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A summary of the main actions of the Iranian government during the Covid-19: From March 5 until December 20 in 2020 خلاصه ای از اقدامات اصلی دولت ایران در طول Covid-19: از 15اسفند 98 تا 30 آذر سال 99 2 1 در طی شیوع بیماری در ایران ، دولت ابتدا اقدامات اضطراری را برای مرکز اپیدمی بیماری ، استان قم در نظر گرفت و پس از آن با مشاهده موارد جدید در استانهای تهران ، گیلان و مازندران ، که استان های مجاور استان قم هستند ، اقدامات اضطراری برای این سه استان نیز در نظر گرفته شد (1). 2 Dear Editor in Chief During the disease epidemic in Iran, the government first considered emergency measures for the center of the disease epidemic, the Qom province, and after that by observing new cases in Tehran, Gilan, and Mazandaran provinces, which are the adjacent provinces to Qom province, the emergency measures for these three provinces were considered as well (1). 1 3 2020/12/22 1399/10/2 2021/03/20 1399/12/30 ریحانه سفیدکار Reyhaneh Sefidkar 1. Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com سجاد بهاری نیا sajjad Bahariniya 2. Department of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran sajjadbahari98@gmail.com فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh 1. Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir Iranian government Covid-19 main actions دولت ایران کووید 19 اقدامات اصلی Wikipedia. 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic In Iran. Available From: Https://En.Wikipedia.Org/ Wiki/2020_ Coronavirus_Pandemic_In_Iran.##World Health Organization. Rational Use Of Personal Protective Equipment For Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): Interim Guidance. 27 Febr 2020. :World Health Organization; 2020.##Un. What Is Nowruz And Why Do We Celebrate It? Available From: Https://Www.Un.Org/En/ Observances/ International-Nowruz-Day.##Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical Features Of Patients Infected With 2019 Novel Coronavirus In Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.##Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics Of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia In Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020; 323(11):1061-9.##Imhme. Available From: Http://Corona.Behdasht.Gov.Ir/.##Ji Js. Origins Of Mers-Cov, And Lessons For 2019-Ncov. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2020;4(3):E93##Wikipedia. 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic In Iran. Available From: Https://En.Wikipedia.Org/ Wiki/2020_ Coronavirus_Pandemic_In_Iran.##World Health Organization. Rational Use Of Personal Protective Equipment For Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): Interim Guidance. 27 Febr 2020. :World Health Organization; 2020.##Un. What Is Nowruz And Why Do We Celebrate It? Available From: Https://Www.Un.Org/En/ Observances/ International-Nowruz-Day.##Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical Features Of Patients Infected With 2019 Novel Coronavirus In Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.##Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics Of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia In Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020; 323(11):1061-9.##Imhme. Available From: Http://Corona.Behdasht.Gov.Ir/.##Ji Js. Origins Of Mers-Cov, And Lessons For 2019-Ncov. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2020;4(3):E93## ##

Gender Stereotyping Among School-Going Female and Male Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Rural Area of Western Maharashtra, India Gender Stereotyping Among School-Going Female and Male Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Rural Area of Western Maharashtra, India 2 1 Abstract Introduction: Gender stereotyping is the generalized and ambiguous impression of an individual's roles in society based on one's gender, remarkably difficult to abandon. These biases play an important role in vocational choices. The aim of the current research was to study attitudes towards women, gender stereotyping, and gender biases among adolescent boys and girls from a rural area. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted from Sept. 2016 to Aug. 2017 among rural school-going adolescents. A total of 826 samples were included in the study with convenience multi-stage sampling. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The data entry and analysis were performed using MS Excel and SPSS-22 with 5 % significant level. Results: The mean age of 826 participants was 13.99 years with 297 (36%) being males. A higher percentage of the participants had a positive attitude towards females (83.9%) as well as a positive attitude towards crime against women (79.1%). However, gender stereotyping (54.6%) and male bias (58.6%)were present in the majority among them. There was a significant  correlation between all the scales and gender (p<0.05); with better attitudes among females. Conclusion: Although the overall attitude towards females was better in adolescents, gender bias remains an important problem. 2 Abstract Introduction: Gender stereotyping is the generalized and ambiguous impression of an individual's roles in society based on one's gender, remarkably difficult to abandon. These biases play an important role in vocational choices. The aim of the current research was to study attitudes towards women, gender stereotyping, and gender biases among adolescent boys and girls from a rural area. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted from Sept. 2016 to Aug. 2017 among rural school-going adolescents. A total of 826 samples were included in the study with convenience multi-stage sampling. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The data entry and analysis were performed using MS Excel and SPSS-22 with 5 % significant level. Results: The mean age of 826 participants was 13.99 years with 297 (36%) being males. A higher percentage of the participants had a positive attitude towards females (83.9%) as well as a positive attitude towards crime against women (79.1%). However, gender stereotyping (54.6%) and male bias (58.6%)were present in the majority among them. There was a significant  correlation between all the scales and gender (p<0.05); with better attitudes among females. Conclusion: Although the overall attitude towards females was better in adolescents, gender bias remains an important problem. 4 11 2020/12/222020/05/21 1399/3/1 2021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 Vivek Waghachavare Vivek Waghachavare 1. Department of Community Medicine,Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College & Hospital, Sangli India vivek416416@gmail.com Girish Dhumale Girish Dhumale 1. Department of Community Medicine,Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College & Hospital, Sangli India dr.dhumalegb@gmail.com Jitesh Kadam Jitesh Kadam 1. Department of Community Medicine,Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College & Hospital, Sangli India psmbvdumchs@gmail.com Adolescents Gender bias Attitudes Stereotyping India Adolescents Gender bias Attitudes Stereotyping India 1. Sexism. In Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH). U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/?term=Sexism##Stereotype. In Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH). U.S. National Library of Medicine. 1981. Available from: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ mesh/? term=Stereotyping.##Archer J, Lloyd B. Sex and Gender (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2002.##Joshi P, Audichya S. Factors and Influences on Urban Adolescents Career Choices: A Qualitative Study. International Research Journal of Social Sciences. 2017; 6(6): 10-14.##Gulhati K. Attitudes towards Women Managers: Comparison of Attitudes of Male and Female Managers in India. Economic and Political Weekly. 1990; 25(7-8): M41-M48.##Women and Work Commission - TUC Submission. Trades :union: Congress, London. 2005. Available from: https:// www.tuc.org.uk/ research- analysis/reports/women-and-work-commission-tuc-submission.##Mapfumo J, Chireshe R, Munhuweyi P. Career Perceptions and Visions of Boys and Girls in Secondary Schools in Zimbabwe: Some Implications for Teachers and Parents. Zambezia. The Journal of Humanities of the University of Zimbabwe. 2002; 29(2): 156-173. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/zjh/article/view/6727.##McQuaid R, Bond S. Gender Stereotyping In Career Choice Research Project. Employment Research Institute and Careers Scotland. 2004.##Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. 1985.##Powell A, Dainty A, Bagilhole B. Gender Stereotypes among Women Engineering and Technology Students in The UK: Lessons From Career Choice Narratives. European Journal of Engineering Education. 2012; 37(6): 541-556.##UN Women. Violence Against Women and Girls: The Shadow Pandemic [Press release]. 2020. Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/ en/news/ stories/2020/4/ statement-ed-phumzile- violence-against-women-during-pandemic.##Basar F, Demirci N. Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 34(3): 660-665.##Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization-National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. American Journal of Public Health. 2015; 105(4): e11-e12.##Bohra N, Sharma I, Srivastava S, et al. Violence against Women. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015; 57(2): 333.##Boyle MH, Georgiades K, Cullen J, et al. Community Influences on Intimate Partner Violence in India: Women's Education, Attitudes Towards Mistreatment and Standards of Living. Social Science & Medicine. 2009; 69(5): 691-697.##Blum RW, Bastos FIPM, Kabiru CW, et al. (2012). Adolescent health in the 21st century. The Lancet. 2012; 379(9826): 1567-1568.##Cappa C, Wardlaw T, Langevin-Falcon C, et al. Progress for children: a Report Card on Adolescents. Lancet (London, England). 2012; 379(9834): 2323-2325.##Lower age of Juveniles for justice to victims. The New Indian Express. 2013. Available from: https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2013/sep/18/Lower-age-of-juveniles-for-justice-to-victims-517549.html##Bajpai GS. Juvenile Justice: Impact and Implementation in India. Bloomsbury India. 2019.##Igras SM, Macieira M, Murphy E, et al. Investing in Very Young Adolescents' Sexual and Reproductive Health. Global Public Health. 2014; 9(5): 555-569.##World Health Organization. The Sexual and Reproductive Health of Younger Adolescents in Developing Countries: Research Issues in Developing Countries: Background Paper for Consultation. World Health Organization. 2011.##Redding EM, Ruiz-Cantero MT, Fernández-Sáez J, et al. Gender Inequality and Violence against Women in Spain, 2006-2014: Towards a Civilized Society. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2017; 31(2), 82-88.##Nanda B, Ray N, Mukherjee R. Son Preference, Security Concerns and Crime against Women: Expanding the Public Health Discourse in India. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2020; 64(2): 204-206.##Waghachavare VB, Prabhu PM, Dhumale GB, et al. (2017). Attitude of Adolescent Boys towards Females: An Urban-Rural Comparison from Sangli District (MH) of India. National Journal of Research in Community Medicine. 2017; 6(3): 243-248.##Galambos NL, Petersen AC, Richards M, et al. (1985). The Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA): A Study of Reliability and Validity. Sex Roles. 1985; 13(5-6): 343-56.##Dahlberg LL, Toal SB, Swahn MH, et al. (2005). Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools (2nd ed.) [E-book]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia. 2005. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv_compendium.pdf##Alibeli MA. Gender and Attitudes toward Women in the United Arab Emirates, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 2015; 14(1-2): 109-125.##Morrison T G, Bell EM, Morrison MA, et al. (1994). An Examination of Adolescents' Salary Expectations and Gender-Based Occupational Stereotyping. Youth & Society. 1994; 26(2): 178-193.##Basar F, Demırcı N, Cıcek S, et al. (2019). Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women and the Factors That Affect Them in Kutahya, Turkey. African journal of reproductive health. 2019; 23(1): 16-26.##1. Sexism. In Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH). U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/?term=Sexism##Stereotype. In Medical Subjects Headings (MeSH). U.S. National Library of Medicine. 1981. Available from: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ mesh/? term=Stereotyping.##Archer J, Lloyd B. Sex and Gender (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2002.##Joshi P, Audichya S. Factors and Influences on Urban Adolescents Career Choices: A Qualitative Study. International Research Journal of Social Sciences. 2017; 6(6): 10-14.##Gulhati K. Attitudes towards Women Managers: Comparison of Attitudes of Male and Female Managers in India. Economic and Political Weekly. 1990; 25(7-8): M41-M48.##Women and Work Commission - TUC Submission. Trades :union: Congress, London. 2005. Available from: https:// www.tuc.org.uk/ research- analysis/reports/women-and-work-commission-tuc-submission.##Mapfumo J, Chireshe R, Munhuweyi P. Career Perceptions and Visions of Boys and Girls in Secondary Schools in Zimbabwe: Some Implications for Teachers and Parents. Zambezia. The Journal of Humanities of the University of Zimbabwe. 2002; 29(2): 156-173. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/zjh/article/view/6727.##McQuaid R, Bond S. Gender Stereotyping In Career Choice Research Project. Employment Research Institute and Careers Scotland. 2004.##Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (1st ed.). Prentice Hall. 1985.##Powell A, Dainty A, Bagilhole B. Gender Stereotypes among Women Engineering and Technology Students in The UK: Lessons From Career Choice Narratives. European Journal of Engineering Education. 2012; 37(6): 541-556.##UN Women. Violence Against Women and Girls: The Shadow Pandemic [Press release]. 2020. Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/ en/news/ stories/2020/4/ statement-ed-phumzile- violence-against-women-during-pandemic.##Basar F, Demirci N. Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; 34(3): 660-665.##Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization-National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. American Journal of Public Health. 2015; 105(4): e11-e12.##Bohra N, Sharma I, Srivastava S, et al. Violence against Women. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015; 57(2): 333.##Boyle MH, Georgiades K, Cullen J, et al. Community Influences on Intimate Partner Violence in India: Women's Education, Attitudes Towards Mistreatment and Standards of Living. Social Science & Medicine. 2009; 69(5): 691-697.##Blum RW, Bastos FIPM, Kabiru CW, et al. (2012). Adolescent health in the 21st century. The Lancet. 2012; 379(9826): 1567-1568.##Cappa C, Wardlaw T, Langevin-Falcon C, et al. Progress for children: a Report Card on Adolescents. Lancet (London, England). 2012; 379(9834): 2323-2325.##Lower age of Juveniles for justice to victims. The New Indian Express. 2013. Available from: https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2013/sep/18/Lower-age-of-juveniles-for-justice-to-victims-517549.html##Bajpai GS. Juvenile Justice: Impact and Implementation in India. Bloomsbury India. 2019.##Igras SM, Macieira M, Murphy E, et al. Investing in Very Young Adolescents' Sexual and Reproductive Health. Global Public Health. 2014; 9(5): 555-569.##World Health Organization. The Sexual and Reproductive Health of Younger Adolescents in Developing Countries: Research Issues in Developing Countries: Background Paper for Consultation. World Health Organization. 2011.##Redding EM, Ruiz-Cantero MT, Fernández-Sáez J, et al. Gender Inequality and Violence against Women in Spain, 2006-2014: Towards a Civilized Society. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2017; 31(2), 82-88.##Nanda B, Ray N, Mukherjee R. Son Preference, Security Concerns and Crime against Women: Expanding the Public Health Discourse in India. Indian Journal of Public Health. 2020; 64(2): 204-206.##Waghachavare VB, Prabhu PM, Dhumale GB, et al. (2017). Attitude of Adolescent Boys towards Females: An Urban-Rural Comparison from Sangli District (MH) of India. National Journal of Research in Community Medicine. 2017; 6(3): 243-248.##Galambos NL, Petersen AC, Richards M, et al. (1985). The Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA): A Study of Reliability and Validity. Sex Roles. 1985; 13(5-6): 343-56.##Dahlberg LL, Toal SB, Swahn MH, et al. (2005). Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools (2nd ed.) [E-book]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia. 2005. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv_compendium.pdf##Alibeli MA. Gender and Attitudes toward Women in the United Arab Emirates, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 2015; 14(1-2): 109-125.##Morrison T G, Bell EM, Morrison MA, et al. (1994). An Examination of Adolescents' Salary Expectations and Gender-Based Occupational Stereotyping. Youth & Society. 1994; 26(2): 178-193.##Basar F, Demırcı N, Cıcek S, et al. (2019). Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women and the Factors That Affect Them in Kutahya, Turkey. African journal of reproductive health. 2019; 23(1): 16-26.## ##

