2021 10 2 36 182

A Brief Review of the Types of Validity and Reliability of scales in Medical Research مروری کوتاه بر انواع روایی و پایایی در تحقیقات پزشکی 2 1 سردبیر عزیز قابلیت اطمینان و روایی مفاهیمی هستند که برای ارزیابی کیفیت خصوصیات روان سنجی مقیاس در تحقیقات پزشکی استفاده می شوند. قابلیت اطمینان به تکرارپذیری و اعتبار مربوط به صحت مقیاس است. هنگام استفاده از مقیاس یا پرسشنامه ، بررسی قابلیت اطمینان و روایی مهم است. مطالعه حاضر مروری کوتاه بر انواع اعتبار و پایایی در تحقیقات پزشکی دارد. 2 Dear Editor in Chief Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of  psychometric properties of a scale in medical research. Reliability is related to reproducibility, and validity is related to the accuracy of a scale. It is important to check reliability and validity when using a scale or questionnaire. The present study provides a brief overview of the types of validity and reliability in medical research. 100 102 2021/01/2 1399/10/13 2021/03/20 1399/12/30 سجاد بهاری نیا Sajjad Bahariniya Department of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com محمد عزتی Mohammad Ezatiasar 2. School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Iran فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh Center For Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School Of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University Of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir There is no Keywords. کلید واژه ندارد. 1. Carson SH, Peterson JB, Higgins DM. Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire. Creativity research journal. 2005;17(1):37-50.##Golafshani N. Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The qualitative report. 2003;8(4):597-607.##Anselmi P, Colledani D, Robusto E. A comparison of classical and modern measures of internal consistency. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:2714.##Holden RR. Face validity. The corsini encyclopedia of psychology. 2010:1-2.##Beckstead JW. Content validity is naught. International journal of nursing studies. 2009;46(9):1274-83.##Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology. 1975;28(4):563-75.##Brown JD. What is construct validity. Available at jalt. org/test/bro_8. htm (accessed 10 June 2013). 2000.##Golafshani N. Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The qualitative report. 2003;8(4):597-607.##1. Carson SH, Peterson JB, Higgins DM. Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire. Creativity research journal. 2005;17(1):37-50.##Golafshani N. Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The qualitative report. 2003;8(4):597-607.##Anselmi P, Colledani D, Robusto E. A comparison of classical and modern measures of internal consistency. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:2714.##Holden RR. Face validity. The corsini encyclopedia of psychology. 2010:1-2.##Beckstead JW. Content validity is naught. International journal of nursing studies. 2009;46(9):1274-83.##Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology. 1975;28(4):563-75.##Brown JD. What is construct validity. Available at jalt. org/test/bro_8. htm (accessed 10 June 2013). 2000.##Golafshani N. Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The qualitative report. 2003;8(4):597-607.## ##

Council of Health Messengers: A Tool to Strengthen Cross-SectoralCollaboration شورای پیامگزاران سلامت : ابزاری برای تقویت همکاری های بین بخشی 2 1 سلامت به عنوان یک ارزش و نیاز اساسی انسانی یک حق عمومی و یک هدف مشترک برای بخشهای مختلف جامعه در هر کشور است (1). سیاستها زندگی ما را شکل می دهند و این شرایط می تواند منجر به عواقب مثبت یا منفی برای سلامت مردم و افراد. سلامت در تمام سیاست ها شامل تمام استراتژی های مالی و اقتصادی ، حمل و نقل ، محیط ، مسکن و آموزش است 2 Health as a fundamental human value and need is a public right and a common goal of different sections of society in each country (1).Policies shape our lives, and these conditions can lead to positive or negative consequences for the health of the population and individuals.Health in all policies includes all financial and economic strategies, transportation, environments, housing, and education 103 104 2021/01/22021/04/27 1400/2/7 2021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 ولی بهره ور Vali Bahrevar Department of Health Education & Health Promotion, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran bahrevar91@yahoo.com سعید حسینی Saeed Hosseini Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran saeed.hosseini2014@gmail.com محمدحسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com There is no keywords کلید واژه ندارد. Damari B, Vosoogh Moghaddam A. improving approaches of intersectoral collaboration for health by health and food security high council in IR Iran. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2014;11(3):1-16. [Persian]##Damari B, Vosough MA, Rostami GN, et al. Analysis of Intersectoral Collaboration in the Iranian Health System for Implementing Health in all Policies: Challenges and the Way Forward (This Research was Conducted Before the Covoid-19 Pandemic). Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2020; 18(1): 1-16. [Persian]##Marmot M. Social Determinants of Health Inequalities. The lancet. 2005;365(9464):1099-104.##Storm I, Harting J, Stronks K, et al. Measuring Stages of Health in All Policies on A Local Level: The Applicability of A Maturity Model. Health Policy. 2014;114(2-3):183-91.##Damar B. Role and Share of Iranian Governmental Organizations in Public's Health. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2015;14(5):515-24.##Canada PHAo. Crossing sectors: experiences in intersectoral action, public policy and health. Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa; 2007.##Damari B, Moghaddam A, Salarianzadeh H. 3 Years performances of the Provincial Health and Food Security Councils in IR Iran: the way forward. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research. 2012;10(2):21-8. [Persian]##Damari B, Vosoogh Moghaddam A. improving approaches of intersectoral collaboration for health by health and food security high council in IR Iran. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2014;11(3):1-16. [Persian]##Damari B, Vosough MA, Rostami GN, et al. Analysis of Intersectoral Collaboration in the Iranian Health System for Implementing Health in all Policies: Challenges and the Way Forward (This Research was Conducted Before the Covoid-19 Pandemic). Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2020; 18(1): 1-16. [Persian]##Marmot M. Social Determinants of Health Inequalities. The lancet. 2005;365(9464):1099-104.##Storm I, Harting J, Stronks K, et al. Measuring Stages of Health in All Policies on A Local Level: The Applicability of A Maturity Model. Health Policy. 2014;114(2-3):183-91.##Damar B. Role and Share of Iranian Governmental Organizations in Public's Health. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2015;14(5):515-24.##Canada PHAo. Crossing sectors: experiences in intersectoral action, public policy and health. Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa; 2007.##Damari B, Moghaddam A, Salarianzadeh H. 3 Years performances of the Provincial Health and Food Security Councils in IR Iran: the way forward. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research. 2012;10(2):21-8. [Persian]## ##

Comparison of Suicidal Ideations and Self-injurious Behaviors in Patients with Complicated and Non-complicated Type 2 Diabetes مقایسه افکار خودکشی و اقدام آسیب رسان به خود در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت تیپ 2 با عارضه و بدون عارضه مراجعه کننده به مرکز دیابت یزد در سال 1396 2 1 مقدمه: مشکلات روانپزشکی مانند خودکشی ، خودآزاری و رفتارهای آسیب زا در بیماریهای مزمن مانند دیابت مهم و شایع است. این مطالعه با هدف مقایسه ایده های خودکشی و رفتارهای خودزنی در بیماران دیابتی نوع 2 با و بدون عارضه مراجعه کننده به مرکز تحقیقات دیابت یزد ، در سال 1396 انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه مورد شاهدی ، از نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شد. اطلاعات با استفاده از پرسشنامه استاندارد جمع آوری شد. برای بررسی ایده های خودکشی از مقیاسBSSI  و برای رفتارهای خودزنی از پرسشنامه سانسون استفاده شد. سرانجام ، داده های جمع آوری شده به نسخه 19 SPSS وارد شد. همچنین برای مقایسه میانگین ها از آزمون t و از آزمون Chi-Square برای مقایسه توزیع فراوانی استفاده شد. یافته ها: در مجموع 360 نفر در قالب دو گروه 180 نفره(عارضه دار و بدون عارضه) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.از این تعداد بیمار مورد بررسی، 189 نفر(52.5%) مرد و 171 نفر(47.5%) زن بودند.همچنین تنها 1 نفر(0.3%) دارای افکار آسیب رسان و همچنین 1 نفر(0.3%) از نظر افکار خودکشی، High بود. بین توزیع فراوانی افکار آسیب رسان و افکار خودکشی در دو گروه مورد بررسی، تفاوت آماری معناداری یافت نشد(p=0.371) .همچنین بین توزیع فراوانی افکار آسیب رسان و افکار خودکشی در دو گروه مورد بررسی بر حسب جنسیت اختلاف آماری معناداری مشاهده نشد(p=0.285 , p=0.432). بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج مطالعه می توان نتیجه گیری کرد که فراوانی افکار آسیب رسان و افکار خودکشی در بیماران مبتلا به دیابت دو پایین بوده و عارضه دار شدن بیماری تاثیری بر روی این فراوانی ندارد. 2 Introduction: Psychiatric problems like suicide, self-harm, and injurious behaviors are important and common in chronic diseases like diabetes. This study aimed to compare suicidal ideations and self-injurious behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without complications referring to diabetes research center in Yazd, 2017. Methods: In this case-control study, simple random sampling was used. The data were collected using standard questionnaires. Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI) was used to investigate suicidal ideations and Sanson questionnaire was used for self- injurious behaviors. Finally, the collected data were entered into SPSS version 19. Also, t-test was used to compare the means and Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency distributions. Result: A total of 360 patients were studied in two groups of 180 (complicated and non-complicated). Of these patients, 189 (52.5%) were male and 171 (47.5%) were female. Moreover, only 1 patient (0.3%) had self-injurious thoughts and 1 patient (0.3%) had high suicidal ideations. There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of self-injurious thoughts and suicidal ideations in the two groups (p=0.371). There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of self-injurious thoughts and suicidal ideations in the two groups according to the gender (p=0.285, p=0.432). Conclusion: The results showed that the frequency of self-injurious thoughts and suicidal ideations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is low and the complications of the disease do not affect this abundance. 105 111 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/20 1399/2/1 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 رضا بیدکی Reza Bidaki 1. Diabetes Research Center Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran 2. Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences,Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran قاسم دستجردی Ghasem Dastjerdi 2. Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences,Department of Psychiatry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمد شفیعی Mohammad Shafiee 3. General Practitioner, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran مسعود رحمانیان Masoud Rahmanian 4. Department of Internal Medicine,Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمدجواد یاوری Mohammad Javad Yavari 1. Diabetes Research Center Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Suicidal Ideation Self-injurious Behavior دیابت شیرین ایده خودکشی رفتار خودآزاری 1. Aruna P, Puviarasan N, Palaniappan B. An investigation of neuro-fuzzy systems in psychosomatic disorders. Expert Systems with Applications. 2005; 28(4):673-679.##Joshi SK, Shrestha S.Diabetes Mellitus: A review of its associations with different environmental factors. Kathmandu University medical journal. 2010; 8(1):109-15.##Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, et al. Effects of Nortriptyline on depression and glucose regulation in diabetes: Results of double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine.1997; 59(3): 241-250.##Pompii M, Forte A, Lester D, et al. Suicide risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2014;76(5): 352-360.##Radobuljac MD, Bratina NU, Battelino T, et al. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal and self-injurious behaviors##in a representative cohort of Slovenian adolescents with type1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10(7):424-431.##Zhang X, Norris SL, Gregg EW, et al. Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2005; 161(7):652-660.##Rahimi C. Application of Beck Depression Inventory - 2 Iranian students. Clinical Psychology and Personality. 2014;12(1):173-188.[Persian]##Esfahani M, Hashemi Y, Alavi K. Psychometric assessment of Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI) in general population in Tehran. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2015; 29 (1) :862-871.##Sansone RA, Wiederman MW, Sansone LA. The Self-Harm Inventory (SHI): development of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology.1998; 54(7), 973-983.##https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199811)54:73.0.CO;2-H##Tahbaz Hosseinzadeh S, Ghorbani N, Nabavi SM. Comparison of self-destructive tendencies and integrative self-knowledge among multiple sclerosis and healthy people. Contemporary Psychology. 2011; 6(2):35-44. [Persian]##Koopmanschap M. CODE-2 Advisory Board. Coping with Type II diabetes:The patient's perspective. Diabetologia. 2002; 45(7): 18-22.##Alizadeh F, Lotfi M A, Sepehri F, et al. Suicidal Ideations Association with Blood Sugar Control in the Diabetic Patients . Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity. 2016; 8 (2):96-101.##Mazloumi SS, Mirzaei A, Mohammadi S. Study of Depression Prevalence in the Patients with Type I Diabetes Referring to Yazd Diabetes Research Centers In 2008. Journal of Toloo-E-Behdasht. 2008 ;7(1):30-35.[Persian].##Parham M, Hosseinzadeh F. Depression Symptoms and Blood Sugar Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Is There a Relationship? . Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2013;31(256):1649-1656. [Persian].##Lee H-Y, Hahm M-I, Lee SG. Risk of suicidal ideation in diabetes varies by diabetes regimen, diabetes duration, and HbA1c level. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2014;76(4):275-9.##Campbell KH, Huang ES, Dale W, et al. Association between estimated GFR, health-related quality of life, and depression among older adults with diabetes: the diabetes and aging study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2013; 62(3):541-8.##Webb RT, Lichtenstein P, Dahlin M, et al. Unnatural deaths in a national cohort of people diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(8) :2276-2283.##Davis WA, Starkstein SE, Bruce DG , et al. Risk of suicide in Australian adults with diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Internal Medicine Journal. 2015; 45(9): 976-980.##1. Aruna P, Puviarasan N, Palaniappan B. An investigation of neuro-fuzzy systems in psychosomatic disorders. Expert Systems with Applications. 2005; 28(4):673-679.##Joshi SK, Shrestha S.Diabetes Mellitus: A review of its associations with different environmental factors. Kathmandu University medical journal. 2010; 8(1):109-15.##Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, et al. Effects of Nortriptyline on depression and glucose regulation in diabetes: Results of double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Psychosomatic Medicine.1997; 59(3): 241-250.##Pompii M, Forte A, Lester D, et al. Suicide risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2014;76(5): 352-360.##Radobuljac MD, Bratina NU, Battelino T, et al. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal and self-injurious behaviors##in a representative cohort of Slovenian adolescents with type1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10(7):424-431.##Zhang X, Norris SL, Gregg EW, et al. Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2005; 161(7):652-660.##Rahimi C. Application of Beck Depression Inventory - 2 Iranian students. Clinical Psychology and Personality. 2014;12(1):173-188.[Persian]##Esfahani M, Hashemi Y, Alavi K. Psychometric assessment of Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI) in general population in Tehran. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2015; 29 (1) :862-871.##Sansone RA, Wiederman MW, Sansone LA. The Self-Harm Inventory (SHI): development of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology.1998; 54(7), 973-983.##https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199811)54:73.0.CO;2-H##Tahbaz Hosseinzadeh S, Ghorbani N, Nabavi SM. Comparison of self-destructive tendencies and integrative self-knowledge among multiple sclerosis and healthy people. Contemporary Psychology. 2011; 6(2):35-44. [Persian]##Koopmanschap M. CODE-2 Advisory Board. Coping with Type II diabetes:The patient's perspective. Diabetologia. 2002; 45(7): 18-22.##Alizadeh F, Lotfi M A, Sepehri F, et al. Suicidal Ideations Association with Blood Sugar Control in the Diabetic Patients . Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity. 2016; 8 (2):96-101.##Mazloumi SS, Mirzaei A, Mohammadi S. Study of Depression Prevalence in the Patients with Type I Diabetes Referring to Yazd Diabetes Research Centers In 2008. Journal of Toloo-E-Behdasht. 2008 ;7(1):30-35.[Persian].##Parham M, Hosseinzadeh F. Depression Symptoms and Blood Sugar Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Is There a Relationship? . Journal of Isfahan Medical School. 2013;31(256):1649-1656. [Persian].##Lee H-Y, Hahm M-I, Lee SG. Risk of suicidal ideation in diabetes varies by diabetes regimen, diabetes duration, and HbA1c level. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2014;76(4):275-9.##Campbell KH, Huang ES, Dale W, et al. Association between estimated GFR, health-related quality of life, and depression among older adults with diabetes: the diabetes and aging study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2013; 62(3):541-8.##Webb RT, Lichtenstein P, Dahlin M, et al. Unnatural deaths in a national cohort of people diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(8) :2276-2283.##Davis WA, Starkstein SE, Bruce DG , et al. Risk of suicide in Australian adults with diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Internal Medicine Journal. 2015; 45(9): 976-980.## ##

