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Importance of Developing a Local Instrument of Disaster-resilient School, Letter to Editor اهمیت طراحی ابزار بومی تاب اوری مدارس در حوادث و بلایا 2 1 در دنیا رخداد انواع مخاطرات و به دنبال آن آسیب های مالی و جانی توجه به موضوع آموزش برای ارتقاء آمادگی رادر اسناد بالادستی دو چندان کرده است. اهمیت آموزش بلایا دربرنامه عملیاتی هیوگو 2005-2015(1)  و چارچوب  Sendai 2015-2030(2) با رویکرد کاهش خطر بلایا، ایجاد تاب آوری در راستای توسعه پایدار مکرراً تاکید شده است. در این میان مدارس نقش مهمی در اموزش نسل ها به عهده دارند که می تواند با گذر زمان در افزایش تاب اوری و کاهش خطر بلایا نقش موثری داشته باشد(3). مدارس به عنوان مکان آموزشی هر ساله میزبان تعداد بیشماری از دانش آموزانی هستند که بیشتر زمان روزانه خود را در آن محیط سپری میکنند. مدارس علاوه بر نقش مکان آموزشی به عنوان یک ظرفیت جامعه برای محل تجمع و اسکان اضطراری در زمان رخداد حوادث و بلایا نیز در نظر گرفته می شود(4). این درحالی است که در برخی موارد به علت آسیب سازه و عدم تاب آوری سازه ای هنگام رخداد حوادث و بلایا بدین منظور کارا نمی باشد. از سویی دیگر هر ساله تعداد زیادی از دانش آموزان  مدارس به دنبال رخداد مخاطرات طبیعی و انسان ساخت دچار آسیب و حتی مرگ می شوند.مثلا زلزله و سونامی ژاپن  (2011) منجر به آسیب  6000 مدرسه و مرگ  607  نفر ( 575 دانش آموز و 24 معلم) شد(5). زلزله  bohol  فیلیپین(2013)نیز منجر به آسیب 604 مدرسه ابتدایی و 92 دبیرستان گردید(6). این ها نمونه ای از آسیب های مدارس است و این در حالی است که با اجرا و نظارت بر استانداردهای سازه ای ، زیرساخت ها، تدوین فرایند عملکردی  در مدارس همراه با افزایش حساسیت و دقت می توان ایمن سازی، سطح آمادگی و تاب آوری مدارس را ارتقاء داد (7) تا محیطی امن و مطمئن نه تنها برای آموزش دانش آموزان در هنگام رخداد حوادث و بلایا باشد بلکه اسکانی مناسب برای بازماندگان بلایا نیز باشد. همچنین باید توجه داشت که مدارس تاب آور میتوانند با ایجاد برنامه های آموزشی در حوزه درک خطر و اقدامات پیشگیرانه سطح آمادگی جامعه را برای پاسخ مناسب در شرایط حوادث و بلایا بهبود بخشند(8). داشتن ابزار مناسب برای سنجش سطح تاب آوری از مباحث چالش برانگیز است که موضوع دغدغه پژوهشگران حوزه حوادث و بلایا می باشد. لذا ضروری است ابزار بومی مناسب جهت سنجش و بررسی مولفه های موثر بر تاب اوری مدارس تهیه و در دسترس متولیان از جمله سازمان آموزش و پرورش قرار گیرد. 2 The creation of various risks followed by financial and human life losses has globally doubled the need for paying attention to education in order to promote the preparedness in higher order documents. With regard to disasters, the importance of education has been emphasized repeatedly in the operational program of Hyogo (2005-2015) (1) and Sendai framework (2015-2030) (2) by reducing the disaster risks and creating the resilience in line with the consistent development. In this realm, schools play a major role in educating the generations that can exert a significant effect on increasing disaster-resilience in the course of time (3). Schools, as educational places, host many students annually and students spend most of their time in schools. Schools can serve not only as educational sites, but also as emergency lodgings for people in emergency cases (4). However, some schools cannot be used for this purpose since they damage the building constructs   leading to lack of resilience in disasters. On the other hand, many students get injured or die annually due to the natural disasters or man-made events. For instance, the earthquake and tsunami in Japan (2011) damaged 6000 schools and killed 607 people (575 students and 24 teachers) (5) and the earthquake of Bohol in the Philippines (2013) also damaged 604 primary schools and 92 high schools (6). These are examples of school damages while safety, preparedness, and school resilience against disasters can be enhanced by implementing and supervising the standards of constructs and infrastructures. Furthermore, developing the performance process in schools along with increasing sensitivity and attention can be helpful in this area (7).Thus, schools can be safe places for students and suitable shelters and lodgings for harboring disaster survivors. It should also be noted that disaster-resilient schools could increase the community preparedness for responding properly at the time of disasters and events through educational programs in the field of risk perception and preventive measures (8). Therefore, development of an instrument for measuring the resilience level is a challenging issue, which is considered as a serious problem for researchers in their studies on disasters. Consequently, it is mandatory to develop a local and suitable instrument for measuring the components that affect school resilience in disasters and introduce it to the interested parties 194 195 2019/05/24 1398/3/3 2019/12/29 1398/10/8 سمانه میرزائی Samaneh Mirzaei 1. Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran s.mirzaei2113@gmail.com لیلا محمدی نیا Leila Mohammadinia 2. Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran leyla.mohammadinia@gmail.com Resilience disasters schools بلایا مدارس تاب اوری ISDR U, editor Hyogo framework for action 2005-2015: building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Extract from the final report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (A/CONF 206/6); 2005: The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Geneva.available from: https://www.unisdr.org/2005/ wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf##Maini R, Clarke L, Murray V. Disasters, health impacts and the value of implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. The Routledge Handbook of Green Social Work: Routledge; 2018. p. 35-47.##Oktari RS, Shiwaku K, Munadi K, Syamsidik, Shaw R. Enhancing community resilience towards disaster: The contributing factors of school-community collaborative network in the tsunami affected area in Aceh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2018;29:3-12.