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior in Promotion of Oral Health Behaviors in Pregnant Women of Rafsanjan City, Kerman, Iran تأثیر مداخله آموزشی بر پایه مدل رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده در ارتقای رفتار بهداشت دهان و دندان زنان باردار شهر رفسنجان، کرمان، ایران 2 1 زمینه و هدف: رعایت بهداشت دهان و دندان در گروه پر خطر زنان باردار به دلیل حفظ سلامت خود و جنین آن­ها اهمیت زیادی دارد. اکثر مشکلات بهداشتی با رفتار انسان ارتباط دارد و مدل مطالعه رفتار می­تواند چارچوبی جهت مداخله برای درک چگونگی پیشگیری از مشکلات بهداشتی ایجاد کند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش تعیین تأثیر مداخله آموزشی بر پایه مدل رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده در ارتقای رفتار بهداشت دهان و دندان زنان باردار شهر رفسنجان بود. روش بررسی: در این کارآزمایی آموزشی، 100 نفر از زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی شهری رفسنجان در تابستان 1395 به روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای ( Multi-stage Sampling)، انتخاب شدند، به این صورت که 4 مرکز به تصادف برای نمونه گیری انتخاب شدند و سپس مجددا به صورت تصادفی، دو مرکز به عنوان گروه مداخله و دو مرکز به عنوان گروه کنترل انتخاب شدند.  ابزار جمع‌آوری داده­ها، پرسشنامه ای شامل سه بخش، بخش اول اطلاعات دموگرافیک، بخش دوم پرسشنامه تعیین رفتار بهداشت دهان و دندان و بخش سوم مربوط به سازه های نظریه رفتار برنامه ریزی شده بود که توسط زنان باردار در دو مقطع زمانی قبل و سه ماه بعد از مداخله آموزشی تکمیل گردید. اطلاعات پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات با استفاده از 18 spss  و آزمون­های آماری مجذور کای، دقیق فیشر، t مستقل و t زوجی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.  یافته‌ها: بعد از اجرای برنامه، میانگین نمره مداخله در تمامی سازه­های مدل تئوری رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده بین دو گروه کنترل و مداخله معنی­دار بود (001/0p<).  پس از اجرای برنامه آموزشی رفتار بهداشت دهان و دندان زنان باردار در گروه مداخله (22/4 ± 72/3) افزایش یافت که در مقایسه با گروه کنترل (58/2 ± 48/1) این افزایش معنی دار بود (001/0 >p). نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد، مداخلات آموزشی می­تواند با تمرکز بر روی هنجارهای انتزاعی نتایج ثمربخشی را در زمینه رفتار مطلوب بهداشت دهان و دندان به بار آورد. این مدل می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک مدل مناسب در برنامه‌های ارتقاء سلامت دهان و دندان بکار رود. 2 Abstract Introduction: Theory of planned behavior can provide a framework for intervention to understand how to prevent health problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of training intervention based on the theory of planned behavior in promoting oral health behavior of pregnant women who visit health care centers of Rafsanjan. Methods: In this educational intervention trial, 100 pregnant women in Rafsanjan were selected by multi-stage sampling in 2016. Initially, four centers were randomly selected, followed by two centers selected as intervention groups and two centers as control groups. Data were collected using a three-part researcher-made questionnaire, that were completed by pregnant women in two periods, ie, before and three months after the intervention. Quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD and qualitative data as n (%). First, the homogeneity of the two groups was examined using an independent t-test and chi-square test. Data were analyzed with SPSS 18. The significance level of all tests was considered to be 0.05. Results: Findings showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the demographics of the two groups (p> 0.05). After the implementation of the program, the mean score of intervention in all constructs of the theory of planned behavior model was significant between the control and intervention groups (p < 0.001). Following the educational program, the oral health behavior of pregnant women increased in the intervention group (3.72 ± 4.22) which was significantly higher than the control group (1.48 ± 2.58) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that educational interventions can focus on the subjective norm which had fruitful results in the field of oral health. This theory can be used as an appropriate model for oral health promotion programs. 12 21 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/20 1399/2/1 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 زهرا فرزانه Zahra Farzaneh 1. Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran farzaneh.sardari@yahoo.com زهرا اسداللهی Zahra Asadollahi 2. Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Iran farzaneh.sardari@yahoo.com محمد اسدپور Mohammad Asadpour 3. Department of Health Education, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Iran farzaneh.sardari@yahoo.com زهره رهایی Zohre Rahaei 1. Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran farzaneh.sardari@yahoo.com فرزانه سرداری farzaneh sardari 4. Department of Medical Information and Librarianship, School of Management & Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran farzanehsardari@gmail.com محسن رضاییان Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Occupational Environmental Research Center, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Iran Early intervention Educational Oral health Pregnant women مداخله آموزشی بهداشت دهان و دندان مادران باردار تئوری رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده Irannejad B, Safarabadi M, Jadidi A. Survey of biological incidents preparedness of hospitals in Markazi Province in 2016. Journal of Military Medicine. 2017;19(2):169-75. [Persian]##2 . Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S. A survey of oral health care behavior in pregnant women of Arak: Application of health belief model. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012;22(89):104-15. [Persian]##Bayat F, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Bashirian S, et al. Assessment of Dental Care and its Related Barriers in Pregnant Women of Hamadan City. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2016;3(1):20-7. [Persian]##Bahri N, Iliati HR, Sajjadi M, et al. Effects of Oral and Dental Health Education Program on Knowledge, Attitude and Short-Time Practice of Pregnant Women (Mashhad-Iran). Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2012;36(1):1-12. [Persian]##Ali T, Abidin K. Relationship of periodontal disease to pre-term low birth weight infants in a selected population--a prospective study. Community Dent Health. 2012; 29(1): 100-5.##Ide M, Papapanou P. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes--systematic review. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S181-94.##Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, et al. Oral health of pregnant women in Arak, Iran. Payesh(Health Monitor). 2013; 12(4): 355. [Persian]##Shamsi M, Heidarnia AR, Niknami SH. The Effects of Educational Programs Based on Health Belief Model onOral Health Behavior of Pregnant Women in Arak city. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty. 2012; 20(2): 12-22. [Persian]##Khodadady E, Seyyed S, Khafry S, et al. Oral Health Status of Pregnant Women in North of Iran (2010-11). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016;18(3):122-7.##Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, et al. The Effect of Educational Program on Increasing Oral Health Behavior among Pregnant Women: Applying Health Belief Model. Health Education & Health Promotion. 2013;1(2):21-36.##Jeihooni AK, Jamshidi H, Kashfi SM, et al. The Effect of Health Education Program Based on Health Belief Model on Oral Health Behaviors in Pregnant Women of Fasa City, Fars Province, South of Iran. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2017;7(6):336-43.##Ahmadian-Yazdi A, Sanatkhani M. 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Journal of Dental Medicine. 2009;22(1):81-7.##Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Asadi N. Effects of Health Belief Model-Based Video Training about Risk Factors on Knowledge and Attitude of Myocardial Infarction Patients after Discharge. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011;16(2): 195- 199.##Baghaei P, Zandi M, Vares Z, et al. Self Care Situation in Diabetic Patients Referring to Kashan Diabetes Center, in 2005. Feyz Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2008;12(1):88-93. [Persian]##Sussman R, Gifford R. Causality in the theory of planned behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2019; 45(6): 920-33.##Pakpour Hajiagha A, Saffari M. Application of planned behaviortheory in predicting dental brush behavior among Iranian adolescents in Qazvin. The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA). 2012; 24(3): 201-7.##Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1991; 50(2): 179-211.##Baghianimoghadam M, Fattahi M, Akhondi M, et al. Intention of Colorectal Cancer Patients First Degree Relatives to Screening Based on Planned Behavior Theory. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2012;10(3):13-22. [Persian]##Sheeran P, Conner M, Norman P. Can the Theory of Planned Behavior Explain Patterns of Health Behavior Change?. Health Psychology. 2001; 20(1): 12.##Mohammadi Zeidi I, Pakpor A, Mohammadi Zeidi B. The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on The Theory of Planned Behavior to Improve Safety Climate. Iran Occupational Health. 2013; 9(4). [Persian]##Mazloomy MahmoodAbad S, Mehri A, Morovati SharifAbad M, et al. Application of extended model of planned behavior in predicting helmet wearing among motorcyclist clerks in Yazd (2006). Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2007;14(4):9-15. [Persian]##Dumitrescu AL, Wagle M, Dogaru BC, et al. Modeling The Theory of Planned Behavior for Intention to Improve Oral Health Behaviors: The Impact of Attitudes, Knowledge, and Current Behavior. Journal of Oral Science. 2011; 53(3): 369-77.##Yekaninejad M, Akaberi A, Pakpour A. Factors associated with Physical Activity in adolescents in Qazvin: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;4(3):449-56. [Persian]##Nahapetyan L, Orpinas P, Glass A, et al. Planning Ahead: Using The Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Older Adults' Intentions to Use Hospice if Faced with Terminal Illness. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2019; 38(4): 572-91.##Farzaneh Z. The survey of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior in Promotion of Oral Health Behaviors of Pregnant Women:An Educational Trial. [MSc Tesies]Rafsanjan: Rafsanjan University of Medical Science; 2016.##Besharati F, Hazavehei S, Moeini B, et al. Effect of Educational Interventions Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in Selecting Delivery Mode among Pregnant Women Referred to Rasht Health Centers. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2011;19(77):94-106. [Persian]##Bahri Binabaj N, Bahri Binabaj N, Iliati H, et al. Assessment of DMFT Index in Pregnant Women and its Relationship with Knowledge, Attitude and Health Behaviors in Terms of Oral and Dental Cares (Mashhad-2009). The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2012; 15(3): 13-20. [Persian]##Ebrahimipour H, Mohamadzadeh M, Niknami S, et al. The Effect of Educational Programs Based on The Theory of Planned Behavior to Improve The Oral Health Behavior of Pregnant Women Attending Urban Health Facilities Ashkhaneh City in 2014. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 7(1): 7-18. [Persian]##Astrom A, Kijakazi O. Changes in Oral Health Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours Following School Based Oral Health Education and Atraumatic Restorative Treatment in Rural Tanzania. Norsk Epidemiol. 2012; 22(1): 21-30.##Hatefnia E, Niknami S, Mahmudi M, et al. The Effects of "Theory of Planned Behavior" Based Education on The Promotion of Mammography Performance in Employed Women. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 17(1): 50-8. [Persian]##Irannejad B, Safarabadi M, Jadidi A. Survey of biological incidents preparedness of hospitals in Markazi Province in 2016. Journal of Military Medicine. 2017;19(2):169-75. [Persian]##2 . Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S. A survey of oral health care behavior in pregnant women of Arak: Application of health belief model. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012;22(89):104-15. [Persian]##Bayat F, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Bashirian S, et al. Assessment of Dental Care and its Related Barriers in Pregnant Women of Hamadan City. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2016;3(1):20-7. [Persian]##Bahri N, Iliati HR, Sajjadi M, et al. Effects of Oral and Dental Health Education Program on Knowledge, Attitude and Short-Time Practice of Pregnant Women (Mashhad-Iran). Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2012;36(1):1-12. [Persian]##Ali T, Abidin K. Relationship of periodontal disease to pre-term low birth weight infants in a selected population--a prospective study. Community Dent Health. 2012; 29(1): 100-5.##Ide M, Papapanou P. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes--systematic review. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S181-94.##Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, et al. Oral health of pregnant women in Arak, Iran. Payesh(Health Monitor). 2013; 12(4): 355. [Persian]##Shamsi M, Heidarnia AR, Niknami SH. The Effects of Educational Programs Based on Health Belief Model onOral Health Behavior of Pregnant Women in Arak city. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty. 2012; 20(2): 12-22. [Persian]##Khodadady E, Seyyed S, Khafry S, et al. Oral Health Status of Pregnant Women in North of Iran (2010-11). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2016;18(3):122-7.##Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, et al. The Effect of Educational Program on Increasing Oral Health Behavior among Pregnant Women: Applying Health Belief Model. Health Education & Health Promotion. 2013;1(2):21-36.##Jeihooni AK, Jamshidi H, Kashfi SM, et al. The Effect of Health Education Program Based on Health Belief Model on Oral Health Behaviors in Pregnant Women of Fasa City, Fars Province, South of Iran. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2017;7(6):336-43.##Ahmadian-Yazdi A, Sanatkhani M. A descriptive survey of the oral health on a group of the Asian pregnant women resident in the UK. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2003;27(Issue):93-9. [Persian]##Gharizadeh N, Haghiighizadeh M, Sabarhaji W, et al. A study of DMFT and Oral Hygiene and Gingival Status among Pregnant Women Attending Ahwaz health centers. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2005; 43(40): 40-7. [Persian]##Ahmadian A, Sanatkhani M. A Descriptive Survey of the Oral Health on A Group of the Asian Pregnant Women Resident in the UK. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2003; 27(3): 93-9. [Persian]##Kandan PM, Menaga V, Kumar R. Oral health in pregnancy (Guidelines to Gynaecologists, General Physicians & Oral Health Care Providers). JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2011; 61(10): 1009-14.##Mehri A, Morowatisharifabad M. Utilizing the Health Promotion Model to Predict Oral Health Behaviors in The Students of Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar (2008). Journal of Dental Medicine. 2009;22(1):81-7.##Abbaszadeh A, Borhani F, Asadi N. Effects of Health Belief Model-Based Video Training about Risk Factors on Knowledge and Attitude of Myocardial Infarction Patients after Discharge. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011;16(2): 195- 199.##Baghaei P, Zandi M, Vares Z, et al. Self Care Situation in Diabetic Patients Referring to Kashan Diabetes Center, in 2005. Feyz Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2008;12(1):88-93. [Persian]##Sussman R, Gifford R. Causality in the theory of planned behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2019; 45(6): 920-33.##Pakpour Hajiagha A, Saffari M. Application of planned behaviortheory in predicting dental brush behavior among Iranian adolescents in Qazvin. The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA). 2012; 24(3): 201-7.##Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1991; 50(2): 179-211.##Baghianimoghadam M, Fattahi M, Akhondi M, et al. Intention of Colorectal Cancer Patients First Degree Relatives to Screening Based on Planned Behavior Theory. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2012;10(3):13-22. [Persian]##Sheeran P, Conner M, Norman P. Can the Theory of Planned Behavior Explain Patterns of Health Behavior Change?. Health Psychology. 2001; 20(1): 12.##Mohammadi Zeidi I, Pakpor A, Mohammadi Zeidi B. The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on The Theory of Planned Behavior to Improve Safety Climate. Iran Occupational Health. 2013; 9(4). [Persian]##Mazloomy MahmoodAbad S, Mehri A, Morovati SharifAbad M, et al. Application of extended model of planned behavior in predicting helmet wearing among motorcyclist clerks in Yazd (2006). Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2007;14(4):9-15. [Persian]##Dumitrescu AL, Wagle M, Dogaru BC, et al. Modeling The Theory of Planned Behavior for Intention to Improve Oral Health Behaviors: The Impact of Attitudes, Knowledge, and Current Behavior. Journal of Oral Science. 2011; 53(3): 369-77.##Yekaninejad M, Akaberi A, Pakpour A. Factors associated with Physical Activity in adolescents in Qazvin: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;4(3):449-56. [Persian]##Nahapetyan L, Orpinas P, Glass A, et al. Planning Ahead: Using The Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Older Adults' Intentions to Use Hospice if Faced with Terminal Illness. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2019; 38(4): 572-91.##Farzaneh Z. The survey of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior in Promotion of Oral Health Behaviors of Pregnant Women:An Educational Trial. [MSc Tesies]Rafsanjan: Rafsanjan University of Medical Science; 2016.##Besharati F, Hazavehei S, Moeini B, et al. Effect of Educational Interventions Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in Selecting Delivery Mode among Pregnant Women Referred to Rasht Health Centers. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2011;19(77):94-106. [Persian]##Bahri Binabaj N, Bahri Binabaj N, Iliati H, et al. Assessment of DMFT Index in Pregnant Women and its Relationship with Knowledge, Attitude and Health Behaviors in Terms of Oral and Dental Cares (Mashhad-2009). The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2012; 15(3): 13-20. [Persian]##Ebrahimipour H, Mohamadzadeh M, Niknami S, et al. The Effect of Educational Programs Based on The Theory of Planned Behavior to Improve The Oral Health Behavior of Pregnant Women Attending Urban Health Facilities Ashkhaneh City in 2014. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 7(1): 7-18. [Persian]##Astrom A, Kijakazi O. Changes in Oral Health Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours Following School Based Oral Health Education and Atraumatic Restorative Treatment in Rural Tanzania. Norsk Epidemiol. 2012; 22(1): 21-30.##Hatefnia E, Niknami S, Mahmudi M, et al. The Effects of "Theory of Planned Behavior" Based Education on The Promotion of Mammography Performance in Employed Women. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 17(1): 50-8. [Persian]## ##

