol. 2009;35:213-34.##Platt L, Grenfell P, Meiksin R, Elmes J, Sherman SG, Sanders T, et al. Associations between sex work laws and sex workers' health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002680.##Shannon K, Csete J. Violence, condom negotiation, and HIV/STI risk among sex workers. Jama. 2010;304(5):573-4.##Koken JA. Independent female escort's strategies for coping with sex work related stigma. Sex Cult. 2012;16(3):209-29.##Ma PHX, Chan ZCY, Loke AY. The socio-ecological model approach to understanding barriers and facilitators to the accessing of health services by sex workers: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(8):2412-38.##Duff P, Ogilvie G, Shoveller J, Amram O, Chettiar J, Nguyen P, et al. Barriers to cervical screening among sex workers in Vancouver. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(2):366-73.##Shaver FM. Sex work research: Methodological and ethical challenges. J Interpers Violence. 2005;20(3):296-319.##Lobo R, McCausland K, Bates J, Hallett J, Donovan B, Selvey LA. Sex workers as peer researchers-a qualitative investigation of the benefits and challenges. Cult Health Sex. 2020;1-16.##Cunningham S, Kendall TD. Prostitution 2.0: The changing face of sex work. J Urban Econ. 2011;69(3):273-87.##Harcourt C, Donovan B. The many faces of sex work. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81(3):201-6.##Wilson EC, Garofalo R, Harris RD, Herrick A, Martinez M, Martinez J, et al. Transgender Advisory Committeethe Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Transgender female youth and sex work: HIV risk and a comparison of life factors related to engagement in sex work. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(5):902-13.##Buttram ME, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP. Resilience and syndemic risk factors among African-American female sex workers. Psychol Health Med. 2014;19(4):442-52.##Edeza A, Galárraga O, Santamaria EK, Sosa-Rubí S, Operario D, Biello KB. "I Do Try To Use Condoms, But…": Knowledge and Interest in PrEP Among Male Sex Workers in Mexico City. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(1):355-63.##Longino A, Montano MA, Sanchez H, Bayer A, Sanchez J, Tossas-Milligan K, et al. Increasing PrEP uptake and adherence among MSM and TW sex workers in Lima, Perú: what and whom do different patients trust? AIDS Care. 2020;32(2):255-60.##Picos AP, González RP, de la Iglesia Gutierrez M. Exploring causes and consequences of sex workers' psychological health: Implications for health care policy. A study conducted in Spain. Health Care Women Int. 2018;39(8):844-58.##Paz-Bailey G, Noble M, Salo K, Tregear SJ. Prevalence of HIV among US female sex workers: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(10):2318-31.##Baker LM, Case P, Policicchio DL. General health problems of inner-city sex workers: A pilot study. J Med Libr Assoc. 2003;91(1):67.##Farley M, Banks ME, Ackerman RJ, Golding JM. Screening for traumatic brain injury in prostituted women. Dign A J Sex Exploit Violence. 2018;3(2):5.##Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Chen M, Mooss A. HIV risk among female sex workers in Miami: the impact of violent victimization and untreated mental illness. AIDS Care. 2012;24(5):553-61.##Shannon K, Strathdee SA, Shoveller J, Rusch M, Kerr T, Tyndall MW. Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policy. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(4):659-65.##Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PLoS One. 2007;2(6):e543.##National Institute of Mental Health. Statistics [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/index.shtml##Hays RD, Spritzer KL, Schalet BD, Cella D. PROMIS®-29 v2. 0 profile physical and mental health summary scores. Qual life Res. 2018;27(7):1885-91.##Hinchcliff M, Beaumont JL, Thavarajah K, Varga J, Chung A, Podlusky S, et al. Validity of two new patient reported outcome measures in systemic sclerosis: The PROMIS-29 Profile and the FACIT-Dyspnea. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(11):1620.##Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):813-21.##Tomko C, Nestadt DF, Rouhani S, Silberzahn BE, Haney K, Park JN, et al. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of the Internalized Sex Work Stigma Scale among a Cohort of Cisgender Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. J Sex Res. 2020;1-11.