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Popular Statistical Tests for Investigating the Relationship between Two Variables in Medical Research آزمونهای آماری معروف برای بررسی رابطه بین دو متغیر در تحقیقات پزشکی 2 1 امروزه استفاده از تست های آماری به عنوان ابزارهای مفید و همه گیر در تحلیل داده های پزشکی رو به افزایش است ، با این حال برخی محققان بدون آگاهی کافی از روشهای آماری استفاده می کنند. هدف از این نامه ارائه اطلاعات کاربردی در مورد برخی از متداول ترین تست های آماری است. آزمون های آماری همه فرضیه را بررسی می کنند. فرضیه این ادعا است که صحت یا عدم صحت آن ناشناخته است. به طور کلی متغیرها به دو دسته کمی و کیفی تقسیم می شوند. برخی از آزمونهای آماری معروف که به بررسی رابطه بین دو یا چند متغیر می پردازند ، با توجه به هدف اصلی این مقاله به شرح زیر خلاصه می شوند. 2 Dear Editor in Chief, Recently, using statistical tests as useful and ubiquitous tools in medical data analysis is increasing (1). However, some researchers are using statistical methods without sufficient knowledge. The purpose of this letter is to provide applied information on some of the most commonly used statistical tests. All statistical tests examine a hypothesis. A hypothesis is defined as a claim that its accuracy or inaccuracy is unknown (2). In general, variables are divided into quantitative and qualitative categories (3). Some popular statistical tests that examine the relationship between two or more variables are summarized bellow according to the main purpose of this article. 1 3 2020/03/16 1398/12/26 2020/04/5 1399/1/17 خلیل طاهرزاده چنانی khalil Taherzadeh Chenani Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran khalil.oc.hy@gmail.com فرزان مددی زاده Farzan Madadizadeh Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran f.madadizadeh@ssu.ac.ir Statistical Tests Variable آزمون های آماری متغییر Madadizadeh F, Asar ME, Hosseini M. Common Statistical Mistakes in Descriptive Statistics Reports of Normal and Non-Normal Variables in Biomedical Sciences Re‌ search. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(11):1557-8.##Larner A. Diagnostic test accuracy studies in dementia: a pragmatic approach: Springer; 2019.##Madadizadeh F, Bahrampour A, Mousavi SM, et al. Using Advanced Statistical Models to Predict the Non-Communica‌ ble Diseases. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(12):1714-5.##Tronstad C, Pripp AH. Statistical methods for bioimpedance analysis. Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance. 2019;5(1):14-27.##Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, et al. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia. 2019;22(1):67.##Porter AM. Misuse of correlation and regression in three medical journals. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999;92(3):123-8.##Petrie A, Sabin C. Medical statistics at a glance: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.##Madadizadeh F, Asar ME, Hosseini M. Common Statistical Mistakes in Descriptive Statistics Reports of Normal and Non-Normal Variables in Biomedical Sciences Re‌ search. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(11):1557-8.##Larner A. Diagnostic test accuracy studies in dementia: a pragmatic approach: Springer; 2019.##Madadizadeh F, Bahrampour A, Mousavi SM, et al. Using Advanced Statistical Models to Predict the Non-Communica‌ ble Diseases. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(12):1714-5.##Tronstad C, Pripp AH. Statistical methods for bioimpedance analysis. Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance. 2019;5(1):14-27.##Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, et al. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia. 2019;22(1):67.##Porter AM. Misuse of correlation and regression in three medical journals. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999;92(3):123-8.##Petrie A, Sabin C. Medical statistics at a glance: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.##Madadizadeh F, Asar ME, Hosseini M. Common Statistical Mistakes in Descriptive Statistics Reports of Normal and Non-Normal Variables in Biomedical Sciences Re‌ search. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(11):1557-8.##Larner A. Diagnostic test accuracy studies in dementia: a pragmatic approach: Springer; 2019.##Madadizadeh F, Bahrampour A, Mousavi SM, et al. Using Advanced Statistical Models to Predict the Non-Communica‌ ble Diseases. Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(12):1714-5.##Tronstad C, Pripp AH. Statistical methods for bioimpedance analysis. Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance. 2019;5(1):14-27.##Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, et al. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia. 2019;22(1):67.##Porter AM. Misuse of correlation and regression in three medical journals. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999;92(3):123-8.##Petrie A, Sabin C. Medical statistics at a glance: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.## ##

The prevalence of low weight in children under 6 years old in Lordegan city during 2015-2016 شیوع کم وزنی کودکان زیر 6 سال در شهرستان لردگان طی سال های 1393-1394 2 1  مقدمه سلامت انسان در گرو تأثیر دو عامل وراثت و محیط است. مسأله وراثت از اهمیت فوق العاده ای برخوردار است ولی در عین حال تأثیر عوامل محیطی و شرایط تغذیه ای در حدی است که حتی گاهی نقش فراتر از عوامل وراثتی می باشد. بررسی وضع رشد و نمو کودک مهمترین معیار برای شناسایی سلامت آن است. روش ها نمونه ­گیری به صورت خوشه ­گیری دو مرحله ­ای انجام گرفت. اطلاعات با روش مشاهده و مصاحبه از طریق پُر کردن پرسشنامه، در مورد متغیرهای زمینه ­ای جمع ­آوری شده است. داده­ های جمع ­آوری شده با نرم ­افزار SPSS و با استفاده از آزمون های  T-test و Chi-Square در سطح معنی ­داری 0/05 درصد مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج در این مطالعه 900 کودک مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. 49 درصد (441 نفر) دختر و 51 درصد (459 نفر) پسر بودند. از این تعداد کودک 700 نفر (77/7 %) دارای وزن طبیعی، 155 نفر (17/3 %) دچار کم وزنی متوسط و 45 نفر (5%) دچار کم وزنی شدید می باشند. شیوع سوء تغذیه به طور نسبی در دختران کمتر از پسران بوده است. حداکثر شیوع سوء تغذیه در پسران در سن 2 سالگی و دختران در سن 3 سالگی می باشد. 91/1 درصد ساکن روستا، 8/4 درصد ساکن شهر،0/5 درصد بقیه در حاشیه شهر و عشایر سکونت داشتند. در این پژوهش ارتباط معنی داری بین مصرف بی سوادی مادران و پدران، خوردن صبحانه در هفته، مکان زندگی، وعده ی اصلی غذا در روز، سن کودک، چند قلویی بودن، چندمین فرزند بودن در خانواده، بستری کودک به علت بیماری و تعداد حاملگی مادر و شیوع کم وزنی وجود داشت (0/05≥P). نتیجه گیری این پژوهش نشان داد که شیوع کم وزنی ترکیبی از سوء تغذیه در زمان حال و گذشته قرار دارد. با توجه به نتایج و مقایسه با استاندارد، عوامل محیطی را می توان در تأخیر رشد وزنی موثر دانست و لذا آموزش مراقبت های بهداشتی و درمانی به والدین در جهت تغذیه صحیح منجر به سلامتی کودکان در این مرحله از رشد خواهد شد.   2 Intrudoction Human health depends on the impact of two factors of heredity and the environment. The issue of inheritance is of paramount importance, but at the same time, the impact of environmental factors and nutritional conditions is such that it is sometimes even beyond hereditary factors. Survey the status of child development is the most important criterion for identifying health. Methods Sampling was carried out using two stage clustering. The information was collected by means of observation and interviewing by filling in the questionnaire on the field variables. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS software, T-test and Chi-Square tests at a significant level  of  0.05. Results In this study, 900 children were studied. 49% (441 persons) were female and 51% (459 persons) were boys. Of this number of children 700 (77.7%) were of normal weight, 155 (17.3%) were moderate underweight and 45 (5%) had severe underweight. The prevalence of malnutrition was in girls, less than boys. The highest prevalence of malnutrition is in boys at the age 2 years and in girls at the age of 3 years. 91.1% of the population lived in the village, 8.4% lived in the city,  0.5percent were living on the fringes of cities and tribes. In this study, there is a significant relationship between the consumption of illiteracy of mothers and fathers, breakfast in the week, the place of living, the main meal per day, the age of the child, the number of children, the number of children in the family, the hospitalization of the child due to illness and the number of pregnancies Maternal and low weight prevalence (P≤0.05). Conclution This study showed that low prevalence is a combination of malnutrition in the present and the past. Regarding the results and comparison with the standard, environmental factors can be effective in delaying weight gain. Therefore, education of health care and parental care for proper nutrition will lead to the health of children at this stage of growth. 4 12 2020/03/162019/01/31 1397/11/11 2020/04/52020/04/5 1399/1/17 مسعود امیری masoud amiri Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Yazd School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd,Iran. Iran amirim39@yahoo.com مهدی نادری لردجانی mehdi Naderi Lordejani Department of Disease Management, Department of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord ,Iran Iran lordejani@yahoo.com حسین فلاح زاده Hussein Fallahzadeh Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Yazd School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd,Iran Iran hofaab@yahoo.com حسن عسکرپور Hassan Askarpour Department of Disease Management, Department of Health, Yasouj University of Medical Sciences Iran asakarpourh@gmail.com prevalence low weight children under six years Lordegan شیوع کم وزنی کودکان زیر6 سال لردگان Noadih L, Alchemist M. Studying the height and weight of children in Tehran kindergartens. Journal of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2005; 15(12):18-27.##Khor GL. Update on the prevalence of malnutrition among children in Asia. Nepal Medical College Journal. 2003; 5(2):113-22.##Martorell R. The nature of child malnutrition and its long-term implications. Food and nutrition Bulletin. 1999; 20(3):288-92.##Sheikholeslam R, Kimiagar M, Siasi F, et al. Multidisciplinary intervention for reducing malnutrition among children in the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2009; 10(6):844-52.##The World Health Organization. Stunting and underweight in children under 5 years: 2014.##Zayeri F, Amini M, Kholdi N, et al. Determination Of Factors Affecting Growth Failure Of Children Under Two Years With Multilevel Logistic Regression Model. Daneshvar Medicine. 2014; 21(112): 41-8.