Investigating Green Hospital Criteria Using Delphi Method for Fars Province, Southwest of Iran, 2019 بررسی معیارهای بیمارستان سبز با استفاده از روش دلفی برای استان فارس ، جنوب غربی ایران ، 2019 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: طراحی و ساخت بیمارستان ها با استفاده از رویکرد سبز، منابع تجدید پذیر باعث کاهش مصرف انرژی و انتشار کربن و بهبود کیفیت هوای محیطی می­شود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین معیارهای بیمارستان سبز در استان فارس، جنوب غربی ایران، سال 2019 بود. روش ها: این مطالعه یک مطالعه کیفی بود که از سال 2018 تا نیمه اول سال 2019 انجام شد. در ابتدا ، معیارها با استفاده از روش بررسی سیستماتیک شناسایی شدند و سپس استخراج داده ها با استفاده از روش محتوا مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. سرانجام ، معیارهای شناسایی شده توسط پرسشنامه در اختیار 30 نفر از متخصصان بهداشت قرار گرفت. کارشناسان با استفاده از نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. در مطالعه حاضر ، از نرم افزار Excel 2016 برای تجزیه و تحلیل استفاده شد.  یافته ها: معیارهای بیمارستان سبز 72 معیار از 21 زاویه مشترک در مرحله بررسی سیستماتیک بود. در استان فارس، 34 معیار در 13 بعد پایداری سایت، مرحله ساخت (معماری)، کیفیت محیط، مدیریت، منابع، خرید زیستی ، کارشناسان بهره وری انرژی، آب، فاضلاب، بازیافت زباله و زباله، حمل و نقل، مراقبت های بهداشتی و نوآوری را انتخاب کردند. مهمترین جنبه های بیمارستان سبز در استان فارس مدیریت است.  نتیجه گیری: معیارهای بیمارستان سبز برای استان فارس به شرح مدیریت, بهره وری, آب, انرژی به دست امده است.  به طور کلی، دلایل انتخاب ابعاد مذکور می­تواند به دلیل تأکید بر این ابعاد در سایر مدل ها  و ارتباط ابعاد با چالش های امروزی بیمارستان ها می باشد. 2 Introduction: Designing and constructing hospitals using green approach, renewable resources reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and improve environmental air quality. The purpose of the present study was to determine Green hospital's criteria in Fars province, Southwest of Iran, 2019. Methods: In the Qualitative study, first, the criteria were identified systematically. Then, the criteria for establishing a green hospital were determined by content analysis and software methods. Then, for localization, using the Delphi method, the effective criteria for establishing a green hospital in Fars province were selected. Thirty experts in the field were selected using purposive sampling. Excel 2016 software was used for analysis.  This study was a  mixed-method study that was conducted from 2018 to the first half of the year 2019. At first, the criteria were identified by the systematic review method, and then the data extraction was analyzed using the content method. Finally, the criteria identified by the questionnaire were provided to 30 health experts. Experts were selected by purposeful sampling. In the present study, Excel 2016 software was used for analysis. Results: Green Hospital's criteria were 72 criteria out of 21 common angles in the systematic review stage. In Fars province, 34 criteria in 13 dimensions of site stability, construction stage (architecture), environmental quality, management, resources, bio purchase, Experts selected energy efficiency, water, wastewater, waste and waste recycling, transportation, healthcare, and innovation. The most important aspects for Fars province are the management costs. Conclusion: The approved criteria for Fars province, as well as other valid models in the field of the green hospital, management, water efficiency, and energy, were approved. In general, the reasons for choosing approved dimensions can be due to the various models emphasizing these dimensions and the relevance of dimensions to hospitals' challenges.   22 32 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/2 1399/1/14 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 دیبا نوروزی Diba Norouzi 1. Department of Health Services Management, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran Iran norozi.diba@gmail.com شقایق وحدت Shaghayegh Vahdat 2. Department of Health Services Management, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran sha_vahdat@yahoo.com سمیه حسام Somayeh Hesam 2. Department of Health Services Management, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran somayehh59@yahoo.com Criterion Green hospital Delphi method Scoping review معیار بیمارستان سبز روش دلفی مرور محدوده Reller, A. (Ed.). (2000). Greener Hospitals: Improving Environmental Performance. 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Evaluating the Quality of Bread; Based on the Amount of Salt and Baking Soda Consumption ارزیابی کیفیت نان ؛ بر اساس میزان نمک و جوش شیرین 2 1 مقدمه: نان یک ماده غذایی ضروری در وعده های غذایی جمعیت ایرانی است. با توجه به رابطه بین نمک، جوش شیرین و بیماری های مختلف ، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی نقش نان و تأثیر آن در افزایش مواد افزودنی (نمک و جوش شیرین) و مقایسه آنها با استاندارد انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه تحلیلی - مقطعی، از تمام نانوایی ها (95 نانوایی) شهرستان گرمسار و از نان مصرفی خانوار (تافتون ؛ 125 ، باربری ؛ 168 ، لواش ؛ 48 و ، سنگک ؛ 22 نمونه) نمونه گرفته شد و به آزمایشگاه غذا و دارو ارسال شد. نمونه ها طبق روش استاندارد ملی ایران (شماره 2628) آزمایش شدند. برای ارزیابی نتایج از آمار توصیفی و پراکندگی، میزان کشیدگی و چولگی و همبستگی اسپیرمن استفاده شد. نتایج این مطالعه با استفاده از نرم افزار Excel و SPSS نسخه 22 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج: مقایسه نتایج این مطالعه با استانداردهای ایران نشان داد که 3/16 و 7/66 درصد از کل نمونه های نان به ترتیب دارای مقدار نمک و pH در محدوده استاندارد های ملی بوده است. بالاترین میانگین نمک (37/0 47 47/1) مربوط به نان بربری و بیشترین میانگین pH مختص نان لواش (36/0 13 13/6) بود. بین نمک مصرفی و pH در نمونه های بربری (041/0 = p ، -r =0.158) و لواش (022/0 = p ، 0.329 = r) همبستگی معنی دار و معکوس وجود داشت. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که نوع افزودنی مصرفی برای افزایش فعالیت مخمر ها با توجه به نوع نان متفاوت بوده است. نتیجه گیری: نان می تواند نقش مهمی در افزایش دریافت روزانه نمک و جوش شیرین داشته باشد. در نتیجه، نان منبع بالقوه این مواد افزودنی است و توصیه می شود برای جلوگیری از انواع بیماری های مرتبط با نمک و جوش شیرین، مقدار این مواد کنترل و پایش گردد. 2 Introduction: Bread is an unavoidable food ingredient in Iranian meals. Given the relationship between salt and baking soda and several diseases, this study aimed to investigate the role of bread and its effect on increasing additives (salt and baking soda) and comparing them to standards. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all bakeries (95 bakeries) of Garmsar county were selected and sampled from consumed bread (Taftoon; 125, Barbari; 168, Lavash; 48 and, Sangak; 22 samples) and were sent to the Food and Drug Laboratory. The samples were tested according to the National Standards of Iran (No. 2628) method. Descriptive statistics and dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis, and Spearman correlation were used to evaluate the results. The outcomes of the measures were analyzed using Excel and SPSS software   version 22). Results: Comparison of the results of this study with Iranian standards showed that 16.3 and 66.7% of all bread samples, respectively, had the amount of salt and pH in the range of national standards. Barbari had the highest mean salt intake (1.47 ± 0.37), and Lavash had the highest mean pH (6.13 ± 0.36). Significant and reverse correlation was observed between salt intake and pH in Barbari (p = 0.041, r = -0.158) and lavash (p = 0.022, r = - 0.329) samples. The results also showed that the type of additive to increase yeast activity was different according to the type of bread.  Conclusions: Bread can play a significant role in increasing the intake of salt and baking soda daily. As a result, bread is a potential source of these additives, and it is recommended that the amount of these substances be controlled to prevent a variety of diseases associated with salt and baking soda.   33 40 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/7 1399/3/18 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 سمانه ابولی samaneh abolli 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran samanehabolli@gmail.com جواد کاظمی javad kazemi 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Center of Garmsar Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Iran ; javadkazemi@gmail.com زهرا حاجیان مطلق zahra Hajian Motlagh 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Center of Garmsar Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran Iran ; z.hajain@gmail.com Bread Salt Baking Soda Garmsar نان نمک جوش شیرین گرمسار Chamandoost S, Naderi M, Afshar H, et al. Amount of Baking Soda and Salt in Bakeries of Zanjan City In 2011-2012. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion. 2015; 1(1): 56-62.##Rafieifar S, Pouraram H, Djazayery A, et al. Strategies and opportunities ahead to reduce salt intake. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2016; 19(10): 0-.##Derouiche A, Elkardi Y, Elarbaoui M, et al. Is the reduction of salt in the bread consumed in Morocco could be a means of protection against cardiovascular diseases?. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements. 2020; 12(1): 157.##Naghibi SA, Yahyazadeh R, Yazdani Cherati J. Knowledge, attitude referred to health centers on salt intake. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 22(95): 99-104. [Persian]##Saavedra-Garcia L, Sosa-Zevallos V, Diez-Canseco F, et al. Reducing salt in bread: a quasi-experimental feasibility study in a bakery in Lima, Peru. Public health nutrition. 2016; 19(6): 976-82.##Sarrafzadegan N, Mohammadifard N. Cardiovascular Disease in Iran in the Last 40 Years: Prevalence, Mortality, Morbidity, Challenges and Strategies for Cardiovascular Prevention. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2019; 22(4): 204-10.##Ferrante D, Apro N, Ferreira V, et al. Feasibility of salt reduction in processed foods in Argentina. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2011; 29: 69-75.##He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, et al. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in white, black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension. 2009; 54(3): 482-8.##Joossens JV, Sasaki S, Kesteloot H. Bread as a source of salt: an international comparison. Journal of the American college of nutrition. 1994; 13(2):179-83.##Derouiche A, Elarbaoui M, Elkardi Y, et al. Has the Reduction of Salt in the Bread's Composition Played a Role in Reducing Blood Pressure in Morocco?. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2020; 4(Supplement_2): 178.##Lockyer S, Spiro A. The role of bread in the UK diet: An update. Nutrition Bulletin. 2020; 45(2): 133-64.##Zabihollahi T, Goftari S, Garibi F, et al. Investigation of the amount of sodium bicarbonate and salt in different types of bread in the bakeries of Kurdistan Province from 1387 to 1389. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 18(3): 39-46. [Persian]##Moazeni M, Zarrin Ghalami S, Ganjlu A. Effect of barbari dough enrichment with quinoa whole flour on farinograph characteristics and bread quality. Food Industry Research. 2018; 28(4): 103-12. [Persian]##Elias M, Laranjo M, Agulheiro-Santos AC, et al. The role of salt on food and human health. Salt in the Earth. 2020; 19.##World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children: World Health Organization; 2012.##Partearroyo T, Samaniego-Vaesken M, Ruiz E, et al. Sodium Intake from Foods Exceeds Recommended Limits in the Spanish Population: The ANIBES Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(10): 2451.##Organization INS. Traditional breads - Specifications and test methods Amendment No.1. 2017:12.##Sun X, Scanlon MG, Guillermic R-M, et al. The effects of sodium reduction on the gas phase of bread doughs using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Food Research International. 2020; 130: 108919.##Fanaei H, Eghbali T, Khazaei Feizabad A, et al. Soda Bread Making Process Decreases Protein Efficacy Ratio and Causes Debilitation of Hematological Parameters in Male Rats. Health Scope. 2020; 9(4).##Cauvain S. Reduced salt in bread and other baked products. Reducing salt in foods: Elsevier. 2007: 283-95.##Abolli S, Yaghmaeian K, Arab Aradani A, et al. Comparing groundwater fluoride level with WHO guidelines and classifying at-risk age groups; based on health risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2020: 1-14.##Harari YN. A Brief History of Humankind. 2015: 443.##Kamani H, Paseban A, Bazrafshan A, et al. Indirect Survey of Baking Soda Consumption in Bakeries of Zahedan In 2008. Journal of Khorasan shomali University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 2(3): 2. [Persian]##Ahamadabadi M, Saeidi M, Rahdar S, et al. Amount of baking soda and salt in the bread baked in city of zabol. Iioab Journal. 2016;7:518-22.##Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). Bmj. 2007; 334(7599): 885.##He FJ, MacGregor GA. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. Journal of human hypertension. 2009; 23(6): 363-84.##Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The lancet. 2016; 388(10053): 1459-544.##Luchian M, Canja C. Effect of salt on gas production in bread dough. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering. Series II. 2010; 3: 167.##Angus F. Dietary salt intake: sources and targets for reduction. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. 2007: 3-17.##Akpolat T, Kadı R, Utaş C. Hypertension, Salt, and Bread. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2009; 53(6): 1103.##Belz MC, Mairinger R, Zannini E, et al. The Effect of Sourdough and Calcium Propionate on The Microbial Shelf-Life of Salt Reduced Bread. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2012; 96(2): 493-501.##El Ati-Hellal M, Doggui R, El Ati J. A Successful Pilot Experience of Salt Reduction in Tunisian Bread: 35% Gradual Decrease of Salt Content Without Detection by Consumers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4): 1590.##Ndanuko RN, Tapsell LC, Charlton KE, et al. Dietary Patterns and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2016; 7(1): 76-89.##Farquhar WB, Edwards DG, Jurkovitz CT, et al. Dietary Sodium and Health: More Than Just Blood Pressure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015; 65(10): 1042-50.##Sosa M, Flores A, Hough G, et al. Optimum Level of Salt in French‐Type Bread. Influence of Income Status, Salt Level In Daily Bread Consumption, And Test Location. Journal of food science. 2008; 73(8): S392-S7.##Bowry AD, Lewey J, Dugani SB, et al. The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology and Management. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2015; 31(9): 1151-9.##Girgis S, Neal B, Prescott J, et al. A One-Quarter Reduction in The Salt Content of Bread Can Be Made without Detection. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 57(4): 616-20.##Bertino M, Beauchamp GK, Engelman K. Long-Term Reduction in Dietary Sodium Alters The Taste of Salt. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982; 36(6): 1134-44.##Kuhar A, Korošec M, Bolha A, et al. Is a Consumer Perception of Salt Modification a Sensory or a Behavioural Phenomenon? Insights from a Bread Study. Foods. 2020; 9(9): 1172.##Beigi A, Gafari M, Gholami R, et al. Survey on Reduce Use of Soda in Process of Traditional Bread in Country. 12th National Congress of Environmental Health. 2010: 8-10.##Rezakhah A. Severe Losses The Use of Baking Soda in Bread Baking. Behdasht ـ E ـ Jahan. 2001; 14: 15-20.