##Grittner AL, Walsh CA. The role of social stigma in the lives of female-identified sex workers: A scoping review. Sex Cult. 2020;1-30.##Meyer IH, Frost DM. Minority stress and the health of sexual minorities. 2013;##Sausa LA, Keatley J, Operario D. Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(6):768-77.##Cohan D, Lutnick A, Davidson P, Cloniger C, Herlyn A, Breyer J, et al. Sex worker health: San Francisco style. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(5):418-22.##Sawicki DA, Meffert BN, Read K, Heinz AJ. Culturally competent health care for sex workers: an examination of myths that stigmatize sex work and hinder access to care. Sex Relatsh Ther. 2019;34(3):355-71.##Shannon K, Strathdee SA, Goldenberg SM, Duff P, Mwangi P, Rusakova M, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants. Lancet. 2015;385(9962):55-71.##Havoscope. Prostitution: Prices and Statistics of the Global Sex Trade. 2013.##Hagen JJ. Compounding Risk for Sex Workers in the United States: Latinx queer and trans women will suffer disproportionally from a set of new laws restricting sex workers from seeking clients online. NACLA Rep Am. 2018;50(4):395-7.##Weitzer R. Sociology of sex work. Annu Rev Sociol. 2009;35:213-34.##Platt L, Grenfell P, Meiksin R, Elmes J, Sherman SG, Sanders T, et al. Associations between sex work laws and sex workers' health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002680.##Shannon K, Csete J. Violence, condom negotiation, and HIV/STI risk among sex workers. Jama. 2010;304(5):573-4.##Koken JA. Independent female escort's strategies for coping with sex work related stigma. Sex Cult. 2012;16(3):209-29.##Ma PHX, Chan ZCY, Loke AY. The socio-ecological model approach to understanding barriers and facilitators to the accessing of health services by sex workers: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(8):2412-38.##Duff P, Ogilvie G, Shoveller J, Amram O, Chettiar J, Nguyen P, et al. Barriers to cervical screening among sex workers in Vancouver. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(2):366-73.##Shaver FM. Sex work research: Methodological and ethical challenges. J Interpers Violence. 2005;20(3):296-319.##Lobo R, McCausland K, Bates J, Hallett J, Donovan B, Selvey LA. Sex workers as peer researchers-a qualitative investigation of the benefits and challenges. Cult Health Sex. 2020;1-16.##Cunningham S, Kendall TD. Prostitution 2.0: The changing face of sex work. J Urban Econ. 2011;69(3):273-87.##Harcourt C, Donovan B. The many faces of sex work. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81(3):201-6.##Wilson EC, Garofalo R, Harris RD, Herrick A, Martinez M, Martinez J, et al. Transgender Advisory Committeethe Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Transgender female youth and sex work: HIV risk and a comparison of life factors related to engagement in sex work. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(5):902-13.##Buttram ME, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP. Resilience and syndemic risk factors among African-American female sex workers. Psychol Health Med. 2014;19(4):442-52.##Edeza A, Galárraga O, Santamaria EK, Sosa-Rubí S, Operario D, Biello KB. "I Do Try To Use Condoms, But…": Knowledge and Interest in PrEP Among Male Sex Workers in Mexico City. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(1):355-63.##Longino A, Montano MA, Sanchez H, Bayer A, Sanchez J, Tossas-Milligan K, et al. Increasing PrEP uptake and adherence among MSM and TW sex workers in Lima, Perú: what and whom do different patients trust? AIDS Care. 2020;32(2):255-60.##Picos AP, González RP, de la Iglesia Gutierrez M. Exploring causes and consequences of sex workers' psychological health: Implications for health care policy. A study conducted in Spain. Health Care Women Int. 2018;39(8):844-58.##Paz-Bailey G, Noble M, Salo K, Tregear SJ. Prevalence of HIV among US female sex workers: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(10):2318-31.##Baker LM, Case P, Policicchio DL. General health problems of inner-city sex workers: A pilot study. J Med Libr Assoc. 2003;91(1):67.##Farley M, Banks ME, Ackerman RJ, Golding JM. Screening for traumatic brain injury in prostituted women. Dign A J Sex Exploit Violence. 