[Persian]##Payandeh A, Saki A, Safarian M, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition among preschool children in northeast of Iran, a result of a population based study. Global journal of health science. 2013; 5(2):208.##De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, et al. Comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes. Public health nutrition. 2006; 9(7):942-7.##Houshiar Rad A, Dorosty A, Kalantari N, Abdollahi M, Abtahi M. Prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and overweight among Iranian under-five-year-old children (2000-2002). Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2009; 3(4):49-56.[Persian]##Khoshbin S. Prevalence Of Underweight Children Under Six Years Old Referred To Rural And Urban Health Centers, Shaheed Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences In 2000. Researcher Bulletin Of Medical Sciences (Pejouhandeh). 2005; 4(46):271-74.[Persian]##Waqari Gh, Ahmadpour M, Vakili M. Assessment of height and weight in children under 6 years in rural areas of Gorgan, 1998. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.2002;12(34):66-74.[Persian]##Ahmed T, Mehfuz M, Ireen S, et al. Nutrition of children and women in Bangladesh; Trends and directions for the future. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2012; 30 (1): 1-11.##M Nojoomi , Kafashi A, Najmabadi Sh. Study Of Frequency Of Malnutrition Risk Factors In Under 5 Years Children In Karaj, 2001-2002. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003; 10(33):123-30.[Persian]##Delpeuch F,Traissec P,Massamba JP.Economic crisis and malnutrition: socioeconomic determinants of anthropometric status of preschool children and their mothers in an African urban area. Public health nutrition. 2000; 3(1):39-47.##Sheikholeslam R, Naghavi M, Abdollahi Z, et al. Current status and the 10 years trend in the malnutrition indexes of children under 5 years in Iran. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2008; 4(1):21-8.[Persian]##ND Brener, T McManus, DA Galuska, et al. Reliability and validity of self reported height and weight among high school students. Journal of adolescent heath. 2003; 32(4):281-87.##Esmaeili M, Haji Am, Asgardoon G, et Al. Effect Of Risk Factoras On Low Birth Weight Neonates. Journal Of Babol University Of Medical Sciences. 2004; 6(2):18-24.[Persian]##Waterlow J. Classification and definition of protein-energy malnutrition. Monograph series World Health Organization. 1976(62):530.##Abdullah M, Swailem A, Taha S. Nutritional status of preschool children in central Saudi Arabia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 1982; 12(2):103-7.##Nilforoushan MA, Hashemi F, Malekafzali H. Scientific Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran Medical System. 2005; 1:56-66.##Azizkhani N. Nutrition status and some of its effective factors in children aged 24 to 35 months in villages of Takestan city in 1995. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services. 2007; 5(18):57-64.##Froudnia F, Mohammadali ZS, Frouhari S. Investigation of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding of employed and non-employed mothers referring to health centers in Kerman. 1996. Journal of Pathology Daneshvar. 1998; 5(20):23-8.##Soheily A. Assessing the nutritional status of infants and determining their growth from birth to 24 months of age. Hakim Research Journal. 1998; 1(2):118-26.##Ministry of Health and Medical Education Deputy of Health Affairs. In the translation of breastfeeding program 1991. UNICEF (author). First Edition. Tehran; Ministry of Health and Medical Education. 1991; 50-85.##Nakhshab M, Nasiri H. A study on the prevalence rate of malnutrition and it's effective factors in children under two years in sari township 1999-2000. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 12(34):47-58.##Noadih L, Alchemist M. Studying the height and weight of children in Tehran kindergartens. Journal of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2005; 15(12):18-27.##Khor GL. Update on the prevalence of malnutrition among children in Asia. Nepal Medical College Journal. 2003; 5(2):113-22.##Martorell R. The nature of child malnutrition and its long-term implications. Food and nutrition Bulletin. 1999; 20(3):288-92.##Sheikholeslam R, Kimiagar M, Siasi F, et al. Multidisciplinary intervention for reducing malnutrition among children in the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2009; 10(6):844-52.##The World Health Organization. Stunting and underweight in children under 5 years: 2014.##Zayeri F, Amini M, Kholdi N, et al. Determination Of Factors Affecting Growth Failure Of Children Under Two Years With Multilevel Logistic Regression Model. Daneshvar Medicine. 2014; 21(112): 41-8.[Persian]##Payandeh A, Saki A, Safarian M, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition among preschool children in northeast of Iran, a result of a population based study. Global journal of health science. 2013; 5(2):208.##De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, et al. Comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes. Public health nutrition. 2006; 9(7):942-7.##Houshiar Rad A, Dorosty A, Kalantari N, Abdollahi M, Abtahi M. Prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and overweight among Iranian under-five-year-old children (2000-2002). Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2009; 3(4):49-56.[Persian]##Khoshbin S. Prevalence Of Underweight Children Under Six Years Old Referred To Rural And Urban Health Centers, Shaheed Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences In 2000. Researcher Bulletin Of Medical Sciences (Pejouhandeh). 2005; 4(46):271-74.[Persian]##Waqari Gh, Ahmadpour M, Vakili M. Assessment of height and weight in children under 6 years in rural areas of Gorgan, 1998. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.2002;12(34):66-74.[Persian]##Ahmed T, Mehfuz M, Ireen S, et al. Nutrition of children and women in Bangladesh; Trends and directions for the future. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2012; 30 (1): 1-11.##M Nojoomi , Kafashi A, Najmabadi Sh. Study Of Frequency Of Malnutrition Risk Factors In Under 5 Years Children In Karaj, 2001-2002. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2003; 10(33):123-30.[Persian]##Delpeuch F,Traissec P,Massamba JP.Economic crisis and malnutrition: socioeconomic determinants of anthropometric status of preschool children and their mothers in an African urban area. Public health nutrition. 2000; 3(1):39-47.##Sheikholeslam R, Naghavi M, Abdollahi Z, et al. Current status and the 10 years trend in the malnutrition indexes of children under 5 years in Iran. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2008; 4(1):21-8.[Persian]##ND Brener, T McManus, DA Galuska, et al. Reliability and validity of self reported height and weight among high school students. Journal of adolescent heath. 2003; 32(4):281-87.##Esmaeili M, Haji Am, Asgardoon G, et Al. Effect Of Risk Factoras On Low Birth Weight Neonates. Journal Of Babol University Of Medical Sciences. 2004; 6(2):18-24.[Persian]##Waterlow J. Classification and definition of protein-energy malnutrition. Monograph series World Health Organization. 1976(62):530.##Abdullah M, Swailem A, Taha S. Nutritional status of preschool children in central Saudi Arabia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 1982; 12(2):103-7.##Nilforoushan MA, Hashemi F, Malekafzali H. Scientific Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran Medical System. 2005; 1:56-66.##Azizkhani N. Nutrition status and some of its effective factors in children aged 24 to 35 months in villages of Takestan city in 1995. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services. 2007; 5(18):57-64.##Froudnia F, Mohammadali ZS, Frouhari S. Investigation of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding of employed and non-employed mothers referring to health centers in Kerman. 1996. Journal of Pathology Daneshvar. 1998; 5(20):23-8.##Soheily A. Assessing the nutritional status of infants and determining their growth from birth to 24 months of age. Hakim Research Journal. 1998; 1(2):118-26.##Ministry of Health and Medical Education Deputy of Health Affairs. In the translation of breastfeeding program 1991. UNICEF (author). First Edition. Tehran; Ministry of Health and Medical Education. 1991; 50-85.##Nakhshab M, Nasiri H. A study on the prevalence rate of malnutrition and it's effective factors in children under two years in sari township 1999-2000. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 12(34):47-58.## ##

Failure to Thrive and its Risk Factors in 0-24 Months Children in Bojnurd City of Iran during 2008-2013 بروز اختلال رشد و عوامل خطر آن در کودکان 0 تا 24 ماه مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی شهر بجنورد طی سالهای 92-1387 2 1 زمینه و هدف: اختلال رشد یک معضل جهانی و یکی از شایع ترین و مهمترین مشکلات بهداشتی در کودکان است که عوامل بسیاری از جمله عوامل اجتماعی ، اقتصادی و فرهنگی را درگیر می کند. با توجه به اثرات منفی اختلال رشد در آینده کودکان ، ما به بررسی اختلال رشد و عوامل مرتبط با آن در کودکان زیر 2 سال در بجنورد پرداختیم. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه یک مطالعه کوهورت گذشته نگر است که بر روی 1000 پرونده بهداشتی متولدین سال های 92-1387انجام شد. نمونه گیری به روش تصادفی ساده انجام پذیرفت. داده ها با استفاده از یک چک لیست موجود در مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی جمع آوری شد. در نهایت ، داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های مجذور کای ، رگرسیون لجستیک و آزمون t مستقل در نرم افزار SPSS19 و با کمتر از 5 درصد خطا تحلیل شد. یافته ها: از 1000 کودک مورد بررسی ، 443 کودک ، 44.3٪ از کل ، اختلال رشد را در دو سال اول زندگی خود یک بار تجربه کرده بودند. بین اختلالات دور سر در بدو تولد ، سن مادر در زمان زایمان ، سطح تحصیلات مادر ، نوع زایمان ، سن حاملگی نا مشخص با اختلال رشد در کودکان رابطه معنی داری وجود داشت(P<0.05). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به شیوع بالای اختلال رشد در کودکان، افزایش آگاهی در مورد تغذیه به موقع و ارتقاء سلامتی خانوارها، پیشگیری و کنترل بیماری های عفونی برای بهبود رشد کودکان توصیه می شود. 2 Introduction: Failure to thrive (FTT) is a global problem and one of the most common health problems in childhood that involves many other social, economic, and cultural factors. Considering the adverse effects of FTT in the future of children, we studied FTT and its related factor in children under the age of 2 years in Bojnurd (the capital city of North Khorasan province, Iran). Methods: This study was a Retrospective cohort study on 1000 health records, born in 2008-2013. Stratified sampling method was applied and the data were collected using a checklist in the health centers. Finally, data were analyzed using Chi-square, Multiple logistic regression, and independent t-test in SPSS19 software. Significant level was set at 5%. Results: Incidence of FTT was calculated as 443 children (44.3%) in the children's first two years of life. A significant relationship was observed between FTT in children and head circumference disorders at birth (p=0.001), maternal age at delivery (p=0.01), mother's education level (OR=0.4   CI95% [0.2-0.8]  p=0.012), type of delivery (OR=0.5 CI95% [0.4-0.7]   p<0.001), unspecified gestational age (OR=3.6   CI95% [1.3-10.08   p=0.015]), and pregnancy under the age of 18 (OR=2.4   CI95% [1.1-5.3]  p=0.02).  Conclusion: Considering the high incidence of FTT in children, increasing awareness about timely feeding, promoting households' health, preventing and controlling infectious diseases should be improved.   13 20 2020/03/162019/01/312019/10/2 1398/7/10 2020/04/52020/04/52020/03/24 1399/1/5 حسین لشکردوست Hossein Lashkardoost Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Iran doostaria@gmail.com سعید دعایی Saeid Doaei Department of nutrition sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Iran sdoaei@sbmu.ac.ir زهره اکبری Zohreh Akbari Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran doostaria@yahoo.com فاطمه مشکوتی Fatemeh Mashkooti Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran Hamedi2108@gmail.com ابراهیم حسین زاده Ebrahim Hosseinzadeh Department of Pediatrics Nursing, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Iran ehebrahim250@gmail.com اندیشه حامدی Andishe Hamedi Faculty of nursing, Shirvan Center of Higher Health Education, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran Iran ahamedi1364@gmail.com Failure to Thrive Risk Factors Children اختلال رشد عوامل خطر کودکان Wright CM, Parkinson KN, Drewett RF. The influence of maternal socioeconomic and emotional factors on infant weight gain and weight faltering (failure to thrive): data from a prospective birth cohort. Archives of disease in childhood. 2006; 91(4):312-7.##Berak M, Azari Namin L, Nemati A, et al. Failure to Thrive Risk Factors among Infants in Namin. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2003; 3(4):14-18.[Persian]##Gohari MR, Salehi M, Zaeri F, et al. Application of random effect model for determining factors affecting FTT in less than 2 years children in east of Tehran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 19(99):32-9.[Persian]##Pronman L, Rondinelli M, Burkardt DD, et al. Pearson Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Failure to Thrive in Infants. Clinical pediatrics. 2019; 58(7):819-24.##Shekhi MF, Shamsi M, Khorsandi M, et al. Predictors accident structures in mothers with children under 5 years old in city of Khorramabad based on Health Belief Model. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention. 2015; 3(3):199-206.[Persian]##Hien NN, Kam S. Nutritional status and the characteristics related to malnutrition in children under five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. Journal of Prevention Medical Public Health. 2008; 41(4):232-40.##AM Shamsir A, Ahmed T, Roy S, et al. Determinants of Under Nutrition in Children under 2 years of age from Rural Bangladesh. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. 2012; 49.##Naderi S. Growth indices of 2-5 years old infants in Bandar Abbas day-care centers. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2003; 6(4):31-35.[Persian]##Nojoumi M, Tehrani A, Najmabadi S. Risk analysis of growth failure in under-5-year children. 2004; 7(3):195-200.##Blair PS, Drewett RF, Emmett PM, et al. Family, socioeconomic and prenatal factors associated with failure to thrive in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). International journal of epidemiology. 2004; 33(4):839-47.##Hvelplund C, Hansen BM, Koch SV, et al. Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years.Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. 2016; 137(2):2015-2575.##Mohammadpoorasl A, Sahebihag M, Rostami F, et al. Factors related to undesirable growth of 6 month-2years old children in Tabriz-Iran. Journal of gorgan university of medical sciences. 2010; 12(3):45-50.##Nahar B, Ahmed T, Brown KH, et al. Risk factors associated with severe underweight among young children reporting to a diarrhoea treatment facility in Bangladesh. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2010; 28(5):476.##Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. The lancet. 2008; 371(9609):340-57.##Emond A, Drewett R, Blair P, et al. Postnatal factors associated with failure to thrive in term infants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Archives of disease in childhood. 2007; 92(2):115-9.##Daymont C, Hoffman N, Schaefer E, et al. Clinician diagnoses of failure to thrive before and after switch to World Health Organization growth curves. Academic pediatrics. 2019.##Radhakrishna R, Ravi C. Malnutrition in India: Trends and determinants. Economic and Political Weekly. 2004; 39(7):671-6.##Khalil HM, Husain SM, Alkhateeb MS, et al. Failure To Thrive In Children Under Two Years Of Age And Associated Factors, A Hospital-Based Study. Diyala Journal of Medicine. 2019; 17(2):127-35.##Khuwaja S, Selwyn BJ, Shah SM. Prevalence and correlates of stunting among primary school children in rural areas of southern Pakistan. Journal of tropical pediatrics. 2005; 51(2):72-7.##Goh LH, How CH, Ng KH. Failure to thrive in babies and toddlers. Singapore medical journal. 2016; 57(6):287.##Olsen EM, Skovgaard AM, Weile B, et al. Risk factors for weight faltering in infancy according to age at onset. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2010; 24(4):370-82.##Wright CM, Parkinson KN, Drewett RF. The influence of maternal socioeconomic and emotional factors on infant weight gain and weight faltering (failure to thrive): data from a prospective birth cohort. Archives of disease in childhood. 2006; 91(4):312-7.##Berak M, Azari Namin L, Nemati A, et al. Failure to Thrive Risk Factors among Infants in Namin. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2003; 3(4):14-18.[Persian]##Gohari MR, Salehi M, Zaeri F, et al. Application of random effect model for determining factors affecting FTT in less than 2 years children in east of Tehran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 19(99):32-9.[Persian]##Pronman L, Rondinelli M, Burkardt DD, et al. Pearson Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Failure to Thrive in Infants. Clinical pediatrics. 2019; 58(7):819-24.##Shekhi MF, Shamsi M, Khorsandi M, et al. Predictors accident structures in mothers with children under 5 years old in city of Khorramabad based on Health Belief Model. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention. 2015; 3(3):199-206.[Persian]##Hien NN, Kam S. Nutritional status and the characteristics related to malnutrition in children under five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. Journal of Prevention Medical Public Health. 2008; 41(4):232-40.##AM Shamsir A, Ahmed T, Roy S, et al. Determinants of Under Nutrition in Children under 2 years of age from Rural Bangladesh. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. 2012; 49.##Naderi S. Growth indices of 2-5 years old infants in Bandar Abbas day-care centers. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2003; 6(4):31-35.[Persian]##Nojoumi M, Tehrani A, Najmabadi S. Risk analysis of growth failure in under-5-year children. 2004; 7(3):195-200.##Blair PS, Drewett RF, Emmett PM, et al. Family, socioeconomic and prenatal factors associated with failure to thrive in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). International journal of epidemiology. 2004; 33(4):839-47.##Hvelplund C, Hansen BM, Koch SV, et al. Perinatal Risk Factors for Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children Aged 0 to 3 Years.Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. 2016; 137(2):2015-2575.##Mohammadpoorasl A, Sahebihag M, Rostami F, et al. Factors related to undesirable growth of 6 month-2years old children in Tabriz-Iran. Journal of gorgan university of medical sciences. 2010; 12(3):45-50.##Nahar B, Ahmed T, Brown KH, et al. Risk factors associated with severe underweight among young children reporting to a diarrhoea treatment facility in Bangladesh. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2010; 28(5):476.##Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. The lancet. 2008; 371(9609):340-57.##Emond A, Drewett R, Blair P, et al. Postnatal factors associated with failure to thrive in term infants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Archives of disease in childhood. 2007; 92(2):115-9.##Daymont C, Hoffman N, Schaefer E, et al. Clinician diagnoses of failure to thrive before and after switch to World Health Organization growth curves. Academic pediatrics. 2019.##Radhakrishna R, Ravi C. Malnutrition in India: Trends and determinants. Economic and Political Weekly. 2004; 39(7):671-6.##Khalil HM, Husain SM, Alkhateeb MS, et al. Failure To Thrive In Children Under Two Years Of Age And Associated Factors, A Hospital-Based Study. Diyala Journal of Medicine. 2019; 17(2):127-35.##Khuwaja S, Selwyn BJ, Shah SM. Prevalence and correlates of stunting among primary school children in rural areas of southern Pakistan. Journal of tropical pediatrics. 2005; 51(2):72-7.##Goh LH, How CH, Ng KH. Failure to thrive in babies and toddlers. Singapore medical journal. 2016; 57(6):287.##Olsen EM, Skovgaard AM, Weile B, et al. Risk factors for weight faltering in infancy according to age at onset. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 2010; 24(4):370-82.## ##