##Rezaiimofrad M, Jeddi FR, Azarbad Z. Baking Soda and Salt in Bakeries of Mehrdasht (Najafabad), Isfahan, Iran: A Survey on A Typical Rural Population in A Developing Country. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2013; 54(1): 53.##Cobb LK, Appel LJ, Anderson CA. Strategies to Reduce Dietary Sodium Intake. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2012; 14(4): 425-34.##Urakov A. Creation of" Necessary" Mixtures of Baking Soda, Hydrogen Peroxide and Warm Water as A Strategy for Modernization Bleaching Cleaners of Ceramic. Epitoanyag-Journal of Silicate Based & Composite Materials. 2020; 72(1).##Hooper L, Bartlett C, Smith GD, et al. Advice to Reduce Dietary Salt for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004(1).##Chamandoost S, Naderi M, Afshar H, et al. Amount of Baking Soda and Salt in Bakeries of Zanjan City In 2011-2012. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion. 2015; 1(1): 56-62.##Rafieifar S, Pouraram H, Djazayery A, et al. Strategies and opportunities ahead to reduce salt intake. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2016; 19(10): 0-.##Derouiche A, Elkardi Y, Elarbaoui M, et al. Is the reduction of salt in the bread consumed in Morocco could be a means of protection against cardiovascular diseases?. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements. 2020; 12(1): 157.##Naghibi SA, Yahyazadeh R, Yazdani Cherati J. Knowledge, attitude referred to health centers on salt intake. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 22(95): 99-104. [Persian]##Saavedra-Garcia L, Sosa-Zevallos V, Diez-Canseco F, et al. Reducing salt in bread: a quasi-experimental feasibility study in a bakery in Lima, Peru. Public health nutrition. 2016; 19(6): 976-82.##Sarrafzadegan N, Mohammadifard N. Cardiovascular Disease in Iran in the Last 40 Years: Prevalence, Mortality, Morbidity, Challenges and Strategies for Cardiovascular Prevention. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2019; 22(4): 204-10.##Ferrante D, Apro N, Ferreira V, et al. Feasibility of salt reduction in processed foods in Argentina. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2011; 29: 69-75.##He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, et al. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in white, black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension. 2009; 54(3): 482-8.##Joossens JV, Sasaki S, Kesteloot H. Bread as a source of salt: an international comparison. Journal of the American college of nutrition. 1994; 13(2):179-83.##Derouiche A, Elarbaoui M, Elkardi Y, et al. Has the Reduction of Salt in the Bread's Composition Played a Role in Reducing Blood Pressure in Morocco?. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2020; 4(Supplement_2): 178.##Lockyer S, Spiro A. The role of bread in the UK diet: An update. Nutrition Bulletin. 2020; 45(2): 133-64.##Zabihollahi T, Goftari S, Garibi F, et al. Investigation of the amount of sodium bicarbonate and salt in different types of bread in the bakeries of Kurdistan Province from 1387 to 1389. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 18(3): 39-46. [Persian]##Moazeni M, Zarrin Ghalami S, Ganjlu A. Effect of barbari dough enrichment with quinoa whole flour on farinograph characteristics and bread quality. Food Industry Research. 2018; 28(4): 103-12. [Persian]##Elias M, Laranjo M, Agulheiro-Santos AC, et al. The role of salt on food and human health. Salt in the Earth. 2020; 19.##World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children: World Health Organization; 2012.##Partearroyo T, Samaniego-Vaesken M, Ruiz E, et al. Sodium Intake from Foods Exceeds Recommended Limits in the Spanish Population: The ANIBES Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(10): 2451.##Organization INS. Traditional breads - Specifications and test methods Amendment No.1. 2017:12.##Sun X, Scanlon MG, Guillermic R-M, et al. The effects of sodium reduction on the gas phase of bread doughs using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Food Research International. 2020; 130: 108919.##Fanaei H, Eghbali T, Khazaei Feizabad A, et al. Soda Bread Making Process Decreases Protein Efficacy Ratio and Causes Debilitation of Hematological Parameters in Male Rats. Health Scope. 2020; 9(4).##Cauvain S. Reduced salt in bread and other baked products. Reducing salt in foods: Elsevier. 2007: 283-95.##Abolli S, Yaghmaeian K, Arab Aradani A, et al. Comparing groundwater fluoride level with WHO guidelines and classifying at-risk age groups; based on health risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2020: 1-14.##Harari YN. A Brief History of Humankind. 2015: 443.##Kamani H, Paseban A, Bazrafshan A, et al. Indirect Survey of Baking Soda Consumption in Bakeries of Zahedan In 2008. Journal of Khorasan shomali University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 2(3): 2. [Persian]##Ahamadabadi M, Saeidi M, Rahdar S, et al. Amount of baking soda and salt in the bread baked in city of zabol. Iioab Journal. 2016;7:518-22.##Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). Bmj. 2007; 334(7599): 885.##He FJ, MacGregor GA. A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. Journal of human hypertension. 2009; 23(6): 363-84.##Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The lancet. 2016; 388(10053): 1459-544.##Luchian M, Canja C. Effect of salt on gas production in bread dough. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering. Series II. 2010; 3: 167.##Angus F. Dietary salt intake: sources and targets for reduction. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. 2007: 3-17.##Akpolat T, Kadı R, Utaş C. Hypertension, Salt, and Bread. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2009; 53(6): 1103.##Belz MC, Mairinger R, Zannini E, et al. The Effect of Sourdough and Calcium Propionate on The Microbial Shelf-Life of Salt Reduced Bread. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2012; 96(2): 493-501.##El Ati-Hellal M, Doggui R, El Ati J. A Successful Pilot Experience of Salt Reduction in Tunisian Bread: 35% Gradual Decrease of Salt Content Without Detection by Consumers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4): 1590.##Ndanuko RN, Tapsell LC, Charlton KE, et al. Dietary Patterns and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2016; 7(1): 76-89.##Farquhar WB, Edwards DG, Jurkovitz CT, et al. Dietary Sodium and Health: More Than Just Blood Pressure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015; 65(10): 1042-50.##Sosa M, Flores A, Hough G, et al. Optimum Level of Salt in French‐Type Bread. Influence of Income Status, Salt Level In Daily Bread Consumption, And Test Location. Journal of food science. 2008; 73(8): S392-S7.##Bowry AD, Lewey J, Dugani SB, et al. The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology and Management. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2015; 31(9): 1151-9.##Girgis S, Neal B, Prescott J, et al. A One-Quarter Reduction in The Salt Content of Bread Can Be Made without Detection. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 57(4): 616-20.##Bertino M, Beauchamp GK, Engelman K. Long-Term Reduction in Dietary Sodium Alters The Taste of Salt. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982; 36(6): 1134-44.##Kuhar A, Korošec M, Bolha A, et al. Is a Consumer Perception of Salt Modification a Sensory or a Behavioural Phenomenon? Insights from a Bread Study. Foods. 2020; 9(9): 1172.##Beigi A, Gafari M, Gholami R, et al. Survey on Reduce Use of Soda in Process of Traditional Bread in Country. 12th National Congress of Environmental Health. 2010: 8-10.##Rezakhah A. Severe Losses The Use of Baking Soda in Bread Baking. Behdasht ـ E ـ Jahan. 2001; 14: 15-20.##Rezaiimofrad M, Jeddi FR, Azarbad Z. Baking Soda and Salt in Bakeries of Mehrdasht (Najafabad), Isfahan, Iran: A Survey on A Typical Rural Population in A Developing Country. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 2013; 54(1): 53.##Cobb LK, Appel LJ, Anderson CA. Strategies to Reduce Dietary Sodium Intake. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2012; 14(4): 425-34.##Urakov A. Creation of" Necessary" Mixtures of Baking Soda, Hydrogen Peroxide and Warm Water as A Strategy for Modernization Bleaching Cleaners of Ceramic. Epitoanyag-Journal of Silicate Based & Composite Materials. 2020; 72(1).##Hooper L, Bartlett C, Smith GD, et al. Advice to Reduce Dietary Salt for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004(1).## ##

Investigation of Health System Assumptions in Curriculum of Fourth Grade Elementary Textbooks Using Shannon Entropy Content analysis بررسی مفروضات سیستم بهداشتی در برنامه درسی کتاب های درسی پایه چهارم ابتدایی با استفاده از تحلیل محتوای آنتروپی شانون 2 1 زمینه و هدف : آموزش بهداشت بخشی جدایی ناپذیر از برنامه آموزش و پرورش برای همه دانش آموزان است .برنامه های درسی آموزش بهداشت باید نمایشگر دانش ضروری، نگرش، و مهارتها باشند. اذا پژوهش حاضر در نظر دارد مفروضه های نظام سلامت در برنامه درسی کتب سال چهارم دوره ابتدایی   مورد بررسی قرار دهد روش بررسی: در این تحقیق از روش تحلیل محتوا "آنتروپی شانون" می باشد که پردازش داده ها را در  بحث تحلیل محتوا  با نگاه جدید و به صورت کمی و کیفی مطرح می کند. آنتروپی در تئوری اطلاعات ، شاخصی است برای اندازه گیری عدم اطمینان که به وسیله، یک  توزیع احتمال بیان می شود. محتوای طرح از نظر پاسخگو( متن کتب دوره چهارم ابتدایی) و دوازده مؤلفه  اصلی و 58 مولفه فرعی آموزش بهداشت و ارتقای سلامت  مورد بررسی قرار گرفت یافته ها : نتایج تحلیل محتوای آنتروپی شانون نشان داد که  سلامت روانی  با  277 مورد بیشترین فراوانی را به خود اختصاص داده، و کمترین مقدار مربوط به معلولیت با 12  فراوانی است. و  از مجموع  1157 فراوانی  مولفه های سلامت در کتاب پایه چهارم  ابتدایی، 81 مورد به سلامت جسم، 263 مورد به سلامت تغذیه، 75 مورد به سلامت محیط، 33 مورد به سلامت محیط زیست، 227 مورد به سلامت خانواده، 19 مورد به حوادث ایمنی، 73 مورد به تحرک بدنی، 277 مورد به سلامت روانی، 25 مورد به پیشگیری از رفتار های پرخطر، 14 مورد به کنترل و پیش گیری از بیماری ها، 12 مورد به معلولیت، 58 مورد به بهداشت عمومی و بهداشت مدرسه، اشاره شده است نتیجه گیری : یافته های حاصل از فراوانی مولفه ها نشان داده است که مولفه های نظام سلامت  از توزیع نرمال برخوردار نیستند به طوری که متاسفانه در حد که در محتوای  کتب دوره چهارم ابتدایی به برخی  از مولفه های آموزش بهداشت کمتر توجه  است 2  Introduction: Health education is an inseparable part of a curriculum for all students. Health education should represent the essential knowledge, attitudes, and skills. So, the present research aimed at investigating health system assumptions in fourth-grade elementary textbooks. Method: This research is applied and descriptive-analytical has been done manually by Shannon's entropy content analysis, which suggests a quantitative approach to data processing. The research has investigated the respondents' viewpoints about the content of fourth-grade elementary textbooks and 12 major components (Physical health, Nutritional health, Environmental health, Natural environment health, Family health, Safety incidents, Physical activity, Mental health, Prevention of high-risk behaviors, Control, and prevention of diseases, Disability, Public health, and school health) and 58 minor components of health education and promotion. Results: In this research, all fourth-grade elementary textbooks have been reviewed. According to Shannon's entropy content analysis results, mental health has the highest frequency with 277 components, and disability has the least frequency with 12 components. Among the 1157 health components in fourth-grade elementary textbooks, there are 81 physical health components, 263 nutritional health components, 57 environmental health components, 33 natural environment health components, 227 family health components, 19 safety incident components, 73 physical activity components, 277 mental health components, 25 component of prevention of high-risk behaviors, 14 components of disease control and prevention, 12 disability components, and 58 components of public health and school health. Conclusion: According to the content analysis, there is no normal distribution between the components of health education and health promotion among the components studied in the content of the fourth-grade books, so that little attention has been paid to health education components in fourth-grade elementary textbooks. 41 51 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/72020/04/21 1399/2/2 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 محمد عظیمی mohammad azimi Department of Elementary Education, Farhangiyan University, Tehran, Iran Iran MOHAMADAZIMI86@YAHOO.COM Health education Fourth-grade elementary textbooks Health system assumptions آموزش بهداشت کتابهای درسی پایه چهارم ابتدایی مفروضات نظام سلامت Ickovics JR, Carroll-Scott A, Peters SM, et al. Health and Academic Achievement: Cumulative Effects of Health Assets on Standardized Test Scores Among Urban Youth in the United States. Journal of School Health. 2014; 84(1): 40-8.##Langford R, Bonell CP, Jones HE, et al. The WHO Health Promoting School Framework for Improving The Health and Well-Being of Students and Their Academic Achievement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014; 4: CD008958.##Franks AL, Kelder SH, Dino GA, et al. School-based Programs: Lessons Learned from CATCH, Planet Health, and Not-On-Tobacco. Preventing Chronic Disease [Internet]. 2007; 4(2).##Vermont Health Education Guidelines for Curriculum and Assessment.second edition 2010 ed: Vermont Department of Education. p. 25 .##Barqi I, Mabhouti Dizajyekan J. Content Analysis of Elementary Third Grade Textbooks Based on Attention to Health System Components. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2019; 8 (6):1-10. [Persian]##Hafezi A, Abbasi E, Niknami S, et al. The Codification Process of Baccalaureate Curriculum for School Health and Its Validation from the Perspective of Curriculum and School Health Specialists. Journal of Health. 2018; 8 (5): 607-629. [Persian]##World Health Organization. What is a health promoting school? [2014/11/14]; Available from: http://www. who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/hps/en /.##Fraenkel JR, Wallen NE, Hyun HH. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1993.##Vamos S, Zhou M. Using Focus Group Research to Assess Health Education Needs of Pre-Service and in-Service Teachers. American Journal of Health Education. 2009; 4(40): 196-206.##Tehrani Bani Hashemi SA, Hagh Dost AA, Amirkhani MA, et al. Health Literacy in 5 Provinces and The Factors Affecting It. Strides in Development of Medical Education Journal. The First Number. Fourth period. 2007; 4(1): 1-9. [Persian]##Salehi Omran I, Mohammadi A. Knowledge, Attitude and Skills of Teachers in Elementary Schools in The Province Environmental. education Journal. 2008; 95:117-91. [Persian]##Creswell WH, Newman M, Anderson CL. School Health Practice 10th Edition, Toronto, Santa, Clara. 2010.##Safari M, Shojaei Zadeh, D. Health education and health promotion. Smat. Tehran. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Majlis Research Center. Available from : http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/content/iran_constitution on 20 february 2013. [Persian]##Amini.M. An Explanation of Multicultural Curriculum and It's Implementation in Iran's Curriculum Development System. Journal of Curriculum Studies. 2012; 7(26): 11-32 .[Persian]##Baltork MA, Asadnia M, Aghili R. The Status of Health Education in Iranian Elementary School Books. Journal of Health & Development. 2020; 1(4): 245-54 .[Persian]##Salehi Omran E, Abedini Baltork M. Content Analysis of Health Information Components in School Textbooks. Health Information Management. 2011; 8(4): 608-614. [Persian]##Ebadi N, Ranjdoust S, Azimi M. Task-Based Curriculum Education in Nursing Master's Degree books based on Task-Based Components: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Education (JNE). 2019; 8(1):36-44. [Persian]##Shams G, Farasatkhah M, Mahdi R, et al. Analysis of Factors Affecting QA of Educational Administration by Using Shannon's Entropy Technique. Educational Measurement and Evaluation Studies. 2015; 5(10): 31-60. [Persian]##Eskandari H, Rafiipour Sh . Curriculum of the Health Education Community in Schools from Preschool to Preschool, Department of Health Communication and Education, under the supervision of the Textbook Planning and Writing Office, Tehran.2005 . [Persian]##Azimi M. Evaluation of Health System Development Plan and Basic Education Transformation Plan Based on Health System Assumptions with Emphasis on Education. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2019; 7 (2) :154-171.[Persian]##Spear HJ, Kulbok PA. Adolescent Health Behaviors and Related Factors: A Review. Public Health Nursing. 2001; 18(2): 82-93.##Azimi M. Explaining the Experience of Health Education and Training Professionals to Evaluate the Methods and Effectiveness of Health Education among Elementary School Students. Depiction of Health. 2020; 11(4): 381-392. [Persian]##Izadi S, Salehiomran E, Fathivajargah K, et al. Analysis of Primary School Textbooks Based on The Components of Health Education Review Quarterly. Journal of Educational Innovations. 2010; 9(1): 139-162.[Persian]##Salehiomran E, Izadi S, Rezaee F. Content Analyze Of Elementary Textbooks Based on The Globaleducation Components. Journal of Curriculum Studies. 2009; 4(13): 141-17 .[Persian]##Aghamolaei T, Hosseini Z, Hosseini F, et al. The Relationship Between Health Literacy and Health Promoting Behaviors in Students. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016; 3(2): 36-43 .[Persian]##Ickovics JR, Carroll-Scott A, Peters SM, et al. Health and Academic Achievement: Cumulative Effects of Health Assets on Standardized Test Scores Among Urban Youth in the United States. Journal of School Health. 2014; 84(1): 40-8.##Langford R, Bonell CP, Jones HE, et al. The WHO Health Promoting School Framework for Improving The Health and Well-Being of Students and Their Academic Achievement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014; 4: CD008958.##Franks AL, Kelder SH, Dino GA, et al. School-based Programs: Lessons Learned from CATCH, Planet Health, and Not-On-Tobacco. Preventing Chronic Disease [Internet]. 2007; 4(2).##Vermont Health Education Guidelines for Curriculum and Assessment.second edition 2010 ed: Vermont Department of Education. p. 25 .##Barqi I, Mabhouti Dizajyekan J. Content Analysis of Elementary Third Grade Textbooks Based on Attention to Health System Components. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2019; 8 (6):1-10. [Persian]##Hafezi A, Abbasi E, Niknami S, et al. The Codification Process of Baccalaureate Curriculum for School Health and Its Validation from the Perspective of Curriculum and School Health Specialists. Journal of Health. 2018; 8 (5): 607-629. [Persian]##World Health Organization. What is a health promoting school? [2014/11/14]; Available from: http://www. who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/hps/en /.##Fraenkel JR, Wallen NE, Hyun HH. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1993.##Vamos S, Zhou M. Using Focus Group Research to Assess Health Education Needs of Pre-Service and in-Service Teachers. American Journal of Health Education. 2009; 4(40): 196-206.##Tehrani Bani Hashemi SA, Hagh Dost AA, Amirkhani MA, et al. Health Literacy in 5 Provinces and The Factors Affecting It. Strides in Development of Medical Education Journal. The First Number. Fourth period. 2007; 4(1): 1-9. [Persian]##Salehi Omran I, Mohammadi A. Knowledge, Attitude and Skills of Teachers in Elementary Schools in The Province Environmental. education Journal. 2008; 95:117-91. [Persian]##Creswell WH, Newman M, Anderson CL. School Health Practice 10th Edition, Toronto, Santa, Clara. 2010.##Safari M, Shojaei Zadeh, D. Health education and health promotion. Smat. Tehran. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Majlis Research Center. Available from : http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/content/iran_constitution on 20 february 2013. [Persian]##Amini.M. An Explanation of Multicultural Curriculum and It's Implementation in Iran's Curriculum Development System. Journal of Curriculum Studies. 2012; 7(26): 11-32 .[Persian]##Baltork MA, Asadnia M, Aghili R. The Status of Health Education in Iranian Elementary School Books. Journal of Health & Development. 2020; 1(4): 245-54 .[Persian]##Salehi Omran E, Abedini Baltork M. Content Analysis of Health Information Components in School Textbooks. Health Information Management. 2011; 8(4): 608-614. [Persian]##Ebadi N, Ranjdoust S, Azimi M. Task-Based Curriculum Education in Nursing Master's Degree books based on Task-Based Components: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Education (JNE). 2019; 8(1):36-44. [Persian]##Shams G, Farasatkhah M, Mahdi R, et al. Analysis of Factors Affecting QA of Educational Administration by Using Shannon's Entropy Technique. Educational Measurement and Evaluation Studies. 2015; 5(10): 31-60. [Persian]##Eskandari H, Rafiipour Sh . Curriculum of the Health Education Community in Schools from Preschool to Preschool, Department of Health Communication and Education, under the supervision of the Textbook Planning and Writing Office, Tehran.2005 . [Persian]##Azimi M. Evaluation of Health System Development Plan and Basic Education Transformation Plan Based on Health System Assumptions with Emphasis on Education. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2019; 7 (2) :154-171.[Persian]##Spear HJ, Kulbok PA. Adolescent Health Behaviors and Related Factors: A Review. Public Health Nursing. 2001; 18(2): 82-93.##Azimi M. Explaining the Experience of Health Education and Training Professionals to Evaluate the Methods and Effectiveness of Health Education among Elementary School Students. Depiction of Health. 2020; 11(4): 381-392. [Persian]##Izadi S, Salehiomran E, Fathivajargah K, et al. Analysis of Primary School Textbooks Based on The Components of Health Education Review Quarterly. Journal of Educational Innovations. 2010; 9(1): 139-162.[Persian]##Salehiomran E, Izadi S, Rezaee F. Content Analyze Of Elementary Textbooks Based on The Globaleducation Components. Journal of Curriculum Studies. 2009; 4(13): 141-17 .[Persian]##Aghamolaei T, Hosseini Z, Hosseini F, et al. The Relationship Between Health Literacy and Health Promoting Behaviors in Students. Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016; 3(2): 36-43 .[Persian]## ##

Monitoring Patients to Prevent Myocardial Infarction using Internet of Things Technology نظارت بر بیماران برای جلوگیری از سکته قلبی با استفاده از فناوری اینترنت اشیا 2 1 مقدمه:وزارت بهداشت ایران اعلام کرده است هنگامی که حمله قلبی رخ می دهد، 50٪ از بیماران  در طی ساعات اولیه پس از سکته قلبی جان خود را از دست می دهند. هدف از این مقاله فراهم آوردن سیستمی برای پایش 24 ساعته بیمار، جلوگیری از حمله قلبی و کاهش مرگ و میر ناشی از آن است. روش ها:در این مطالعه پژوهشی، با بررسی مقالات معتبر سال 2020، دو نمونه سنسور که دارای کمترین خطا، سریع و کاربر پسند بودند، انتخاب شدند سپس با ارائه روشهایی نوین سیستمی شامل دوفاز ارسال اخطار و حالت نرمال ارائه شد.اطلاعات دریافت شده از هر دو فاز در پرونده دیجیتال بیمار ذخیره سازی می شود. براساس این اطلاعات می توان تصمیم گیری هایی شخصی سازی شده برای بیمار اتخاذ کرد. نتایج:طبق گزارش وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی ایران، بیش از 40٪ مرگ و میر در کشور مربوط به بیماری های قلبی می باشد که 19٪ آنها به دلیل سکته قلبی است درحالی که 50٪ از مرگ و میرها براثرسکته قلبی در اولین ساعات بعد از سکته اتفاق می افتد. سیستم نظارت 24 ساعته پیشنهادی ما، با استفاده از به روزترین و دقیق ترین ابزار اندازه گیری، احتمال خطر را از طریق اندازه گیری پیوسته علائم حیاتی بیمار، کاهش می دهد. نتیجه گیری:در سیستم پیشنهادی ما، بازه زمانی و عددی هر اندازه گیری توسط سنسورها را پزشک مربوطه تعیین می کند سپس اطلاعات در پرونده پزشکی دیجیتال هرفرد ذخیره می شود. این سیستم به تجویز دارو و تصمیم گیری دقیق تر بر اساس شرایط اختصاصی بیمار کمک می کند. توصیه می شود فاز تحویل دارو به بیمار در بازه زمانی رسیدن تیم پزشکی، برای به حداقل رسیدن خطر انجام شود.   2 Introduction: The Iranian Ministry of Health has announced that when a heart attack occurs, 50% of patients die within the first hours after a heart attack. The purpose of this article is to provide a system for 24-hour patient monitoring, prevention of heart attack and reduction of mortality. Methods: In this original research study, by reviewing the valid articles of 2020, two sensor samples with the least error, fast and user-friendly were selected, then presented by new system methods including two-phase: warning transmission and normal mode. Received information from both of the phases is stored in the patient's digital file. Based on this information, personalized decisions can be made for each patient. Results: According to the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, more than 40% of deaths in the country are related to the heart diseases, 19% of them are related to the heart attack, while 50% of deaths due to myocardial infraction happen in the first hours. Our proposed 24-hour monitoring system, using the most up-to-date and accurate measurement tools, reduces the risk by continuously measuring the patient's vital signs. Conclusion: In our proposed system, the time and numerical interval of each measurement by the sensors are determined by the respective doctor, then the information is stored in each person's digital medical record. This system helps prescribe medication and make more accurate decisions based on the patient's specific circumstances. It is recommended that the drug delivery phase be performed within the arrival time of the medical team to minimize the risk.   52 59 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/72020/04/212020/09/16 1399/6/26 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 فرنوش آخوندان Farnoosh Akhoondan 1. Faculty of computer engineering, Islamic Azad Univesity E-Campus, Tehran, Iran Iran ak.farnoosh@gmail.com حجت الله حمیدی Hojatollah Hamidi 2. Faculty of industrial engineering, K.N.Toosi university of technology, Tehran, Iran Iran h_hamidi@kntu.ac.ir علی برومندنیا Ali Broumandnia 3. Faculty of computer engineering, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran Internet of medical things Blood sugar Myocardial infarction Continuous monitoring Sending warning messages اینترنت اشیا در پزشکی قند خون سکته قلبی نظارت مداوم ارسال پیام های هشدار دهنده 1. Kang JJ, Adibi S. A Review of Security Protocols in mHealth Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). in International Conference on Future Network Systems and Security, Paris, France. 2015; 61-83.##Gao W, Emaminejad S, Nyein HY, et al. Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for Multiplexed in Situ Perspiration Analysis. Nature. 2016; 529(7587): 509-514.##Kang JJ. An Inference System Framework for Personal Sensor Devices in Mobile Health and Internet of Things Networks . Submitted in Fulfilment of The Requirements for the PhD thesis, Deakin University January 2017.##Rosli RSB, Olanrewaju RF. Mobile Heart Rate Detection System (Moherds) for Early Warning of Potentiallyfatal Heart Diseases. in 2016 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE). 2016: 422-427.##Wolgast G, Ehrenborg C, Israelsson A, et al. Wireless body area network for heart attack detection . IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. 2016; 58(5) : 84-92.##Jambhulkar P, Baporikar V. Review on Prediction of Heart Disease Using Data Mining Technique with Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Computer Science and Applications. 2015; 8(1): 55-59.##Alansari Z, Soomro S, Belgaum MR, et al. The Rise of Internet of Things (IoT) in Big Healthcare Data: Review and Open Research Issues. Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering. 2018: 675-85.##Fernandez-Carames MT, Fragra-Lamas P. Design of a Fog Computing, Blockchain and IoT-Based Continuous Glucose Monitoring System for Crowdsourcing mHealth. 5th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications. 2018; 4(1): 37.##Martín A, Kim J, Kurniawan JF, et al. Epidermal Microfuidic Electrochemical Detection System: Enhanced Sweat Sampling and Metabolite Detection. ACS Sensors. 2017; 2(12): 1860-1868.##Huang X, Liu Y, Cheng H, et al. Materials and Designs for Wireless Epidermal Sensors of Hydration and Strain. Advanced Functional Materials. 2014; 24(25): 3846-3854.##Howsmon DP, Cameron F, Baysal N, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Enables the Detection of Losses in Infusion Set Actuation (LISAs). Sensors . 2017: 17(1); 161.##Ding S, Schumacher M. Sensor Monitoring of Physical Activity to Improve Glucose Management in Diabetic Patients: A Review. Sensors . 2016; 16(4): 589.##Haase K, Müller N, Petrich W, et al. Towards a continuous glucose monitoring system using tunable quantum cascade lasers. InBiomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy 2018: Advances in Research and Industry . 2018 ; 10490: 1049008. International Society for Optics and Photonics.##Isensee K, Müller N, Puccib A, et al. Towards a Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Implant for The Continuous Monitoring of Glucose. Analyst. 2018; 143(24): 6025- 36.##Rotenberg MY, Tian B. Bioelectronic Devices: Long-Lived Recordings. Nature Biomedical Engineering. 2017; 1(3): 1-2.##Yokota T, Inoue Y, Terakawa Y, et al. Ultrafexible, Large-Area, Physiological Temperature Sensors for Multipoint Measurements. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2015; 112(47): 14533-14538.##Wang CH. Ultrasonic Device for Blood Pressure Measurement"; A Thesis Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of The Requirements. University of California San Diego. 2018.##Man S, Ter Haar CC, Maan AC, et al. The Dependence of The Stemi Classification on The Position of St-Deviation Measurement Instant Relative to The J Point. 2015 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC). 2015: 837 - 840.##Wang  C, Li X, Hu H, et al. Monitoring of the Central Blood Pressure Waveform Via A Conformal Ultrasonic Device . Nature Biomedical Engineering. 2018; 2(9): 687-695.##Dewan A, Sharma M. Prediction of Heart Disease Using A Hybrid Technique in Data Mining Classification. 2015 2nd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom). 2015:704-706.##Koshti M, Ganorkar S. Iot Based Health Monitoring System by Using Raspberrypi and Ecg Signal. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2016; 5(5): 8977- 85.##Medhekar DS, Bote MP, Deshmukh SD. Heart Disease Prediction System Using Naive Bayes. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology and Engineering. 2013; 2(3).##Raihan M, Mondal S, More A, et al. Smartphone Based Ischemic Heart Disease (Heart Attack) Risk Prediction Using Clinical Data and Data Mining Approaches, A Prototype Design. 2016 19th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT). 2016: 299 - 303.##1. Kang JJ, Adibi S. A Review of Security Protocols in mHealth Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). in International Conference on Future Network Systems and Security, Paris, France. 2015; 61-83.##Gao W, Emaminejad S, Nyein HY, et al. Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for Multiplexed in Situ Perspiration Analysis. Nature. 2016; 529(7587): 509-514.##Kang JJ. An Inference System Framework for Personal Sensor Devices in Mobile Health and Internet of Things Networks . Submitted in Fulfilment of The Requirements for the PhD thesis, Deakin University January 2017.##Rosli RSB, Olanrewaju RF. Mobile Heart Rate Detection System (Moherds) for Early Warning of Potentiallyfatal Heart Diseases. in 2016 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE). 2016: 422-427.##Wolgast G, Ehrenborg C, Israelsson A, et al. Wireless body area network for heart attack detection . IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. 2016; 58(5) : 84-92.##Jambhulkar P, Baporikar V. Review on Prediction of Heart Disease Using Data Mining Technique with Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Computer Science and Applications. 2015; 8(1): 55-59.##Alansari Z, Soomro S, Belgaum MR, et al. The Rise of Internet of Things (IoT) in Big Healthcare Data: Review and Open Research Issues. Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering. 2018: 675-85.##Fernandez-Carames MT, Fragra-Lamas P. 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Anthropometric Dimensions and Classroom Furniture Measurements Among Pre-school Students in Kerman, South East of Iran ابعاد تن سنجی و اندازه گیری مبلمان کلاس در بین دانش آموزان پیش دبستانی کرمان ، جنوب شرقی ایران 2 1 مقدمه: با تغییر نظام آموزشی از سه مقطعی به دو مقطعی در مدارس ایران، کودکان پنج ساله از مهد کودک ها وارد مدارس شدند. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی میزان تطابق مبلمان کلاس‌ها با ابعاد آنتروپومتری دانش آموزان پیش دبستان انجام شد. روش کار: در این مطالعه ، 366 دانش آموز دختر و پسر پیش دبستانی به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای در کرمان انتخاب شدند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعیین شد. برخی از ابعاد آنتروپومتری دانش‌آموزان مانند ارتفاع شانه، ارتفاع آرنج، ارتفاع رکبی، طول کفل- رکبی و پهنای باسن دانش‌آموزان اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS 21 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. شاخص های آماری از جمله میانگین، حداکثر، حداقل، SD و صدک‌های 5 ، 50 و 95 برای هر دو جنس محاسبه و با 5 بعد از صندلی های موجود مقایسه شدند سپس ابعاد صندلی های استاندارد با توجه به ابعاد آنتروپومتری دانش‌آموزان تعیین شد. یافته ها: مقایسه ابعاد آنتروپومتری دانش‌آموزان پیش دبستانی دختر و پسر در شهر کرمان نشان داد که به غیر از ارتفاع پوپلیته (P≤0.05) هیچ یک از ابعاد آنتروپومتری اندازه‌گیری‌ شده اختلاف معنی داری نداشت. بررسی تطابق ابعاد آنتروپومتری دانش‌آموزان با صندلی های موجود نشان داد ارتفاع دسته صندلی، ارتفاع نشستنگاه ، ارتفاع پشتی صندلی، عمق صندلی و عرض صندلی به ترتیب با (0 ، 0.5 ، 10 ، 6.7 ، 0) درصد دختران و با ( 0.7 ، 28.7 ، 6 ، 2.5 ، 0) درصد پسران تناسب داشت. از فشارهای تن سنجی دانش آموزان دختر و پسر نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اضافه شدن یک پایه کلاسی جدید به دبستان، به نظر می رسد اقدام چندانی جهت تهیه مبلمان متناسب با این رده سنی صورت نگرفته است. ما در این مطالعه، یک صندلی متناسب با ابعاد بدنی دانش‌آموزان پیش‌دبستان ارائه کردیم. این ممکن است علاوه بر صرفه جویی در هزینه های تولید در صنعت، به افزایش همسان سازی بین ابعاد تن سنجی و ابعاد صندلی دانش‌آموزان نیز کمک کند. 2 Abstract Introduction: With the alternation of the educational system from a three-stage into a two-stage system in Iranian schools since several years ago, five-year-old children entered from kindergartens to primary schools. This study was conducted to investigate the harmonization of classroom furniture with anthropometric dimensions in preschool students.  