2018;3(2):5.##Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Chen M, Mooss A. HIV risk among female sex workers in Miami: the impact of violent victimization and untreated mental illness. AIDS Care. 2012;24(5):553-61.##Shannon K, Strathdee SA, Shoveller J, Rusch M, Kerr T, Tyndall MW. Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policy. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(4):659-65.##Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PLoS One. 2007;2(6):e543.##National Institute of Mental Health. Statistics [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Nov 20]. Available from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/index.shtml##Hays RD, Spritzer KL, Schalet BD, Cella D. PROMIS®-29 v2. 0 profile physical and mental health summary scores. Qual life Res. 2018;27(7):1885-91.##Hinchcliff M, Beaumont JL, Thavarajah K, Varga J, Chung A, Podlusky S, et al. Validity of two new patient reported outcome measures in systemic sclerosis: The PROMIS-29 Profile and the FACIT-Dyspnea. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(11):1620.##Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):813-21.##Tomko C, Nestadt DF, Rouhani S, Silberzahn BE, Haney K, Park JN, et al. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of the Internalized Sex Work Stigma Scale among a Cohort of Cisgender Female Sex Workers in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. J Sex Res. 2020;1-11.##Grittner AL, Walsh CA. The role of social stigma in the lives of female-identified sex workers: A scoping review. Sex Cult. 2020;1-30.##Meyer IH, Frost DM. Minority stress and the health of sexual minorities. 2013;##Sausa LA, Keatley J, Operario D. Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(6):768-77.## ##

The Death awareness and Spiritual Experience of Health Care Workers during Coronavirus Outbreak آگاهی از مرگ و تجربه معنوی کارکنان مراقبت های بهداشتی در طول شیوع ویروس کرونا 2 1 مقدمه: پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی مرگ آگاهی و تجربه معنوی کادر درمان در ایران انجام شده است. روش‌: 11 نفر از کارکنان مراقبت‌های بهداشتی مرتبط با بیماران مبتلا به کرونا به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و با مصاحبه‌ی نیمه‌ساختارمند عمیق انجام شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از تحلیل محتوای قراردادی استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: تحلیل محتوای مرسوم چهار مضمون را نشان داد: 1- افزایش آگاهی از مرگ 2- راهبردهای معنوی مؤثر3- باورهای معنوی مؤثر 4- تجربیات وجودی خوشایند و ناخوشایند. نتیجه‌گیری: می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که کارکنان مراقبت‌های بهداشتی در مقابله با اپیدمی‌هایی مانند کرونا به عنوان نیروی خط مقدم نیازمند سلامت معنوی برای کمک به خود و بیماران هستند. 2 Introduction: The present study aims to identify the death awareness and spiritual experience of the health care workers in Iran. Methods: Eleven health care workers involved with Coronavirus patients were selected through purposeful sampling and had in-depth semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Results: The conventional content analysis revealed four themes: 1- Increasing death awareness 2- Effective spiritual strategies; 3- Effective spiritual beliefs; 4- Pleasant and unpleasant existential experiences. Conclusion: We can conclude that health care workers in dealing with epidemics such as coronavirus as a front-line force need spiritual heath to help themselves and the patients 31 35 2020/07/62021/06/162020/10/182020/12/52020/12/172021/02/13 1399/11/25 2022/03/282022/03/282022/03/192022/03/282022/03/282022/03/28 1401/1/8 علی نوبهاری ali nobahri Nekoei-Hedayati-Forghani Hospital, Qom University of Medical Science, Qom, Iran ایران ali.nobahari@yahoo.com الهام فتحی elham fathi Assistant professor of Counseling at Hazrat-e Masoumeh University in Qom, Iran. ایران fathielham@ymail.com فاطمه ملکشاهی بیرانوند fateme malekshahi beiranvand Ph.D. in Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran ایران fateme.malekshahi@gmail.com ابوالفضل حاتمی ورزنه abolfazl hatami varzaneh Assistant professor of Counseling at Hazrat-e Masoumeh University in Qom, Iran. ایران abolfazlhatami@yahoo.com Coronavirus Outbreak Death awareness Health care workers Spiritual Experience شیوع ویروس کرونا؛ مرگ آگاهی؛ کادر درمان ؛ تجربه معنوی 1. Organization WH. WHO statement regarding a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. 