Sources of Occupational Stress and their Relationship with Personal and Occupational Factors in Nurses of Rasht Teaching Hospitals in 2016 شناسایی منابع استرس شغلی و بررسی ارتباط آنها با عوامل فردی و شغلی در پرستاران بیمارستان های آموزشی رشت (شمال ایران) در سال 1394 2 1 زمینه: پرستاران استرس بیشتری را در مقایسه با سایر کارکنان سلامتی تجربه می‌کنند. استرس شغلی اثر مهمی بر عملکرد پرستاران و سازمانهای مراقبتی داشته و ارایه مراقبتهای با کیفیت و ایمن را به مخاطره می‌اندازد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی منابع  استرس شغلی و بررسی ارتباط آنها با عوامل فردی و شغلی پرستاران انجام شد. روش: مطالعه‌ای تحلیلی و مقطعی، در بین پرستاران بیمارستانهای آموزشی رشت در سال 1394 انجام شد. تعداد نمونه بر اساس فرمول کوکران  برآورد شد (n=250 ) که به روش تصادفی طبقه‌ای از بخشهای بالینی در تمام بیمارستان‌های آموزشی انتخاب گردید. داده‌ها با پرسشنامه مشخصات فردی- شغلی و مقیاس استرس شغلی تافت اندرسون شامل34 سوال در هفت حیطه استرس زای  شغلی پرستاران  جمع آوری شد. داده‌ها با آزمونهای آماری تی مستقل، ANOVA، فریدمن و ضریب همبستگی پیرسن با کاربرد نرم افزار SPSS V21.0 تحلیل گردید (سطح معنی داری کمتر از 0/05 ). یافته‌ها: نمره کل استرس شغلی پرستاران (12/47± 72/46 ) بود و 77/8% از پرستاران استرس خود را در سطح شدید گزارش نمودند. بیشترین منابع استرس‌زای مربوط به "عدم اطمینان از درمان"، "رنج و مرگ بیماران" و "حجم کاری" بود در حالیکه کمترین منبع استرس‌زا مربوط به "کمبود منابع حمایتی" بود. تفاوت معنی داری بین نمرات حیطه های هفتگانه منابع استرس‌زای شغلی وجود داشت  .(p = 0.001) علاوه بر این نمرات استرس شغلی رابطه معنی داری با جنسیت، تاهل، تحصیلات، نوع بخش، نوع شیفت کاری، نوع بخش و نوع استخدام پرستاران نداشت (0/05p>).  استرس شغلی با سایر ویژگیهای فردی و شغلی پرستاران  همبستگی معنی‌داری نداشت (0/05p>). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به سطوح بالای استرس شغلی پرستاران، مداخلات مستمر  تعدیل استرس در سطوح  فردی و سازمانی بویژه در رابطه با بیشترین منابع استرس‌زا شامل "عدم اطمینان از درمان" و  "حجم کاری" ضرورت دارد. پیشنهاد می شود مداخلات در سه سطح؛ اولیه (مربوط به کاهش استرس‌زاها)، ثانویه (با هدف کاهش واکنش پرستاران به استرس‌زاها) و ثالثیه (با تمرکز بر کمک خاص به پرستارانی که سطوح بالایی از استرس دارند) انجام شود.  2 Introduction: Nurses experience more stress than other health's staff. Job stress has significant effects on the performance of nurses and health care organizations; it also endangers the health care quality and patients' safety. The purpose of this study was to identify the sources of occupational stress and their relationship with personal and occupational factors among nurses. Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted among nurses in the teaching hospitals in Rasht City in 2016. The sample size was estimated based on the Cochran formula (n=250). The sample was selected via stratified randomly from the clinical wards in seven hospitals.  Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and Toft - Anderson nurses' stress scale including 34 questions in seven domains of nurses' stressors. Data were analysed with independent t, One way ANOVA, Friedman and Pearson correlation coefficient tests using SPSS   V21.0 software (Significance level <0.05). Results: The mean score of job stress (72.46 ± 12.47) and 77.8% of the nurses reported that their stress was at the high level. The most frequently mentioned sources of stress were related to "uncertainty in treatment", "suffering and death of patients", and "high workload". However, the least source of stress was related to "lack of support resources". There are significant differences between scores of the seven domains of occupational stress (p = 0.001). In addition, the score of job stress had no significant relationship with gender, marital status, unit type, shift type, education level, and employment type (p> 0.05). Job stress had no significant correlation with personal and occupational characteristics (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Given the high levels of nurses' job stress, continuous interventions are needed to decrease the nurses' stress at the individual and organizational levels, especially in the highest sources of stress including "uncertainty about treatment" and "workload". In this regard, we recommend the following interventions at primary (related to reducing stressors), secondary (aimed at reducing nurses' response to stressors), and tertiary (focusing on specific assistance to nurses with high levels of stress) levels.   21 29 2020/03/162019/01/312019/10/22019/04/14 1398/1/25 2020/04/52020/04/52020/03/242020/04/5 1399/1/17 خدیجه مباشر-امینی Khadijeh Mobasher -Amini Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Iran mobasher.amini@yahoo.com بهروز رضائی Behrooz Rezaei Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery , Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran beh.rezaei@gmail.com محمد اسماعیل پور بندبنی Mohammad Esmaeilpour- Bandboni Faculty of Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Iran esmaeilmmm@yahoo.com Occupational stress Workplace Nurses Hospital استرس شغلی محیط کار پرستاران بیمارستان Sabzi Z, Royani Z, Mancheri H, et al. Predictors of job stress among critical care nurses. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2017; 14(5):45-52. [Persian]##Boustanipour L, Saberi H, Soheili A. Prediction of level of aggression and interpersonal problems in the nurses based on their occupational stress. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2017; 15(6):478-487. [Persian]##Khamisa N, Peltzer K, Ilic D, et al. Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses: A follow‐up study. International journal of nursing practice.2016; 22(6):538-45.##Dagget T, Molla A, Belachew T. Job related stress among nurses working in Jimma Zone public hospitals, South West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC nursing. 2016; 15(1):39.##Tran TT, Nguyen NB, Luong MA, et al. Stress, anxiety and depression in clinical nurses in Vietnam: a cross-sectional survey and cluster analysis. International journal of mental health systems. 2019; 13(1):3.##Mahmoudirad G, Bagherian F. 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A new view towards resolving the nursing shortage challenge. Journal of Hayat. 2017; 23(3):196-200. [Persian]##Guo J, Chen J, Fu J, et al. Structural empowerment, job stress and burnout of nurses in China. Applied Nursing Research. 2016; 31:41-5.##Labrague LJ, McEnroe‐Petitte DM, Gloe D, et al. Organizational politics, nurses' stress, burnout levels, turnover intention and job satisfaction. International nursing review. 2017; 64(1):109-16.##Lin TC, Lin HS, Cheng SF, et al. Work stress, occupational burnout and depression levels: a clinical study of pediatric intensive care unit nurses in Taiwan. Journal of clinical nursing. 2016; 25(7-8):1120-30.##Sabzi Z, Royani Z, Mancheri H, et al. Predictors of job stress among critical care nurses. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2017; 14(5):45-52. [Persian]##Boustanipour L, Saberi H, Soheili A. Prediction of level of aggression and interpersonal problems in the nurses based on their occupational stress. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2017; 15(6):478-487. [Persian]##Khamisa N, Peltzer K, Ilic D, et al. Work related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses: A follow‐up study. International journal of nursing practice.2016; 22(6):538-45.##Dagget T, Molla A, Belachew T. Job related stress among nurses working in Jimma Zone public hospitals, South West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC nursing. 2016; 15(1):39.##Tran TT, Nguyen NB, Luong MA, et al. Stress, anxiety and depression in clinical nurses in Vietnam: a cross-sectional survey and cluster analysis. International journal of mental health systems. 2019; 13(1):3.##Mahmoudirad G, Bagherian F. Effects of spiritual intelligence training on nurses' job stress. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management. 2015; 4 (1):69-79. [Persian]##Alenezi AM, Aboshaiqah A, Baker O. Work‐related stress among nursing staff working in government hospitals and primary health care centers. International journal of nursing practice. 2018; 24(5):e12676.##Biganeh J, Abolghasemi J, Alimohammadi I, et al. Survey of occupational stress effects on burnout among nurses. Journal of Knowledge & Health. 2018; 13(1):10-18. [Persian]##Moustaka Å, Constantinidis TC. Sources and effects of work-related stress in nursing. Health Science Journal. 2010; 4(4):210-6.##Jafari M, Habibi Houshmand B, Maher A. Relationship of Occupational Stress and Quality of Work Life with Turnover Intention among the Nurses of Public and Private Hospitals in Selected Cities of Guilan Province, Iran, in 2016. Journal of Health Research in Community. 2017; 3(3):12-24. [Persian]##Jenaabadi H, Miri MR, Mirlatifi PR. Correlation of workaholism with job stress and job burnout in nurses. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2017; 6(2):20-25. [Persian]##Shareinia H, Khuniki F, Bloochi Beydokhti T, et al. Comparison between job stress among emergency department nurses with nurses of other departments. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management. 2018; 6(3):48-56. [Persian]##Nasiry Zarrin Ghabaee N, Talebpour Amir F, Hosseini Velshkolaei M, et al. Quality of life and its relationship to the Job stress in among nursing staff in hospitals of Sari, in 2015. Journal of Nursing Education. 2016; 5(2):40-48. [Persian]##Yim HY, Seo HJ, Cho Y, et al. Mediating role of psychological capital in relationship between occupational stress and turnover intention among nurses at veterans administration hospitals in Korea. Asian nursing research. 2017; 11(1):6-12.##Fathiizadeh A, Zare R, Khammarnia M, et al. The effect of organizational changes on occupational stress of nurses considering the moderator role of trust in head nurses. Sadra Medical Sciences Journal. 2018; 6(3):195-204. [Persian]##Hazavehei SM, Kharghani Moghadam SM, Bagheri Kholenjani F, et al. The influence of educational interventions to reduce occupational stress: A systematic review. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2017; 7(4):363-374. [Persian]##Hosseini Z, Aghamollai T, Moeini B, et al. The effect of health education program on female nurses' stress. Journal Health System Research. 2015; 11(1):43-52. [Persian]##Hegney DG, Craigie M, Hemsworth D, et al. Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: study 1 results. Journal of Nursing Management. 2014; 22(4):506-18.##Amin NA, Quek KF, Oxley JA, et al. Emotional Distress as a Predictor of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Malaysian Nursing Professionals. The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 2018; 9(2):1158-69.##Farzi N, Bahlakeh A, Bordbar G. Relationship between nurses' job stress and procrastination: case study. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management. 2015; 4(2):71-79. [Persian]##Nasiry Zarrin Ghabaee D, Haresabadi M, Bagheri Nesami M, et al. 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The Relationship between Quality of Life Related to Oral Health Status in 8-10-year-old students in Shiraz during 2016-2017 بررسی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با وضعیت سلامت دهان در دانش آموزان 8 تا 10 ساله شهر شیراز طی سال های 1395- 1396 2 1 مقدمه و هدف: سلامت دهان و دندان علاوه بر حفره دهان، وضعیت جسمی، فیزیکی و روانی کودکان را نیز تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد. پوسیدگی های دندانی درمان نشده در کودکان، یک دید منطقی از نحوه بزرگ شدن، رشد و کیفیت زندگی کودک به ما می دهد. با توجه به شیوع بالای مشکلات دهان و دندان در کودکان، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان در کودکان 8 تا 10 ساله در شیراز انجام گرفت. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر توصیفی– تحلیلی و از نوع مقطعی است. برای انجام این تحقیق 315 دانش آموز 8 تا 10 ساله در شهر شیراز در سال 96 از 4 ناحیه به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای - خوشه ای انتخاب گردیدند. پس از اخذ رضایت نامه کتبی از والدین، مصاحبه با کودکان در مورد ویژگیهای دموگرافیک و تاثیر مشکلات دهان بر فعالیت های روزانه(child-OIDP= Oral impact on daily performance) انجام شد. سپس شاخص PUFA/pufa در آنها تعیین شد. جهت آنالیز داده ها ازv.22  SPSS و آزمون های همبستگی پیرسون و اسپیرمن، t مستقل، آنالیز واریانس ANOVA و رگرسیون خطی در سطح معنی داری 0.05 استفاده شد. نتایج: تعداد دانش آموز مورد بررسی 315 نفر شامل 154 نفر پسر  و 161 نفر دختر می باشد.  69.8 % از کودکان حداقل اثر یکی از مشکلات دهان را بر فعالیت‌های روزانه طی سه ماه گذشته تجربه کرده بودند. بیشترین مشکل کودکان در غذا خوردن بود. بیشترین علت مشکلات مربوط به درد و خون ریزی از لثه بود. میانگین نمره child-OIDP، 11.42 با انحراف معیار 13.55 به دست آمد. شاخص کیفیت زندگی child-OIDP با سن کودکان مورد مطالعه رابطه معنی داری نداشت (0.43p=). بین میانگین شاخص child-OIDP و شاخص پوسیدگی های درمان نشده شیری(pufa) (0.00p=) و شاخص کل پوسیدگی های درمان نشده (PUFA+pufa) (0.00p=) رابطه معنی دار مشاهده شد بدین معنی که با افزایش شاخص پوسیدگی های درمان نشده مجموع دندان های شیری و دائمی، نمره child-OIDP کودکان نیز افزایش نشان داد و کیفیت زندگی آنها پایین تر بود. نتیجه گیری: تحقیق حاضر نشان دهنده تاثیر قابل توجه بیماری های دهان و دندان در کاهش کیفیت زندگی کودکان بود. برای افزایش کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان در کودکان بایستی تمهیدات لازم جهت بهبود دسترسی آنها به مراقبت های درمانی و پیشگیری سنجیده شود. 2 Introduction: Oral health affects not only the oral cavity but also the physical, mental and physical condition of children. Untreated dental caries in children gives us a rational view of how a child's growth, and quality of life are. Given the high prevalence of oral problems in children, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of life associated with oral health in 8-10-year-old children in Shiraz. Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional one. For this study, 315 students from 8 to 10 years old in the city of Shiraz in the year 2017 from the 4 regions were selected using stratified and cluster sampling - . After obtaining written consent from parents, children were interviewed about demographic characteristics and the impact of oral problems on daily activities (child-OIDP = Oral impact on daily performance). Then PUFA/pufa (pulp-ulcer-fistula-abscess) index was determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.22 and Pearson correlation test, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression at a significant level of 0.05. Results: 315 students were studied, including 154 boys (48.9%) and 161 girls (51.1%). 69.8% of children had experienced at least one oral problem in their daily activities during the past three months. The biggest problem for children was eating (30.7%). Most of the problems were due to pain and bleeding from the gums (34.8%). The child-OIDP quality of life index had no significant relationship with the age of the children studied (p = 0.43). There was a significant relationship between mean child-OIDP index and untreated caries index (pufa) (p = 0.001) and the total untreated caries index (PUFA + pufa) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed the significant impact of oral diseases on reducing the quality of life in children. To improve the quality of life associated with oral health in children, measures should be taken to prevent oral diseases and to improve their access to health care. 30 36 2020/03/162019/01/312019/10/22019/04/142019/11/8 1398/8/17 2020/04/52020/04/52020/03/242020/04/52020/04/5 1399/1/17 مسعود امیری Masoud Amiri Department of Disease Management, Deputy of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Iran amirim39@yahoo.com راحله برفی Rahele Barfi Department of Disease Management, Deputy of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Iran rahelebarfi49@gmail.com سعید امیری Saeed Amiri Department of Disease Management, Deputy of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Iran saeed685@gmail.com سیده ریحانه منصوری Seyedeh Reyhaneh Mansori Department of Disease Management, Deputy of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Iran amirim3967@gmail.com حسن عسکرپور Hasan Askarpour Department of Disease Management, Deputy of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran Iran asakarpourh@gmail.com مهدی نادری لردجانی Mehdi Naderi Lordejani Department of Disease Management, Deputy of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran Iran lirdejani@yahoo.com Quality of Life Students' Oral Health Status Shiraz City کیفیت زندگی سلامت دهان دانش آموزان شهر شیراز Sisson KL .Theoretical explanations for social inequalities in oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007; 35(2):81-8.##Sudeep C, Sequeira PS, Jain J. Oral health related quality of life among 12-15 year old children residing at orphanages in South India-A descriptive study. British Journal of Research. 2014; 1(10):53-62.##Evans CA, Kleinman DV. The Surgeon General's report on America's oral health: opportunities for the dental profession. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000; 131(12):1721-8.##Gerritsen AE, Allen PF, Witter DJ, et al. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2010; 8(1):126-132.##World Health Organization. J Orley. WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: field trial version, December 1996. Geneva: 2005.##Navabi N, Salahi S, Shariatmadar A. Assessment of Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) Validity in Iranian Elderly Population. Journal of Research in Dental Science. 2012; 9(3):161-9. [Persian]##Britto PR, Lye SJ, Proulx K, et al. Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet. 2017; 389(10064):91-102.##Paula JS, Leite IC, Almeida AB, et al. The influence of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and home environment factors on schoolchildren's self-perception of quality of life. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2012; 10(1):6-10##Sanders AE, Spencer AJ. Childhood circumstances, psychosocial factors and the social impact of adult oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2005; 33(5):370-7.##Locker D. Disparities in oral health‐related quality of life in a population of Canadian children. Community. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2007; 35(5):348-56.##Goursand D, Paiva SM, Zarzar PM, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ 11-14) for the Brazilian Portuguese language. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2008; 6(1):2-5.##Javadinejad SH , Karami M, Azizi H. Caries prevalence in 12-year-old children of Isfahan city expressed by the significant caries index. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2006; 2(2):13-17. [Persian]##Berkowitz R, Jones P. Mouth-to-mouth transmission of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans between mother and child. Archives of Oral Biology. 1985; 30(4):377-9.##McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent: Mosby Incorporated; 2004.##Gradella CM, Bernabé E, Bönecker M, et al. Caries prevalence and severity, and quality of life in Brazilian 2‐to 4‐year‐old children. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2011; 39(6):498-504.##Khadem P, Jabari far E, Maroofi V, et al. The Relationship between Oral and dental health and quality of life based on DIDL index. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011; 7(4).35-41. [Persian]##Oziegbe E, Esan T. Prevalence and clinical consequences of untreated dental caries using PUFA index in suburban Nigerian school children. European archives of paediatric dentistry. 2013; 14(4):227-31.##Ramazani N, Rezaei S. Evaluation of the prevalence of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries using PUFA/pufa index in a group of Iranian children. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2017; 27(1):189-210.##Mehta A, Bhalla S. Assessing consequences of untreated carious lesions using pufa index among 5-6 years old school children in an urban Indian population. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2014; 25(2):150-65.##Kavand G YF, Saffar Shahroudi AS, Darym M, et al. Oral Health Related Quality of Life among Iranian children: Part I - Validity, reliability, prevalence and severity assessment of daily impact factors. Shahid Beheshti University Dental Journal. 2010; 27(4):187-96. [Persian]##Sisson KL .Theoretical explanations for social inequalities in oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007; 35(2):81-8.##Sudeep C, Sequeira PS, Jain J. Oral health related quality of life among 12-15 year old children residing at orphanages in South India-A descriptive study. British Journal of Research. 2014; 1(10):53-62.##Evans CA, Kleinman DV. The Surgeon General's report on America's oral health: opportunities for the dental profession. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000; 131(12):1721-8.##Gerritsen AE, Allen PF, Witter DJ, et al. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2010; 8(1):126-132.##World Health Organization. J Orley. WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: field trial version, December 1996. Geneva: 2005.##Navabi N, Salahi S, Shariatmadar A. Assessment of Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) Validity in Iranian Elderly Population. Journal of Research in Dental Science. 2012; 9(3):161-9. [Persian]##Britto PR, Lye SJ, Proulx K, et al. Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet. 2017; 389(10064):91-102.##Paula JS, Leite IC, Almeida AB, et al. The influence of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and home environment factors on schoolchildren's self-perception of quality of life. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2012; 10(1):6-10##Sanders AE, Spencer AJ. Childhood circumstances, psychosocial factors and the social impact of adult oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2005; 33(5):370-7.##Locker D. Disparities in oral health‐related quality of life in a population of Canadian children. Community. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2007; 35(5):348-56.