Methods: In this study, 366 male and female preschool students were selected by cluster sampling method in Kerman, Iran. The  sample size was calculated by the Cochran formula  Some of the anthropometric dimensions such as shoulder, elbow, and popliteal height, popliteal buttock length, and buttock breath were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21. Statistical indicators such as mean, maximum, minimum, standard division, and 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles were calculated for both the sexes and were compared with five dimensions of the existing seats. Next, the dimensions of the standard seats were determined according to the anthropometric dimension’s students. Results: Anthropometric dimensions comparision between girl and boy pre- school students in Kerman city showed just popliteal height had a siginificnt diference (p ≤0.05). Match of antropometric musurmants with seat dimentions indicated that there is no consistency between the seats and anthropometric dimensions in. Armrest height, seat height, backrest height, seat depth and seat breath were matched with (0, 0.5, 10, 6.7, 0) and (0.7, 28.7, 6, 2.5, 0) percent of anthropometric musurments of girl and boy students respectively Conclusions: Due to adding a new grade to primary school, it seems that no work has been done for improving the furniture. Therefore, in this article, we presented the dimensions of an appropriate seat. This may help not only save production costs in the industry but also increase the matching between students' anthropometric and seat dimensions. 60 67 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/72020/04/212020/09/162020/07/6 1399/4/16 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 فاطمه سیدی Fatemeh Seyedi 1. Department of Anatomical sciences, faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran Iran fatemehseyedi@yahoo.com محمدعلی شهابی- رابری Mohammad Ali Shahabi-Rabori 2. Department of Anatomical sciences, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran dardestan_shahab@yahoo.com سیدحسن افتخار واقفی Seyed Hassan Eftekhar-Vaghefi 2. Department of Anatomical sciences, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran Sheftekharv@yahoo.com Anthropometry Primary school Classroom furniture Pre-school student تن سنجی دبستان مبلمان کلاس دانش آموز پیش دبستانی Savanur C S. An Ergonomic study of comparison between school classroom furniture and student's anthropometry. Proceedings of the National Conference on Humanizing Work and the Work Environment, 22-24 April; 2004; 2004: National Institute of Industrial Engineering.##Musa A. Anthropometric evaluations and assessment of school furniture design in Nigeria: A case study of secondary schools in rural area of Odeda, Nigeria. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations. 2011;2(3): 499-508.##Panagiotopoulou G, Christoulas K, Papanckolaou A, et al. Classroom furniture dimensions and anthropometric measures in primary school. Appl Ergonomics. 2004; 35(2):121-128.##DiDomenico E, Bonnici J. Assessing service quality within the educational environment. Education. 1996;1163:353-360.##Azabagic S, Spahic R, Pranjic N, et al. Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Primary School Children in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Materia socio-medica. 2016;28(3):164.##Murphy S, Buckle P, Stubbs D. Classroom posture and self-reported back and neck pain in schoolchildren. Applied Ergonomics. 2004;35(2): 113-120.##Tichauer E.The Biomechanical Basis of Ergonomics anatomy applied to the design of work situations.Wiley & Sons. 1978:99.##Kane P, Pilcher M, Legg S. Development of a furniture system to match student needs in New Zealand schools. 16th World Congress on Ergonomics; 2006: 10-14.##Diep NB. Evaluation of fitness between school furniture and children body size in two primary schools in Haiphong, Vietnam: 2003.##Murphy S, Buckle P, Stubbs D. A cross-sectional study of self-reported back and neck pain among English schoolchildren and associated physical and psychological risk factors. Applied Ergonomics. 2007;38(6):797-804.##Dianat I, Karimi MA, Hashemi AA, et al. Classroom furniture and anthropometric characteristics of Iranian high school students: proposed dimensions based on anthropometric data. Appl Ergonomics. 2013;44(1):101-108.##Shahabi-Rabori MA, Eftekhar-Vaghefi SH, Babaee A, et al. Assessment of the match of Anthropometric Dimension with Classroom chairs and‎ Determination of the Standard Classroom chairs Dimensions in Students of 3th and 6th‎ grades primary schools in Kerman. Iran Occupational Health. 2018;15(2):42-53.##O Ismaila S, I Musa A, B Adejuyigbe S, et al. Anthropometric design of furniture for use in tertiary institutions in Abeokuta, South-western Nigeria. Engineering Review. 2013;33(3):179-192.##Obinna, F. P., Sunday, A. A., & Babatunde, O. Ergonomic assessment and health implications of classroom furniture designs in secondary schools: a case study. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.,2021;22(1): 1-14.##Baharampour S, Nazari J, Dianat I, et al. Student's body dimensions in relation to classroom furniture. Health promotion perspectives. 2013;3(2):165.##Knight G, Noyes J. Children's behaviour and the design of school furniture. Ergo. 1999;42(5):747-760.##Milanese S, Grimmer K. School furniture and the user population: an anthropometric perspective. Ergo. 2004;47(4):416-426.##Pheasant S, Haslegrave CM. Bodyspace: Anthropometry, ergonomics and the design of work: CRC Press; 2016.##Agha SR. School furniture match to students' anthropometry in the Gaza Strip. Ergo. 2010;53(3):344-354.##Castellucci H, Arezes P, Molenbroek J. Analysis of the most relevant anthropometric dimensions for school furniture selection based on a study with students from one Chilean region. Applied Ergonomics. 2015;46:201-211.##Chung JW, Wong TK. Anthropometric evaluation for primary school furniture design. Ergonomics. 2007;50(3):323-34.##Fidelis O. P., Ogunlade B., Adelakun S. A. Incidence of School Furniture Mismatch and Health Implications in Primary School Children in Akure, South-West Nigeria. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention. 2020; 1-13##Habibi E, Asaadi Z, Hosseini SM. Proportion of elementary school pupils' anthropometric characteristics with dimensions of classroom furniture in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of research in medical sciences.. 2011;16(1):98.##Parcells C, Stommel M, Hubbard RP. Mismatch of classroom furniture and student body dimensions: empirical findings and health implications. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24(4):265-273.##Aagaard J, Storr-Paulsen A. A comparative study of three different kinds of school furniture. Ergonomics. 1995;38(5):1025-1035.##YMT K-R. Revision of the design of a standard for the dimensions of school furniture. Ergo. 2003;46(7):681-694.##Savanur C S. An Ergonomic study of comparison between school classroom furniture and student's anthropometry. Proceedings of the National Conference on Humanizing Work and the Work Environment, 22-24 April; 2004; 2004: National Institute of Industrial Engineering.##Musa A. Anthropometric evaluations and assessment of school furniture design in Nigeria: A case study of secondary schools in rural area of Odeda, Nigeria. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations. 2011;2(3): 499-508.##Panagiotopoulou G, Christoulas K, Papanckolaou A, et al. Classroom furniture dimensions and anthropometric measures in primary school. Appl Ergonomics. 2004; 35(2):121-128.##DiDomenico E, Bonnici J. Assessing service quality within the educational environment. Education. 1996;1163:353-360.##Azabagic S, Spahic R, Pranjic N, et al. Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Primary School Children in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Materia socio-medica. 2016;28(3):164.##Murphy S, Buckle P, Stubbs D. Classroom posture and self-reported back and neck pain in schoolchildren. Applied Ergonomics. 2004;35(2): 113-120.##Tichauer E.The Biomechanical Basis of Ergonomics anatomy applied to the design of work situations.Wiley & Sons. 1978:99.##Kane P, Pilcher M, Legg S. Development of a furniture system to match student needs in New Zealand schools. 16th World Congress on Ergonomics; 2006: 10-14.##Diep NB. Evaluation of fitness between school furniture and children body size in two primary schools in Haiphong, Vietnam: 2003.##Murphy S, Buckle P, Stubbs D. A cross-sectional study of self-reported back and neck pain among English schoolchildren and associated physical and psychological risk factors. Applied Ergonomics. 2007;38(6):797-804.##Dianat I, Karimi MA, Hashemi AA, et al. Classroom furniture and anthropometric characteristics of Iranian high school students: proposed dimensions based on anthropometric data. Appl Ergonomics. 2013;44(1):101-108.##Shahabi-Rabori MA, Eftekhar-Vaghefi SH, Babaee A, et al. Assessment of the match of Anthropometric Dimension with Classroom chairs and‎ Determination of the Standard Classroom chairs Dimensions in Students of 3th and 6th‎ grades primary schools in Kerman. Iran Occupational Health. 2018;15(2):42-53.##O Ismaila S, I Musa A, B Adejuyigbe S, et al. Anthropometric design of furniture for use in tertiary institutions in Abeokuta, South-western Nigeria. Engineering Review. 2013;33(3):179-192.##Obinna, F. P., Sunday, A. A., & Babatunde, O. Ergonomic assessment and health implications of classroom furniture designs in secondary schools: a case study. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.,2021;22(1): 1-14.##Baharampour S, Nazari J, Dianat I, et al. Student's body dimensions in relation to classroom furniture. Health promotion perspectives. 2013;3(2):165.##Knight G, Noyes J. Children's behaviour and the design of school furniture. Ergo. 1999;42(5):747-760.##Milanese S, Grimmer K. School furniture and the user population: an anthropometric perspective. Ergo. 2004;47(4):416-426.##Pheasant S, Haslegrave CM. Bodyspace: Anthropometry, ergonomics and the design of work: CRC Press; 2016.##Agha SR. School furniture match to students' anthropometry in the Gaza Strip. Ergo. 2010;53(3):344-354.##Castellucci H, Arezes P, Molenbroek J. Analysis of the most relevant anthropometric dimensions for school furniture selection based on a study with students from one Chilean region. Applied Ergonomics. 2015;46:201-211.##Chung JW, Wong TK. Anthropometric evaluation for primary school furniture design. Ergonomics. 2007;50(3):323-34.##Fidelis O. P., Ogunlade B., Adelakun S. A. Incidence of School Furniture Mismatch and Health Implications in Primary School Children in Akure, South-West Nigeria. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention. 2020; 1-13##Habibi E, Asaadi Z, Hosseini SM. Proportion of elementary school pupils' anthropometric characteristics with dimensions of classroom furniture in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of research in medical sciences.. 2011;16(1):98.##Parcells C, Stommel M, Hubbard RP. Mismatch of classroom furniture and student body dimensions: empirical findings and health implications. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24(4):265-273.##Aagaard J, Storr-Paulsen A. A comparative study of three different kinds of school furniture. Ergonomics. 1995;38(5):1025-1035.##YMT K-R. Revision of the design of a standard for the dimensions of school furniture. Ergo. 2003;46(7):681-694.## ##

Designing a Comprehensive Evaluation Model for Health Reform Plan in Iran طراحی یک مدل ارزیابی جامع برای برنامه اصلاح سلامت در ایران 2 1 زمینه و هدف: مطالعه حاضر با هدف طراحی یک مدل جامع برای ارزیابی برنامه اصلاح نظام سلامت انجام شد تا شاخص های این مدل منجر به اثربخشی طرح اصلاح سلامت شود. از این رو ، عوامل موثر این طرح ، از جمله سیاستگذاران و مدیران ، تأمین کنندگان و مشتریان ، شناسایی و توضیح داده شدند. روش ها: با توجه به هدف عملی و ماهیت تحقیق ، در سال 1397-1398 از روش تحقیق ترکیبی / مختلط استفاده شد. برای مرحله کیفی ، از روش دلفی در مصاحبه های اکتشافی و از روش های کمی برای جمع آوری داده ها از طریق پرسشنامه استفاده شد. در مرحله کمی ، 400 کارمند 10 بیمارستان با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای انتخاب شدند. و در بخش دوم ، 300 مشتری به طور تصادفی در دو بیمارستان با بالاترین و کمترین امتیاز ارزیابی در مرحله قبل انتخاب شدند. برای طبقه بندی و تجزیه و تحلیل داده های کیفی از روش تجزیه و تحلیل محتوا و روش دلفی و از SPSS Ver.22 ، AMOS Ver.24 و Expert Choicev24 برای توصیف داده ها و ابعاد و استخراج وزن شاخص ها استفاده شد. ابعاد مورد بررسی شامل زمینه های مالی ، اجتماعی ، رشد و یادگیری ، شهروندان و مشتری و حوزه های فرآیند داخلی است. یافته ها: مولفه هایی با بالاترین و کمترین وزن و تأثیر در اثربخشی طرح در ابعاد زیر مشخص شدند: حوزه مالی ، حوزه مسئولیت اجتماعی ، زمینه رشد و یادگیری ، حوزه شهروندان و مشتری ، حوزه فرآیند داخلی ، شامل اوزان 266 ، 0.244 ، 0.202 ، 0.164 ، 0.124 به ترتیب. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج ، مولفه ها، شاخص ها ، ابعاد و سطوح مدل طراحی شده ، ارزیابی جامع برنامه اصلاح نظام سلامت در ایران (CEHSRP-IR)با میانگین نرمال توسط جامعه آماری تأیید شد و این مدل می تواند در تمام سازمان های مجری این طرح استفاده شود. 2 Background: The present study aimed to design a comprehensive model to evaluate the health system reform plan so the indicators of this model can lead to the health reform plan's effectiveness. Hence, this plan's effective factors, including policymakers and managers, suppliers, and clients, were identified and explained. Methods:  According to the practical purpose and nature of the research, the combined/mixed research method was used, in 2018-2019. For the qualitative phase, the Delphi technique was used in exploratory interviews, and quantitative methods were used to collect data through a questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, 400 employees of 10 hospitals were selected by stratified random sampling; and in the second section, 300 clients were randomly selected in two hospitals with the highest and lowest evaluation scores in the previous phase. Content analysis method and Delphi technique were used for classification and analysis of qualitative data, and SPSS Ver.22, AMOS Ver.24, and Expert Choicev24 were used for data description and dimensions and indices' weight extraction. Dimensions under consideration include the financial, social responsibility, growth and learning, citizens and client, and internal process fields. Results: The components with the highest and lowest weight and impact on the effectiveness of the plan were identified in the following dimensions: financial field, Social responsibility field, growth and learning field, citizens and client field, internal process field, including weights 0.266, 0.244, 0.202, 0.164, 0.124, respectively. Conclusion: Given the results, the components, indicators, dimensions, and levels of the model designed, the comprehensive evaluation of the Health System Reform Plan in Iran (CEHSRP-IR) with the normal mean was confirmed by the statistical population, and this model can be used in all organizations implementing this plan. 68 82 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/72020/04/212020/09/162020/07/62019/11/9 1398/8/18 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 محمد رضا ربیعی مندجین Mohammad Reza Rabee mandejin 1. Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Iran m.rabiee2012@yahoo.com شهریار جانبازی Shahriar Janbazi 2. Department of Public Policy, Islamic Azad University of Hamedan, An independent researcher, Hamedan, Iran Iran Health care reform Health plan Integrated healthcare systems Performance evaluation اصلاح بهداشت و درمان برنامه بهداشت سیستم های یکپارچه مراقبت های بهداشتی ارزیابی عملکرد 1. Gholipour R, Netagh F. The analysis of health system reform plan- challenges and consequences, The first national conference on public administration in Iran, Tehran, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, 2015. Recovered from https://www.civilica.com/Paper-CIPA01-CIPA01_046.html##OliaeiManesh A. et al., Performance of health insurance organizations in intersectional collaboration with the ministry of health and education in effective implementation of health system reform plan, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; (1):17-18. [Persian]##Harirchi I. The need for evaluation of health system reform plan according to international indicators [performance report], 2016. Available from: http://dolat.ir/detail/281042##Bozorg Haddad E. Multidimensional model design for performance evaluation of National Iranian Gas Company, PhD thesis, University of Tehran, Campus of Qom, 2018.##Wu X, Li S, Xu N, et al. Establishing a balanced scorecard measurement system for integrated care organizations in China. The International Journal of Health Planning And Management. 2019; 34(2): 672-92.##Farooq SAM, Firdouse R, Diana FM. University performance evaluation and strategic mapping using balanced scorecard (BSC): Case study - Sohar University, Oman. International Journal of Educational Management. 2018; 32(4): 689-700.##Leksono EB, Suparno S, Vanany I. Development of Performance Indicators Relationships on Sustainable Healthcare Supply Chain Performance Measurement Using Balanced Scorecard and DEMATEL. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology. 2018; 8 (1):115-122.##Rahmat N, Saripuji P, Djoko SG. Extended Balanced Scorecard. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. 2018; 7 (2): 48-51.##Gutacker N, Street A. Multidimensional performance assessment of public sector organizations using dominance criteria. Health Economics. 2018; 27(2): 13-27.##Mehralian Gh, Jamal A, Nazari N, et al. TQM and organizational performance using the balanced scorecard approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 2017; 66(1): 111-125.