2020.##Schwartz J, King C-C, Yen M-Y. Protecting healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: lessons from Taiwan's severe acute respiratory syndrome response. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(15):858-60.##Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open. 2020;3(3):e203976-e.##Greenberg N, Docherty M, Gnanapragasam S, Wessely S. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368.##Nyashanu M, Pfende F, Ekpenyong MS. Triggers of mental health problems among frontline healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in private care homes and domiciliary care agencies: Lived experiences of care workers in the Midlands region, UK. Health & social care in the community. 2022;30(2):e370-e6.##Blagosklonny MV. From causes of aging to death from COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(11):10004.##Henrie J, Patrick JH. Religiousness, religious doubt, and death anxiety. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2014;78(3):203-27.##Yalom ID. Existential psychotherapy: Hachette UK; 2020.##Maxfield M, John S, Pyszczynski T. A terror management perspective on the role of death-related anxiety in psychological dysfunction. The Humanistic Psychologist. 2014;42(1):35-53.##Niemiec RM, Schulenberg SE. Understanding death attitudes: The integration of movies, positive psychology, and meaning management. Death studies. 2011;35(5):387-407.##Melhem GAB, Zeilani RS, Zaqqout OA, Aljwad AI, Shawagfeh MQ, Abd Al-Rahim M. Nurses' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care giving: A comparison study among all health care sectors in Jordan. Indian journal of palliative care. 2016;22(1):42.##Chirico F, Nucera G. An Italian experience of spirituality from the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020;59(5):2193-5.##EG LYG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills (Cal): Sage Publications. 1985.##Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice: Sage publications; 2014.##Blankmeyer K, Hackathorn J, Bequette AW, Clark EM. Till death do we part: Effects of mortality salience on romantic relationship factors. Unpublished manuscript, Saint Louis University. 2011.##Spitzenstätter D, Schnell T. Effects of mortality awareness on attitudes toward dying and death and meaning in life-a randomized controlled trial. Death Studies. 2020:1-15.##Dutta V. Repression of death consciousness and the psychedelic trip. Journal of Cancer research and therapeutics. 2012;8(3):336.##Iserson KV. Healthcare ethics during a pandemic. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;21(3):477.##Chen K-Y, Yang C-M, Lien C-H, Chiou H-Y, Lin M-R, Chang H-R, et al. Burnout, job satisfaction, and medical malpractice among physicians. International journal of medical sciences. 2013;10(11):1471##1. Organization WH. WHO statement regarding a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. 2020.##Schwartz J, King C-C, Yen M-Y. Protecting healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: lessons from Taiwan's severe acute respiratory syndrome response. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(15):858-60.##Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open. 2020;3(3):e203976-e.##Greenberg N, Docherty M, Gnanapragasam S, Wessely S. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. BMJ. 2020;368.##Nyashanu M, Pfende F, Ekpenyong MS. Triggers of mental health problems among frontline healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in private care homes and domiciliary care agencies: Lived experiences of care workers in the Midlands region, UK. Health & social care in the community. 2022;30(2):e370-e6.##Blagosklonny MV. From causes of aging to death from COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(11):10004.##Henrie J, Patrick JH. Religiousness, religious doubt, and death anxiety. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2014;78(3):203-27.##Yalom ID. Existential psychotherapy: Hachette UK; 2020.##Maxfield M, John S, Pyszczynski T. A terror management perspective on the role of death-related anxiety in psychological dysfunction. The Humanistic Psychologist. 2014;42(1):35-53.