Primary Care Doctors’ Role in Antenatal Detection and Management of Fetal Bilateral Pleural Effusions: A Report of 2 Cases 2 2 Introduction: Fetal pleural effusion is rarely seen in primary care setting. It is more commonly diagnosed among women with diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Method: This report illustrates two patients with fetal bilateral pleural effusions, detected at 18-week and 24-week period of amenorrhea (POA) during routine antenatal scans by primary care doctors. Result: These two pregnancies were complicated with hydrops fetalis and resulted in fresh stillbirth and intra-uterine death. Conclusion: Primary healthcare providers play an important role in the early diagnosis of fetal congenital anomaly, counseling regarding the ultrasonography findings, neonatal outcome, and referral to obstetrician for further management and monitoring for maternal complications, such as polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, mirror syndrome, and depression as a result of hydrops fetalis 112 116 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/31 1399/5/10 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 Chai Li Tay Chai Li Tay 1. Simpang Health Clinic, District of Larut, Matang and Selama, Taiping, Perak, Ministry of Health Malaysia Malaysia chailitay.research@gmail.com Noor Afiqah Binti Abdul Wahab Noor Afiqah Binti Abdul Wahab 2. Changkat Jering Health Clinic, District of Larut, Matang and Selama, Taiping, Perak, Ministry of Health Malaysia Malaysia noorafiqahwahab@gmail.com Antenatal Fetal Bilateral Pleural Effusions Primary Care Clinic آنتیناتال سوزش پلاتر دو طرفه جنین کلینیک مراقبت های اولیه Hidaka N, Chiba Y. Fetal hydrothorax resolving completely after a single thoracentesis: A report of 2 cases. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine.2007;52(9):843-8.##Longaker MT, Laberge J-M, Dansereau J, et al. Primary fetal hydrothorax: natural history and management. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.1989; 24(6):573-6.##Rustico MA, Lanna M, Coviello D, et al. Fetal pleural effusion. Prenatal Diagnosis: Published in Affiliation With the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis .2007;27(9):793-9.##Lee KW, Ching SM, Ramachandran V, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2018;18(1):1-20.##Waller K, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Yamasmit W, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities among 246 fetuses with pleural effusions detected on prenatal ultrasound examination: factors associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy. Genetics in Medicine. 2005;7(6):417-21.##Yinon Y, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Chaddha V, et al. Perinatal outcome following fetal chest shunt insertion for pleural effusion. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology. 2010;36(1):58-64.##Yinon Y, Kelly E, Ryan G. Fetal pleural effusions. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2008;22(1):77-96.##Nicolaides K, Azar G. Thoraco-amniotic shunting. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy.1990;5(3-4):153-64.##Weber AM, Philipson EH. Fetal pleural effusion: a review and meta-analysis for prognostic indicators. Obstetrics and gynecology.1992;79(2):281-6.##Langlois S, Wilson RD, Pandya PP, et al. 36 - Fetal Hydrops. Fetal Medicine (Third Edition). London: Content Repository; 2020. p. 427-42.e2.##Okai T, Baba K, Kohzuma S, et al. [Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis: a review of 30 cases]. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi.1984;36(10):1813-21.##Hutchison AA, Drew JH, Yu VY, et al. Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis: a review of 61 cases. Obstetrics and gynecology.1982;59(3):347-52.##Kaiser IH. Ballantyne and triple edema. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.1971;110(1):115-20.##Hidaka N, Chiba Y. Fetal hydrothorax resolving completely after a single thoracentesis: A report of 2 cases. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine.2007;52(9):843-8.##Longaker MT, Laberge J-M, Dansereau J, et al. Primary fetal hydrothorax: natural history and management. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.1989; 24(6):573-6.##Rustico MA, Lanna M, Coviello D, et al. Fetal pleural effusion. Prenatal Diagnosis: Published in Affiliation With the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis .2007;27(9):793-9.##Lee KW, Ching SM, Ramachandran V, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2018;18(1):1-20.##Waller K, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Yamasmit W, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities among 246 fetuses with pleural effusions detected on prenatal ultrasound examination: factors associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy. Genetics in Medicine. 2005;7(6):417-21.##Yinon Y, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Chaddha V, et al. Perinatal outcome following fetal chest shunt insertion for pleural effusion. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology. 2010;36(1):58-64.##Yinon Y, Kelly E, Ryan G. Fetal pleural effusions. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2008;22(1):77-96.##Nicolaides K, Azar G. Thoraco-amniotic shunting. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy.1990;5(3-4):153-64.##Weber AM, Philipson EH. Fetal pleural effusion: a review and meta-analysis for prognostic indicators. Obstetrics and gynecology.1992;79(2):281-6.##Langlois S, Wilson RD, Pandya PP, et al. 36 - Fetal Hydrops. Fetal Medicine (Third Edition). London: Content Repository; 2020. p. 427-42.e2.##Okai T, Baba K, Kohzuma S, et al. [Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis: a review of 30 cases]. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi.1984;36(10):1813-21.##Hutchison AA, Drew JH, Yu VY, et al. Nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis: a review of 61 cases. Obstetrics and gynecology.1982;59(3):347-52.##Kaiser IH. Ballantyne and triple edema. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.1971;110(1):115-20.## ##

The mediating role of perfectionism in relation to narcissism and early trauma, family functioning and perceived parenting styles نقش واسطه ای کمال گرایی در رابطه با خود شیفتگی و آسیب های اولیه، عملکرد خانواده و سبک های فرزند پروری ادراک شده والدین 2 1 مقدمه: خود شیفتگی بالا در جوانان معمولاً مجموعه ای از چالش های بهداشت روانی و بین فردی را ایجاد می کند که نیاز به درک همزمان آن دارد. این مطالعه با هدف تبیین مدل ساختاری خود شیفتگی مبتنی بر آسیب های اولیه ، عملکرد خانواده و سبک های فرزند پروری ادراک شده والدین با نقش واسطه ای کمال گرایی انجام شد. روش ها: این یک مطالعه مقطعی تحلیلی بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق حاضر متشکل از مردان و زنان 45- 20 ساله مراجعه کننده به کلینیک های روانشناسی تهران در سال های 19-2018 بود. همچنین نمونه ای 350 نفره با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شد. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه شخصیت خود شیفته (NPI) ، پرسشنامه آسیب دوران کودکی (CTQ) ، دستگاه ارزیابی خانواده مک مستر و مقیاس درک والدین (POPS) استفاده شد. داده ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی شامل میانگین ، انحراف معیار ، انحراف و کورتوز با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS-22 و مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری توسط نرم افزار آموس -24 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. سطح معنی داری (p<0.05) بود. یافته ها: شاخص برازش تطبیقی (CFI ) 0.923 ، شاخص تاکر-لوئیس (TLI) و شاخص برازش افزایشی (IFI) از آنجا که از 0.90 فراتر رفت مناسب بود.  همچنین، تقریب خطای میانگین مربعات ریشه (RMSEA) 0.075 در محدوده قابل قبول بود. بر اساس یافته های مسیر، مدل با توجه به تأثیر مثبت ضربه اولیه زندگی بر کمال گرایی0 (p<0.01, β= 0.12) ، عملکرد خانواده (p<0.01, β= 0.21) و سبک فرزند پروری (β= 0.29, p<0.01). مناسب بود. درواقع، خود شیفتگی مستقیماً از ضربه اولیه زندگی بر عملکرد خانواده تأثیر مثبت داشت (p <0.01, β = 0.18). نتیجه گیری: با افزایش تجربه ضربه در اوایل زندگی ، احتمال بروز تمایلات کمال گرایانه افزایش می یابد. این نشان می دهد که هرچه سبک فرزندپروری بهتر و عملکرد خانواده بهتر باشد ، سطح کمال گرایی پایین می آید 2 Introduction: Elevated narcissism in young people often sets up a cascade of interpersonal and mental health challenges which needs to understand its concomitants. This study aimed to explain the structural model of narcissism based on early trauma, family function and perceived parenting styles with the mediating role of perfectionism. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study consisted of 20-45 year-old males and females referring to psychological clinics of Tehran in 2018-19. A sample of 350 people was also selected using convenience sampling method. Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the McMaster family assessment device, and Perceptions of Parents Scale (POPS) were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis using SPSS-22 software and structural equation modeling was used by Amos-24 doftware. The level of significant was (p<0.05). Results: Comparative Fit index (CFI) was 0.923, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) was appropriate; since it exceeded 0.90. Also, the Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.075 was in the acceptable range. Based on the path findings, the fitted model showed a positive impact of early life trauma on perfectionism (p<0.01, β= 0.12), the functioning of the family (p<0.01, β= 0.21), and the style of parenting (β= 0.29, p<0.01). Narcissism had a positive impact on family functioning (p<0.01, β = 0.40) directly from early life trauma (p <0.01, β = 0.18).   Conclusion: As the experience of trauma increases early in life, the likelihood of developing perfectionist tendencies increases. This indicates that the better the parenting style and the better the family functioning, the lower the level of perfectionism. 117 127 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/5 1399/8/15 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 سحر کرمانیان sahar kermanian 1. Department of General Psychology. Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran saharkermanian@yahoo.com فاطمه گلشنی Fatemeh Golshani 1. Department of General Psychology. Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran آنیتا بقدساریان Anita Baghdasarians 1. Department of General Psychology. Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran فرهاد جمهری Farhad Jomhari 2. Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Iran Narcissism Trauma Family Function Perceived Parenting Styles Perfectionism خودشیفتگی تروما عملکرد خانواده سبک های فرزند پروری ادراک شده والدین کمال گرایی 1. Edery RA. The Traumatic Effects of Narcissistic Parenting on a Sensitive Child: A Case Analysis. Health Science Journal. 2019;13(1):1-3.##Mosquera D, Gonzalez A. Narcissism as a consequence of trauma and early experiences. ESTD Newsletter. 2011;1(2):4-6.##Caligor E, Stern BL. Diagnosis, Classification, and Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Within the Framework of Object Relations Theory. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2020;34(Supplement):104-21.##Mosquera D, Knipe J. Understanding and treating narcissism with EMDR therapy. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. 2015;9(1):46-63.##Abolghasemi S, Tavakoli Azad J, Biabani Asli M, et al. The Relationship Between Family Function, Perfectionism and Hidden Anxiety of Students. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology. 2018; 5 (3) :107- 12.##Rohner RP, Filus A, Melendez-Rhodes T, et al. Psychological Maladjustment Mediates the Relation Between Remembrances of Parental Rejection in Childhood and Adults' Fear of Intimacy: A Multicultural Study. Cross-Cultural Research. 2019;53(5):508-542.##Brummelman E, Gürel Ç, Thomaes S, et al. What separates narcissism from self-esteem? A social-cognitive perspective. InHandbook of Trait Narcissism 2018 (pp. 47-55). Springer, Cham.##Van Schie CC, Jarman HL, Huxley E, et al. Narcissistic traits in young people: understanding the role of parenting and maltreatment. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 2020; 7: 10.##Csathó Á, Birkás B. Early-life stressors, personality development, and fast life strategies: An evolutionary perspective on malevolent personality features. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9:305.##Miller AL, Speirs Neumeister KL. The influence of personality, parenting styles, and perfectionism on performance goal orientation in high ability students. Journal of Advanced Academics. 2017; 28(4):313-44.##Claudio L. Can parenting styles affect the children's development of narcissism? A Systematic Review. The Open Psychology Journal. 2016; 9(1).##Murphy S, McElroy E, Elklit A, et al. Child maltreatment and psychiatric outcomes in early adulthood. Child Abuse Review. 2020; 29(4): 365-78.##Beal SJ, Kashikar-Zuck S, King C, et al. Heightened risk of pain in young adult women with a history of childhood maltreatment: a prospective longitudinal study. Pain. 2020;161(1):156-65.##Huxley E, Bizumic B. Parental invalidation and the development of narcissism. The Journal of Psychology. 2017;151(2):130-47.##Kealy D, Laverdière O, Cox DW, et al. Childhood emotional neglect and depressive and anxiety symptoms among mental health outpatients: the mediating roles of narcissistic vulnerability and shame. Journal of Mental Health. 2020:1-9.##Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. 2015.##Gul M, Aqeel M, Akhtar T, et al. The Moderating Role of Perfectionism on the Relationship between Parenting styles and Personality Disorders in Adolescents. Foundation University Journal of Psychology. 2019;3(2).##Raskin R, Hall CS. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of personality assessment. 1981;45(2):159-62.##Soyer RB, Rovenpor JL, Kopelman RE, et al. Further assessment of the construct validity of four measures of narcissism: Replication and extension. The Journal of Psychology. 2001;135(3):245-58.'##Hassanzadeh F, Akhani A, Asgharnejad Farid A. Psychometric Properties of Brief Version of Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Journal of Neyshabur University Medical Sciences. 2020; 8 (1) :77-87.[Persian]##Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, et al. Validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36(3):340-8.##Zarrati I, Bermas H, Sabet M. The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Suicide Ideation: Mediating Role of Mental Pain. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2019;17(1):e89266.##Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1983; 9(2):171-80.##Zadeh Mohammadi A, Malek Khosravi GH. Preliminary Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Validation of Family Functioning Scale (FAD). Journal of Family Research. 2006; 2 (5): 69-89. [Persian]##Grolnick WS, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective.In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory. 1997:135-161.##Karshki H. The role of motivational models and environmental perceptions in learning self-regulation in male third-year high-school students. InFaculty of Psychology & Educational Science. 2008.##Hewitt PL, Flett GL. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991; 60(3):456.##Zarbakhsh M, Hassanzadeh S, Abolghasemi S, et al. Relationship between perceived parenting styles and critical thinking with cognitive learning styles. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. 2012; 2(10):10007-11.##Aminizadeh S, Dolatshahi B, Pourshahbaz A, et al. Psychometric properties of multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS). Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2013; 1(4): 205-210.##Tyler J, Mu W, McCann J, et al. The unique contribution of perfectionistic cognitions to anxiety disorder symptoms in a treatment-seeking sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2020:1-7.##Flett GL, Hewitt PL. The perfectionism pandemic meets COVID-19: understanding the stress, distress, and problems in living for perfectionists during the global health crisis. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2(1):80-105.##Flett GL, Molnar DS, Hewitt PL. The traumatized perfectionist: understanding the role of perfectionism in post-traumatic reactions to stress. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience. 2016; 18(1):764-765.##Edalatjoo A, Mahdian H, Mohammadipour M. The relationship between parenting styles and academic self-handicapping through the mediating role of metacognitive and perfectionism skills. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology. 2019; 2(3):56-66.##Sahraee OA, Yusefnejad M, Khosravipur E. Relation of family efficiency with positive and negative perfectionism in Iranian students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; 30:844-50.##Smith MM, Sherry SB, Chen S, et al. Perfectionism and narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Research in Personality. 2016; 64:90-101.##Casale S, Fioravanti G, Rugai L, et al. The interpersonal expression of perfectionism among grandiose and vulnerable narcissists: Perfectionistic self-presentation, effortless perfection, and the ability to seem perfect. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99:320-4.##Flett GL, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, et al. Understanding the narcissistic perfectionists among us: Grandiosity, vulnerability, and the quest for the perfect self. Handbook of psychology of narcissism: Diverse perspectives. 2014:43-66.##Stoeber J, Sherry SB, Nealis LJ. Multidimensional perfectionism and narcissism: Grandiose or vulnerable? Personality and Individual Differences. 2015; 80:85-90.##Burke TJ, Segrin C, Farris KL. Young adult and parent perceptions of facilitation: Associations with over parenting, family functioning, and student adjustment. Journal of Family Communication. 2018;18(3):233-47.##1. Edery RA. The Traumatic Effects of Narcissistic Parenting on a Sensitive Child: A Case Analysis. Health Science Journal. 2019;13(1):1-3.##Mosquera D, Gonzalez A. Narcissism as a consequence of trauma and early experiences. ESTD Newsletter. 2011;1(2):4-6.##Caligor E, Stern BL. Diagnosis, Classification, and Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Within the Framework of Object Relations Theory. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2020;34(Supplement):104-21.##Mosquera D, Knipe J. Understanding and treating narcissism with EMDR therapy. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. 2015;9(1):46-63.##Abolghasemi S, Tavakoli Azad J, Biabani Asli M, et al. The Relationship Between Family Function, Perfectionism and Hidden Anxiety of Students. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology. 2018; 5 (3) :107- 12.##Rohner RP, Filus A, Melendez-Rhodes T, et al. Psychological Maladjustment Mediates the Relation Between Remembrances of Parental Rejection in Childhood and Adults' Fear of Intimacy: A Multicultural Study. Cross-Cultural Research. 2019;53(5):508-542.##Brummelman E, Gürel Ç, Thomaes S, et al. What separates narcissism from self-esteem? A social-cognitive perspective. InHandbook of Trait Narcissism 2018 (pp. 47-55). Springer, Cham.##Van Schie CC, Jarman HL, Huxley E, et al. Narcissistic traits in young people: understanding the role of parenting and maltreatment. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 2020; 7: 10.##Csathó Á, Birkás B. Early-life stressors, personality development, and fast life strategies: An evolutionary perspective on malevolent personality features. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9:305.##Miller AL, Speirs Neumeister KL. The influence of personality, parenting styles, and perfectionism on performance goal orientation in high ability students. Journal of Advanced Academics. 2017; 28(4):313-44.##Claudio L. Can parenting styles affect the children's development of narcissism? A Systematic Review. The Open Psychology Journal. 2016; 9(1).##Murphy S, McElroy E, Elklit A, et al. Child maltreatment and psychiatric outcomes in early adulthood. Child Abuse Review. 2020; 29(4): 365-78.##Beal SJ, Kashikar-Zuck S, King C, et al. Heightened risk of pain in young adult women with a history of childhood maltreatment: a prospective longitudinal study. Pain. 2020;161(1):156-65.##Huxley E, Bizumic B. Parental invalidation and the development of narcissism. The Journal of Psychology. 2017;151(2):130-47.##Kealy D, Laverdière O, Cox DW, et al. Childhood emotional neglect and depressive and anxiety symptoms among mental health outpatients: the mediating roles of narcissistic vulnerability and shame. Journal of Mental Health. 2020:1-9.##Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications. 2015.##Gul M, Aqeel M, Akhtar T, et al. The Moderating Role of Perfectionism on the Relationship between Parenting styles and Personality Disorders in Adolescents. Foundation University Journal of Psychology. 2019;3(2).##Raskin R, Hall CS. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of personality assessment. 1981;45(2):159-62.##Soyer RB, Rovenpor JL, Kopelman RE, et al. Further assessment of the construct validity of four measures of narcissism: Replication and extension. The Journal of Psychology. 2001;135(3):245-58.'##Hassanzadeh F, Akhani A, Asgharnejad Farid A. Psychometric Properties of Brief Version of Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Journal of Neyshabur University Medical Sciences. 2020; 8 (1) :77-87.[Persian]##Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, et al. Validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36(3):340-8.##Zarrati I, Bermas H, Sabet M. The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Suicide Ideation: Mediating Role of Mental Pain. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research. 2019;17(1):e89266.##Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1983; 9(2):171-80.##Zadeh Mohammadi A, Malek Khosravi GH. Preliminary Investigation of Psychometric Properties and Validation of Family Functioning Scale (FAD). Journal of Family Research. 2006; 2 (5): 69-89. [Persian]##Grolnick WS, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective.In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory. 1997:135-161.##Karshki H. The role of motivational models and environmental perceptions in learning self-regulation in male third-year high-school students. InFaculty of Psychology & Educational Science. 2008.##Hewitt PL, Flett GL. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991; 60(3):456.##Zarbakhsh M, Hassanzadeh S, Abolghasemi S, et al. Relationship between perceived parenting styles and critical thinking with cognitive learning styles. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. 2012; 2(10):10007-11.##Aminizadeh S, Dolatshahi B, Pourshahbaz A, et al. Psychometric properties of multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS). Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2013; 1(4): 205-210.##Tyler J, Mu W, McCann J, et al. The unique contribution of perfectionistic cognitions to anxiety disorder symptoms in a treatment-seeking sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2020:1-7.##Flett GL, Hewitt PL. The perfectionism pandemic meets COVID-19: understanding the stress, distress, and problems in living for perfectionists during the global health crisis. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2(1):80-105.##Flett GL, Molnar DS, Hewitt PL. The traumatized perfectionist: understanding the role of perfectionism in post-traumatic reactions to stress. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience. 2016; 18(1):764-765.##Edalatjoo A, Mahdian H, Mohammadipour M. The relationship between parenting styles and academic self-handicapping through the mediating role of metacognitive and perfectionism skills. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology. 2019; 2(3):56-66.##Sahraee OA, Yusefnejad M, Khosravipur E. Relation of family efficiency with positive and negative perfectionism in Iranian students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; 30:844-50.##Smith MM, Sherry SB, Chen S, et al. Perfectionism and narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Research in Personality. 2016; 64:90-101.##Casale S, Fioravanti G, Rugai L, et al. The interpersonal expression of perfectionism among grandiose and vulnerable narcissists: Perfectionistic self-presentation, effortless perfection, and the ability to seem perfect. Personality and Individual Differences. 2016; 99:320-4.##Flett GL, Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, et al. Understanding the narcissistic perfectionists among us: Grandiosity, vulnerability, and the quest for the perfect self. Handbook of psychology of narcissism: Diverse perspectives. 2014:43-66.##Stoeber J, Sherry SB, Nealis LJ. Multidimensional perfectionism and narcissism: Grandiose or vulnerable? Personality and Individual Differences. 2015; 80:85-90.##Burke TJ, Segrin C, Farris KL. Young adult and parent perceptions of facilitation: Associations with over parenting, family functioning, and student adjustment. Journal of Family Communication. 2018;18(3):233-47.## ##

Sexual Abuse in Adolescent Girls and Boys with Mild Intellectually Disable سوء استفاده جنسی در دختران و پسران کم توان ذهنی خفیف 2 1 زمینه و هدف: مشکلات دختران و پسران کم توان ذهنی با افزایش سن به تدریج فزونی می یابد. با توجه به تغییرات در حال ظهور ، بلوغ یک دوره قابل توجه برای نوجوانان کم توانی ذهنی است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی سوء استفاده جنسی در دختران و پسران کم توان ذهنی خفیف در دوره بلوغ است. روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه مقطعی است. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه دختران و پسران کم توانی ذهنی خفیف سنین ۱۶-۱۲ سال و مادران آن ها از مدارس دولتی استثنایی شهر یزد است. 300 نوجوان کم توان ذهنی خفیف (150 نفر دختر و ۱۵۰نفر پسر) با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند. برای بررسی سوء استفاده جنسی ، از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. پرسشنامه شامل دو بخش بود. ضریب کودر-ریچاردسون در ارتباط با پرسشنامه، برای پسران و دختران کم توانی ذهنی خفیف به ترتیب برابر با 0/80 و 0/84 بدست آمد. داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS 24 و با استفاده از فراوانی ، درصد و ضریب همبستگی (0/05> p) تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: در این مطالعه ، 2/67 درصد (4 نفر) از دختران و 0/4 درصد (6 نفر) پسران کم توان ذهنی خفیف مورد آزار جنسی قرار گرفته بودند.  همچنین علائم روانشناختی و جسمی سوء استفاده جنسی آن ها ارزیابی شد که شامل این موارد بود:  افسردگی: دختران ، 0/75 درصد (3 نفر) ، پسران 33/33 درصد (2 نفر) ، پرخاشگری: دختران ، 0/75 درصد (3 نفر) ، پسران 66/66 درصد (۴ n =)، اجتناب از بزرگسالان خاص ، 0/50 درصد( 2n =) دختران ، 33.33٪ (۲ n =) پسران، خواب و اختلال غذا خوردن ، 0/25 درصد (۲ n =) دختران ، 16.66٪ (۲ n =) پسران.  برخی از مادران اظهار داشتند که فرزند آن ها در این زمینه آموزش ندیده اند. بین سطح تحصیلات مادران و آموزش توسط مدارس و خانواده با دانش در زمینه سوء استفاده جنسی ضریب همبستگی مثبت معنی داری وجود داشت (0/05> p). نتیجه‌گیری: واکنش غیر منطقی خانواده ها ، جامعه و عدم آموزش کافی منجر به افزایش سوء استفاده جنسی در دختران و پسران کم توان ذهنی می شود. از این رو،  آموزش این افراد هم قبل از دوره بلوغ و هم در دوره بلوغ ضروری به نظر می رسد. 2 Introduction: The problems of girls and boys with mild intellectually disable (MID) increases with age gradually. Due to the emerging changes, puberty is a significant period for adolescents with MID. The aim of this study to investigate sexual abuse in girls and boys with mild intellectually disable in the puberty period. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The statistical population consisted of all boys and girls with mild intellectual disabilities between the ages of 12 and 16 from exceptional public schools and their mothers in Yazd, Iran. 300 MID adolescents (150 girls and boys each) were selected by multi-stage sampling. To study sexual abuse, a self-designed questionnaire was used. The questionnaire comprised two sections. Kuder-Richardson coefficient obtained for boys and girls with MID turned out to be 0.80 and 0.84, respectively. Using frequency, percentage, and correlation coefficient (p<0.05). Data were analyzed with SPSS 24. Results: In this study, 2.67% (n = 4) of girls and 4% (n = 6) of boys with MID were abused. Also, their psychological and physical signs of sexual abuse were assessed (depression: girls,0.75% (n = 3), boys, 33.33% (n = 2), aggression: girls,0.75% (n = 3), boys, 66.66% (n = 4),  avoiding certain adults, 0.50% (n = 2), boys, 33.33% (n = 2), sleep and eating disorder, 0.25% (n = 1), boys, 16.66% (n = 1) . Some of their parents pointed that their children had not received training in this area. There was a significant positive correlation coefficient between the mother's educational level and receiving training by schools and family with sexual abuse knowledge (p<0.05). Conclusion: The irrational reaction of families, the community, and the lack of adequate training lead to an increasein sexual abuse in such individuals. Hence, training these young individuals seems essential both before and during puberty.   128 135 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/52020/01/25 1398/11/5 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 حسن زارعی محمود آبادی Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi 1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd , Iran Iran zareei_h@yahoo.com لیلا اکرمی Lila Akrami 2. Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran Iran a.akrami@yahoo.com Adolescence Puberty Mild Intellectually Disable (MID) Sexual Abuse نوجوانی بلوغ کم توان ذهنی خفیف سوء استفاده جنسی Noll GJ,Trickett PK, Long GD, et al. Childhood Sexual Abuse and Early Timing of Puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016; 60(1): 65-71.##Almeida FL, Lopes JS, Crescencio R, et al. Early puberty of farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): Possible influence of male sexual maturation on harvest weight. Aquaculture. 2016; 452: 224-232.##Blaustein JD, Ismail N, Holder MK. Review: Puberty as a time of remodeling the adult response to ovarian hormones. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2016; 160: 2-8.##Couwenhoven T. Teaching children with down syndrome about their bodies, boundaries, and sexuality: A guide for parents and professionals. Woodbine House. 2007.##Mackin ML, Loew N, Gonzalez A, et al. Parent Perceptions of Sexual Education Needs for Their Children With Autism. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 31(6):608-618.##Davarmanesh A. Education and rehabilitation for child with mental retardation. Tehran, Iran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWRS) Publication.2003. [Persian]##Lasingame GD, Creeden K, Rich P. Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities Who Exhibit Sexual Problems or Offending Behaviors. Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. Available from www.atsa.com. 2015##Satapathy S, Choudhary V, Sagar R. Tools to assess psychological trauma & its correlates in child sexual abuse: A review & current needs in Asia. Journal of Asian Psychitary. 2017;25:63-70.##Eastgate G. Sex and intellectual disability-dealing with sexual health issues. Australian family physician. 2011; 40(4):188-91.##Wissink IB,Vugt EV, Moonen X, et al. Sexual abuse involving children with an intellectual disability (ID): A narrative review. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015; 36: 20-35.##Maksym D, Roeher A.The material in this brochure was reprinted in part and with permission from: "Shared Feelings, A Parent's Guide to Sexuality Education for Children, Adolescents and Adults Who have a Mental Handicap", Institute, North York, Ontario, Canada. 1990##Phasha N. Sexual Abuse of Teenagers with Intellectual Disability: An Examination Of South African Literature. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 69: 1693 - 1699.##Stockburger S, Omar H. Women with Disabilities: Reproductive Care and Women's Health. Pediatrics Faculty Publications. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development. 2015;8(4):429-447.##Phasha TN, Myaka LD. Sexuality and sexual abuse involving teenagers with intellectual disability: Community conceptions in a rural village of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sexuality and Disability. 2014; 32(2): 153-165.##Baxley D, Zendell A. Sexuality Education for Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities an Instructional Manual for Parents or Caregivers of and Individuals with Developmental Disabilities. Sponsored by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Developmental Disabilities and the Florida Developmental Disabilities Council, Inc.First Edition; 2005.