##Anjomshoae A, Hassan A, Kunz N, et al. Toward a dynamic balanced scorecard model for humanitarian relief organizations' performance management. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management. 2017;7(2):194-218.##Kailash M, Jitesh T. Development of Balanced Scorecard for healthcare using Interpretive Structural Modeling and Analytic Network Process. Journal of Advances in Management Research. 2014; 11(3):232-256.##Dadgar, R. The examination of effect of health system reform plan on hospital performance indicators in Lorestan province. Journal of scientific research of Lorestan University. 2017; 19(2):10-15. [Persian]##OliaeiManesh A. The impact of the implementation of the targeted subsidies law and health system reform plan on equity index on household health expenditure, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:33-34.##OliaeiManesh A. Performance of health insurance organizations in intersectional collaboration with the ministry of health and education in effective implementation of health system reform plan, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:17-18.##Piri, Z. The importance of patient satisfaction in health system reform plan: experience, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:23-24.##Riyazi SR. The analysis of key performance indicators in the field of human resources. 3rd National and International Conference on Management and Accounting in Iran, Tehran, 2016. Available from: from http://www.tpbin.com/ article/53709.##Doshmangir L, Rashidiyan A. The analysis of the choice of policy interventions and the decisions of policy makers in health system (and analysis of thinking pattern about decision-making and policy- making), 1979-2014, Iran, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research, 2015; 1:48.##Kheyri, F. Patients pay reduction program in hospitals, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:12-13.##Stone Fish L, Busby DM. The Delphi method. In D. M Sprenkle and F. P. Piercy, Research Methods in Family Therapy. 2015; 1(1):238-253.##Kaplan R, Norton TD. The Balanced scorecard Translating Strategy into Action. Business School Press. 2013; 48: 217-225.##1. Gholipour R, Netagh F. The analysis of health system reform plan- challenges and consequences, The first national conference on public administration in Iran, Tehran, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, 2015. Recovered from https://www.civilica.com/Paper-CIPA01-CIPA01_046.html##OliaeiManesh A. et al., Performance of health insurance organizations in intersectional collaboration with the ministry of health and education in effective implementation of health system reform plan, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; (1):17-18. [Persian]##Harirchi I. The need for evaluation of health system reform plan according to international indicators [performance report], 2016. Available from: http://dolat.ir/detail/281042##Bozorg Haddad E. Multidimensional model design for performance evaluation of National Iranian Gas Company, PhD thesis, University of Tehran, Campus of Qom, 2018.##Wu X, Li S, Xu N, et al. Establishing a balanced scorecard measurement system for integrated care organizations in China. The International Journal of Health Planning And Management. 2019; 34(2): 672-92.##Farooq SAM, Firdouse R, Diana FM. University performance evaluation and strategic mapping using balanced scorecard (BSC): Case study - Sohar University, Oman. International Journal of Educational Management. 2018; 32(4): 689-700.##Leksono EB, Suparno S, Vanany I. Development of Performance Indicators Relationships on Sustainable Healthcare Supply Chain Performance Measurement Using Balanced Scorecard and DEMATEL. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology. 2018; 8 (1):115-122.##Rahmat N, Saripuji P, Djoko SG. Extended Balanced Scorecard. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. 2018; 7 (2): 48-51.##Gutacker N, Street A. Multidimensional performance assessment of public sector organizations using dominance criteria. Health Economics. 2018; 27(2): 13-27.##Mehralian Gh, Jamal A, Nazari N, et al. TQM and organizational performance using the balanced scorecard approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 2017; 66(1): 111-125.##Anjomshoae A, Hassan A, Kunz N, et al. Toward a dynamic balanced scorecard model for humanitarian relief organizations' performance management. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management. 2017;7(2):194-218.##Kailash M, Jitesh T. Development of Balanced Scorecard for healthcare using Interpretive Structural Modeling and Analytic Network Process. Journal of Advances in Management Research. 2014; 11(3):232-256.##Dadgar, R. The examination of effect of health system reform plan on hospital performance indicators in Lorestan province. Journal of scientific research of Lorestan University. 2017; 19(2):10-15. [Persian]##OliaeiManesh A. The impact of the implementation of the targeted subsidies law and health system reform plan on equity index on household health expenditure, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:33-34.##OliaeiManesh A. Performance of health insurance organizations in intersectional collaboration with the ministry of health and education in effective implementation of health system reform plan, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:17-18.##Piri, Z. The importance of patient satisfaction in health system reform plan: experience, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Proceedings of 11th National Conference on Critique of Government Performance in Health Field, Tehran, National Institute of Health Research. 2015; 1:23-24.##Riyazi SR. 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Evaluation of Burn Injuries and Epidemiological Factors in Patients Hospitalized in Shohada Mehrab Hospital in Yazd-Iran 2019 بررسی عوامل سوختگی و اپیدمیولوژیک در بیماران بستری بیمارستان شهدای محراب یزد (سوانح و سوختگی) 2 1 مقدمه: آسیب های ناشی از سوختگی از مهمترین دلایل معلولیت و مشکلات پزشکی در جهان است. مشکلات ضعف و ناتوانی ناشی از سوختگی بیشتر از درد سوختگی است. روش ها: این یک مطالعه مقطعی - تحلیلی است که در آن پرونده 126 بیمار بستری در بیمارستان شهدای محراب وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد طی شش ماه اول سال 1398 بررسی شده است. داده ها ومشخصات دموگرافیک بیماران در یک چک لیست  محقق ساخته جمع آوری شد و و با استفاده از آزمون مجذور کای ، مقایسه میانگین و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و تحلیلی و رگرسیون خطی در نرم افزار SPSS V.24 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت (0/05> p) .  یافته ها: یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که 73.8٪ (93 نفر) بیماران مرد و 2/26٪ (33 نفر) زن بودند. 5/67 درصد (85 نفر) با شعله های حرارتی (p> 0.019) و 5/13 درصد (17 نفر) با آب جوش سوخته اند (p>0.44).  77% (97 نفر) از حوادث در خانه، 22٪ (28 نفر) در محل کار و 1٪ در مکانهای دیگر (مزرعه ، ماشین و غیره) رخ داده است. 47٪ این بیماران با سوختگی 20٪ و 23٪ بیماران  سوختگی بین 40-21 درصد ،  18٪ بیماران بین 60-41 درصد سوختگی ،  8٪  بیماران بین 80-61 درصد و 4 % آنها بین 100-81 درصد سوختگی داشتند. این مطالعه نتایج نشان داد که علت اصلی سوختگی شعله آتش است (67/5٪). نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که بیشتر سوختگی ها در بین مردان است . متوسط ​​، 22 بیمار فوت کردند و میزان مرگ و میر 17/5٪ بود. عوامل موثر درکشندگی ، سن بیمار و سطح کل بدن (TBSA) هستند.بروز بالای سوختگی در سن زیر 40 سال باعث از بین رفتن نیروی فعال جامعه و در نهایت هزینه­های زیاد و ناتوانی خواهد شد. درمان سوختگی نیاز به بستری طولانی در بیمارستان دارد که علاوه بر هزینه زیاد می تواند آسیب های روحی و روانی زیادی به بیمار وارد کند. 2 Introduction: Burn injuries are among the most important causes of disability and medical problems in the world. Weakness and inability of the burn is greater than the pain of the burn. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study-analysis in which the case of 126 patients admitted to the Shohada Mehrab Hospital, affiliated to the Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd during the first six months of 2019, has been reviewed. Data were collected in a checklist designed by the researcher, and demographic variables and using the chi-square test, mean comparison, and using descriptive and analytical statistics and linear regression in the SPSS V.24 software was analyzed (p>0.05). Results: The findings of this study stated that  73.8% (93people) of patients were male and 26.2% (33 people) were female. 67.5% (85 people) were burned with thermal flames (p>0.019) and 13.5% (17 people) with boiling water (p>0.44). 77% (97 people) of home accidents, 22% (28 people) occurred at work, and 1% at other places (farm, car, etc.). 57% of these patients were 20% and 31% between 21-40 percent burns, burns, 22% between 41-60 percent burns and burns 11% between 61-80 percent and 5 percent are between 81-100 percent burned. This study results showed that the main cause of burns is fire (67.5%). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that most burns are among men, and about 70% of deaths are among men. The average length of hospital stay was 12 days, 22 patients died, and the fatality rate was 17.5%. This study showed that 67.5 % of burns were of the thermal type and hot water and hot liquids were the next cause of burns (13.5 %). Effective factors are fatality, patient age, and total body surface area (TBSA). 77% of burns occurred at home, 22% at work, and 1% at other places (farm, car, etc.). High incidence of burns and the loss of active community force will result in cost and disability. Treatment of burns requires a long hospital stay, which in addition to the high cost, can cause mental and psychological injuries to the patient.   Keywords: Burn, Epidemiology, Flame, Patient burn, Yazd 83 87 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/72020/04/212020/09/162020/07/62019/11/92019/12/2 1398/9/11 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 مسلم حیدری پور moslem heydaripur 1. Yazd Hospital Shohada Maharab , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran m.heydaripur@gmail.com محمد مهدی بحری mohammad mehdi bahri 1. Yazd Hospital Shohada Maharab , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran dr.bahri@yahoo.com ابراهیم شیخی Ebrahim SHeykhi 3. Abarkouh Hospital KHatam Alanbiya, SHahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd.Iran Iran Burn Epidemiology Flame Patient burn Yazd سوختگی اپیدمیولوژی شعله سوختگی بیمار Lindblad M, Tano E, Lindahl C, et al. Ultraviolet-C decontamination of a hospital room: Amount of UV light needed. Burns. 2020; 46(4): 842-9.##Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, et al. Burn wound infections. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2006; 19(2): 403-34.##Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA, et al. Burn injury. Nature Reviews: Disease Primers. 2020; 6(1):11.##World health organization. Burn. Available from: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/burns/en.2021.##Davies A, Spickett-Jones F, Jenkins ATA, et al. A systematic review of intervention studies demonstrates the need to develop a minimum set of indicators to report the presence of burn wound infection. Burns. 2020; 46(7): 1487-97.##Mirza Aghazadeh A, Lotfi M, Ghahramanian A, et al. Lethal Area 50 in Patients with Burn Injuries in North West. Iran. Journal of caring sciences. 2018; 7(1): 53-8.##Danesh HA, Javanbakht S, Nourallahzadeh M, et al. Epidemiology and Mortality of Burn Injuries in Eastern Iran Since 2009: An Analysis of 2115 Cases. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction. 2019; 8(1):e66232.##Shirkhoda M, Kaviani Far K, Narouie B, et al. Epidemiology and Evaluation of 1073 Burn Patients in the South-east of Iran. Shiraz E Medical Journal. 2011; 12(1): 11-21.##Mohammadi R, Svanstrom L, Gooya MM, et al. Unintentional home-related injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Findings from the first year of a national programme. Public Health. 2005; 119(10): 919-24.##Lari AR, Panjeshahin MR, Joghataei MT, et al. Suicidal behavior by burns in the province of Fars, Iran: A socioepidemiologic approach. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2009;30(2):98-101.##Committee IPG, Ahuja RB, Gibran N, et al. ISBI Practice Guidelines for Burn Care. Burns. 2016; 42(5): 953-1021.##Othman N, Kendrick D. Epidemiology of burn injuries in the East Mediterranean Region: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:83.##Alavi CE, Salehi SH, Tolouei M, et al. Epidemiology of burn injuries at a newly established burn care center in rasht. Trauma monthly. 2012;17(3):341-6.##Maghsoudi H, Pourzand A, Azarmir G. Etiology and outcome of burns in Tabriz, Iran. An analysis of 2963 cases. Scandinavian journal of surgery. 2005;94(1):77-81.##Song C, Chua A. Epidemiology of burn injuries in Singapore from 1997 to 2003. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2005; 31(1): S18-26.##Ali SA, Hamiz-Ul-Fawwad S, Al-Ibran E, et al. Clinical and demographic features of burn injuries in karachi: a six-year experience at the burns centre, civil hospital, Karachi. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2016; 29(1): 4-9.##Saadat M. Epidemiology and mortality of hospitalized burn patients in Kohkiluye va Boyerahmad province (Iran): 2002-2004. Burns. 2005; 31(3): 306-9.##Setodeh nejhad AR, Janghorbani M, Delshad M. Epidemiology of burns in Kerman: analysis of 1000 cases. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 1995; 2(3):128-34. [Persian]##Lindblad M, Tano E, Lindahl C, et al. Ultraviolet-C decontamination of a hospital room: Amount of UV light needed. Burns. 2020; 46(4): 842-9.##Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, et al. Burn wound infections. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2006; 19(2): 403-34.##Jeschke MG, van Baar ME, Choudhry MA, et al. Burn injury. Nature Reviews: Disease Primers. 2020; 6(1):11.##World health organization. Burn. Available from: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/burns/en.2021.##Davies A, Spickett-Jones F, Jenkins ATA, et al. A systematic review of intervention studies demonstrates the need to develop a minimum set of indicators to report the presence of burn wound infection. Burns. 2020; 46(7): 1487-97.##Mirza Aghazadeh A, Lotfi M, Ghahramanian A, et al. Lethal Area 50 in Patients with Burn Injuries in North West. Iran. Journal of caring sciences. 2018; 7(1): 53-8.##Danesh HA, Javanbakht S, Nourallahzadeh M, et al. Epidemiology and Mortality of Burn Injuries in Eastern Iran Since 2009: An Analysis of 2115 Cases. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction. 2019; 8(1):e66232.##Shirkhoda M, Kaviani Far K, Narouie B, et al. Epidemiology and Evaluation of 1073 Burn Patients in the South-east of Iran. Shiraz E Medical Journal. 2011; 12(1): 11-21.##Mohammadi R, Svanstrom L, Gooya MM, et al. Unintentional home-related injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Findings from the first year of a national programme. Public Health. 2005; 119(10): 919-24.##Lari AR, Panjeshahin MR, Joghataei MT, et al. Suicidal behavior by burns in the province of Fars, Iran: A socioepidemiologic approach. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. 2009;30(2):98-101.##Committee IPG, Ahuja RB, Gibran N, et al. ISBI Practice Guidelines for Burn Care. Burns. 2016; 42(5): 953-1021.##Othman N, Kendrick D. Epidemiology of burn injuries in the East Mediterranean Region: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:83.##Alavi CE, Salehi SH, Tolouei M, et al. Epidemiology of burn injuries at a newly established burn care center in rasht. Trauma monthly. 2012;17(3):341-6.##Maghsoudi H, Pourzand A, Azarmir G. Etiology and outcome of burns in Tabriz, Iran. An analysis of 2963 cases. Scandinavian journal of surgery. 2005;94(1):77-81.##Song C, Chua A. Epidemiology of burn injuries in Singapore from 1997 to 2003. Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2005; 31(1): S18-26.##Ali SA, Hamiz-Ul-Fawwad S, Al-Ibran E, et al. Clinical and demographic features of burn injuries in karachi: a six-year experience at the burns centre, civil hospital, Karachi. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2016; 29(1): 4-9.##Saadat M. Epidemiology and mortality of hospitalized burn patients in Kohkiluye va Boyerahmad province (Iran): 2002-2004. Burns. 2005; 31(3): 306-9.##Setodeh nejhad AR, Janghorbani M, Delshad M. Epidemiology of burns in Kerman: analysis of 1000 cases. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 1995; 2(3):128-34. [Persian]## ##