##Goursand D, Paiva SM, Zarzar PM, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ 11-14) for the Brazilian Portuguese language. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2008; 6(1):2-5.##Javadinejad SH , Karami M, Azizi H. Caries prevalence in 12-year-old children of Isfahan city expressed by the significant caries index. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2006; 2(2):13-17. [Persian]##Berkowitz R, Jones P. Mouth-to-mouth transmission of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans between mother and child. Archives of Oral Biology. 1985; 30(4):377-9.##McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent: Mosby Incorporated; 2004.##Gradella CM, Bernabé E, Bönecker M, et al. Caries prevalence and severity, and quality of life in Brazilian 2‐to 4‐year‐old children. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2011; 39(6):498-504.##Khadem P, Jabari far E, Maroofi V, et al. The Relationship between Oral and dental health and quality of life based on DIDL index. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011; 7(4).35-41. [Persian]##Oziegbe E, Esan T. Prevalence and clinical consequences of untreated dental caries using PUFA index in suburban Nigerian school children. European archives of paediatric dentistry. 2013; 14(4):227-31.##Ramazani N, Rezaei S. Evaluation of the prevalence of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries using PUFA/pufa index in a group of Iranian children. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2017; 27(1):189-210.##Mehta A, Bhalla S. Assessing consequences of untreated carious lesions using pufa index among 5-6 years old school children in an urban Indian population. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2014; 25(2):150-65.##Kavand G YF, Saffar Shahroudi AS, Darym M, et al. Oral Health Related Quality of Life among Iranian children: Part I - Validity, reliability, prevalence and severity assessment of daily impact factors. Shahid Beheshti University Dental Journal. 2010; 27(4):187-96. [Persian]## ##

Comparison of Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Happiness Training in Promoting Parent-Child Interaction Case Study: Mothers of Anxious Preschool Children in Shahrekord city, Southwest of Iran, 2018 مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش‌های ذهن‌آگاهی و شادکامی بر تعامل والد– کودک در مادران کودکان مضطرب پیش دبستانی؛ مطالعه موردی: مادران کودکان مضطرب پیش دبستانی شهرکرد در سال 1398 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: یکی از اختلالات روانی رایج در کودکان و نوجوانان، اختلالات اضطرابی است. به نظر می­رسد تعامل والد– کودک بر ایجاد اختلالات اضطرابی در کودکان تأثیر می­گذارد و یا آن را تشدید می­کند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش‌های ذهن‌آگاهی و شادکامی بر تعامل والد– کودک در مادران کودکان مضطرب پیش دبستانی بود. روش: روش پژوهش آزمایشی با طرح پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه مادران کودکان مضطرب پیش دبستانی شهرکرد در سال 1398 بودند که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای و هدفمند تعداد 45 نفر از آنان انتخاب، و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایشی و یک گروه کنترل (هر گروه 15 نفر) قرار گرفتند. به منظور گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه‌ اضطراب کودکان پیش دبستانی اسپنس و پرسشنامه تعامل والد– کودک استفاده شد. گروه‌های آزمایش تحت آموزش ذهن‌آگاهی (8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای) و آموزش شادکامی (10 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای) قرار گرفتند؛ اما گروه کنترل هیچ‌گونه مداخله­ای دریافت نکردند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها شامل آمار استنباطی و توصیفی از جمله میانگین و انحراف معیار بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون­های آماری تحلیل واریانس یک­راهه و تحلیل کوواریانس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. برای تجریه و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار SPSS ورژن 24 و در سطح آماری 5 درصد استفاده شد.  نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که آموزش‌های ذهن‌آگاهی (0001/0= p) و شادکامی (0001/0= p) بر افزایش تعامل والد– کودک مادران کودکان مضطرب پیش دبستانی اثربخش بودند. میانگین ± انحراف معیار نمره پس آزمون تعامل والد– کودک در گروه شاهد 89/7±73/96  بود که با گروه­های آزمایش تفاوت معنی­ داری داشت (0001/0= p). هم‌چنین نتایج نشان داد، بین اثربخشی آموزش‌های ذهن‌آگاهی (47/4±80/117) و شادکامی (4/65±46/115) بر تعامل والد– کودک در مادران کودکان مضطرب، تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت (599/0= p). نتیجه ­گیری: آموزش ذهن ­آگاهی و شادکامی در بهبود تعامل والد– کودک در مادران کودک مضطرب پیش دبستانی مؤثر بوده و می تواند به طور یکسان تعامل والد– کودک را در مادران کودکان مضطرب تغییر دهد. 2 Introduction: Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.  It seems that the parent-child interaction affects or exacerbates the creation of anxiety disorders in children. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness and happiness training in promoting parent-child interaction in mothers of anxious preschool children. Methods: The research method was experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population included all mothers of pre-school anxious children in Shahrekord in 2018. Using the multistage sampling method, 45 people were selected and put randomly in the control and two experimental groups (n=15 per group). The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and Pianta's Child-Parent Interaction Questionnaire (PACHIQ) were used for data collection. Experimental groups were put under mindfulness (eight 90-minute sessions) and happiness (ten 90-minute sessions) training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Analysis of the data involved both inferential and descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation. Data analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). SPSS version 24 was further used for analyzing the data. The significance level of research was considered to be α=0.05. Results: The results indicated that both mindfulness (p=0.0001) and happiness (p=0.0001) training increased parent-child interaction in mothers of anxious preschool children. The mean ± SD of the post-test score of parent-child interaction in the control group was 96.73±7.89 which was significantly different from the experimental groups (p=0.0001). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of mindfulness (117.80±4.47) and happiness training (115.46±4.65) in promoting parent-child interaction in mothers of anxious children (p=0.599). Conclusion: Mindfulness and happiness training were effective in improving parent-child interaction in mothers of preschoolers with anxiety and could similarly change the parent-child interaction in mothers of anxious children. 37 45 2020/03/162019/01/312019/10/22019/04/142019/11/82019/10/7 1398/7/15 2020/04/52020/04/52020/03/242020/04/52020/04/52020/04/5 1399/1/17 ارژنگ فریدونی Arjang Fereydooni Department of Psychology, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Iran Arjanferidoini@gmai.com علیرضا حیدرئی Alireza Heidari Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran heidaria945@gmail.com زهرا افتخار صعادی Zahra Eftekhar Saadi Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran zeftekharsaadi@gmail.com پروین احتشام زاده Parvin Ehteshamzadeh Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran piehteshamzad@yahoo.com رضا پاشا Reza Pasha Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Iran pashiares@gmail.com Happiness Parent-child interaction Anxiety disorder Preschool شادی تعامل والد– کودک اختلال اضطراب پیش دبستانی. Dougherty LR, Tolep MR, Bufferd SJ, et al. Preschool anxiety disorders: Comprehensive assessment of clinical, demographic, temperamental, familial, and life stress correlates. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2013; 42(5):577-589.##Wang M, Zhao J. Anxiety disorder symptoms in Chinese preschool children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2015; 46(1):158-166.##Soniya S, Solomon RJ. Effectiveness of Play Therapy on Anxiety among Hospitalized Preschool Children. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2019; 9(2):193-196.##Kimonis ER, Fleming G, Briggs N, et al. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy adapted for preschoolers with callous-unemotional traits: An open trial pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2019: 48(1):S347-S361.##Nieter L, Thornberry T, Brestan-Knight E. The effectiveness of group parent-child interaction therapy with community families. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2013; 22(4):490-501.##Comer JS, Furr JM, Miguel EM, et al. Remotely delivering real-time parent training to the home: An initial randomized trial of Internet-delivered parent-child interaction therapy (I-PCIT). Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2017; 85(9):909-917.##Allen J, Marshall CR. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in school-aged children with specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2015; 46(4):397-410.##Frank JL, Reibel D, Broderick P, et al. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on educator stress and well-being: Results from a pilot study. Mindfulness. 2015; 6(2):208-216.##Kiburz KM, Allen TD, French KA. Work-family conflict and mindfulness: Investigating the effectiveness of a brief training intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2017; 38(7):1016-1037.##Coatsworth JD, Duncan LG, Nix RL, et al. Integrating mindfulness with parent training: effects of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program. Developmental psychology. 2015; 51(1):26-35.##Neece CL, Chan N, Klein K, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents of children with developmental delays: understanding the experiences of Latino families. Mindfulness. 2019; 10(6):1017-1030.##Ridderinkhof A, de Bruin EI, Blom R, et al. Mindfulness-based program for children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents: Direct and long-term improvements. Mindfulness. 2018; 9(3):773-791.##Geurtzen N, Scholte RH, Engels RC, et al. Association between mindful parenting and adolescents' internalizing problems: non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2015; 24(4):1117-1128.##Tak YR, Van Zundert RMP, Kleinjan M, et al. Mindful parenting and adolescent depressive symptoms: The few associations are moderated by adolescent gender and parental depressive symptoms. Mindfulness. 2015; 6(4):812-823.##Karimi M, Estabraghi M, Hosseinzadeh Oskouee A, et al. The Relationship between Mother-Child Interaction and Mental Health of Adolescent Girls: The Mediating Role of Religious Identity. Journal of Community Health Research. 