##Kim YR. Personal Safety Programs for Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities. 2010; 45(2): 312-319.##Dionne H, Dupras A . Sexual health of people with an intellectual disability: An ecosystem approach. Sexologies. 2014; 23(4):e85-e89.##Soylu N, Alpaslan AH, Ayaz M, et al. Psychiatric disorders and characteristics of abuse in sexually abused children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013; 34(12): 4334-4342.##Sadock B, Sadock VA (1933) Synopsis Of Psychiatry.ISBN:978-964-176-2.2005##Adams MK. Developing the CycleSmart™ Kit: Increasing puberty knowledge and fertility-awareness among very young adolescents in Rwanda. The Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH). 2013.##Kim C, Vance YJ, Robinson LA, et al. Maternal Child Sexual Abuse Is Associated With Lower Maternal Warmth Toward Daughters but Not Sons. Journal of child sexual abuse. 2016; 25(8):813-826.##Nichols SH, Moravcik MG, Tetenbaum SP. On The Autism Spectrum (What Parents and Professionals Should Know About the Pre-Teen and Teenage Years). Jessica Kingsley Publishers London and Philadelphia. 2009##López S, Faro C, Lopetegui L, et al. Impacto del abuso sexual durante la infancia-adolescenciaen las relaciones sexuales y afectivas de mujeres adultas. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2017; 31: 210-9.##Shawna L, Chapman C, Wu LT. Substance abuse among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2012; 33(4) : 1147-1156.##Rand M, Harrell E. National crime victimization survey: Crime against people with disabilities. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. 2009.##Doughty AH, Kane LM. Teaching abuse-protection skills to people with intellectual, disabilities: A review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2010; 31(2): 331-337.##Khoramdad M, Gholami F, Alimohamadi Y, et al. Prevalence of Lifetime Smoking and Its Determinant Factors in High School Adolescents in Shiraz . Journal of Community Health Research. 2016; 5 (2) : 90-97.##Orange LM, Brodwin MG. Assessment and treatment of children with disabilities who have been abused. In L. Vandecreek & J. B. Allen (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: Focus on health and wellness 131-142, Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.2005##Mansell S, Sobsey D, Calder P. Sexual abuse treatment for persons with developmental disabilities. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice. 1992; 23(3): 404-409.##McCormack B, Kavanagh D, Caffrey S, et al. Investigating sexual abuse: Findings of a 15- year longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2005;18(3):217-227.##Lumley VA , Miltenberger RG. Sexual abuse prevention for persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation. 1997;101(5):459-472.##Manders JE, Stoneman Z. Children with disabilities in the child protective services system: an analog study of investigation and case management. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2009;33(4): 229-237.##Cederborg AC, Lamb M. Interviewing alleged victims with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2008;52(1): 49-58.##Cederborg AC, Danielsson H, La Rooy D, et al. Repetition of contaminating question types when children and youths with intellectual disabilities are interviewed. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research .2009;53(5): 440-449.##Edinburgh L, Saewyc E, Levitt C. Caring for young adolescent sexual abuse victims in a hospital- based children's advocacy center. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2008; 32(12):1119-1126.##Alriksson-Schmidt AI, Armour BS, Thibadeau JK. Are adolescent girls with a physical disability at increased risk for sexual violence? Journal of School Health. 2009; 80(7): 361-367.##Aker TH, Johnson MS. Sexual abuse and violence against people with intellectual disability and physical impairments: Characteristics of police-investigated cases in a Norwegian national sample. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities. 2019; 33(2):139-145.##Taylor J, Stalker K., Stewart A. (2016). Disabled children and the child protection system: a cause for concern. Child Abuse Review. 2015; 25(1): 60- 73.##Noll GJ,Trickett PK, Long GD, et al. Childhood Sexual Abuse and Early Timing of Puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2016; 60(1): 65-71.##Almeida FL, Lopes JS, Crescencio R, et al. Early puberty of farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): Possible influence of male sexual maturation on harvest weight. Aquaculture. 2016; 452: 224-232.##Blaustein JD, Ismail N, Holder MK. Review: Puberty as a time of remodeling the adult response to ovarian hormones. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2016; 160: 2-8.##Couwenhoven T. Teaching children with down syndrome about their bodies, boundaries, and sexuality: A guide for parents and professionals. Woodbine House. 2007.##Mackin ML, Loew N, Gonzalez A, et al. Parent Perceptions of Sexual Education Needs for Their Children With Autism. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2016; 31(6):608-618.##Davarmanesh A. Education and rehabilitation for child with mental retardation. Tehran, Iran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWRS) Publication.2003. [Persian]##Lasingame GD, Creeden K, Rich P. Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities Who Exhibit Sexual Problems or Offending Behaviors. Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. Available from www.atsa.com. 2015##Satapathy S, Choudhary V, Sagar R. Tools to assess psychological trauma & its correlates in child sexual abuse: A review & current needs in Asia. Journal of Asian Psychitary. 2017;25:63-70.##Eastgate G. Sex and intellectual disability-dealing with sexual health issues. Australian family physician. 2011; 40(4):188-91.##Wissink IB,Vugt EV, Moonen X, et al. Sexual abuse involving children with an intellectual disability (ID): A narrative review. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2015; 36: 20-35.##Maksym D, Roeher A.The material in this brochure was reprinted in part and with permission from: "Shared Feelings, A Parent's Guide to Sexuality Education for Children, Adolescents and Adults Who have a Mental Handicap", Institute, North York, Ontario, Canada. 1990##Phasha N. Sexual Abuse of Teenagers with Intellectual Disability: An Examination Of South African Literature. Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 69: 1693 - 1699.##Stockburger S, Omar H. Women with Disabilities: Reproductive Care and Women's Health. Pediatrics Faculty Publications. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development. 2015;8(4):429-447.##Phasha TN, Myaka LD. Sexuality and sexual abuse involving teenagers with intellectual disability: Community conceptions in a rural village of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Sexuality and Disability. 2014; 32(2): 153-165.##Baxley D, Zendell A. Sexuality Education for Children and Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities an Instructional Manual for Parents or Caregivers of and Individuals with Developmental Disabilities. Sponsored by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Developmental Disabilities and the Florida Developmental Disabilities Council, Inc.First Edition; 2005.##Kim YR. Personal Safety Programs for Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities. 2010; 45(2): 312-319.##Dionne H, Dupras A . Sexual health of people with an intellectual disability: An ecosystem approach. Sexologies. 2014; 23(4):e85-e89.##Soylu N, Alpaslan AH, Ayaz M, et al. Psychiatric disorders and characteristics of abuse in sexually abused children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013; 34(12): 4334-4342.##Sadock B, Sadock VA (1933) Synopsis Of Psychiatry.ISBN:978-964-176-2.2005##Adams MK. Developing the CycleSmart™ Kit: Increasing puberty knowledge and fertility-awareness among very young adolescents in Rwanda. The Institute for Reproductive Health (IRH). 2013.##Kim C, Vance YJ, Robinson LA, et al. Maternal Child Sexual Abuse Is Associated With Lower Maternal Warmth Toward Daughters but Not Sons. Journal of child sexual abuse. 2016; 25(8):813-826.##Nichols SH, Moravcik MG, Tetenbaum SP. On The Autism Spectrum (What Parents and Professionals Should Know About the Pre-Teen and Teenage Years). Jessica Kingsley Publishers London and Philadelphia. 2009##López S, Faro C, Lopetegui L, et al. Impacto del abuso sexual durante la infancia-adolescenciaen las relaciones sexuales y afectivas de mujeres adultas. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2017; 31: 210-9.##Shawna L, Chapman C, Wu LT. Substance abuse among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2012; 33(4) : 1147-1156.##Rand M, Harrell E. National crime victimization survey: Crime against people with disabilities. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. 2009.##Doughty AH, Kane LM. Teaching abuse-protection skills to people with intellectual, disabilities: A review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2010; 31(2): 331-337.##Khoramdad M, Gholami F, Alimohamadi Y, et al. Prevalence of Lifetime Smoking and Its Determinant Factors in High School Adolescents in Shiraz . Journal of Community Health Research. 2016; 5 (2) : 90-97.##Orange LM, Brodwin MG. Assessment and treatment of children with disabilities who have been abused. In L. Vandecreek & J. B. Allen (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: Focus on health and wellness 131-142, Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.2005##Mansell S, Sobsey D, Calder P. Sexual abuse treatment for persons with developmental disabilities. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice. 1992; 23(3): 404-409.##McCormack B, Kavanagh D, Caffrey S, et al. Investigating sexual abuse: Findings of a 15- year longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2005;18(3):217-227.##Lumley VA , Miltenberger RG. Sexual abuse prevention for persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation. 1997;101(5):459-472.##Manders JE, Stoneman Z. Children with disabilities in the child protective services system: an analog study of investigation and case management. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2009;33(4): 229-237.##Cederborg AC, Lamb M. Interviewing alleged victims with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2008;52(1): 49-58.##Cederborg AC, Danielsson H, La Rooy D, et al. Repetition of contaminating question types when children and youths with intellectual disabilities are interviewed. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research .2009;53(5): 440-449.##Edinburgh L, Saewyc E, Levitt C. Caring for young adolescent sexual abuse victims in a hospital- based children's advocacy center. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2008; 32(12):1119-1126.##Alriksson-Schmidt AI, Armour BS, Thibadeau JK. Are adolescent girls with a physical disability at increased risk for sexual violence? Journal of School Health. 2009; 80(7): 361-367.##Aker TH, Johnson MS. Sexual abuse and violence against people with intellectual disability and physical impairments: Characteristics of police-investigated cases in a Norwegian national sample. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities. 2019; 33(2):139-145.##Taylor J, Stalker K., Stewart A. (2016). Disabled children and the child protection system: a cause for concern. Child Abuse Review. 2015; 25(1): 60- 73.## ##

Projecting the Shortages and Surpluses of General Practitioners in Iran پیش بینی کمبود و مازاد پزشکان عمومی در ایران 2 1 مقدمه: با توجه به لزوم برنامه‌ریزی دقیق در سرمایه انسانی سلامت و تأثیر عدم تعادل عرضه پزشک عمومی بر اقتصاد و وضعیت سلامت، هدف اصلی این مطالعه برآورد تابع تقاضای پزشکان عمومی و پیش‌بینی کمبود و مازاد پزشک عمومی در ایران است. روش: مطالعه حاضر توصیفی- تحلیلی و کاربردی است که در سطح ملی برای ایران با استفاده از روش‌های اقتصادسنجی آریما برای پیش‌بینی عرضه و مدل تصحیح خطای برداری برای پیش‌بینی تقاضای پزشکان عمومی در سال 1399 انجام شد. پیش‌بینی تقاضای پزشکان عمومی با استفاده از متغیرهای تولید ناخالص داخلی، پرداخت از جیب، سالمندی و تعداد تخت‌های بیمارستانی انجام شد. داده‌های موردنیاز مطالعه از نوع سری زمانی است که برای سال‌های 2017-1991 از سالنامه‌های آماری سال‌های مختلف مرکز آمار ایران و پایگاه داده‌ای بانک جهانی استخراج شد. برآورد مدل‌ها و آزمون‌های موردنیاز در نرم‌افزارEviews 10 در سطح معنی‌داری پنج درصد صورت گرفت. نتایج: کشش پزشک عمومی نسبت به تولید ناخالص داخلی، سالمندی و پرداخت از جیب به ترتیب برابر با 0.33، 1.77و 0.81- درصد بود. تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه (0.11)، سالمندی (0.14) و تعداد تخت بیمارستان (0.0007) تأثیر مثبت و پرداخت از جیب (0.0001-) تأثیر منفی بر تقاضای پزشکان عمومی در ایران داشتند. همچنین طی سال‌های 2030-2018 میانگین تقاضای پزشکان عمومی (0.23) بیشتر از میانگین عرضه آن‌ها (0.20) بود که طی این سال‌ها کمبود پزشک عمومی (0.03) وجود داشت. نتیجه‌گیری:ایران با کمبود پزشک عمومی تا سال 2030 مواجه است بنابراین سیاست‌های افزایش پزشک از طریق افزایش ظرفیت پذیرش در دانشگاه‌های پزشکی، حفظ و جلوگیری از مهاجرت پزشکان با ابزارهای تشویقی مناسب، وضع قوانین و فراهم آوردن رضایت شغلی برای تأمین پزشک پیشنهاد می‌شود   2 Introduction: Due to the necessity of careful planning in the human capital of health and the effect of imbalance of general physician supply on economy and health status, this study aimed to estimate general practitioners' (GPs) demand and predict general practitioners’ shortage and surplus in Iran. Method: This study was an analytical and applied study conducted at the national level for Iran in 2019 using ARIMA (5,1,1) method for projecting supply and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models for projecting demand with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), out-of-pocket, aging and hospital beds variables. Data were annual time series from 1991 to 2017, extracted from the statistical yearbooks issued by the Statistical Center of Iran and the World Bank database. The required models and tests were estimated by Eviews 10 software at a 0.05 significance level. Results: The general practitioners’ elasticity to GDP, aging, and out-of-pocket were 0.33, 1.77, and -0.81, respectively. GDP per capita (0.11), aging (0.14), and the number of hospital beds (0.0007) had a positive impact, and out-of-pocket payments (-0.0001) had a negative impact on demand for GPs in Iran. Also, from 2018 to 2030, the mean GPs demand (0.23) was higher than the mean supply (0.20), and there was a shortage of GPs in these years (0.03). Conclusion: Iran is facing a shortage of GPs by 2030. Therefore, there are suggested policies for increasing the admissions capacity at medical universities, maintaining and preventing the migration of physicians with appropriate incentives, establishing rules, and providing job satisfaction for physicians. 136 149 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/52020/01/252020/07/2 1399/4/12 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 مهدی شهرکی mahdi shahraki 1. Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Human Science, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran Iran shahraki.mehdi@gmail.com سیمین قادری simin ghaderi Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Human Science, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran Iran siminghaderi@yahoo.com General practitioners Health workforce Projection Supply پزشکان عمومی نیروی‌کار سلامت پیش‌بینی عرضه 1. Liu JX, Goryakin Y, Maeda A, et al. Global Health Workforce Labor Market Projections for 2030. Human resources for health. 2017;15(11):1-12.##Shahraki M, Agheli L, Assari Arani A, et al. The relationship between mother's socioeconomic status and child health. Journal of Research and Health. 2018;8(2):143-51.##Scheffler RM, Arnold DR. Projecting shortages and surpluses of doctors and nurses in the OECD: what looms ahead. Health Economics, Policy and Law. 2018;14(2):274-90.##Sunaert P, Vandekerckhove M, Bastiaens H, et al. Why do GPs hesitate to refer diabetes patients to a self-management education program: a qualitative study. BMC Family Practice. 2011;12(1):1-11.##Shokri A, Akbari-Sari A, Bayat M, et al. Estimate General Practitioners Active Supply in Iran: Capture-Recapture Method for Three Data Sources. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2019;48(12):2240-8.##Farzadi F, Mohammad K, Maftoun F, et al. General Practitioner Supply: Family Physician Program And Medical Workforce. Payesh. 2009;8(4):415-21.[Persian]##Mosadeghrad A, Jooya T. Factors influencing patient choice of a medical consultant in Tehran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017; 24(160):62-72. [Persian].##Cooper RA, Getzen TE, Laud P. Economic expansion is a major determinant of physician supply and utilization. Health services research. 2003;38(2):675-96.##Scheffler RM, Liu JX, Kinfu Y, et al. Forecasting the global shortage of physicians: an economic- and needs-based approach. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008;86(7):516-23b.