The Need for Multi-Sectoral Partnerships in the Healthcare of Islamic Developing Countries During the Coronavirus Pandemic نیاز به مشارکت چند بخشی در بهداشت و درمان کشورهای در حال توسعه اسلامی در طی شیوع ویروس کرونا 2 1 حوزه بهداشت و درمان در عصر حاضر در‌‌بردارنده مسائل دشواری است و هم بخش دولتی، هم بخش خصوصی به عدم‌توانمندی خود در رفع مسائل درحال ظهور مرتبط با بهداشت عمومی به شکل مجرد اشراف دارند. در همین راستا مشارکت‌های دولتی-خصوصی، به‌عنوان نوعی ساز‌وکار همکاری بین دولت و بخش غیر‌دولتی که منافع طرفین را در قراردادهایشان لحاظ می کنند، در مباحث مرتبط با سیاست‌گذاری در دستور کار قرار می‌گیرند. همچنین؛ از اواخر دسامبر  سال 2019 تا کنون دنیا با ویروس جدیدی به‌نام کرونا دست و پنجه نرم می کند که هزینه های زیادی تابه‌حال برای بخش بهداشت و درمان به بار‌آورده است. برای عبور از دوران کرونا مشارکت دولت و بخش خصوصی انتفاعی و غیر انتفاعی بسیار اهمیت دارد و قطعا دولت به تنهایی نمی‌تواند جوابگو اثرات منفی آن باشد.  با توجه به تجربه کامیابیها و ناکامیهای موجود، این سوال پیش می‌آید که چگونه این نوع مشارکتها به عنوان راهبردهای توسعه بخش سلامت و آن هم در کشورهای در‌حال توسعه اسلامی می توانند جذاب و کارآمد باشند. این مقاله ضمن مرور مبانی نظری موضوع و بررسی روند توسعه مشارکت‌های دولتی- خصوصی؛ استفاده از ظرفیت‌های بخش سوم را مورد تأکید قرار می‌دهد و با باز‌بینی وقف و امور خیریه در چهارچوب مشارکت‌های چند‌بخشی، به دنبال توسعه بهداشت و درمان در جامعه با همه پتانسیل‌های موجود است. در مدل ارائه‌شده؛ در سه فاز پذیرش، بکارگیری و ارزیابی عملکرد مشارکت‌ها، عناصر مربوط یعنی عوامل انگیزشی، عوامل موفقیت و دستاوردهای مشارکت و ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های متناظر شناسایی شدند. 2 Nowadays, the field of healthcare is facing difficult issues in a way that both public and private sectors are fully aware of their inability to address emerging public health-related issues without the help of the other sector. Accordingly, public-private partnerships are put on the agenda in policy-related issues as a mechanism of cooperation between the public and private sectors to take into account the interests of both parties in the related contracts .From the late of 2019, the world is struggling with a new virus called the coronavirus, which has already cost a lot to the health sector. The partnership between the government and the private sector is very important to get through the corona period since the government alone cannot be responsible for the negative effects of the virus in the field of health. Considering the successes and failures of countries in the implementation of partnership models, a question arises as to how such partnerships for health development strategies can be attractive and effective in developing Islamic countries. In addition to the review of theoretical foundations of the subject and examining the development process of public-private partnerships, the study emphasizes the use of the third sector capacities. It further reviews the endowments and charitable affairs in the framework of multi-sectoral partnerships to develop health in the community with all available potentiality. The theoretical framework of the research includes the four steps of policy-making in the country, creating common perspectives among stakeholders, ensuring key success factors in the project, and reviewing the achievements of participation are considered. These policies are described after classifying and reconstructing the components in the research literature 88 99 2020/12/222020/05/212020/04/202020/04/22020/06/72020/04/212020/09/162020/07/62019/11/92019/12/22020/11/23 1399/9/3 2021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/202021/03/20 1399/12/30 مهدیه معتمدی Mahdieh Motamedi Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Iran mahd.motamedi@gmail.com رضا واعظی Reza Vaezi Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Iran Theory.management@yahoo.com سیدمهدی الوانی Seyed Mehdi Alvani Faculty of Management & Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Iran . Alvani@qiau.ac.ir داوود دانش جعفری Davood Daneshjafari 3. Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Iran Daneshjafari@gmail.com policy public-private partnerships Health Care donors Islamic developing countries Coronavirus pandemic سیاست مشارکت عمومی و خصوصی مراقبت های بهداشتی اهدا کنندگان کشورهای درحال توسعه اسلامی بیماری همه گیر ویروس کرونا 1. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 87(4): 281-6.##Jin X, Lian J-S, Hu J-H, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 2020; 69(6): 1002-9.##Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, et al. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine. 2020; 201(4): 7-P8.##Seddighi H, Seddighi S, Salmani I, et al. Public-private-people partnerships (4P) for improving the response to COVID-19 in Iran. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2020:1-6.##Park J, Chung E. Learning from past pandemic governance: Early response and Public-Private Partnerships in testing of COVID-19 in South Korea. World Development. 2021;137:105198.##Casady CB, Baxter D. Pandemics, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and force majeure| COVID-19 expectations and implications. Construction Management and Economics. 2020; 38(12): 1077-85.##Barlow J, Roehrich J, Wright S. Europe sees mixed results from public-private partnerships for building and managing health care facilities and services. Health Affairs. 2013; 32(1): 146-54.##Nikjoo RG, Beyrami HJ, Jannati A, et al. Prioritizing public-private partnership models for public hospitals of Iran based on performance indicators. Health promotion perspectives. 2012; 2(2): 251.##Klijn E-H, Teisman GR. Institutional and strategic barriers to public-private partnership: An analysis of Dutch cases. Public money and Management. 2003; 23(3): 137-46.##Sadeghi A, Barati O, Bastani P, et al. Experiences of selected countries in the use of public-private partnership in hospital services provision. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2016; 66(11): 1401-6.##Sekhri N, Feachem R, Ni A. Public-private integrated partnerships demonstrate the potential to improve health care access, quality, and efficiency. Health affairs. 2011; 30(8):1498-507.##Baxter D, Casady CB. Pandemics, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), and Force Majeure| Coronavirus (COVID-19) Expectations and Implications. Construction Management and Economics. 2020; 38(12): 1077-85.##Frederickson HG. Comparing the reinventing government movement with the new public administration. Public administration review. 1996: 263-70.##Alvani SM. Globalization of management. Strategic Studies of public policy. 2011; 2(2):1-18.##McKay S, Murray M, MacIntyre S, et al. Evidence-based policymaking and the public interest: lessons in legitimacy. Town Planning Review. 2015; 86(2):133-55.##Ugyel L. Paradigms of Public Administration. Paradigms and Public Sector Reform. 2016:17-52.##Rosenbloom D. Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector. McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2014.##Denhardt RB, Denhardt JV. The new public service: Serving rather than steering. Public Administration Review. 2000; 60(6): 549-59.##Ball R, Heafey M, King D. The Private Finance Initiative in the UK: A value for money and economic analysis. Public Management Review. 2007; 9(2): 289-310.##Shaoul J. 'Sharing'political authority with finance capital: The case of Britain's Public Private Partnerships. Policy and Society. 2011; 30(3): 209-20.##United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, Bernan. Guidebook on promoting good governance in public-private partnerships. United Nations Publications; 2008.##Bovaird T. Public-private partnerships: from contested concepts to prevalent practice. International Review of Administrative Sciences. 2004; 70(2): 199-215.##Wang Y, Zhao ZJ. Motivations, obstacles, and resources: Determinants of public-private partnership in state toll road financing. Public Performance & Management Review. 2014; 37(4): 679-704.##Zhang Y. The formation of public-private partnerships in China: an institutional perspective. Journal of Public Policy. 2015; 35(2): 329.##Yang Y, Hou Y, Wang Y. On the development of public-private partnerships in transitional economies: An explanatory framework. Public Administration Review. 2013;73(2): 301-10.##Osei-Kyei R, Chan AP. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013. International Journal of Project Management. 2015; 33(6): 1335-46.##Klijn EH, Koppenjan J. The impact of contract characteristics on the performance of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Public Money & Management. 2016; 36(6): 455-62.##Kang S, Mulaphong D, Hwang E, et al. Public-private partnerships in developing countries. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2019.##Jeffares S, Sullivan H, Bovaird T. Beyond the contract: The challenge of evaluating the performance (s) of public-private partnerships. Rethinking public-private partnerships: Strategies for Turbulent Times. 2013:166-87.##Van Gestel K, Willems T, Verhoest K, et al. Public-private partnerships in Flemish schools: a complex governance structure in a complex context. Public Money & Management. 2014; 34(5): 363-70.##Zafar Ullah A, Newell JN, Ahmed JU, et al. Government-NGO collaboration: the case of tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. Health policy and planning. 2006; 21(2): 143-55.##Blanken A, Dewulf G. PPPs in health: static or dynamic?. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 2010; 69: S35-S47.##Corrêa de Oliveira MT. Multi-sectoral partnerships for low income land development in Brazil. 2002.##Riahi Samani N. The goals of endowment in Iran and its comparison with the mission of the United Nations. Journal of Waqf Mirase Javidan. 2010;71:63-90. [Persian]##Ghanavati J. A strategic view to promote the development role of the endowment. Mirase Javidan Magazine. 2004; 47(1): 2-9. [Persian]##Montazerqayim A, Hosseini S, Azimi K. The System of Endowment in the Hospitals of Islamic Period from the Beginning untill Othmanid time. Scientific-research quarterly of Islamic history. 2012; 13(52):183-213. [Persian]##AbdeTabrizi H. Financial institution of endowment funds in the world and Islamic principles of its activity in Iran. Journal of Religion and Communication. 2005; 25(2): 37-68. [Persian]##Wang H, Xiong W, Wu G, et al. Public-private partnership in public administration discipline: A literature review. Public Management Review. 2018; 20(2): 293-316.##Sharma V, Seth P. Effective public private partnership through E-governance facilitation. Computer & Communications Sciences. 2011; 34(1): 15-25.##Girth AM. What drives the partnership decision? Examining structural factors influencing public-private partnerships for municipal wireless broadband. International Public Management Journal. 2014;17(3): 344-64.##Torchia M, Calabrò A, Morner M. Public-private partnerships in the health care sector: a systematic review of the literature. Public Management Review. 2015;17(2):236-61.##Payne GK. Making common ground: Public-private partnerships in land for housing. Intermediate Technology; 1999.##Motamedi M, Vaezi R, Alvani S.M, et al. Development of public-private partnerships strategy; in line with the general policies of the health system. The Macro and Strategic Policies. 2020; 1(1): 120. [Persian]##1. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 87(4): 281-6.##Jin X, Lian J-S, Hu J-H, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 2020; 69(6): 1002-9.##Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, et al. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine. 2020; 201(4): 7-P8.##Seddighi H, Seddighi S, Salmani I, et al. Public-private-people partnerships (4P) for improving the response to COVID-19 in Iran. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2020:1-6.##Park J, Chung E. Learning from past pandemic governance: Early response and Public-Private Partnerships in testing of COVID-19 in South Korea. World Development. 2021;137:105198.##Casady CB, Baxter D. Pandemics, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and force majeure| COVID-19 expectations and implications. Construction Management and Economics. 2020; 38(12): 1077-85.##Barlow J, Roehrich J, Wright S. Europe sees mixed results from public-private partnerships for building and managing health care facilities and services. Health Affairs. 2013; 32(1): 146-54.##Nikjoo RG, Beyrami HJ, Jannati A, et al. Prioritizing public-private partnership models for public hospitals of Iran based on performance indicators. Health promotion perspectives. 2012; 2(2): 251.##Klijn E-H, Teisman GR. Institutional and strategic barriers to public-private partnership: An analysis of Dutch cases. Public money and Management. 2003; 23(3): 137-46.##Sadeghi A, Barati O, Bastani P, et al. Experiences of selected countries in the use of public-private partnership in hospital services provision. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2016; 66(11): 1401-6.##Sekhri N, Feachem R, Ni A. Public-private integrated partnerships demonstrate the potential to improve health care access, quality, and efficiency. Health affairs. 2011; 30(8):1498-507.##Baxter D, Casady CB. Pandemics, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), and Force Majeure| Coronavirus (COVID-19) Expectations and Implications. Construction Management and Economics. 2020; 38(12): 1077-85.##Frederickson HG. Comparing the reinventing government movement with the new public administration. Public administration review. 1996: 263-70.##Alvani SM. Globalization of management. Strategic Studies of public policy. 2011; 2(2):1-18.##McKay S, Murray M, MacIntyre S, et al. Evidence-based policymaking and the public interest: lessons in legitimacy. Town Planning Review. 2015; 86(2):133-55.##Ugyel L. Paradigms of Public Administration. Paradigms and Public Sector Reform. 2016:17-52.##Rosenbloom D. Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector. McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2014.##Denhardt RB, Denhardt JV. The new public service: Serving rather than steering. Public Administration Review. 2000; 60(6): 549-59.##Ball R, Heafey M, King D. The Private Finance Initiative in the UK: A value for money and economic analysis. Public Management Review. 2007; 9(2): 289-310.##Shaoul J. 'Sharing'political authority with finance capital: The case of Britain's Public Private Partnerships. Policy and Society. 2011; 30(3): 209-20.##United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, Bernan. Guidebook on promoting good governance in public-private partnerships. United Nations Publications; 2008.##Bovaird T. Public-private partnerships: from contested concepts to prevalent practice. International Review of Administrative Sciences. 2004; 70(2): 199-215.##Wang Y, Zhao ZJ. Motivations, obstacles, and resources: Determinants of public-private partnership in state toll road financing. Public Performance & Management Review. 2014; 37(4): 679-704.##Zhang Y. The formation of public-private partnerships in China: an institutional perspective. Journal of Public Policy. 2015; 35(2): 329.##Yang Y, Hou Y, Wang Y. On the development of public-private partnerships in transitional economies: An explanatory framework. Public Administration Review. 2013;73(2): 301-10.##Osei-Kyei R, Chan AP. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013. International Journal of Project Management. 2015; 33(6): 1335-46.##Klijn EH, Koppenjan J. The impact of contract characteristics on the performance of public-private partnerships (PPPs). Public Money & Management. 2016; 36(6): 455-62.##Kang S, Mulaphong D, Hwang E, et al. Public-private partnerships in developing countries. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2019.##Jeffares S, Sullivan H, Bovaird T. Beyond the contract: The challenge of evaluating the performance (s) of public-private partnerships. Rethinking public-private partnerships: Strategies for Turbulent Times. 2013:166-87.##Van Gestel K, Willems T, Verhoest K, et al. Public-private partnerships in Flemish schools: a complex governance structure in a complex context. Public Money & Management. 2014; 34(5): 363-70.##Zafar Ullah A, Newell JN, Ahmed JU, et al. Government-NGO collaboration: the case of tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. Health policy and planning. 2006; 21(2): 143-55.##Blanken A, Dewulf G. PPPs in health: static or dynamic?. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 2010; 69: S35-S47.##Corrêa de Oliveira MT. Multi-sectoral partnerships for low income land development in Brazil. 2002.##Riahi Samani N. The goals of endowment in Iran and its comparison with the mission of the United Nations. Journal of Waqf Mirase Javidan. 2010;71:63-90. [Persian]##Ghanavati J. A strategic view to promote the development role of the endowment. Mirase Javidan Magazine. 2004; 47(1): 2-9. [Persian]##Montazerqayim A, Hosseini S, Azimi K. The System of Endowment in the Hospitals of Islamic Period from the Beginning untill Othmanid time. Scientific-research quarterly of Islamic history. 2012; 13(52):183-213. [Persian]##AbdeTabrizi H. Financial institution of endowment funds in the world and Islamic principles of its activity in Iran. Journal of Religion and Communication. 2005; 25(2): 37-68. [Persian]##Wang H, Xiong W, Wu G, et al. Public-private partnership in public administration discipline: A literature review. Public Management Review. 2018; 20(2): 293-316.##Sharma V, Seth P. Effective public private partnership through E-governance facilitation. Computer & Communications Sciences. 2011; 34(1): 15-25.##Girth AM. What drives the partnership decision? Examining structural factors influencing public-private partnerships for municipal wireless broadband. International Public Management Journal. 2014;17(3): 344-64.##Torchia M, Calabrò A, Morner M. Public-private partnerships in the health care sector: a systematic review of the literature. Public Management Review. 2015;17(2):236-61.##Payne GK. Making common ground: Public-private partnerships in land for housing. Intermediate Technology; 1999.##Motamedi M, Vaezi R, Alvani S.M, et al. Development of public-private partnerships strategy; in line with the general policies of the health system. The Macro and Strategic Policies. 2020; 1(1): 120. [Persian]## ##