##Anelli A, Santa-Cruz S, Vona M, et al. A proactive and resilient seismic risk mitigation strategy for existing school buildings. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 2019;15(2):137-51.##Kurokawa N. The experience of large earthquakes in Japan and impact on body physique in schoolchildren. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2018;7(1):15-8.##Ilumin RC, Oreta AWC. A Post-Disaster Functional Asset Value Index for School Buildings. Procedia engineering. 2018;212:230-7.##Bhaeia S, : Kheradmand M. Safe Schools for the Community: A Case and Tool for Disaster-Proof Schools. Journal of Tehran Disaster Management and Mitigation Organization (TDMMO). 2015;5(1):69-79.from available: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-JR_DPMK-JR_DPMK-5-1_006.html##UNICEF. Towards a learning culture of safety and resilience: Technical guidance for integrating disaster risk reduction in the school curriculum: UNESCO; 2014.##ISDR U, editor Hyogo framework for action 2005-2015: building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Extract from the final report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (A/CONF 206/6); 2005: The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Geneva.available from: https://www.unisdr.org/2005/ wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf##Maini R, Clarke L, Murray V. Disasters, health impacts and the value of implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. The Routledge Handbook of Green Social Work: Routledge; 2018. p. 35-47.##Oktari RS, Shiwaku K, Munadi K, Syamsidik, Shaw R. Enhancing community resilience towards disaster: The contributing factors of school-community collaborative network in the tsunami affected area in Aceh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2018;29:3-12.##Anelli A, Santa-Cruz S, Vona M, et al. A proactive and resilient seismic risk mitigation strategy for existing school buildings. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. 2019;15(2):137-51.##Kurokawa N. The experience of large earthquakes in Japan and impact on body physique in schoolchildren. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2018;7(1):15-8.##Ilumin RC, Oreta AWC. A Post-Disaster Functional Asset Value Index for School Buildings. Procedia engineering. 2018;212:230-7.##Bhaeia S, : Kheradmand M. Safe Schools for the Community: A Case and Tool for Disaster-Proof Schools. Journal of Tehran Disaster Management and Mitigation Organization (TDMMO). 2015;5(1):69-79.from available: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-JR_DPMK-JR_DPMK-5-1_006.html##UNICEF. Towards a learning culture of safety and resilience: Technical guidance for integrating disaster risk reduction in the school curriculum: UNESCO; 2014.## ##

Prevalence of Chronic Diseases in Elderly Living in Yazd Nursing Homes, and Its Relations with Oral Soft Tissue Lesions (OSTL) بررسی شیوع بیماریهای مزمن و ارتباط با ضایعات بافت نرم دهان سالمندان ساکن خانه سالمندان یزد 2 1 مقدمه: دهان به عنوان آینه ی بدن، می تواند نقش موثری در سلامت  عمومی داشته باشد. از طرفی آگاهی از فراوانی بیماری های سیستمیک در جمعیت سالمند با توجه به روند رو به پیری در جمعیت ایران، در انتخاب رویکرد صحیح برای سلامت جامعه موثر است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی شیوع بیماریهای سیستمیک و ازتباط با ضایعات بافت نرم دهان  سالمندان یزد بود. روش کار: در این مطالعه توصیفی -مقطعی همه آسایشگاههای یزد بررسی شدند.از تعداد 327 سالمند مقیم آسایشگاه های سالمندان استان یزد، تعداد 267 نفر که بالای 65 سال بوده و قادر و مایل به همکاری بودند وارد مطالعه شدند. اطلاعات دموگرافیک سالمندان، بیماریهای سیستمیک و داروهای مصرفی، عادات دهانی و استفاده از پروتز دندانی استخراج شد و معاینه بالینی دهان از آنان بعمل آمد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS 17 وآزمون کای اسکوار  تحلیل شد. یافته ها: بیشترین تعداد در محدوده سنی 89-80 سال قرار داشتند. 3/66 درصد از ساکنین زن و 7/33 درصد مرد بودند. فراوانی بیماریهای سیستمیک در سالمندان مورد بررسی به ترتیب بیماریهای گوارشی(67 درصد)، بیماریهای اعصاب و روان (3/54 درصد)، بیماریهای قلبی – عروقی (9/41 درصد) و بیماریهای متابولیک (7/15 درصد) بود. از بین بیماریهای سیستمیک فقط بین بیماریهای اعصاب و روان ضایعات بافت نرم دهانی ارتباط معنی دارآماری وجود داشت(007/0=P). نتیجه گیری: نظر به نتایج بدست آمده ، معاینات دوره ای دهان و توجه به نیازهای عاطفی سالمندان باید در اولویت قرار گیرد.   2 Introduction: oral as the mirror of body could have a vital role in general health. According to aging of Iranian population, having knowledge about prevalence of systemic disease of geriatric population could be helpful in selection of correct approach in community health. The purpose of this study was to determine Prevalence of medical condition and relation to oral soft tissue lesions of geriatric in Yazd. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, all of the nursing homes in Yazd, were Studied. Of 327 residents, 267 person older than 65 years old who could and want to cooperate with examiner, entranced to the study. Demographic data, systemic disease, drugs, oral habits like smoking, drinking alcohol and denture use were extracted. Qualified elderly were examined for oral soft tissue lesions. Data were analyzed by SPSS 17 and chi square test. p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The most prevalence of systemic disease of the geriatric population were gastrointestinal disease (67%), Psychiatric disorders (54.3%), cardiovascular diseases (41.9%) and metabolic disease (15.7%) respectively. There was a significant relation between psychiatric disease and oral soft tissue lesions.(p=0.007). Conclusion: According to attained results, Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions were higher in the elderly with neuropsychiatric disorders.   196 202 2019/05/242019/01/29 1397/11/9 2019/12/292019/01/29 1397/11/9 فاطمه اولیاء Fatemeh Owlia 1. Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran لیدا بهادری Lida Bahadori 2. DDS, Private Practitioner, Shiraz, Iran Iran حکیمه احدیان Hakimeh Ahadian 3. Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran رقیه حکیمیان Roqayeh Hakimian Librarian and search literature officer. Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran سید کاظم کاظمینی seid kazem kazemeini Department of Iranian traditional Medicine faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, ardakan, Iran Iran Aged Nursing Homes Oral Soft Tissue Lesion سالمند آسایشگاه سالمندان ضایعات بافت نرم دهان Fernandez-Feijoo J, Garea-Goris R, Fernandez-Varela M, et al. Prevalence of systemic diseases among patients requesting dental consultation in the public and private systems. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012: 17(1); e89-93.##Bakhshi M, Hassani Z, Tofangchiha M,et al. Frequency of Oral Anatomic Variations and Mucosal Lesions Among a Defined Group of Elderly Dental Patients in Iran. Biotechnology and Health Sciences. 2015; 2(1): e25758.##Mujica V, Rivera H, Carrero M. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in an elderly venezuelan population. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2008; 13(5): E270-4.##Rabiei M, Shakiba M, Vanobbergen J. Oral and Systemic Conditions in Elderly Population Groups in Talash, North of Iran. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2013; 2(1): 18-21.##Maghsoudi A, Abedi K, Omidvarijoo F, et al. The study of prevalence of chronic diseases and its association with quality of life in the elderly of Ewaz (South of Fars province). 2014;18 (61): 35-42.[Persion]##Ghanaei F.M, Joukar F, Rabiei M,et al. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Iranian population. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2013; 15(7): 600-4.##Peiman H, Delpishe A. Prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly in Ilam. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012 15;6(4):7-13. [Persion]##Aldrich N, Benson WF. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Preventing chronic disease. 2008; 5(1): A27.##Greenberg MS. Evaluation of the elderly patient. Dental clinics of North America. 1989;33(1):51-7.##Patil S, Doni B, Maheshwari S. Prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions in a geriatric Indian population. Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 2015; 18(1): 11-4.##Li H, Liu LT. Considerations about treatment programs of elderly patients with hypertension. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, Journal of Chinese integrative medicine. 2009; 7(7): 607-10.##Hosseini S, Zabihi A, Savadkohi S, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly population in amirkola (2006-2007). Journal Of Babol University Of Medical Sciences. 2008; 10(2): 68-75. [Persion]##Mozafari PM, Dalirsani Z, Delavarian Z, et al. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in institutionalized elderly people in Mashhad, Northeast Iran. Gerodontology. 2012; 29(2): e930-4.##Maleki L, Noroozi F, Tavakoli A, et al. Frequency of Dry and Burning Mouth without Clinical Signs within the Elderly Admitted to Nursing Homes of Yazd Province. Yazd Journal of Dental Research-The Journal of Faculty of Dentistry Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 3(1): 128-36 [Persian].##Habibi A, Savadpoor MT, Molaei B, et al. Survey of physical functioning and prevalence of chronic illnessesamong the elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2009; 4(3): 68-78 [Persian].##Rivera C, Droguett D, Arenas-Marquez MJ. Oral mucosal lesions in a Chilean elderly population: A retrospective study with a systematic review from thirteen countries. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2017; 9(2): e276-e283.##Baharvand M, Hemmati F. Frequency of subjective dry mouth and burning mouth syndrome in elder residents of sanitariums in Tehran, 2005. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2006; 18(2): 86-91.##Sarajlija M, Jugovic A, Zivaljevic D, et al. Assessment of health status and quality of life of homeless persons in Belgrade, Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2014; 71(2): 167-74.##Rastogi S, Arora P, Kapoor S, et al. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions and medical assessment of geriatric outpatients in North India. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 2015; 27(3): 382-386.##Stromberg E, Holmen A, Hagman-Gustafsson ML, et al. Oral health-related quality-of-life in homebound elderly dependent on moderate and substantial supportive care for daily living. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2013; 71(3-4): 771-7.##Perea C, Suarez-Garcia MJ, Del Rio J, et al. Oral health-related quality of life in complete denture wearers depending on their socio-demographic background, prosthetic-related factors and clinical condition. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2013; 18(3): e371-80.##Katsoulis J, Huber S, Mericske-Stern R. Gerodontology consultation in geriatric facilities: general health status. Europe PMC. 2009; 119(1): 12-8.##de Jong KJ, Oosting J, Peters GJ, et al. Detecting medical problems in dentistry: a survey of 4,087 patients in The Netherlands. The European Journal of Medicine.1992; 12(1): 23-9.##Gonsalves WC, Wrightson AS, Henry RG. Common oral conditions in older persons. American Family Physician. 2008; 78(7): 845-52.##Pardis S, Taheri MM, Fani MM. Oraland Maxillofacial Lesions in an Elderly Population in Shiraz, Iran. Avicenna Journal of Dental Research.2014; 6(1) :e21801.##Unluer S, Gokalp S, Dogan BG. Oral health status of the elderly in a residential home in Turkey. Gerodontology. 2007; 24(1): 22-9.##Fernandez-Feijoo J, Garea-Goris R, Fernandez-Varela M, et al. Prevalence of systemic diseases among patients requesting dental consultation in the public and private systems. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012: 17(1); e89-93.##Bakhshi M, Hassani Z, Tofangchiha M,et al. Frequency of Oral Anatomic Variations and Mucosal Lesions Among a Defined Group of Elderly Dental Patients in Iran. Biotechnology and Health Sciences. 2015; 2(1): e25758.##Mujica V, Rivera H, Carrero M. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in an elderly venezuelan population. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2008; 13(5): E270-4.##Rabiei M, Shakiba M, Vanobbergen J. Oral and Systemic Conditions in Elderly Population Groups in Talash, North of Iran. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2013; 2(1): 18-21.##Maghsoudi A, Abedi K, Omidvarijoo F, et al. The study of prevalence of chronic diseases and its association with quality of life in the elderly of Ewaz (South of Fars province). 2014;18 (61): 35-42.[Persion]##Ghanaei F.M, Joukar F, Rabiei M,et al. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Iranian population. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2013; 15(7): 600-4.##Peiman H, Delpishe A. Prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly in Ilam. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2012 15;6(4):7-13. [Persion]##Aldrich N, Benson WF. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Preventing chronic disease. 2008; 5(1): A27.##Greenberg MS. Evaluation of the elderly patient. Dental clinics of North America. 1989;33(1):51-7.##Patil S, Doni B, Maheshwari S. Prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions in a geriatric Indian population. Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 2015; 18(1): 11-4.##Li H, Liu LT. Considerations about treatment programs of elderly patients with hypertension. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, Journal of Chinese integrative medicine. 2009; 7(7): 607-10.##Hosseini S, Zabihi A, Savadkohi S, et al. Prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly population in amirkola (2006-2007). Journal Of Babol University Of Medical Sciences. 2008; 10(2): 68-75. [Persion]##Mozafari PM, Dalirsani Z, Delavarian Z, et al. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in institutionalized elderly people in Mashhad, Northeast Iran. Gerodontology. 2012; 29(2): e930-4.##Maleki L, Noroozi F, Tavakoli A, et al. Frequency of Dry and Burning Mouth without Clinical Signs within the Elderly Admitted to Nursing Homes of Yazd Province. Yazd Journal of Dental Research-The Journal of Faculty of Dentistry Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 3(1): 128-36 [Persian].##Habibi A, Savadpoor MT, Molaei B, et al. Survey of physical functioning and prevalence of chronic illnessesamong the elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2009; 4(3): 68-78 [Persian].##Rivera C, Droguett D, Arenas-Marquez MJ. Oral mucosal lesions in a Chilean elderly population: A retrospective study with a systematic review from thirteen countries. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry. 2017; 9(2): e276-e283.##Baharvand M, Hemmati F. Frequency of subjective dry mouth and burning mouth syndrome in elder residents of sanitariums in Tehran, 2005. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2006; 18(2): 86-91.##Sarajlija M, Jugovic A, Zivaljevic D, et al. Assessment of health status and quality of life of homeless persons in Belgrade, Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2014; 71(2): 167-74.##Rastogi S, Arora P, Kapoor S, et al. Prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions and medical assessment of geriatric outpatients in North India. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 2015; 27(3): 382-386.##Stromberg E, Holmen A, Hagman-Gustafsson ML, et al. Oral health-related quality-of-life in homebound elderly dependent on moderate and substantial supportive care for daily living. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2013; 71(3-4): 771-7.##Perea C, Suarez-Garcia MJ, Del Rio J, et al. Oral health-related quality of life in complete denture wearers depending on their socio-demographic background, prosthetic-related factors and clinical condition. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2013; 18(3): e371-80.##Katsoulis J, Huber S, Mericske-Stern R. Gerodontology consultation in geriatric facilities: general health status. Europe PMC. 2009; 119(1): 12-8.##de Jong KJ, Oosting J, Peters GJ, et al. Detecting medical problems in dentistry: a survey of 4,087 patients in The Netherlands. The European Journal of Medicine.1992; 12(1): 23-9.##Gonsalves WC, Wrightson AS, Henry RG. Common oral conditions in older persons. American Family Physician. 2008; 78(7): 845-52.##Pardis S, Taheri MM, Fani MM. Oraland Maxillofacial Lesions in an Elderly Population in Shiraz, Iran. Avicenna Journal of Dental Research.2014; 6(1) :e21801.##Unluer S, Gokalp S, Dogan BG. Oral health status of the elderly in a residential home in Turkey. Gerodontology. 2007; 24(1): 22-9.## ##