##Chojnicki X, Moullan Y. Is there a 'pig cycle' in the labour supply of doctors? How training and immigration policies respond to physician shortages. Social science & medicine. 2018;200:227-37.##Nicholson S, Propper C. Medical Workforce. In: Pauly MV, McGuire TG, Barros P, editors. Handbook of Health Economics. 2. Holland: Elsevier.2011; 2: 873-925.##Faulkner LR. Implications of a needs-based approach to estimating psychiatric workforce requirements. Academic Psychiatry. 2003; 27(4):241-6.##Dreesch N, Dolea C, Dal Poz MR, et al. An approach to estimating human resource requirements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Health policy and planning. 2005; 20(5):267-76.##Birch S, Kephart G, Murphy GT, et al. Health human resources planning and the production of health: development of an extended analytical framework for needs-based health human resources planning. Journal of public health management and practice. 2009;15(6):S56-61.##Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE. The Global Health Workforce. In: Glied S, Smith PC, editors. Health Econ. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012:486-529.##Fakhri A, Seyedin H, Daviaud E. A Combined Approach for Estimating Health Staff Requirements. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(1):107-15.##Sargen M, Hooker RS, Cooper RA. Gaps in the supply of physicians, advance practice nurses, and physician assistants. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2011; 212(6):991-9.##Ansah J, Koh V, de Korne D, et al. Comparing health workforce forecasting approaches for healthcare planning: The case for ophthalmologists. International Journal of Healthcare. 2017; 3(1):84-96.##Dall T, Reynolds R, Jones K, et al. The 2019 update: the complexities of physician supply and demand: projections from 2017 to 2032. Association of American Medical Colleges. 2019:1-72.##Panahi H, Falahi F, Mohammadzadeh P, et al. Factors Influencing the Out -of-Pocket Payments by Patients in the Hospital in Tabriz-Iran. Health Information Management. 2014;11(2):199-207 [Persian].##Joyce CM, McNeil JJ, Stoelwinder JU. More doctors, but not enough: Australian medical workforce supply 2001-2012. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2006;184(9):441-6.##Scheffler RM. Health Labor Market Analyses in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Evidence-Based Approach. In: Scheffler RM, Herbst CH, Lemiere C, Campbell J, editors. Tools and Data Needs to Guide Evidence-Based Policy Making on Human Resources for Health. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2016:11-30.##Naicker S, Eastwood JB, Plange-Rhule J, et al. Shortage of healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a nephrological perspective. Clinical nephrology. 2010;74(1):129-33.##world bank. Washington, D.C: world bank.2020 .Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/.##Bremer P. Forgone care and financial burden due to out-of-pocket payments within the German health care system. Health economics review. 2014;4(1):1-9.##Roberfroid D, Leonard C, Stordeur S. Physician supply forecast: better than peering in a crystal ball?. Human resources for health. 2009;7(1):1-13.##Vujicic M, Shengelia B, Alfano M, et al. Physician shortages in rural Vietnam: using a labor market approach to inform policy. Social science & medicine (1982). 2011;73(7):970-7.##Birch S. Demand-based models and market failure in health care: projecting shortages and surpluses in doctors and nurses. Health Economics, Policy and Law. 2018;14(2):291-4.##Gujarati D. Econometrics by example. Second edition ed. London: Palgrave; 2017.##Johansen S. Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 1988;12(2-3):231-54.##Johansen S. Determination of Cointegration Rank in the Presence of a Linear Trend. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 1992;54(3):383-97.##Shahraki M. Public and private health expenditure and life expectancy in Iran. Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research. 2019;18(3): 221-30[Persian].##Shahraki M, Ghaderi S. Investigating the Causal Relationship between Public Health Expenditure and Health Status; Panel Vector Auto-Regression Model. Health Research Journal. 2019;4(4): 220-6. [Persian]##Statistical Center of Iran. Statistical Center of Iran. 2019. Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/english.##Abbasi M, Hasoumi M, Mohamadi E, et al. Analysis of the relationship between distributions of health sector inputs and health outcomes in iran; using gini coefficient. Journal of Bioethics. 2014;4(12):65-79 .[Persian]##Honarmand R, Mozhdehifard M, Kavosi Z. Geographic distribution indices of general practitioners, midwives, pediatricians, and gynecologists in the public sector of Iran. Electron Physician. 2017;9(6):4584-9.##Shahraki M, Ghaderi S. The Impact of medical Insurances on out-of-pocket payments among urban households in Iran: A Double-Sample selection Model. Journal of Health Administration. 2019;22(2):42-54. [Persian].##Shahraki M. Estimation of Supplementary Health Insurance Demand in Iranian Urban Household: Probit Model with Sample Selection. Iran Health Insurance Organization. 2019;2(1):10-6. [Persian].##Fletcher KE, Davis SQ, Underwood W, et al. Systematic review: effects of resident work hours on patient safety. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004;141(11):851-7.##1. Liu JX, Goryakin Y, Maeda A, et al. Global Health Workforce Labor Market Projections for 2030. Human resources for health. 2017;15(11):1-12.##Shahraki M, Agheli L, Assari Arani A, et al. The relationship between mother's socioeconomic status and child health. Journal of Research and Health. 2018;8(2):143-51.##Scheffler RM, Arnold DR. Projecting shortages and surpluses of doctors and nurses in the OECD: what looms ahead. Health Economics, Policy and Law. 2018;14(2):274-90.##Sunaert P, Vandekerckhove M, Bastiaens H, et al. Why do GPs hesitate to refer diabetes patients to a self-management education program: a qualitative study. BMC Family Practice. 2011;12(1):1-11.##Shokri A, Akbari-Sari A, Bayat M, et al. Estimate General Practitioners Active Supply in Iran: Capture-Recapture Method for Three Data Sources. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2019;48(12):2240-8.##Farzadi F, Mohammad K, Maftoun F, et al. General Practitioner Supply: Family Physician Program And Medical Workforce. Payesh. 2009;8(4):415-21.[Persian]##Mosadeghrad A, Jooya T. Factors influencing patient choice of a medical consultant in Tehran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017; 24(160):62-72. [Persian].##Cooper RA, Getzen TE, Laud P. Economic expansion is a major determinant of physician supply and utilization. Health services research. 2003;38(2):675-96.##Scheffler RM, Liu JX, Kinfu Y, et al. Forecasting the global shortage of physicians: an economic- and needs-based approach. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008;86(7):516-23b.##Chojnicki X, Moullan Y. Is there a 'pig cycle' in the labour supply of doctors? How training and immigration policies respond to physician shortages. Social science & medicine. 2018;200:227-37.##Nicholson S, Propper C. Medical Workforce. In: Pauly MV, McGuire TG, Barros P, editors. Handbook of Health Economics. 2. Holland: Elsevier.2011; 2: 873-925.##Faulkner LR. Implications of a needs-based approach to estimating psychiatric workforce requirements. Academic Psychiatry. 2003; 27(4):241-6.##Dreesch N, Dolea C, Dal Poz MR, et al. An approach to estimating human resource requirements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Health policy and planning. 2005; 20(5):267-76.##Birch S, Kephart G, Murphy GT, et al. Health human resources planning and the production of health: development of an extended analytical framework for needs-based health human resources planning. Journal of public health management and practice. 2009;15(6):S56-61.##Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE. The Global Health Workforce. In: Glied S, Smith PC, editors. Health Econ. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012:486-529.##Fakhri A, Seyedin H, Daviaud E. A Combined Approach for Estimating Health Staff Requirements. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(1):107-15.##Sargen M, Hooker RS, Cooper RA. Gaps in the supply of physicians, advance practice nurses, and physician assistants. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2011; 212(6):991-9.##Ansah J, Koh V, de Korne D, et al. Comparing health workforce forecasting approaches for healthcare planning: The case for ophthalmologists. International Journal of Healthcare. 2017; 3(1):84-96.##Dall T, Reynolds R, Jones K, et al. The 2019 update: the complexities of physician supply and demand: projections from 2017 to 2032. Association of American Medical Colleges. 2019:1-72.##Panahi H, Falahi F, Mohammadzadeh P, et al. Factors Influencing the Out -of-Pocket Payments by Patients in the Hospital in Tabriz-Iran. Health Information Management. 2014;11(2):199-207 [Persian].##Joyce CM, McNeil JJ, Stoelwinder JU. More doctors, but not enough: Australian medical workforce supply 2001-2012. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2006;184(9):441-6.##Scheffler RM. Health Labor Market Analyses in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Evidence-Based Approach. In: Scheffler RM, Herbst CH, Lemiere C, Campbell J, editors. Tools and Data Needs to Guide Evidence-Based Policy Making on Human Resources for Health. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2016:11-30.##Naicker S, Eastwood JB, Plange-Rhule J, et al. Shortage of healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a nephrological perspective. Clinical nephrology. 2010;74(1):129-33.##world bank. Washington, D.C: world bank.2020 .Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/.##Bremer P. Forgone care and financial burden due to out-of-pocket payments within the German health care system. Health economics review. 2014;4(1):1-9.##Roberfroid D, Leonard C, Stordeur S. Physician supply forecast: better than peering in a crystal ball?. Human resources for health. 2009;7(1):1-13.##Vujicic M, Shengelia B, Alfano M, et al. Physician shortages in rural Vietnam: using a labor market approach to inform policy. Social science & medicine (1982). 2011;73(7):970-7.##Birch S. Demand-based models and market failure in health care: projecting shortages and surpluses in doctors and nurses. Health Economics, Policy and Law. 2018;14(2):291-4.##Gujarati D. Econometrics by example. Second edition ed. London: Palgrave; 2017.##Johansen S. Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 1988;12(2-3):231-54.##Johansen S. Determination of Cointegration Rank in the Presence of a Linear Trend. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 1992;54(3):383-97.##Shahraki M. Public and private health expenditure and life expectancy in Iran. Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research. 2019;18(3): 221-30[Persian].##Shahraki M, Ghaderi S. Investigating the Causal Relationship between Public Health Expenditure and Health Status; Panel Vector Auto-Regression Model. Health Research Journal. 2019;4(4): 220-6. [Persian]##Statistical Center of Iran. Statistical Center of Iran. 2019. Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/english.##Abbasi M, Hasoumi M, Mohamadi E, et al. Analysis of the relationship between distributions of health sector inputs and health outcomes in iran; using gini coefficient. Journal of Bioethics. 2014;4(12):65-79 .[Persian]##Honarmand R, Mozhdehifard M, Kavosi Z. Geographic distribution indices of general practitioners, midwives, pediatricians, and gynecologists in the public sector of Iran. Electron Physician. 2017;9(6):4584-9.##Shahraki M, Ghaderi S. The Impact of medical Insurances on out-of-pocket payments among urban households in Iran: A Double-Sample selection Model. Journal of Health Administration. 2019;22(2):42-54. [Persian].##Shahraki M. Estimation of Supplementary Health Insurance Demand in Iranian Urban Household: Probit Model with Sample Selection. Iran Health Insurance Organization. 2019;2(1):10-6. [Persian].##Fletcher KE, Davis SQ, Underwood W, et al. Systematic review: effects of resident work hours on patient safety. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004;141(11):851-7.## ##

An Assessment of the Social Health of the Residents of Lamerd, Fars Province in 2019 سنجش سلامت اجتماعی ساکنین شهرستان لامرد فارس در سال 2019 2 1 مقدمه: سلامت بسیار حائز اهمیت است، و از منظر‌های مختلف قابل بررسی است. سنجش سلامت اجتماعی می­تواند مبنای مناسبی برای برنامه ­ریزی در جهت ارتقاء سلامت عمومی جامعه هدف باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت سلامت اجتماعی ساکنین لامرد فارس انجام شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی است، و از یک پرسش‌نامه محقق‌ساخته به عنوان ابزار استفاده می‌کند. جامعۀ­ آماری پژوهش شامل افراد بالای 20 سال منطقه­ی لامرد در سال 2019 به تعداد 60319 نفر است، که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، و از طریق روش خوشه‌ای 382 نفر به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای توصیف سلامت اجتماعی، در برنامه SPSS نسخه 24 از شاخص‌ گرایش به مرکز میانگین و شاخص پراکندگی انحراف استاندارد استفاده شد. سطح معناداری 0/05 تعیین شد. یافته ­ها:  در این پژوهش، 382 نفر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. از این تعداد 89 درصد مردان بودند و 66 درصد آنان مجرد. بیشترین گروه سنی پاسخگویان به رده سنی 30-35 سال تعلق داشت. یافته­ ها نشان داد میانگین سلامت اجتماعی مورد ارزیابی در سطح متوسطی بوده است (M=3.03, Sd=0.35). از بین ابعاد عملیاتی­ شده سلامت اجتماعی، بعد اقتصادی معیشتی در وضع مطلوب بوده (M=3.09, Sd=0.96). اعتماد اجتماعی، به عنوان اصلی ­ترین شاخص سرمایه اجتماعی، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت، و حاکی از آن بود که اعتماد نهادی در سطح پایینی قرار داشت (M=2.14, Sd=0.65). بر خلاف این، سطح اعتماد بین‌فردی بالا بود (M=3.14, Sd=1.13).  آسیب­ های اجتماعی در سطح بالایی قرار داشت (M=3.07, Sd=0.87)، و سلامت جسمی و روانی به ترتیب در سطح متوسط و کم بوده است. در خصوص طول عمر، جمعیت مورد مطالعه معتقد بودند طول عمر کاهش یافته‌ است (M=3.75, Sd=0.76)، و در مورد سواد و آموزش، پاسخ‌ها حاکی از آن بود که گرایش متوسط به بالا به ارتقای مدارک تحصیلی و رشته­ های فنی وجود دارد(M=3.14, Sd=0.9). شاخص وضعیت محیط‌زیست نامطلوب بود، و آلودگی‌های صوتی، هوایی، و دریایی بالا بودند (M=2.84, Sd=0.84). نتیجه­ گیری: با توجه به اهمیت سلامت اجتماعی، بررسی ابعاد گوناگون آن از طریق طرح‌های پانل می­تواند ابزار تحلیلی مناسبی برای جامعه ­شناسان، آسیب­ شناسان و برنامه­ ریزان حوزه‌ بهداشت به منظور پیمودن از وضع موجود به وضع مطلوب­ باشد. 2 Introduction: Health is considered of utmost importance and can be assessed from various aspects. The social health assessment can be a good basis for planning to improve the general health of the target community. The present study was conducted to investigate the social health of Lamerd residents, a small town in Fars Province. Methods: The present study is descriptive and uses a researcher-made questionnaire as the instrument. The research population of the study is 60319 Lamerd residents over 20 years old in 2016, and using Cochran’s formula, a total of 382 people were selected through cluster sampling method. To describe social health, central tendency index of mean and dispersion index of standard deviation were used in SPSS version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: In this study, 382 people were studied. Out of this number, 89 percent were male, and 66 percent were single. Most of the respondents belonged to the 30-35 age bracket. The findings showed that the mean social health (M=3.03, Sd=0.35) was at an average level. Among the evaluated dimensions of social health, the economic dimension was favorable (M=3.09, Sd=0.96). The social trust, as the most significant social capital index, was assessed and the results showed that the institutional trust was low (M=2.14, Sd=0.65). On the contrary, interpersonal trust was at a high level (M=3.14, Sd=1.13). The social harms indicator was at a high level (M=3.07, Sd=0.87), yet physical and mental health were rated as average and low, respectively. Considering life expectancy, the sampling assumed that the life span of the residents has shortened (M=3.75, Sd=0.76), and on education and literacy, their responses proved a moderately high tendency towards academic promotion and towards studying technical majors (M=3.14, Sd=0.9). The environmental condition indicator was also rated as unfavorable, and noise, air, and marine pollution were high (M=2.84, Sd=0.84). Conclusion: Considering the importance of social health, investigating its different aspects through panel designs can be an appropriate analytical instrument for sociologists, pathologists, and health planners to move from unfavorable conditions to an optimal state. 150 158 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/52020/01/252020/07/22020/04/6 1399/1/18 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 محمد توکل mohammad tavakkol 1. Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran mtavakol@ut.ac.ir سید محمدعلی موسوی Seyyed Mohammad Ali Mousavi 1. Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran 82mousavi@gmail.com Social health Lamerd Health index evaluation سلامت اجتماعی لامرد سنجش شاخص سلامت 1. Sharbatiyan MH. The Semantic Components Reflecting the Link Between Social Capital and the Rate Social Health of the Benefit of Students of Payam Noor University, Mashhad. Sociological Studies of Youth (Jame Shenasi Motaleate Javanan). 2011; 2(5): 149-74. [Persian]##Sajjadi H, Sadrossadat SJ. Social Health Indices. Political-Economic Magazine. 2004; (207, 208): 244-53. [Persian]##Zaki MA, Khoshouei MS. Factors Affecting Social Well-Being of The Residents of the City of Isfahan. Urban Studies. 2013; 3(8): 79-108. [Persian]##Amini Rarani M, Mousavi MT, Rafiey H. Correlation of Social Capital with Social Health in Iran. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2011; 11(42): 203-28. [Persian]##Tavakol M. Social Health: Dimensions, Components, and Indicators in Iranian and World Studies. Journal of Bioethics. 2015; 4(14): 115-35. [Persian]##Mousavi, s. Abdorreza. Climate and archaeology of Lamerd. Lamerd: Irahestan, 2017. [Persian]##Tavakol M, Nozari H. Analysis of social, economic and environmental Persian gas refinery industry in rural areas (Case Study: Rural Areas of Mohr city of Fars province). Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran. 2013;1(4): 29-48. [Persian]##Ojide G. Socio-Economic Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria [Internet] [PhD Thesis]. [University of Nigeria Nsukka]; 2016.##Miguel E, Gertler P, Levine DI. Does Industrialization Build or Destroy Social Networks? Economic Development and Cultural Change [Internet]. 2006;54(2):287-318.##Saeedinia H, Lobatfard A. The Impact of the Emersion of Oil to South Oil: A Case Study of Gachsaran (79 - 1953 / 57 - 1332). History of Islam and Iran Quarterly. 2016; 26(31): 121-48. [Persian]##Abedifar A. An Evaluation of the Social Consequences of Oil and Gas Industry Development in Bushehr Province: A Case Study of Southern Pars [MA Thesis]. [Azad University, Tehran Central Branch]; 2013. [Persian]##Bazrafshan J, Mohammad Niya T. The Consequences of Creating Special Economic Zones on Rural Economic Development, Case Study: Assaluyeh District of Kangan Township. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement. 2013;3(6):49-62. [Persian]##Keshavarzian H. An Evaluation of the Effects of Oil Industry on the Development of Rural Regions of Lavan Island [MA Thesis]. [Isfahan University of Technology]. 2012. [Persian]##Habib S, Hinojosa MS, Hinojosa R. Societal Implications of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection. 2017; 1: 167-92.##Di Pasquale D, Glaeser EL. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?. Journal of Urban Economics [Internet]. 1999;45(2):354-84.##Mahdavi A, Azizmohammadlou H. The Effects of Industrialization on Social Capital: The Case of Iran. International Journal of Social Economics. 2013; 40(9):777-96.##Miguel E, Gugerty MK. Ethnic Diversity, Social Sanctions, and Public Goods in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics. 2005;89(11-12):2325-68.##Seydlitz R, Laska S. Social and Economic Impacts of Petroleum 'Boom and Bust' Cycles. University of New Orleans; 1994. Final Report.##Dehghani M. An Evaluation of the Social Effects of Shazan Refinery on the Capacity of the Surrounding Local Communities [MA Thesis]. [Allame Tabatabee University]; 2014. [Persian]##Baumüller H, Donnelly E, Vines A, et al. The Effects of Oil Companies' Activities on the Environment, Health and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Directorate-General for External Policies of the :union:, European Parliament; 2011.##Bursik JR. Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Problems and Prospects. Criminology. 1988;26(4):519-52.##Talebian SA, Faazeli M, Daghaghele A. The Social Effect of Industrial Development in The Assaluyeh District. Nameh-Ye Olum-E Ejtemai. 2008;(33):57-75. [Persian]##Granados PS. Public Health Concerns and Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection. 2017; 1: 147-66.##Ramirez MI, Arevalo AP, Sotoyamor S, et al. Contamination by Oil Crude Extraction - Refinement and Their Effects on Human Health. Environmental Pollution. 2017;231(1):415-25.##Guilbert J. The World Health Report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Abingdon, England: Educ Health; 2003; 16(2): 230.##Lyons RA, Temple JMF, Evans D, et al. Acute Health Effects of the Sea Empress Oil Spill. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999;53(5):306-10.##Campbell D, Cox D, Crum J, et al. Initial Effects of the Grounding of the Tanker Braer on Health in Shetland. British Medical Journal Clinical Research. 1993;307(6914):1251-5.##Mokhtari Malek Abadi R, Marsoosi N, Hosseini SA, et al. Assessing Social-Cultural Sustainability in The Extractive Cities (Case: Extractive City Asalooyeh). Research and Urban Planning. 2015;5(19):91-110. [Persian]##Anbari M, Malaki A. Social effects of industrial growth poles on local sustainable development: Assaluyeh industrial growth poles Case study. Community Development (Rural and Urban Communities). 2012;3(2):87-106.##Binns J, Bloom F, Bunker J, et al. Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Research Update and Recommendations, 2009-2013. Wanshington DC, United States: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.##1. Sharbatiyan MH. The Semantic Components Reflecting the Link Between Social Capital and the Rate Social Health of the Benefit of Students of Payam Noor University, Mashhad. Sociological Studies of Youth (Jame Shenasi Motaleate Javanan). 2011; 2(5): 149-74. [Persian]##Sajjadi H, Sadrossadat SJ. Social Health Indices. Political-Economic Magazine. 2004; (207, 208): 244-53. [Persian]##Zaki MA, Khoshouei MS. Factors Affecting Social Well-Being of The Residents of the City of Isfahan. Urban Studies. 2013; 3(8): 79-108. [Persian]##Amini Rarani M, Mousavi MT, Rafiey H. Correlation of Social Capital with Social Health in Iran. Social Welfare Quarterly. 2011; 11(42): 203-28. [Persian]##Tavakol M. Social Health: Dimensions, Components, and Indicators in Iranian and World Studies. Journal of Bioethics. 2015; 4(14): 115-35. [Persian]##Mousavi, s. Abdorreza. Climate and archaeology of Lamerd. Lamerd: Irahestan, 2017. [Persian]##Tavakol M, Nozari H. Analysis of social, economic and environmental Persian gas refinery industry in rural areas (Case Study: Rural Areas of Mohr city of Fars province). Quarterly of Social Studies and Research in Iran. 2013;1(4): 29-48. [Persian]##Ojide G. Socio-Economic Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria [Internet] [PhD Thesis]. [University of Nigeria Nsukka]; 2016.##Miguel E, Gertler P, Levine DI. Does Industrialization Build or Destroy Social Networks? Economic Development and Cultural Change [Internet]. 2006;54(2):287-318.##Saeedinia H, Lobatfard A. The Impact of the Emersion of Oil to South Oil: A Case Study of Gachsaran (79 - 1953 / 57 - 1332). History of Islam and Iran Quarterly. 2016; 26(31): 121-48. [Persian]##Abedifar A. An Evaluation of the Social Consequences of Oil and Gas Industry Development in Bushehr Province: A Case Study of Southern Pars [MA Thesis]. [Azad University, Tehran Central Branch]; 2013. [Persian]##Bazrafshan J, Mohammad Niya T. The Consequences of Creating Special Economic Zones on Rural Economic Development, Case Study: Assaluyeh District of Kangan Township. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement. 2013;3(6):49-62. [Persian]##Keshavarzian H. An Evaluation of the Effects of Oil Industry on the Development of Rural Regions of Lavan Island [MA Thesis]. [Isfahan University of Technology]. 2012. [Persian]##Habib S, Hinojosa MS, Hinojosa R. Societal Implications of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection. 2017; 1: 167-92.##Di Pasquale D, Glaeser EL. Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?. Journal of Urban Economics [Internet]. 1999;45(2):354-84.##Mahdavi A, Azizmohammadlou H. The Effects of Industrialization on Social Capital: The Case of Iran. International Journal of Social Economics. 2013; 40(9):777-96.##Miguel E, Gugerty MK. Ethnic Diversity, Social Sanctions, and Public Goods in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics. 2005;89(11-12):2325-68.##Seydlitz R, Laska S. Social and Economic Impacts of Petroleum 'Boom and Bust' Cycles. University of New Orleans; 1994. Final Report.##Dehghani M. An Evaluation of the Social Effects of Shazan Refinery on the Capacity of the Surrounding Local Communities [MA Thesis]. [Allame Tabatabee University]; 2014. [Persian]##Baumüller H, Donnelly E, Vines A, et al. The Effects of Oil Companies' Activities on the Environment, Health and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Directorate-General for External Policies of the :union:, European Parliament; 2011.##Bursik JR. Social Disorganization and Theories of Crime and Delinquency: Problems and Prospects. Criminology. 1988;26(4):519-52.##Talebian SA, Faazeli M, Daghaghele A. The Social Effect of Industrial Development in The Assaluyeh District. Nameh-Ye Olum-E Ejtemai. 2008;(33):57-75. [Persian]##Granados PS. Public Health Concerns and Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection. 2017; 1: 147-66.##Ramirez MI, Arevalo AP, Sotoyamor S, et al. Contamination by Oil Crude Extraction - Refinement and Their Effects on Human Health. Environmental Pollution. 2017;231(1):415-25.##Guilbert J. The World Health Report 2002 - Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Abingdon, England: Educ Health; 2003; 16(2): 230.##Lyons RA, Temple JMF, Evans D, et al. Acute Health Effects of the Sea Empress Oil Spill. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999;53(5):306-10.##Campbell D, Cox D, Crum J, et al. Initial Effects of the Grounding of the Tanker Braer on Health in Shetland. British Medical Journal Clinical Research. 1993;307(6914):1251-5.##Mokhtari Malek Abadi R, Marsoosi N, Hosseini SA, et al. Assessing Social-Cultural Sustainability in The Extractive Cities (Case: Extractive City Asalooyeh). Research and Urban Planning. 2015;5(19):91-110. [Persian]##Anbari M, Malaki A. Social effects of industrial growth poles on local sustainable development: Assaluyeh industrial growth poles Case study. Community Development (Rural and Urban Communities). 2012;3(2):87-106.##Binns J, Bloom F, Bunker J, et al. Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Research Update and Recommendations, 2009-2013. Wanshington DC, United States: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.## ##

High School Female Students' Overweight Toward Emotional Intelligence اضافه وزن دانش آموزان دختر دبیرستانی نسبت به هوش هیجانی 2 1 مقدمه: شیوع اضافه وزن و چاقی با سرعت نگران کننده ای در حال افزایش است. اضافه وزن و چاقی با استرس های عاطفی و ناراحتی های روانی فرد ارتباط دو طرفه دارند. روش ها: روش این تحقیق، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. حجم نمونه شامل 370 دانش آموز دختر دبیرستانی در شهرهای  گنبد ، گالیکش، آزادشهر و کلاله، استان گلستان (ایران) در سال 1398 بود. برای انتخاب شرکت کنندگان، 370 دانش آموز با شاخص توده بدنی (BMI) بین 25 تا 29.9 کیلوگرم به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد و پرسشنامه هوش هیجانی توزیع شد. از همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها در این مطالعه استفاده شد. (0/05> p) یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین هوش هیجانی کلی دانش آموزان (r= -0.465, p =0.01)، و مقیاس های: روابط درون فردی(r= -0.421,p= 0.01)، روابط بین فردی (r= -0.325, p= 0.01)، سازگاری(r= -0.391, p= 0.01)، مدیریت استرس(r= -0.401, p= 0.01)، خلق و خوی عمومی (r= -0.383, p= 0.01)، و اضافه وزن آنها رابطه مستقیم و معکوس وجود دارد. همچنین یافته های تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون نشان می دهد که مقیاس های هوش هیجانی  پیش بینی های قابل توجهی برای اضافه وزن (R2 = 0.431, F = 39.457)  و (p= 0.00) هستند. این نشان می دهد که هرچه نمره هوش هیجانی و مقیاس های آن در بین دانش آموزان افزایش یابد ، وزن کمتری دارند و بالعکس. نتیجه گیری: یافته های این مطالعه آگاهی عمومی جامعه را از عوارض جانبی اضافه وزن افزایش می دهد، و مردم را به برخی مشاوره ها برای کاهش وزن از طریق استفاده از هوش هیجانی برای دانش آموزان مبتلا به اضافه وزن مجهز می کند. 2 Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. They both have two-way communication with one's emotional stresses and psychological distresses. Methods: This research is a descriptive-correlation study. The sample size included 370 female high school students in Gonbad, Galikesh, Azadshahr, and Kalaleh, in the east of Golestan province (Iran) in 2018. To select the participants, 370 students with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 kg/m² were selected as samples, and the Emotional Intelligence (EQ) questionnaire was handed out Pearson's correlation and regression analyses were also employed in this study (p<0.05). Results: The results demonstrated that there is a direct, yet inverse relationship between students’ total EQ (r= -0.465, p =0.01), intrapersonal (r= -0.421,p= 0.01), interpersonal (r= -0.325, p= 0.01), adaptability (r= -0.391, p= 0.01), stress management (r= -0.401, p= 0.01), general mood (r= -0.383, p= 0.01), and their overweight. Also the Regression Analysis findings show that the EQ sub-scales are significant predictors for overweight R2 = 0.431, F = 39.457, and (p= 0.00). It suggests that the higher the EQ and its subscales scores among the students increase, the less weight they own, and vice versa. Conclusion: The findings of this study will enhance social public awareness of the side- effects of overweight, equipping the public with some counseling to lose weight through using EQ for students suffering overweight. 159 166 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/52020/01/252020/07/22020/04/62020/04/13 1399/1/25 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 جعفر شعبانی Jafar Shabani 1. Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran jshabanipnu@gmail.com نجمه سر گلزایی Najmh Sargolzaie 1. Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran jshabanipnu@gmail.com Psychology Emotional Intelligence Overweight Golestan province. روانشناسی هوش هیجانی اضافه وزن استان گلستان. 1. Santonja FJ, Morales A, Villanueva RJ, et al. Analysing the effect of public health campaigns on reducing excess weight: A modelling approach for the Spanish Autonomous Region of the Community of Valencia. Evaluation and program planning. 2012; 35(1):34-9.##Karnik S, Kanekar A. Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine [Internet]. 2012;3(1):1- 7.##Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity [Internet]. 2006;1(1):11-25.##Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA [Internet]. 2012;307(5):483-90.##N, Mirhadiyan L, Kazemnejad Leili E. Survey predictors of overweight and obesity in children beginning TT. gums- Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery [Internet]. 2015;25(3):55-62. l (In Persian)##Ghadimi R, Asgharzadeh E, Sajjadi P. Obesity among Elementary Schoolchildren: A Growing Concern in the North of Iran, 2012. International Journal of Preventive Medicine [Internet]. 2015;6:99.##Talen MR, Mann MM. Obesity and mental health. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 2009; 36(2):287-305.##de Sousa PML. Body-image and obesity in adolescence: A comparative study of social-demographic, psychological, and behavioral aspects. The Spanish journal of psychology. 2008;11(2):551-63.##Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Virtual reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in obesity: a controlled study. Cyberpsychology & behavior. 2001;4(4):511-26.##Bar-On R. Emotional and social intelligence: insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. The handbook of emotional intelligence: : Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace . 2000: 363-88.##Bar-On R. The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema. 2006;18(1):13-25.##Turner SA, Luszczynska A, Warner L, et al. Emotional and uncontrolled eating styles and chocolate chip cookie consumption. A controlled trial of the effects of positive mood enhancement. Appetite. 2010;54(1):143-9.##Snoek HM, Engels RC, Janssens JM, et al. Parental behaviour and adolescents' emotional eating. Appetite. 2007;49(1):223-30.##Doğan T, Tekin EG, Katrancıoğlu A. Feeding your feelings: A self-report measure of emotional eating. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:2074-7.##Nguyen-Rodriguez ST, Chou C-P, Unger JB, et al. BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eating in adolescents. Eating behaviors. 2008;9(2):238-46.##Salehiniya H, Yazdani K, Barekati H, et al. The Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children Under 5 Years in Tehran, Iran, in 2012: A Population-Based Study. Research in Cardiovascular Medicine [Internet]. 2016;5(1):e30425.##Must A. Does overweight in childhood have an impact on adult health?. Nutrition reviews. 2003;16(4): 139-142.