##Niemiec RM, Schulenberg SE. Understanding death attitudes: The integration of movies, positive psychology, and meaning management. Death studies. 2011;35(5):387-407.##Melhem GAB, Zeilani RS, Zaqqout OA, Aljwad AI, Shawagfeh MQ, Abd Al-Rahim M. Nurses' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care giving: A comparison study among all health care sectors in Jordan. Indian journal of palliative care. 2016;22(1):42.##Chirico F, Nucera G. An Italian experience of spirituality from the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020;59(5):2193-5.##EG LYG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills (Cal): Sage Publications. 1985.##Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice: Sage publications; 2014.##Blankmeyer K, Hackathorn J, Bequette AW, Clark EM. Till death do we part: Effects of mortality salience on romantic relationship factors. Unpublished manuscript, Saint Louis University. 2011.##Spitzenstätter D, Schnell T. Effects of mortality awareness on attitudes toward dying and death and meaning in life-a randomized controlled trial. Death Studies. 2020:1-15.##Dutta V. 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Spatial analysis of the COVID-19 prevalence pattern in Yazd province, Central part of Iran (February 2020 to January 2021) تحلیل فضایی بروز ویروس کرونا، پیش بینی نحوه گسترش و تعیین مناطق مستعد بیماری در استان یزد: اسفند ماه 1398 تا بهمن ماه 1399 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه: استان یزد در مرکز ایران و شاهراه تردد مسافران به شهرهای دیگر است. این استان در ایران مستعد انتقال بیماری است. این مطالعه با هدف تحلیل فضایی شیوع ویروس کرونا، پیش‌بینی گسترش و تعیین مناطق داغ در استان یزد، بخش مرکزی ایران انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه تحلیلی مقطعی از بهمن ماه 1398 تا بهمن ماه 1399 در استان یزد انجام شد. بیماران مبتلا به کووید-19 بستری در بیمارستان های استان یزد به روش سرشماری انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز شامل تعداد بیماران و همچنین محل سکونت آنها از طریق سامانه اطلاعات بیمارستانی (HIS) بیمارستان شهید صدوقی یزد جمع آوری شد. معیارهای ورود، تست واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز (PCR) مثبت برای COVID-19 و ثبت اطلاعات بیمار در بخش اورژانس بیمارستان بود. پس از جمع آوری داده ها وارد نرم افزار ArcGIS 9.3.1 شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آزمون موران آی و آزمون کای اسکووراستفاده شد. سطح معنی داری 5 درصد در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: شیوع کلی بیماری در استان یزد 0/0053 بود. شیوع بیماری در مردان بیشتر بود (55/7 درصد، 3412 مورد). بیشترین شیوع بیماری در شهرستان یزد (0/0096) و بیشترین مرگ و میر در شهرستان میبد (20/8 درصد) رخ داده بود. شهرستان بهاباد نیز با 2/7 درصد بیشترین تعداد نقل و انتقال را داشته است. مناطق یک (15/2درصد و 932 نفر) و دو (15/9 درصد و 975 نفر) از شهر یزد بیشترین آلودگی را داشتند. الگوی فضایی معنی‌داری بین شیوع بیماری در شهرها وجود نداشت (شاخص موران: 0/18، (P-value = 0/58. نتیجه‌گیری: الگوی فضایی در شیوع بیماری وجود نداشت و تنها در شهر یزد، مناطق یک و دو نیاز به توجه ویژه سیاستگذاران دارند. واژه‌های کلیدی: بیماری کووید-19، پراکندگی جغرافیایی، یزد، ایران. 2 Abstract Introduction: . Yazd province is the center of Iran and the highway for travelers to other cities. This province is susceptible to disease transmission in Iran. this study aimed to spatial analysis of corona virus prevalence, predicting the spread and determination of hot spot areas in Yazd province, central part of Iran. Methods: This analytical Cross-sectional study was conducted in Yazd province from February 2020 to January 2021. Patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospitals in Yazd province were selected by census. Required information includes the number of patients as well as their place of residence were collected through the hospital information system (HIS) of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The inclusion criteria were positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19 and registration of patient information in the hospital emergency department. After collecting the data, it was entered into the ArcGIS software is 9.3.1. software. Moran's I measure and chi square test were used to data analysis. Significant level were considered 5 %. Results: Overall disease prevalence in Yazd province was equal to 0.0053. The prevalence of disease was higher in men (55.7% , 3412 cases). The highest prevalence of the disease occurred in Yazd city (0.0096) and the highest death occurred in Meybod city (20.8%). Bahabad city also had the highest number of transfer (2.7%). Areas one (15.2% and 932 patients) and two (15.9% and 975 patients) of Yazd city were the most infected areas. There was no significant spatial pattern between the prevalence of the disease in the cities (Moran's Index: 0.18, P-value = 0.58). Conclusion: There was no spatial pattern in the prevalence of the disease and only in the city of Yazd, regions one and two need the special attention of policymakers. Covid-19 disease, geographical distribution, Yazd, Iran. 36 44 2020/07/62021/06/162020/10/182020/12/52020/12/172021/02/132022/01/30 1400/11/10 2022/03/282022/03/282022/03/192022/03/282022/03/282022/03/282022/03/28 1401/1/8 فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir سید یاسر غلمانی Seyed Yaser Ghelmani Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd, Iran ایران طاهره فلاح تفتی Tahare Fallah Tafti MSc student of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ایران tahere.fallah63@gmail.com Covid-19 disease geographical distribution Yazd Iran. بیماری کووید-19 یزد ایران توزیع جغرافیایی 1. Bahariniya S, Madadizadeh F, Ezati Asar M. Using Face Masks as a Cheap and Critical Tool in Reducing COVID-19 Spread. Critical Comments in Biomedicine. 2021;2(2).##Bahariniya S, Madadizadeh F. Alcohol: A Double-Edged Sword in the Fight Against COVID-19. Health Scope. 2021:2-.##Murad A, Khashoggi BF. Using GIS for disease mapping and clustering in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020;9(5):328.##Franch-Pardo BN. Spatial analysis and GIS in the study of COVID-19. A review Ivan Franch-Pardo, Brian M. Napoletano b, Fernando Rosete-Verges, Lawal Billa c.##Sarwar S, Waheed R, Sarwar S, Khan A. COVID-19 challenges to Pakistan: Is GIS analysis useful to draw solutions? Science of the Total Environment. 2020;730:139089.##Chen Y. Scaling, fractals and the spatial complexity of cities. Handbook on Cities and Complexity: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2021.##Arab-Mazar Z, Sah R, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Mapping the incidence of the COVID-19 hotspot in Iran-Implications for Travellers. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;34:101630.##Poirier C, Luo W, Majumder MS, Liu D, Mandl KD, Mooring TA, et al. The role of environmental factors on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak: an initial assessment in two spatial scales. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-11.##Stopka TJ, Goulart MA, Meyers DJ, Hutcheson M, Barton K, Onofrey S, et al. Identifying and characterizing hepatitis C virus hotspots in Massachusetts: a spatial epidemiological approach. BMC infectious diseases. 2017;17(1):1-11.##Peng L, Yang W, Zhang D, Zhuge C, Hong L. Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 in China by dynamical modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:200206563. 2020.##Park JY. Spatial visualization of cluster-specific Covid-19 transmission network in South Korea during the early epidemic phase. medRxiv. 2020.##Andersen LM, Harden SR, Sugg MM, Runkle JD, Lundquist TE. Analyzing the spatial determinants of local Covid-19 transmission in the United States. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;754:142396.##Bliddal S, Banasik K, Pedersen OB, Nissen J, Cantwell L, Schwinn M, et al. Acute and persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):1-11.##Jin J-M, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu X-F, Han D-M, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Frontiers in public health. 2020:152.##Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.##Wu JT, Leung K, Bushman M, Kishore N, Niehus R, de Salazar PM, et al. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. Nature medicine. 2020;26(4):506-10.##Mirjalili MR, Namayandeh SM, Lotfi MH, Dehghani MR, Mirzaei M, Talebi AR, et al. COVID-19 Seroepidemiology Study of Yazd Province, First Peak, Spring 2020: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2020.##Saffary T, Adegboye OA, Gayawan E, Elfaki F, Kuddus MA, Saffary R. Analysis of COVID-19 cases' spatial dependence in US counties reveals health inequalities. Frontiers in public health. 