Undiagnosed Hypertension among Youth (18-24 years) Referred to the Nutrition Clinic in Ardabil City, North West of Iran, from 2016 to 2018 فشارخون تشخیص داده نشده در جوانان (24- 18 ساله) مراجعه کننده به کلینیک تغذیه شهر اردبیل- شمال غربی ایران 2 1 زمینه: هنوز مطالعات انجام شده در مورد شیوع پرفشاری خون در میان جوانان ناکافی است. هدف مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی فشار خون بر اساس دستورالعمل­ های به روز شده JNC7 در میان گروه سنی جوان به ظاهر سالم در جمعیت ایرانی است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مقطعی، 901 داوطلب در گروه سنی 24-18 سال ( با نمایه توده بدنی کمتر از 40 کیلوگرم برمتر مربع) در شهر اردبیل ارزیابی شدند. این افراد به ظاهر سالم بوده و وزن آنها حداقل از 3 ماه قبل از مطالعه ثابت بوده است. اندازه­ گیری فشار خون با پروتکل­ های استاندارد و بر اساس راهنمایی­ های انجمن قلب آمریکا صورت گرفت. میانگین ​​دو اندازه­ گیری دقیق فشار خون به عنوان فشار خون نهایی پذیرفته شد. یافته ­ها: میانگین سن، وزن و نمایه توده بدنی به ترتیب 64/1 ± 48/19 (سال)، 45/11 ± 54/60 (کیلوگرم) و 17/3 ± 39/21 (کیلوگرم بر متر مربع) بود. با توجه به دستورالعمل­­های به روز شده JNC7، 4/17% افراد فشار خون افزایش یافته داشتند در حالی که 1/2% و 7/1% به ترتیب در رده های پرفشاری خون مرحله یک و دو قرار گرفتند. مردان نسبت به زنان به طور قابل توجهی بیشتر به فشار خون افزایش یافته و فشار خون مرحله I و II مبتلا بودند(001/0p<). نتیجه­ گیری: طبق دستورالعمل­های به روز شده JNC7، شیوع بالای فشار خون تشخیص داده نشده در بین جوانان ایرانی وجود دارد. این نتایج بر نیاز به غربالگری حتی در میان جمعیت به ظاهر سالم جوان تاکید می­نمایند.     2 Introduction: Blood pressure among youth is associated with increased risk of future cardiovascular disease occurrence. The studies done on hypertension prevalence among young population are still insufficient. The purpose of this study was to determine undiagnosed hypertension, based on the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC7) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure updated guidelines among the apparently healthy young group of Iranian population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 901 volunteers, without previous hypertension history, in the age group of 18-24 years old (body mass index< 40 kg/m2) were assessed in Ardabil city from September 2016 to March 2008.They were apparently healthy youth and reported that their body weight had been stable for at least the last 3 months. Blood pressure was measured by standardized protocols based on American Heart Association guidelines, and the final value was obtained using the mean of the two careful readings of office blood pressure monitoring. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0. One-way analysis of variance was applied to determine the differences among hypertension groups, and p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean of age, weight and body mass index was 19.48±1.64 (years), 60.54±11.45 (kg) and 21.39±3.17 (kg/m2), respectively. According to the JNC7 updated guidelines (2017), 17.4% subjects fell into elevated blood pressure whereas 2.1% and 1.7% into stage I and II hypertension category, respectively. Males were significantly more likely to have elevated blood pressure and stage I and stage II hypertension than females (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the JNC7 updated guidelines, there is a significant prevalence of undiagnosed elevated blood pressure and hypertension (21.1%) among Iranian youth population. These results emphasize the need for careful monitoring of the blood pressure even among apparently healthy young adults. 203 210 2019/05/242019/01/292019/05/24 1398/3/3 2019/12/292019/01/292019/12/29 1398/10/8 فاطمه قنادی اصل Fatemeh Ghannadiasl Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Iran ghannadiasl@uma.ac.ir Hypertension Young adults Iran پرفشاری خون جوانان ایران Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. The lancet. 2005; 365 (9455): 217-23.##World Health Organization. Global Health Repository. Available from: URL: http: //www.who.int/gho/ncd/ risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence_text/en/index.html##World Health Report. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Available from: URL: http: //www. who.int/ whr/2002/en/whr02_ch4.pdf##Bryan S, Larose MS, Campbell N, et al. Resting blood pressure and heart rate measurement in the Canadian Health Measures Survey, cycle 1. Health Reports. 2010; 21(1):71##Chobanian AV. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC7 report. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003; 289: 2560-2572.##Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guidelines: new challenges of the old problem. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004; 164(19): 2126-34.##Midha T, Krishna V, Shukla R, et al. Correlation between hypertension and hyperglycemia among young adults in India. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2015; 3(2):171.##Faselis C, Doumas M, Kokkinos JP, et al. Exercise capacity and progression from prehypertension to hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;. 60(2):333-8.##Carey RM, Muntner P, Bosworth HB, et al. Prevention and control of hypertension: JACC health promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 72(11):1278-93.##Yano Y, Reis JP, Colangelo LA, et al. Association of blood pressure classification in young adults using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline with cardiovascular events later in life. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2018; 320(17):1774-82.##Son JS, Choi S, Kim K, et al. Association of blood pressure classification in Korean young adults according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines with subsequent cardiovascular disease events. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2018; 320(17):1783-92.##Bucholz EM, Gooding HC, de Ferranti SD. Awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in US young adults aged 18-39 years. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2018; 54(4): 67-77.##Mohsenzadeh Y, Motedayen M, Hemmati F, et al. investigating the prevalence rate of hypertension in Iranian men and women: A study of systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences. 2017; 4(1):53-62.##Chobanian AV. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42:1206-52.##Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA /ABC/ACPM/ AGS/APhA/ ASH/ ASPC/ NMA/ PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 71(19): 127-248.##World Health Organization. Global database on Body Mass Index: BMI Classification. 2006. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 2015.##Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005; 45(1):142-61.##Burgess SE, MacLaughlin EJ, Smith PA, et al. Blood pressure rising: differences between current clinical and recommended measurement techniques. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2011; 5(6):484-8.##Falkner B, Daniels SR, Flynn JT, et al. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(2 III): 555-76.##Al-Jarky F, Al-Awadhi N, Al-Fadli H, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in young and middle aged Kuwaiti citizens in primary health care. Kuwait Medical Journal. 2007; 39(2): 116.##Senthil S, Krishnadasa SN. Prehypertension and its determinants in apparently healthy young adults. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016; 10(9): CC05-CC08.##Tabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian population: the lifestyle promotion project (LPP). PloS One. 2016; 11(10):e0165264.##Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention. Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997; 157:2413-46.##Azizi A, Abasi MR, Abdoli GH. The prevalence of Hypertension and its Association with Age, Sex and BMI in a Population Being Educated Using Community-Based Medicine in Kermanshah: 2003. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008; 10(4): 323-9. [Persian]##Goodarzi MR, Badakhsh M, Masinaei Nejad N, et al. Hypertension prevalence in over 18-year-old population of Zabol. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2004; 11(43):821-7. [Persian]##Kini S, Kamath VG, Kulkarni MM, et al. Pre-hypertension among young adults (20-30 Years) in coastal villages of Udupi District in Southern India: an alarming scenario. PLoS One. 2016; 11(4):e0154538.##Choi KM, Park HS, Han JH, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Korean population: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 24(8):1515-21.##Ishikawa Y, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. Hypertension Research. 2008; 31(7):1323.##Kamara K, Wilson OW, Papalia Z, et al. Comparison of College Student Hypertension Prevalence between the JNC7 and ACC/AHA Diagnostic Criteria. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2019; 12(3):898-903.##Ganguly SS, Al-Shafaee MA, Bhargava K, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and associated cardiovascular risk profiles among prediabetic Omani adults. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1):108.##Ferguson TS, Younger NO, Tulloch-Reid MK, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and its relationship to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Jamaica: analysis from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2008; 8(1): 20.##Merino Barrera SI, Fernández GA, Garí Llanes M, et al. Factors associated with prehypertension in young adults between 20 and 25 years of age. CorSalud (Revista de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares). 2014; 6(1):25-35.##Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, et al. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006; 295(2):180-9.##Johnston DW, Propper C, Shields MA. Comparing subjective and objective measures of health: Evidence from hypertension for the income/health gradient. Journal of Health Economics. 2009; 28(3):540-52.##Gan SK, Loh CY, Seet B. Hypertension in young adults-an under-estimated Problem. Singapore Medical Journal. 2003; 44(9):448-52.##Ray S, Kulkarni B, Sreenivas A. Prevalence of prehypertension in young military adults & its association with overweight and dyslipidemia. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011; 134(2):162.##Shen L, Ma H, Xiang MX, et al. Meta-analysis of cohort studies of baseline prehypertension and risk of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 112(2):266-71.##Khanam MA, Lindeboom W, Razzaque A, et al. Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15(1):203.##Middleton JP, Crowley SD. Prehypertension and chronic kidney disease: the ox or the plow? Kidney International. 2012; 81(3):229-32.##Amma GM, Vasudevan B, Akshayakumar S. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension and hypertension among adolescents: a school based study in a rural area of Kerala, India. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences,. 2015; 3(1):58-64.##Debbarma A, Bhattacharjya H, Mohanty A, et al. Prevalence of pre-hypertension and its relationship with body mass index among the medical students of Agartala government medical college. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2015; 3(5):1097-101.##Wu X, Yang X, Shan R, et al. Potential mediating biomarkers underlying the association of body mass index or waist circumference with blood pressure: results from three population-based studies. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1):5364.##Parthaje PM, Unnikrishnan B, Thankappan KR, et al. Prevalence and correlates of prehypertension among adults in urban South India. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016; 28(1 suppl): 93S-101S.##Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. The lancet. 2005; 365 (9455): 217-23.##World Health Organization. Global Health Repository. Available from: URL: http: //www.who.int/gho/ncd/ risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence_text/en/index.html##World Health Report. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Available from: URL: http: //www. who.int/ whr/2002/en/whr02_ch4.pdf##Bryan S, Larose MS, Campbell N, et al. Resting blood pressure and heart rate measurement in the Canadian Health Measures Survey, cycle 1. Health Reports. 2010; 21(1):71##Chobanian AV. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC7 report. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003; 289: 2560-2572.##Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guidelines: new challenges of the old problem. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004; 164(19): 2126-34.##Midha T, Krishna V, Shukla R, et al. Correlation between hypertension and hyperglycemia among young adults in India. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2015; 3(2):171.##Faselis C, Doumas M, Kokkinos JP, et al. Exercise capacity and progression from prehypertension to hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;. 60(2):333-8.##Carey RM, Muntner P, Bosworth HB, et al. Prevention and control of hypertension: JACC health promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 72(11):1278-93.##Yano Y, Reis JP, Colangelo LA, et al. Association of blood pressure classification in young adults using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline with cardiovascular events later in life. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2018; 320(17):1774-82.##Son JS, Choi S, Kim K, et al. Association of blood pressure classification in Korean young adults according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines with subsequent cardiovascular disease events. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2018; 320(17):1783-92.##Bucholz EM, Gooding HC, de Ferranti SD. Awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in US young adults aged 18-39 years. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2018; 54(4): 67-77.##Mohsenzadeh Y, Motedayen M, Hemmati F, et al. investigating the prevalence rate of hypertension in Iranian men and women: A study of systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Sciences. 2017; 4(1):53-62.##Chobanian AV. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42:1206-52.##Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA /ABC/ACPM/ AGS/APhA/ ASH/ ASPC/ NMA/ PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 71(19): 127-248.##World Health Organization. Global database on Body Mass Index: BMI Classification. 2006. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 2015.##Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005; 45(1):142-61.##Burgess SE, MacLaughlin EJ, Smith PA, et al. Blood pressure rising: differences between current clinical and recommended measurement techniques. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2011; 5(6):484-8.##Falkner B, Daniels SR, Flynn JT, et al. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(2 III): 555-76.##Al-Jarky F, Al-Awadhi N, Al-Fadli H, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in young and middle aged Kuwaiti citizens in primary health care. Kuwait Medical Journal. 2007; 39(2): 116.##Senthil S, Krishnadasa SN. Prehypertension and its determinants in apparently healthy young adults. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016; 10(9): CC05-CC08.##Tabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian population: the lifestyle promotion project (LPP). PloS One. 2016; 11(10):e0165264.##Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention. Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1997; 157:2413-46.##Azizi A, Abasi MR, Abdoli GH. The prevalence of Hypertension and its Association with Age, Sex and BMI in a Population Being Educated Using Community-Based Medicine in Kermanshah: 2003. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008; 10(4): 323-9. [Persian]##Goodarzi MR, Badakhsh M, Masinaei Nejad N, et al. Hypertension prevalence in over 18-year-old population of Zabol. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2004; 11(43):821-7. [Persian]##Kini S, Kamath VG, Kulkarni MM, et al. Pre-hypertension among young adults (20-30 Years) in coastal villages of Udupi District in Southern India: an alarming scenario. PLoS One. 2016; 11(4):e0154538.##Choi KM, Park HS, Han JH, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Korean population: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 24(8):1515-21.##Ishikawa Y, Ishikawa J, Ishikawa S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. Hypertension Research. 2008; 31(7):1323.##Kamara K, Wilson OW, Papalia Z, et al. Comparison of College Student Hypertension Prevalence between the JNC7 and ACC/AHA Diagnostic Criteria. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2019; 12(3):898-903.##Ganguly SS, Al-Shafaee MA, Bhargava K, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and associated cardiovascular risk profiles among prediabetic Omani adults. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1):108.##Ferguson TS, Younger NO, Tulloch-Reid MK, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and its relationship to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Jamaica: analysis from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2008; 8(1): 20.##Merino Barrera SI, Fernández GA, Garí Llanes M, et al. Factors associated with prehypertension in young adults between 20 and 25 years of age. CorSalud (Revista de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares). 2014; 6(1):25-35.##Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, et al. International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006; 295(2):180-9.##Johnston DW, Propper C, Shields MA. Comparing subjective and objective measures of health: Evidence from hypertension for the income/health gradient. Journal of Health Economics. 2009; 28(3):540-52.##Gan SK, Loh CY, Seet B. Hypertension in young adults-an under-estimated Problem. Singapore Medical Journal. 2003; 44(9):448-52.##Ray S, Kulkarni B, Sreenivas A. Prevalence of prehypertension in young military adults & its association with overweight and dyslipidemia. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011; 134(2):162.##Shen L, Ma H, Xiang MX, et al. Meta-analysis of cohort studies of baseline prehypertension and risk of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 112(2):266-71.