2019; 8(2):67-75##Mirkhan I, Shakerinia I, Kafi M, et al. Prediction of life Satisfaction Based on Emotional Intelligence, Happiness and Religious Attitude Among Female Teachers of Urmia City, North West of Iran. International Journal of School Health. 2014; 1(3):e25144.##Rostami S, Toozandehjani H, Nejat H. The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Training and Adler-Dreikur Parenting Training on Children's Clinical Syndrome. Salamat Ijtimai (Community Health). 2019; 6(4):415-425.##Bezeau S, Graves R. Statistical power and effect sizes of clinical neuropsychology research. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2001; 23(3):399-406.##Spence SH, Rapee RM, McDonald C, et al. The structure of Anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001; 39(11):1293-1316.##Ghanbari S, Rabieenejad R, Ganje P, et al. Psychometric Properties of Preschool Children Anxiety Scale (Teacher Form). Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists). 2013; 10(37):29-37. [Persian]##Abedi-Shapourabadi S, Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi M, Mohamadkhani P, et al. Effectiveness of Group Training Positive Parenting Program (Triple-P) on Parent-Child Relationship in Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2012; 4(3):63-73. [Persian]##Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003; 10(2):125-143.##Fordyce MW. A program to increase happiness: Further studies. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1983; 30(4):483-498.##Parent J, McKee LG, Rough JN, et al. The association of parent mindfulness with parenting and youth psychopathology across three developmental stages. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2016; 44(1):191-202.##Corthorn C. Benefits of Mindfulness for Parenting in Mothers of Preschoolers in Chile. Front Psychol. 2018; 9:1443.##Wong K, Hicks LM, Seuntjens TG, et al. The Role of Mindful Parenting in Individual and Social Decision-Making in Children. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019; 10:550.##Pourrahimi M, Ahadi H, Asgari P, et al. Effectiveness of Fordyce Happiness Training on Female Students' Coping Strategies, Quality of Life and Optimism. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society.2015; 6(3):25-40.[Persian]##Kamarzarin H. The Affection of Fordyce Happiness Model on Increasing Martial Satisfaction of Mothers within Children Mental Retardation. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2016; 6:62-67.##Shiota MN, Campos B, Oveis C ,et al. Beyond happiness: Building a science of discrete positive emotions. American Psychologist. 2017; 72(7):617- 643.##Kuyken W, Weare K, Ukoumunne OC, et al. Effectiveness of the Mindfulness in Schools Programme: non-randomised controlled feasibility study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2013; 203(2):126-131.##Najafi N, Keshmiri H. The Relationship Between Classroom Indoor Plants and Happiness of Female High School Students. International Journal of School Health. 2019; 6(1):1-14.##Oswald AJ, Proto E, Sgroi D. Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics. 2015; 33(4):789-822.##Liu B, Floud S, Pirie K, et al. Does happiness itself directly affect mortality? The prospective UK Million Women Study. The Lancet. 2016; 387(10021):874-881.##Dougherty LR, Tolep MR, Bufferd SJ, et al. Preschool anxiety disorders: Comprehensive assessment of clinical, demographic, temperamental, familial, and life stress correlates. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2013; 42(5):577-589.##Wang M, Zhao J. Anxiety disorder symptoms in Chinese preschool children. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2015; 46(1):158-166.##Soniya S, Solomon RJ. Effectiveness of Play Therapy on Anxiety among Hospitalized Preschool Children. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research. 2019; 9(2):193-196.##Kimonis ER, Fleming G, Briggs N, et al. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy adapted for preschoolers with callous-unemotional traits: An open trial pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2019: 48(1):S347-S361.##Nieter L, Thornberry T, Brestan-Knight E. The effectiveness of group parent-child interaction therapy with community families. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2013; 22(4):490-501.##Comer JS, Furr JM, Miguel EM, et al. Remotely delivering real-time parent training to the home: An initial randomized trial of Internet-delivered parent-child interaction therapy (I-PCIT). Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 2017; 85(9):909-917.##Allen J, Marshall CR. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in school-aged children with specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2015; 46(4):397-410.##Frank JL, Reibel D, Broderick P, et al. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on educator stress and well-being: Results from a pilot study. Mindfulness. 2015; 6(2):208-216.##Kiburz KM, Allen TD, French KA. Work-family conflict and mindfulness: Investigating the effectiveness of a brief training intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2017; 38(7):1016-1037.##Coatsworth JD, Duncan LG, Nix RL, et al. Integrating mindfulness with parent training: effects of the Mindfulness-Enhanced Strengthening Families Program. Developmental psychology. 2015; 51(1):26-35.##Neece CL, Chan N, Klein K, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents of children with developmental delays: understanding the experiences of Latino families. Mindfulness. 2019; 10(6):1017-1030.##Ridderinkhof A, de Bruin EI, Blom R, et al. Mindfulness-based program for children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents: Direct and long-term improvements. Mindfulness. 2018; 9(3):773-791.##Geurtzen N, Scholte RH, Engels RC, et al. Association between mindful parenting and adolescents' internalizing problems: non-judgmental acceptance of parenting as core element. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2015; 24(4):1117-1128.##Tak YR, Van Zundert RMP, Kleinjan M, et al. Mindful parenting and adolescent depressive symptoms: The few associations are moderated by adolescent gender and parental depressive symptoms. Mindfulness. 2015; 6(4):812-823.##Karimi M, Estabraghi M, Hosseinzadeh Oskouee A, et al. The Relationship between Mother-Child Interaction and Mental Health of Adolescent Girls: The Mediating Role of Religious Identity. Journal of Community Health Research. 2019; 8(2):67-75##Mirkhan I, Shakerinia I, Kafi M, et al. Prediction of life Satisfaction Based on Emotional Intelligence, Happiness and Religious Attitude Among Female Teachers of Urmia City, North West of Iran. International Journal of School Health. 2014; 1(3):e25144.##Rostami S, Toozandehjani H, Nejat H. The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Training and Adler-Dreikur Parenting Training on Children's Clinical Syndrome. Salamat Ijtimai (Community Health). 2019; 6(4):415-425.##Bezeau S, Graves R. Statistical power and effect sizes of clinical neuropsychology research. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2001; 23(3):399-406.##Spence SH, Rapee RM, McDonald C, et al. The structure of Anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001; 39(11):1293-1316.##Ghanbari S, Rabieenejad R, Ganje P, et al. Psychometric Properties of Preschool Children Anxiety Scale (Teacher Form). Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists). 2013; 10(37):29-37. [Persian]##Abedi-Shapourabadi S, Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi M, Mohamadkhani P, et al. Effectiveness of Group Training Positive Parenting Program (Triple-P) on Parent-Child Relationship in Children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2012; 4(3):63-73. [Persian]##Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003; 10(2):125-143.##Fordyce MW. A program to increase happiness: Further studies. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1983; 30(4):483-498.##Parent J, McKee LG, Rough JN, et al. The association of parent mindfulness with parenting and youth psychopathology across three developmental stages. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2016; 44(1):191-202.##Corthorn C. Benefits of Mindfulness for Parenting in Mothers of Preschoolers in Chile. Front Psychol. 2018; 9:1443.##Wong K, Hicks LM, Seuntjens TG, et al. The Role of Mindful Parenting in Individual and Social Decision-Making in Children. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019; 10:550.##Pourrahimi M, Ahadi H, Asgari P, et al. Effectiveness of Fordyce Happiness Training on Female Students' Coping Strategies, Quality of Life and Optimism. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society.2015; 6(3):25-40.[Persian]##Kamarzarin H. The Affection of Fordyce Happiness Model on Increasing Martial Satisfaction of Mothers within Children Mental Retardation. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2016; 6:62-67.##Shiota MN, Campos B, Oveis C ,et al. Beyond happiness: Building a science of discrete positive emotions. American Psychologist. 2017; 72(7):617- 643.##Kuyken W, Weare K, Ukoumunne OC, et al. Effectiveness of the Mindfulness in Schools Programme: non-randomised controlled feasibility study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2013; 203(2):126-131.##Najafi N, Keshmiri H. The Relationship Between Classroom Indoor Plants and Happiness of Female High School Students. International Journal of School Health. 2019; 6(1):1-14.##Oswald AJ, Proto E, Sgroi D. Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics. 2015; 33(4):789-822.##Liu B, Floud S, Pirie K, et al. Does happiness itself directly affect mortality? The prospective UK Million Women Study. The Lancet. 2016; 387(10021):874-881.## ##