2020:728.##1. Bahariniya S, Madadizadeh F, Ezati Asar M. Using Face Masks as a Cheap and Critical Tool in Reducing COVID-19 Spread. Critical Comments in Biomedicine. 2021;2(2).##Bahariniya S, Madadizadeh F. Alcohol: A Double-Edged Sword in the Fight Against COVID-19. Health Scope. 2021:2-.##Murad A, Khashoggi BF. Using GIS for disease mapping and clustering in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020;9(5):328.##Franch-Pardo BN. Spatial analysis and GIS in the study of COVID-19. A review Ivan Franch-Pardo, Brian M. Napoletano b, Fernando Rosete-Verges, Lawal Billa c.##Sarwar S, Waheed R, Sarwar S, Khan A. COVID-19 challenges to Pakistan: Is GIS analysis useful to draw solutions? Science of the Total Environment. 2020;730:139089.##Chen Y. Scaling, fractals and the spatial complexity of cities. Handbook on Cities and Complexity: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2021.##Arab-Mazar Z, Sah R, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Mapping the incidence of the COVID-19 hotspot in Iran-Implications for Travellers. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;34:101630.##Poirier C, Luo W, Majumder MS, Liu D, Mandl KD, Mooring TA, et al. The role of environmental factors on transmission rates of the COVID-19 outbreak: an initial assessment in two spatial scales. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-11.##Stopka TJ, Goulart MA, Meyers DJ, Hutcheson M, Barton K, Onofrey S, et al. Identifying and characterizing hepatitis C virus hotspots in Massachusetts: a spatial epidemiological approach. BMC infectious diseases. 2017;17(1):1-11.##Peng L, Yang W, Zhang D, Zhuge C, Hong L. Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 in China by dynamical modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:200206563. 2020.##Park JY. Spatial visualization of cluster-specific Covid-19 transmission network in South Korea during the early epidemic phase. medRxiv. 2020.##Andersen LM, Harden SR, Sugg MM, Runkle JD, Lundquist TE. Analyzing the spatial determinants of local Covid-19 transmission in the United States. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;754:142396.##Bliddal S, Banasik K, Pedersen OB, Nissen J, Cantwell L, Schwinn M, et al. Acute and persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):1-11.##Jin J-M, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu X-F, Han D-M, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Frontiers in public health. 2020:152.##Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.##Wu JT, Leung K, Bushman M, Kishore N, Niehus R, de Salazar PM, et al. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. Nature medicine. 2020;26(4):506-10.##Mirjalili MR, Namayandeh SM, Lotfi MH, Dehghani MR, Mirzaei M, Talebi AR, et al. COVID-19 Seroepidemiology Study of Yazd Province, First Peak, Spring 2020: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2020.##Saffary T, Adegboye OA, Gayawan E, Elfaki F, Kuddus MA, Saffary R. Analysis of COVID-19 cases' spatial dependence in US counties reveals health inequalities. Frontiers in public health. 2020:728.## ##

Role of Students’ Media Literacy on Their Health: A Narrative Review نقش سواد رسانه ای دانش آموزان بر سلامت آنها: مطالعه مروری 2 1 مقدمه: سواد رسانه ای را می توان تقویت کننده تجارب رسانه ای دانست. رسانه ها تاثیر زیادی بر سلامت مردم از جمله کودکان دارند. اما تاکنون این موضوع مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفته است و برای تصمیم گیری به شواهد علمی نیاز است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی نقش سواد رسانه ای دانش آموزان بر سلامت آنها انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع مرور ادبیات با جستجوی سیستماتیک است. پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی الکترونیکی مختلف برای جستجوی ادبیات جامع مورد استفاده قرار گرفت، از جمله وب آف ساینس، گوگل اسکالر، اسکوپوس، سایک اینفو. برای شناسایی مقالات مورد نظر با در نظر گرفتن معیارهای شمول، مقالات از تاریخ 1 ژانویه 1990 تا تاریخ دسامبر 2020 مورد جستجو قرار گرفتند. 