##Batty GD, Mortensen EL, Nybo Andersen AM, et al. Childhood intelligence in relation to adult coronary heart disease and stroke risk: evidence from a Danish birth cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol [Internet]. 2005;19(6):452-9.##Hart CL, Taylor MD, Smith GD, et al. Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Social Science & Medicine [Internet].2004;59(10):2131-8.##Benzo RP, Kirsch JL, Dulohery MM, et al. Emotional Intelligence: A Novel Outcome Associated with Wellbeing and Self-Management in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals of the American Thoracic Society [Internet]. 2016;13(1):10-6.##Rashidi A, Davari A. Leadership Competency Must Be Integrated into Obesity Management Programs and Training. Advances in Nutrition [Internet]. 2016;7(1):19A-19A.##Datar A, Sturm R. Childhood overweight and elementary school outcomes. International Journal of Obesity [Internet]. 2006;30(9):1449-60.##M. AA, T. van der MH, H. AA, et al. ZM. Stress amongst dental students: a systematic review. European Journal of Dental Education [Internet]. 2011; 15(1):8-18.##Wong F, The Association Between Emotional Intelligence Body Mass Index and Eating Behaviors Among College Students. Master Dissertation, University of Kentucky. 2011: 73.##Bar-On R, Parker JD. Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version. Technical Manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems. Inc; 2000.##Shabani J. Relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligences and mental health problems among Iranian high school students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2011:209.##Shabani J, Jilardi Damavandi AR. The Importance of Gender as a Moderator for the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health of Adolescents. Asian Social Science. 2011; 7(9): 142-148.##Shabani J, Hassan S A, Ahmad A, et al. Moderating Effect of Age on the Link of Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health among High School Students. International Journal of Educational Studies. 2011; 4(2): 82-88.##Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity (Lond). 2010; 34(5):791-9.##Fyez pour M, Movahdi A, Kashavarz SA, et al. The Relationship between Obesity, Overweight, Emotional Intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of 9-12 Years Old Students of Districts 1 and 19 in Tehran City. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry. 2019; 14(1): 27- 36.[Persian]##Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S. Emotional eating in a mobidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obesity Surgery. 2007; 17(6): 84-778.##Faith MS, Allison DB, Geliebter A. Emotional eating and obesity: Theoretical considerations and practical recommendation. In S. Dalton (Ed.) overweight and weight management: The health professional's guide to understanding and practice. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc; 1997: 439-465.##Hays N, Bathalon G, McCrory M, et al. Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55-65 y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 75(3), 476-483.##Kubiak T, Vögele C, Siering M, et al. Daily hassles and emotional eating in obese adolescents under restricted dietary conditions-the role of ruminative thinking. Appetite.2008; 51(1):206-209.##Macht M, Haupt C, Ellgrin H. The perceived function of eating is changed during examination stress: A field study. Eating Behaviors. 2005; 6(2):109-112.##Snoek HM, Engels RC, Janssens JM, et al. Parental behavior and adolescents' emotional eating. Appetite. 2007; 49(1): 223-230.##Desmet PMA, Schifferstein HNJ. Sources of positive and negative emotions in food experience. Appetite. 2008; 50(2-3):290.##Thayer R. Calm Energy: How people regulate mood with food and exercise. Oxford: Oxford University . 2003.##1. Santonja FJ, Morales A, Villanueva RJ, et al. Analysing the effect of public health campaigns on reducing excess weight: A modelling approach for the Spanish Autonomous Region of the Community of Valencia. Evaluation and program planning. 2012; 35(1):34-9.##Karnik S, Kanekar A. Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine [Internet]. 2012;3(1):1- 7.##Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity [Internet]. 2006;1(1):11-25.##Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA [Internet]. 2012;307(5):483-90.##N, Mirhadiyan L, Kazemnejad Leili E. Survey predictors of overweight and obesity in children beginning TT. gums- Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery [Internet]. 2015;25(3):55-62. l (In Persian)##Ghadimi R, Asgharzadeh E, Sajjadi P. Obesity among Elementary Schoolchildren: A Growing Concern in the North of Iran, 2012. International Journal of Preventive Medicine [Internet]. 2015;6:99.##Talen MR, Mann MM. Obesity and mental health. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 2009; 36(2):287-305.##de Sousa PML. Body-image and obesity in adolescence: A comparative study of social-demographic, psychological, and behavioral aspects. The Spanish journal of psychology. 2008;11(2):551-63.##Riva G, Bacchetta M, Baruffi M, Molinari E. Virtual reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in obesity: a controlled study. Cyberpsychology & behavior. 2001;4(4):511-26.##Bar-On R. Emotional and social intelligence: insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory. The handbook of emotional intelligence: : Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace . 2000: 363-88.##Bar-On R. The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema. 2006;18(1):13-25.##Turner SA, Luszczynska A, Warner L, et al. Emotional and uncontrolled eating styles and chocolate chip cookie consumption. A controlled trial of the effects of positive mood enhancement. Appetite. 2010;54(1):143-9.##Snoek HM, Engels RC, Janssens JM, et al. Parental behaviour and adolescents' emotional eating. Appetite. 2007;49(1):223-30.##Doğan T, Tekin EG, Katrancıoğlu A. Feeding your feelings: A self-report measure of emotional eating. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:2074-7.##Nguyen-Rodriguez ST, Chou C-P, Unger JB, et al. BMI as a moderator of perceived stress and emotional eating in adolescents. Eating behaviors. 2008;9(2):238-46.##Salehiniya H, Yazdani K, Barekati H, et al. The Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children Under 5 Years in Tehran, Iran, in 2012: A Population-Based Study. Research in Cardiovascular Medicine [Internet]. 2016;5(1):e30425.##Must A. Does overweight in childhood have an impact on adult health?. Nutrition reviews. 2003;16(4): 139-142.##Batty GD, Mortensen EL, Nybo Andersen AM, et al. Childhood intelligence in relation to adult coronary heart disease and stroke risk: evidence from a Danish birth cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol [Internet]. 2005;19(6):452-9.##Hart CL, Taylor MD, Smith GD, et al. Childhood IQ and cardiovascular disease in adulthood: prospective observational study linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies. Social Science & Medicine [Internet].2004;59(10):2131-8.##Benzo RP, Kirsch JL, Dulohery MM, et al. Emotional Intelligence: A Novel Outcome Associated with Wellbeing and Self-Management in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Annals of the American Thoracic Society [Internet]. 2016;13(1):10-6.##Rashidi A, Davari A. Leadership Competency Must Be Integrated into Obesity Management Programs and Training. Advances in Nutrition [Internet]. 2016;7(1):19A-19A.##Datar A, Sturm R. Childhood overweight and elementary school outcomes. International Journal of Obesity [Internet]. 2006;30(9):1449-60.##M. AA, T. van der MH, H. AA, et al. ZM. Stress amongst dental students: a systematic review. European Journal of Dental Education [Internet]. 2011; 15(1):8-18.##Wong F, The Association Between Emotional Intelligence Body Mass Index and Eating Behaviors Among College Students. Master Dissertation, University of Kentucky. 2011: 73.##Bar-On R, Parker JD. Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version. Technical Manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems. Inc; 2000.##Shabani J. Relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligences and mental health problems among Iranian high school students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2011:209.##Shabani J, Jilardi Damavandi AR. The Importance of Gender as a Moderator for the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health of Adolescents. Asian Social Science. 2011; 7(9): 142-148.##Shabani J, Hassan S A, Ahmad A, et al. Moderating Effect of Age on the Link of Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health among High School Students. International Journal of Educational Studies. 2011; 4(2): 82-88.##Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity (Lond). 2010; 34(5):791-9.##Fyez pour M, Movahdi A, Kashavarz SA, et al. The Relationship between Obesity, Overweight, Emotional Intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of 9-12 Years Old Students of Districts 1 and 19 in Tehran City. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry. 2019; 14(1): 27- 36.[Persian]##Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S. Emotional eating in a mobidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obesity Surgery. 2007; 17(6): 84-778.##Faith MS, Allison DB, Geliebter A. Emotional eating and obesity: Theoretical considerations and practical recommendation. In S. Dalton (Ed.) overweight and weight management: The health professional's guide to understanding and practice. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc; 1997: 439-465.##Hays N, Bathalon G, McCrory M, et al. Eating behavior correlates of adult weight gain and obesity in healthy women aged 55-65 y. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 75(3), 476-483.##Kubiak T, Vögele C, Siering M, et al. Daily hassles and emotional eating in obese adolescents under restricted dietary conditions-the role of ruminative thinking. Appetite.2008; 51(1):206-209.##Macht M, Haupt C, Ellgrin H. The perceived function of eating is changed during examination stress: A field study. Eating Behaviors. 2005; 6(2):109-112.##Snoek HM, Engels RC, Janssens JM, et al. Parental behavior and adolescents' emotional eating. Appetite. 2007; 49(1): 223-230.##Desmet PMA, Schifferstein HNJ. Sources of positive and negative emotions in food experience. Appetite. 2008; 50(2-3):290.##Thayer R. Calm Energy: How people regulate mood with food and exercise. Oxford: Oxford University . 2003.## ##

Identification and Organizing of Yazd Eskan Neighborhood -2019 شناسایی و سازماندهی محله اسکان یزد -2019 2 1 مقدمه:  اجرای هرگونه مداخله در جامعه مستلزم شناسایی و سازماندهی جامعه و همچنین مشارکت فعال اعضای جامعه است. این مطالعه جهت شناسایی و سازماندهی یکی از محلات حاشیه نشین  شهر یزد در سال 2019 انجام شده است. روش:  این تحقیق یک تحقیق مشارکتی مبتنی بر جامعه (CBPR) بود که در محله اسکان یزد انجام شد. با توجه به پتانسیل های این محله ، از جمله انسجام اجتماعی بالا و وجود یک سازمان غیردولتی پویا و محبوب ، از سال 1396 ، این مکان کاندیدای اجرای توانمندسازی و توسعه بهینه بهداشت محله (پروژه تبسم) است. مراحل این پروژه شامل پنج فاز شناسایی ، سازماندهی ، توانمندسازی ، ارزیابی نیازها ، مداخله و اقدام و ارزشیابی بود. در این مقاله ، مراحل شناسایی و سازماندهی توضیح داده شده است. از فراوانی و درصد برای آمار توصیفی استفاده شد. یافته ها:  گام های اجرایی در فاز شناسایی ، توجیه ذینفعان و سرشماری بودکه بیشتر افراد جمعیت مورد پژوهش را خانم ها (51/5%) ، گروه سنی 59/9-30 ساله (40/1%)، دیپلمه (27%)، دارای درآمد 2-1 میلیون (49.1%) تشکیل می دادند. سرخوشه های منتخب در محله شامل 61.4 درصد زن، 37/08 درصد دارای سن 50-30 ساله، 28/13 درصد لیسانس و 53/13 درصد خانه دار بودند. طبق نتایج این مطالعه بیشترین افراد این جامعه که برای مشارکت در این طرح تمایل و و قت آزاد بیشتری داشتند، خانمهای خانه دار جوان دارای تحصیلات لیسانس بودند. در فاز سازماندهی گام های خوشه بندی منطقه ، انتخاب سرخوشه ، تشکیل کانون سلامت محله ، تشکیل صندوق اندیشه و اعتبار صورت گرفت . نتیجه گیری:  شناسایی و سازماندهی جامعه ، به ویژه در حاشیه شهر ، فرایند شفاف و منطقی را برای مشارکت هدفمند جامعه در شناسایی مشکلات محله خود فراهم می کند. توجه به نیازهای اساسی محلات می تواند منجر به مشارکت بهتر در توسعه محله گردد. 2 Introduction: Implementing any intervention in the community requires identifying and organizing the community as well as actively involving members of the community. This study was conducted to identify and organize one of the suburbs of Yazd in 2019. Method: This research was a community-based participatory research (CBPR), which was handled in the Yazd Eskan neighborhood. Considering the potentials of this neighborhood, including high social cohesion and the existence of a dynamic and popular non-governmental organization, since 1396, this place has been a candidate for the implementation of empowerment and optimal development of neighborhood health (Tabassum project). The steps of this project involved five steps of area identification, organizing, empowerment, requirement assessment, and intervention, and action. In this paper, the identification and organizing steps are explained. Frequency and percentage were used for descriptive statistics. Results: The executive steps in the identification phase were stakeholder justification and census, in which most of the study population were women (51.5%), age group 59.9-30 years (40.1%), diploma (27%), with an income of 1-2 million (49.1%). %) Formed. Selected neighborhoods included 61.4% women, 37.08% aged 30-50 years, 28.13% bachelors and 53.13% housewives. According to the results of this study, most of the people in this community who were more willing and free to participate in this project were young housewives with a bachelor's degree. In the phase of organizing the neighborhood clustering steps , the selection of Sarkhosheh, The Forming a Neighborhood Health Club (NHC), The Foundation Of Thought & Credit Fund (TCF) was done.  Conclusion: Identifying and organizing the community, especially in the suburbs, provides a transparent and logical process for the community to participate purposefully in identifying the problems of their neighborhood. Paying attention to the basic needs of neighborhoods can lead to better participation in neighborhood development. 167 174 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/52020/01/252020/07/22020/04/62020/04/132020/06/24 1399/4/4 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 محمدحسن لطفی Mohammad Hasan Lotfi 1. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of medical science, Yazd, Iran Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com حسین ملک افضلی Hosein Malekafzali 2. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran malek179@gmail.com پریسا شجاعی parisa shojaei 3. Department of community & preventive medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran shojaee7@gmail.com سلیمه زارع عبداللهی salime Zare Abdollahi 4. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of medical science, Yazd, Iran Iran Salimezare2319@gmail.com Identification Organizing Neighborhood Community participation شناسایی سازماندهی محله مشارکت جامعه Delshad A, Salari H, Khajavi A, et al. Certifying of the society felt needs based on community as partner model in Gonabad population lab. boundaries. Journal of Ofogh-E-Danesh. 2005; 10(4): 15-22.[Persian]##Wolff A, Gooch D, Cavero J, et al. Removing barriers for citizen participation to urban innovation. The Hackable City. 2019:153-68.##Florin P, Wandersman A. An introduction to citizen participation, voluntary organizations, and community development: Insights for empowerment through research. American Journal of community psychology. 1990;18(1):41-54.##Kalandides A. Citizen participation: towards a framework for policy assessment. Journal of Place Management and Development. 2018;11(2):152-64.##Gaventa J, Valderrama C, editors. Participation, citizenship and local governance. Background note for the workshop "Strengthening Participation in Local Governance," University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies. 1999; 21.##Wilson A, Tewdwr-Jones M, Comber R. Urban planning, public participation and digital technology: App development as a method of generating citizen involvement in local planning processes. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2019; 46(2):286-302.##Suebvises P. Social capital, citizen participation in public administration, and public sector performance in Thailand. World Development. 2018;109:236-48.##Gaventa J. Representation, community leadership and participation: citizen involvement in neighbourhood renewal and local governance. Report, Neighbourhood Renewal Unit, Office of Deputy Prime Minister. 2004.##Taylor M. Public policy in the community: Macmillan International Higher Education. 2011.##Christenson JA, Robinson JW. Community development in perspective: Iowa State University Press. 1989.##Chavis D, Wandersman A. Roles for research and the researcher in neighborhood development. Urban Neighborhoods: Research and Policy New York: Praeger. 1986.##Mohammadi Y, Javaheri M, Mounesan L, et al. Community assessment for identification of problems in Chahestani Region of Bandar-Abbas city. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2010;8(1):21-30.[Persian]##Fraser ED, Dougill AJ, Mabee WE, et al. Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of environmental management. 2006;78(2):114-27.##Moayedfar R, Jamshidian Z, Farahmand S. Upgrading Slum Textures of Bushehr city (An Application of CDS Approach). Urban Economics. 2018;3(2):97-118. [Persian]##Zali N, Rahmati Y, Chareh N. Evaluate and critique of the reorganization plan and empowerment of informal settlements Shiraz Case Study Mahdiabad neighborhood (Katas-Bes). 2016. [Persian]##Clark PG. Autonomy, personal empowerment, and quality of life in long-term care. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 1988;7(3):279-97.##Aref A. Community participation for educational planning and development. Nature and Science. 2010;8(9):1-4 .##Homsy GC, Hart S. Sustainability backfire: The unintended consequences of failing to engage neighborhood residents in policymaking. Journal of Urban Affairs. 2019:1-22.## ##