The Effect of Linguistic Homogenization on English Proficiency of Students, Case Study: Junior Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 2018 تاثیر همگون سازی زبانی بر میزان توانش زبان انگلیسی دانشجویان ایرانی رشته بهداشت به عنوان عامل دخیل در ارتقای آموزش بهداشت جامعه 2 1  مقدمه و اهداف: دانشجویان ایرانی رشته بهداشت باید زبان انگلیسی دانشگاهی خود را تقویت نمایند تا بتوانند از منابع انگلیسی رشته خود در جهت ارتقای آموزش بهداشت جامعه استفاده نمایند. در نظام آموزشی زبان انگلیسی ایران، دانشجویان در دروس زبان پیشدانشگاهی و زبان عمومی از ناهمگونی موجود در سطح توانش زبانی رنج می برند زیرا آنها براساس رشته دانشگاهی خود در کلاسهای زبان گروه بندی می شوند و نه بر اساس توانش زبانی، و دستورالعمل و مواد آموزشی یکسانی برای آنها به کار میرود. این امر منجر با ناموفق بودن برنامه های آموزش زبان شده است. این پژوهش تاثیر همگون سازی توانش زبانی دانشجویان بهداشت بر افزایش توانایی آنها در استفاده از متون انگلیسی رشته بهداشت را در راستای ارتقای آموزش بهداشت جامعه بررسی کرد. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش نیمه تجربی که در سال 1397 انجام شد، آزمون سطح بندی کمبریج به 71 نفر از دانشجویان سه گرایش رشته بهداشت در دانشگاه علو م پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد که به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند داده شد و با استفاده از صدک های به دست آمده دانشجویان به سه  گروه توانش زبانی تقسیم شدند. برای هر سطح توانش زبانی، دستورالعمل مخصوص همان سطح تهیه و تا زمان آزمون میان دوره استفاده شد. پس از آزمون میان دوره، داده ها جمع آوری و با نرم افزار SPSS20 و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی (فراوانی، درصد، میانگین و انحراف معیار) و همچنین آمار استنباطی (تحلیل پراش یک طرفه یا One-way ANOVA، آماره لوین یاLevene Statistic، Tucky HSD، و آزمون تی مستقل) تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.  نتایج: تفاوت آماری معنی داری بین سه گروه در آزمون هنجارمند میان دوره یافت شد (p=0.015) در حالیکه تفاوتی بین سه رشته دانشگاهی از نظر نمره آزمون معیارمند یافت نشد (p=0.05). همچنین، تفاوت آماری معناداری بین سه فرم الف و ب و ج آزمون هنجارمند وجود نداشت (p=0.05). با این حال، در آزمون معیارمند تفاوت معناداری بین فرم های الف و ب وجود داشت (p=0.05). در را بطه با آزمون هنجارمند سطح بندی، تفاوت معنی داری بین گروه الف از یک طرف و گروه های ب و ج از سوی دیگر وجود داشت هرچند تفاوت معناداری بین گرو های ب و ج وجود نداشت (p=0.05). نتایج بخش دوم آزمون تعقیبی نشان داد که تفاوت معناداری بین گروه الف از یک طرف، و گروه های ب و ج، از طرف دیگر وجود داشت در حالیکه تفاوت معناداری بین گروه های ب و ج وجود نداشت (p=0.05) که این نشان دهنده موفقیت این پژوهش بود. نتیجه گیری: توصیه می شود جهت افزایش توانش زبانی دانشجویان بهداشت در راستای ارتقای آموزش بهداشت جامعه، بر خلاف روند کنونی که دانشجویان را بر اساس رشته دانشگاهی در گروه های مختلف زبان پیش و زبان عمومی دسته بندی می نمایند، دانشجویان را بر اساس سطح توانش زبانی با استفاده از آزمون سطح بندی گروه بندی نمایند .   2 Introduction: Iranian students of health need to bone up on their academic English to be able to read the English sources of health as a factor contributing to community health promotion. In the Iranian academia, students are placed in Basic and General English courses not on the basis of proficiency levels, but on the basis of their academic majors with the same protocol, teaching materials, and methodology used for these heterogeneous classrooms leading to failure and dissatisfaction in the use of academic English as a vehicle for increasing their knowledge of community health. This study investigated the effect of English proficiency homogenization on linguistic proficiency of Iranian students of health as a means of health enhancement via reading English sources. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2018, the Cambridge Placement Test was given to 71 students of three health majors at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences selected with convenient sampling method. The students were divided into three language ability groups using placement test percentiles and taught with two different protocols which were used till the midterm exam. The midterm exam was given and the data were collected and analyzed with SPSS20 using descriptive statistics, i.e., frequency, percentiles, mean, and standard deviation and also inferential statistics, i.e., one-way ANOVA, Levene statistic, Tukey HSD, and independent T-test. Results: A significant difference was found between the three groups on the placement test (p=0.015); there was no significant difference among the three different academic majors with regard to Criterion-referenced Test (CRT) scores (p=0.05); there was no significant difference among the three Norm-referenced Test (NRT) forms (Forms A, B, & C) (p=0.05); also, there was a significant difference among the two CRT forms (Forms A, B) (p=0.05). Regarding the placement test, the significance indices demonstrated a significant difference between group A, on the one hand, and groups B and C, on the other with no significant difference between groups B and C (p=0.05). The findings of the second part of the post hoc test showed a significant difference for the midterm exam between Group A, on the one hand, and Group B and Group C (p=0.05), on the other, with no significant difference between groups B and C (p=0.05), indicating the success of the present study. Conclusion: The students of health should be grouped in Basic English and EGP courses, not based on their academic majors, but based on their English proficiency levels for a successful English pedagogy leading to successful use of English texts of health as a means of promoting health community. 46 53 2020/03/162019/01/312019/10/22019/04/142019/11/82019/10/72019/03/18 1397/12/27 2020/04/52020/04/52020/03/242020/04/52020/04/52020/04/52020/04/5 1399/1/17 کاظم برزگر Kazem Barzegar Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Payame Noor Postgraduate Center, Tehran, Iran. Iran farzadbavanati1350@gmail.com امیر رضا نعمت تبریزی Amir Reza Nemat Tabrizi Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Payame Noor Postgraduate Center, Tehran, Iran. Iran arnemati@pnu.ac.ir منوچهر جعفری گهر Manoochehr Jafarigohar Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Payame Noor Postgraduate Center, Tehran, Iran. Iran jafarigohar2007@yahoo.com فریدون وحدانی Fereidoon Vahdany Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Payame Noor Postgraduate Center, Rasht, Iran. Iran frvahdany@yahoo.com Health promotion homogeneity proficiency level Criterion-Referenced Test Norm-Referenced Test English for General Purposes placement test آزمون هنجارمند آزمون معیارمند زبان عمومی آزمون سطح بندی بهداشت جامعه Krashen SD. Bilingual education and second language acquisition theory. Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework. 1981:51-79.##Brown, H. D. Principles of language learning and teaching . New York: Longman. 2000.##Ellis, R. 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The Impact of Indoor Environmental Quality of Green Buildings on Occupants' Health and Satisfaction: A systematic review تاثیر کیفیت محیط داخلی ساختمان‌های سبز بر سلامت و رضایت شغلی: یک بررسی منظم 2 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه مزایای ساختمان­های سبز بر حفاظت از انرژی و آب به خوبی مورد تحقیق و شناخته شده است. با این حال، کیفیت محیط داخلی و مزایای سلامت انسان در ساختمان­های سبز به طور کامل ارزیابی نشده است. در حال حاضر عملکرد ساختمان­های سبز در مطالعات مختلف متفاوت است­. به گونه­ای که حصول اتفاق­ نظر در مورد برتری ساختمان­های سبز را دشوار می­سازد­. روش کار: این مطالعه برآن است­ تا با بررسی نظام­ مند پژوهش­های موجود به این سوال پاسخ دهد ­که ایا افراد در ساختمان ­های سبز سالم­تر و راضی­تر از ساختمان­ های غیر­سبز هستند. برای این منظور در مطالعات مورد بررسی فاکتور هایی که هر پژوهش مورد ارزیابی قرار داده است و همچنین نوع سیستم رتبه ­بندی ساختمان، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها : از مهمترین نتایج این مطالعه شناسایی فاکتورهای مهمی در کیفیت محیط داخلی از جمله طراحی معماری، زیبایی­ شناسی فرم، ارگونومی و ... ­ است که کمتر در مطالعات به آن­ها ­پرداخته ­شده است. همچنین نتایج پراکندگی مطالعات در سرتاسر جهان حاکی از آن بود که بر خلاف تصور نگارندگان ساختمان­هایی با گواهی­ LEED و  BREEAM(­آمریکا و اروپا) افت بیشتری در پارامترها­ی محیط داخلی شاهد هستند، این در حالی است که در ساختمان­های سبز واقع در قاره آسیا (به خصوص سنگاپور و تایوان) شاهد بهبود عملکرد هستیم. نتیجه گیری: در نهایت این پژوهش نظام ­مند به این نتیجه رسید که به طور قطع نمی­توان ادعا کرد ساختمان­ های سبز از رضایت ­و سلامت ­بیشتری نسبت به ساختمان­ های غیر­سبز بهره­ مند هستند. 2 Introduction: The main benefits of green buildings for energy and water conservation have been investigated and well recognized in previous studies. However, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and human health benefits of green buildings have not been examined comprehensively. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review over the current status of green and non- green buildings on their occupants’ health and satisfaction. Methods: A systematic search was conducted throughout the following databases: Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer. We reviewed 690 articles that examined the relationship between buildings and health. In total, after excluding the irrelevant titles and non-­English articles, 40 papers were included in the final analysis. Articles that evaluated IEQ factors and occupants’ health through surveys from 2005 to 2018 years were selected for investigation. Results: The most important result of this study was identification of important factors in IEQ, including building design, aesthetics, and ergonomics, which have been less evaluated in previous research. Contrary to our assumption, the results of several studies indicated a further decline in IEQ parameters in buildings with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED, USA) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM, Europe) certification. However, performance improvements were reported in green buildings located in Asia (especially Singapore and Taiwan). Conclusion: According to this systematic review, we cannot claim that occupants of the green buildings enjoy higher IEQ, satisfaction, or health, compared with the occupants of non-green buildings. 54 65 2020/03/162019/01/312019/10/22019/04/142019/11/82019/10/72019/03/182019/06/29 1398/4/8 2020/04/52020/04/52020/03/242020/04/52020/04/52020/04/52020/04/52020/04/5 1399/1/17 ندا میرزائی Neda Mirzaei Department of Architecture, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Iran mirzaie.neda@gmail.com حامد کامل نیا Hamed Kamelnia Faculty of Architecture & Urban Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran kamelnia@um.ac.ir سید غلامرضا اسلامی Seyed Gholamreza Islami Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran ,Tehran, Iran Iran islami.gr@hotmail.com سعید کامیابی Saeid Kamyabi Tourism Research Center (Central Southern Alborz Hillside), Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Iran skamyabi@outlook.com سیده نگار اسعدی Seyedeh Negar Assadi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran asaadi.negar@gmail.com Green building Indoor environmental quality Occupants’ health ساختمان سبز ساختمان غیرسبز کیفیت محیط داخلی سلامت ساکنان Allen J, MacNaughton P, Laurent J, et al. Green buildings and health. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2015; 2(3):250-258.##Gobbi S, Puglisi V, Ciaramella A. 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