32 مقاله یافت شد که 22 مقاله حذف شد (3 مقاله در دسترس نبود، 12 مقاله نامربوط، 7 مقاله تکراری بودند). ده مقاله معیارهای انتخاب را داشتند و در بررسی قرار گرفتند. معیارهای خروج از مطالعه، مقالاتی بودند که در مجلات مرور همکار منتشر نشده بودند، مقالاتی که تنها به یکی از موضوعات سواد رسانه ای یا سلامت دانش آموز می پردازند و گروه سنی مشارکت کنندگان در مطالعه بالای 18 سال بود یا دانش آموزان در مقطع ابتدایی و متوسطه مطالعه مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفته بودند. یافته‌ها: این مطالعه نشان داد که سواد رسانه‌ای بر رفتار دانش‌آموزان مؤثر است. این رفتارها باعث ارتقای سلامت یا رفتارهای پرخطر می شود. مطالعات اصلی در مورد تغذیه، چاقی، نکات بهداشتی، سیگار کشیدن، اعتیاد به مواد مخدر و مصرف الکل انجام شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که رسانه‌ها نقش زیادی در سلامت دانش‌آموزان دارند و این موضوع در مطالعات قبلی به اثبات رسیده است. این اثرات هم سلامت دانش آموزان را بهبود می بخشد و هم رفتارهای پرخطر را افزایش می دهد. بنابراین شواهد کافی برای تصمیم گیری مدیران برای انجام مداخلات وجود دارد. 2 Introduction: Media literacy can be considered as strengthening media experiences. The media has a great impact on the health of people, including children. However, so far this issue has been understudied and scientific evidence is needed to make a decision.This study aimed to investigate roles of students’ media literacy on their health. Methods: This study is a literature review with systematic search. Different electronic databases were used for a comprehensive literature search, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE to identify the records that match the mentioned inclusion criteria published from Januray 1st of 1990 to December 2020. The search resulted in 32 articles, of which 22 articles were removed (3 were not available, 12 were irrelevant, 7 were duplicates). Ten articles met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were those not published in peer reviewed journals, articles that address only one of the topics of media literacy or student health, and the age group of the subjects was over 18 years old or the students were not studied in primary and high school. Results: This study showed that media literacy is effective on students' behaviors. These behaviors promote health or high-risk behaviors. the main studies have been conducted on nutrition, obesity, health tips, smoking, drug addiction and alcohol consumption. Conclusion: It is concluded that the media has a great role in the health of students and this issue has been proven in previous studies. These effects both improve students' health and increase risky behaviors. Therefore, there is enough evidence for managers to decide to launch. 45 53 2020/07/62021/06/162020/10/182020/12/52020/12/172021/02/132022/01/302021/01/12 1399/10/23 2022/03/282022/03/282022/03/192022/03/282022/03/282022/03/282022/03/282021/08/17 1400/5/26 لیلی منتظری Leili Montazeri Department of Media Managment, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran ایران حسین اسلامی Hossein Eslami Department of Media Management، Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran ایران Eslami@uswr.ac.ir سید علیرضا افشانی Seyed Alireza Afshani Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran ایران Afshani@uswr.ac.ir Media literacy Student Children Health سواد رسانه ای دانش آموز کودک سلامت Campos I. Not too young to learn about the news: Best formats to educate about journalism in digital platforms. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction. 2021;27.##Datu JAD, Ping Wong GS, Rubie-Davies C. Can kindness promote media literacy skills, self-esteem, and social self-efficacy among selected female secondary school students? An intervention study. Computers and Education. 2021;161.##Abdulai AF, Tiffere AH, Adam F, et al. COVID-19 information-related digital literacy among online health consumers in a low-income country. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2021;145.##Manca S, Bocconi S, Gleason B. el al: A glocal approach to the development of social media literacy. Computers and Education. 2021;160.##Bombardelli O. Digital Citizenship and Life Long Learning. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing2021. p. 817-26.##Ho KHM, Smith GD. A discursive paper on the importance of health literacy among foreign domestic workers during outbreaks of communicable diseases. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2020;29(23-24):4827-33.##McKenna VB, Sixsmith J, Barry MM. The relevance of context in understanding health literacy skills: Findings from a qualitative study. 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