Social Determinants of Addiction in Middle-aged Population in Yazd عوامل تعیین کننده اجتماعی اعتیاد در جمعیت میانسال ساکن شهریزد 2 1 چکیده: زمینه و هدف : عوامل متعددی در سوء مصرف مواد مخدر نقش دارد و از آنجا که برخی از این عوامل مؤثر بویژه عوامل اجتماعی قابلیت تغییر و اصلاح دارند؛ با شناخت آنها می توان برنامه های پیشگیرانه مؤثرتر ی را اجرا کرد. این مطالعه که بصورت مورد شاهدی و با هدف تعیین عوامل اجتماعی اعتیاد در افراد میانسال ساکن شهر یزد اجرا گردید.   روش بررسی: این یک مطالعه مورد شاهدی که طی سال های 99-98 روی 150 معتاد مراجعه کننده به مراکز درمان نگهدارنده با متادون به عنوان گروه مورد و 150 نفر همسان شده گروهی از نظر سن و جنس به عنوان گروه شاهد طی سال 1398 انجام شد. ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات توسط پرسشنامه محقق ساخته که شامل سه قسمت : سوالات دموگرافیک، سوالات عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی و سوالات مرتبط با مصرف مواد  که روایی محتوایی توسط 3 نفراز متخصصین امر و پایایی توسط ضریب آلفا کرونباخ 75/0جمع آوری شد. مورد ها با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای از مراکز درمان نگهدارنده با متادون سطح شهر یزد انتخاب شدند. و انتخاب شاهدها از همسایه های موردها به عمل آمد. در تجزیه و تحلیل آماری از مدل رگرسیون لجستیک دو وجهی برای تعیین رابطه بین متغیرها استفاده شد.   یافته ها : براساس یافته های مدل رگرسیون لجستیک دو وجهی این مطالعه شغل آزاد با نسبت شانس 65/4 بالاترین سهم را در ارتباط با اعتیاد به خود اختصاص داده است(1.4-15.38, P=0.01  OR=4.65 ,CI:). در مراحل بعد نیز به ترتیب مصرف دخانیات،  افراد معتاد درجه 1 خانواده، دوستان معتاد، به ترتیب با نسبت شانس (1.87-6.2, P=0.0001  OR=3.4 ,CI:)، (1.5-6.03, P=0.002  OR=2.97 , CI:)، (1.43-4.75 ,P=0.002  OR=2.6 ,CI) ، به طور معنی داری در ارتباط با اعتیاد بوده و بالاترین ریسک را دارد. (P = 0.0001).   نتیجه گیری : نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد افراد معتاد در مقایسه با جمعیت عادی از عوامل خطر اجتماعی بیشتری برخوردار بوده  لذا اقدامات برنامه ریزی شده برای کاهش این عوامل خطر در بین افراد جامعه به ویژه جوانان و دوستان آنها، توسط خانواده و مسؤولین جامعه ضروری است. و خانواده نقش تعیین کننده در انتخاب دوست جهت فرزندان خود دارد. 2 Abstract Background: There are several determinants involved in drug abuse, some of which, especially social factors, can be changed and corrected; therefore, more effective prevention programs can be implemented by recognizing them. This case study aimed to determine the social factors of addiction in middle-aged population living in Yazd city. Methods: In this case-control study conducted during 2019- 2020, 150 substance users who referred to methadone maintenance treatment centers (MMTCs) were involved in a case group and 150 subjects, matched in terms of sex and age, were selected as a control group. The cases were selected by cluster sampling method from Yazd MMTCs. The witnesses were selected from the neighbors of the cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that consisted of three parts, including demographic questions, economic and social factors, and substance abuse-related questions. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was 0.75. The cases were selected by cluster sampling from MMTCs. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and Binary logistic regression model was used to find the related characteristics. Results: The results of logistic regression model showed that individuals working in non- profit organizations had the highest share in relation to substance user, with an odds ratio of 4.65 (OR=4.65,95%CI:1.4-15.38,P=0.01). The use of drugs, substance user’s first-degree relatives, and substance user’s friends with odds ratios of (OR=3.4,95%CI:1.87-6.2,P=0.0001), (OR=2.97,95%CI:1.5-6.03,P=0.002), and (OR=2.6, 95%CI:1.43-4.75,P=0.002). respectively, were significantly related to substance user  and had the highest risk for substance user. (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that substance users had more social risk factors compared to the general population. Therefore, planned measures to reduce these risk factors among the community, especially young people and their friends, by family, and community officials are necessary. Family plays a decisive role in choosing a friend for their children. 175 182 2021/01/22021/04/272020/04/202020/07/312020/11/52020/01/252020/07/22020/04/62020/04/132020/06/242020/04/29 1399/2/10 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 جواد خیراندیش Javad Kheirandish 1- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi 1- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh 1- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمد هادی فرحزادی Mohammad Hadi Farahzadi 2- Director of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran سید محمدحسین حسینی Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hosseini 1- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمد میلاد مهربانیان Mohammad Milad Mehrabanian 3- Department of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Faculty of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Substance User Social Factors Middle-aged Iran اعتیاد عوامل اجتماعی میانسال یزد 1. Moddabernia MJ, Mirhosseini SK, Tabari R, et al. Factors Influencing Addiction in People of 15 to 30 Years of Age: a qualitative study. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;22(87):70-7.[Persian]##Mohammadi Zeydi I, Pakpour-Hagiagha A. Application of the theory of planned behavior for the prevention of substance abuse among male adolescents. Iran Journal Health Education Health Promotion. 2016;3(4):298-310. [Persian]##Barjas F, Govari F, Mohammad Ali Zadeh S, et al. The Opinions of Hospitalized Addicts in Kerman Rehabilitation Centers about Factors Affecting Their Tendency Toward Drugs. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2011;9(4):279-86. [Persian]##Eshaghpanah MS, Shahvaizian N,Farahzadi M. Addiction, relapse and life skills: merdook; 1389: 152.##Norouzi khalili M, Hojjat S, Khajedaluee M, et al. Social, economical and population characteristics of substance dependents treated in North khorasan drug rehabilitation centers. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2014;6(1):189-97. [Persian]##Babaiefard A, Shahmirzaei Bidgoli M. The investigation on Social factors affecting addiction among married people in Aran Bidgol. Journal of Social Problems of Iran. 2013;4(2):155-86. [Persian]##Hajian K, Khirkhah F, Falatoni M. Epidemiology of Addiction among Volunteered Addicts Attending in Detoxification Centers. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;22(87):22-30. [Persian]##Feyzi H, Vaisi Raygani A, Abdi A, et al. The predisposing factors for drug abuse in viewpoints of referrers to Addiction Treatment Centers in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2016;2(2):47-56. [Persian]##Sarrami H, Ghorbani M, Minooei M. Survey of Four Decades of Addiction Prevalence Researches in Iran. Research on Addiction. 2013;7(26):29-52. [Persian]##Mohammadi A, Pourghaz A, Raghib MS. The Construction and Validation of Scale of Effective Factors in Drug Abuse Tendency among Youth (A Case Study in Khorasan Razavi). Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction. 2013;7(26):73-94. [Persian]##Heidari h, Malmir, Mohammad Sharif , et al. Comparison of Causes of Drug Abuse from the Viewpoint of Addicted Patients and Their Families. Health system research. 2013;8(6):1017-26. [Persian]##Saberi Zafarghandi M. Some of the Challenges of Mental Health and Addiction in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2011;17(2):161-57. [Persian]##Kaldi Ar, Mahdavi R. The Role of Internal and External Locus of Control In Relapse of Addiction in Occupational Therapy Camp of Zanjan. Social Welfare. 2003;3(9): 307-34. [Persian]##Karimi K, Shahriyari P, Asadabdolkarim A. The lived experience of drug misuse among Kurds' youth (Case study: the Solaimanye province). Sociology of Culture and Art. 2020;2(2):58-33. [Persian]##Asayesh H, Jahahgir F, Qorbani M, et al. Substance Abuse and Correlation between of Route of Administration and Age Factors in Substance Abuser. Journal of Research Development in Nursing & Midwifery. 2013;9(2):82-9. [Persian]##Nurco DN, Kinlock TW, O'Grady KE, et al. Differential contributions of family and peer factors to the etiology of narcotic addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998; 51(3): 229-37.##Sussman S, Gunning M, Lisha NE, et al. Concurrent Predictors of Drug Use Consequences Among U.S. and Russian Adolescents. Salud Drogas. 2009;9(2):129-48.##allahverdi n, hejazi s, pourteymour s, et al. Comparison of Predisposing Factors of Consuming Addicting Drugs in Singles with Married Men in Addiction Center Affiliated to Welfare Office in Tehran in 2016. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2018;16(9):648-59. [Persian]##Sharifi H, Sigari S, Sadr M, et al. Smoking and Substance Abuse Relation: Is Tobacco a Gateway for Substance Abuse?. Nafas Journal. 2014;1(2):19-24. [Persian]##Moshki M, Hashemizadeh H, Zarei M, et al. Pattern of Drug Abuse Based on Demographic Factors in Self-Report Addicts of Quchan. Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. 2016;3(4):19-26. [Persian]##Safari M, Mousavi-Zade SN. Factor influences on return to substance abuse in clients referred to addiction treatment centers in Maragheh City in 1390. Journal of Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing & Midwifery. 2014; 24(86): 57-64. [Persian]##Asadi sm, Porzoor p. Investigating the causes of tendency to use substances (addiction) in Ardabil. Research on Addiction. 2020;14(56):169-98. [Persian]##Kardia SLR, Pomerleau CS, Rozek LS, et al. Association of parental smoking history with nicotine dependence, smoking rate, and psychological cofactors in adult smokers. Addictive Behaviors. 2003; 28(8):1447-52.##Coviello DM, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, et al. The role of family history in addiction severity and treatment response. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2004; 26(1):1-11.##Mohammadkhani P. The Personal-Relationships Problems of Women Who Had Addicted Husband: A Perspective to Their Rehabilitation. Research on Addiction. 2009;3(9):0-.[Persian]##Rimaz S, Dastoorpour M, Merghati khoii E, et al. Demographic variables associated with relapse in women and men referred to the selected addiction treatment centers in Tehran, 2009: A case- control study. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;20(107):63-72. [Persian]##Hosseinzadeh Feremi M, Sadeghi Dahcheshmeh S. Explaining the Use of Narcotics among Ethnic Groups of the Central Area of Shahrekord. Social Problems of Iran. 2020;10(2):111-29. [Persian]##1. Moddabernia MJ, Mirhosseini SK, Tabari R, et al. Factors Influencing Addiction in People of 15 to 30 Years of Age: a qualitative study. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;22(87):70-7.[Persian]##Mohammadi Zeydi I, Pakpour-Hagiagha A. Application of the theory of planned behavior for the prevention of substance abuse among male adolescents. Iran Journal Health Education Health Promotion. 2016;3(4):298-310. [Persian]##Barjas F, Govari F, Mohammad Ali Zadeh S, et al. The Opinions of Hospitalized Addicts in Kerman Rehabilitation Centers about Factors Affecting Their Tendency Toward Drugs. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2011;9(4):279-86. [Persian]##Eshaghpanah MS, Shahvaizian N,Farahzadi M. Addiction, relapse and life skills: merdook; 1389: 152.##Norouzi khalili M, Hojjat S, Khajedaluee M, et al. Social, economical and population characteristics of substance dependents treated in North khorasan drug rehabilitation centers. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2014;6(1):189-97. [Persian]##Babaiefard A, Shahmirzaei Bidgoli M. The investigation on Social factors affecting addiction among married people in Aran Bidgol. Journal of Social Problems of Iran. 2013;4(2):155-86. [Persian]##Hajian K, Khirkhah F, Falatoni M. Epidemiology of Addiction among Volunteered Addicts Attending in Detoxification Centers. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;22(87):22-30. [Persian]##Feyzi H, Vaisi Raygani A, Abdi A, et al. The predisposing factors for drug abuse in viewpoints of referrers to Addiction Treatment Centers in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2016;2(2):47-56. [Persian]##Sarrami H, Ghorbani M, Minooei M. Survey of Four Decades of Addiction Prevalence Researches in Iran. Research on Addiction. 2013;7(26):29-52. [Persian]##Mohammadi A, Pourghaz A, Raghib MS. The Construction and Validation of Scale of Effective Factors in Drug Abuse Tendency among Youth (A Case Study in Khorasan Razavi). Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction. 2013;7(26):73-94. [Persian]##Heidari h, Malmir, Mohammad Sharif , et al. Comparison of Causes of Drug Abuse from the Viewpoint of Addicted Patients and Their Families. Health system research. 2013;8(6):1017-26. [Persian]##Saberi Zafarghandi M. Some of the Challenges of Mental Health and Addiction in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2011;17(2):161-57. [Persian]##Kaldi Ar, Mahdavi R. The Role of Internal and External Locus of Control In Relapse of Addiction in Occupational Therapy Camp of Zanjan. Social Welfare. 2003;3(9): 307-34. [Persian]##Karimi K, Shahriyari P, Asadabdolkarim A. The lived experience of drug misuse among Kurds' youth (Case study: the Solaimanye province). Sociology of Culture and Art. 2020;2(2):58-33. [Persian]##Asayesh H, Jahahgir F, Qorbani M, et al. Substance Abuse and Correlation between of Route of Administration and Age Factors in Substance Abuser. Journal of Research Development in Nursing & Midwifery. 2013;9(2):82-9. [Persian]##Nurco DN, Kinlock TW, O'Grady KE, et al. Differential contributions of family and peer factors to the etiology of narcotic addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998; 51(3): 229-37.##Sussman S, Gunning M, Lisha NE, et al. Concurrent Predictors of Drug Use Consequences Among U.S. and Russian Adolescents. Salud Drogas. 2009;9(2):129-48.##allahverdi n, hejazi s, pourteymour s, et al. Comparison of Predisposing Factors of Consuming Addicting Drugs in Singles with Married Men in Addiction Center Affiliated to Welfare Office in Tehran in 2016. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2018;16(9):648-59. [Persian]##Sharifi H, Sigari S, Sadr M, et al. Smoking and Substance Abuse Relation: Is Tobacco a Gateway for Substance Abuse?. Nafas Journal. 2014;1(2):19-24. [Persian]##Moshki M, Hashemizadeh H, Zarei M, et al. Pattern of Drug Abuse Based on Demographic Factors in Self-Report Addicts of Quchan. Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. 2016;3(4):19-26. [Persian]##Safari M, Mousavi-Zade SN. Factor influences on return to substance abuse in clients referred to addiction treatment centers in Maragheh City in 1390. Journal of Shahid Beheshti School of Nursing & Midwifery. 2014; 24(86): 57-64. [Persian]##Asadi sm, Porzoor p. Investigating the causes of tendency to use substances (addiction) in Ardabil. Research on Addiction. 2020;14(56):169-98. [Persian]##Kardia SLR, Pomerleau CS, Rozek LS, et al. Association of parental smoking history with nicotine dependence, smoking rate, and psychological cofactors in adult smokers. Addictive Behaviors. 2003; 28(8):1447-52.##Coviello DM, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, et al. The role of family history in addiction severity and treatment response. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2004; 26(1):1-11.##Mohammadkhani P. The Personal-Relationships Problems of Women Who Had Addicted Husband: A Perspective to Their Rehabilitation. Research on Addiction. 2009;3(9):0-.[Persian]##Rimaz S, Dastoorpour M, Merghati khoii E, et al. Demographic variables associated with relapse in women and men referred to the selected addiction treatment centers in Tehran, 2009: A case- control study. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;20(107):63-72. [Persian]##Hosseinzadeh Feremi M, Sadeghi Dahcheshmeh S. Explaining the Use of Narcotics among Ethnic Groups of the Central Area of Shahrekord. Social Problems of Iran. 2020;10(2):111-29. [Persian]## ##