##Khanam MA, Lindeboom W, Razzaque A, et al. Prevalence and determinants of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the adults in rural Bangladesh: findings from a community-based study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15(1):203.##Middleton JP, Crowley SD. Prehypertension and chronic kidney disease: the ox or the plow? Kidney International. 2012; 81(3):229-32.##Amma GM, Vasudevan B, Akshayakumar S. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension and hypertension among adolescents: a school based study in a rural area of Kerala, India. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences,. 2015; 3(1):58-64.##Debbarma A, Bhattacharjya H, Mohanty A, et al. Prevalence of pre-hypertension and its relationship with body mass index among the medical students of Agartala government medical college. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2015; 3(5):1097-101.##Wu X, Yang X, Shan R, et al. Potential mediating biomarkers underlying the association of body mass index or waist circumference with blood pressure: results from three population-based studies. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1):5364.##Parthaje PM, Unnikrishnan B, Thankappan KR, et al. Prevalence and correlates of prehypertension among adults in urban South India. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016; 28(1 suppl): 93S-101S.## ##

Predictors of Intention to Consume Genetically Modified Oil among Personnel of Community Health Care Centers in Yazd, Iran: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior پیشگویی کننده‎های قصد مصرف روغن تراریخته درکارکنان مراکز سلامت جامع شهر یزد: کاربردی از تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده 2 1 زمینه مطالعه : مواد غذایی تراریخته، یکی از موضوعات بحث انگیز در جهان است . چنین مطالعاتی در ایران، به صورت محدودی انجام گرفته اند. هدف:از آن جا که برآورد قصد، نگرش ها و ادراکات مصرف کنندگان، بخش مهمی از پژوهش های بنیادی اجتماعی را در این زمینه تشکیل می دهد، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین پیش گویی کننده های قصد مصرف روغن تراریخته در کارکنان مراکز سلامت جامع در چارچوب تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده انجام گرفت. روش‎کار: در این مطالعه تحلیلی مقطعی ۱۰۵ نفر از کارکنان مراکز سلامت جامع شهر یزد  انتخاب شده و مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. ابزار گردآوری داده‎ها، پرسشنامه های خودایفا بود که در طی چندین مرحله طراحی شده و روایی و پایایی آن تایید شد. داده‎ها با استفاده از آزمون همبستگی و تحلیل رگرسیون خطی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج: نگرش و هنجارهای انتزاعی، به ترتیب قویترین همبستگی مثبت و معنادار را با قصد مصرف روغن تراریخته نشان دادند. پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های قصد مصرف روغن تراریخته حاکی از آن بود که در مجموع ۲/۴۳ % از تغییرات در واریانس قصد، توسط سه متغیر نگرش، هنجار و کنترل رفتاری درک شده تبیین می گردید . نتیجه گیری نهایی: نگرش مهم ترین عامل برای ایجاد قصد مصرف روغن تراریخته  تشخیص داده شد. تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده توانست به صورت کاملا مطلوبی، پیش بینی کننده ‎های قصد مصرف روغن تراریخته را در کارکنان مراکز سلامت جامع شناسایی کند. بنابراین، کاربرد آن در پیش بینی رفتارهای مصرف کنندگان پیشنهاد میگردد 2 Introduction: Genetically Modified (GM) food is a point of debate in the world. There have been few relevant studies in Iran, so this study aimed to predict the consumption of genetically modified oil by the staff of health centers based on the planned behavior theory. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 105 staff members of health care centers of Yazd in Iran completed a researcher-made questionnaire in 2017. The questionnaire validity and reliability were verified. The data were analyzed via SPSS 11.5, by Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and at the number below 0.05 regarded as significant. Results: Attitudes and subjective norms had the strongest positive, significant correlations with consuming genetically modified oil (r=0.619, r=0.526, p<0.01) respectively. Predictors of consuming intent for genetically modified oil showed that 43.2% of the variance of intention was determined by the attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusion: Since the attitude was identified as the strongest predictor of consuming intention of genetically modified (GM) oil, studying the factors influencing the attitude toward GM food in different social levels of Iran is recommend. The results provide important evidence for supporting the use of this theory in predictions of food-related consumption behaviors, especially in the area of new food products 211 219 2019/05/242019/01/292019/05/242018/11/22 1397/9/1 2019/12/292019/01/292019/12/292019/12/29 1398/10/8 معصومه عباسی شوازی Masoumeh Abbasishavazi 1. Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mabbasishavazi@gmail.com بهادر حاجی محمدی Bahador Hajimohammadi 2. Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran b.hajimohammadi@gmail.com زهرا حاج ابراهیمی Zahra Hajebrahimi 3. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran z.hajebrahimi64@gmail.com Oil Genetically Modified (GM) food Attitudes Consuming intention Theory of planned behavior روغن مواد غذایی تراریخته نگرش قصد مصرف تئوری رفتاربرنامه ریزی شده Jacobsen SE, Sorensen M, Pedersen SM, et al. feeding the world: Genetically modified crops verses agricultural biodiversity. Agronomy Sustainable Developement. 2013; 33(4): 651-62.##Paarlberg RL. The Real Threat to GM crops in poor countries: consumer and policy resistance to GM foods in rich countries .Food policy. 2002; 27(3): 247-50.##McEwen A, Straus L, Croker H. Dietary beliefs and behavior of a UK Somali Population.Journal of Human Nutrition Dietetics.2009;22: 116-21.##Zhang D, Guo j. the Development and standardization of testing methods for genetically modified organisms and Drived Products.journal of integrative plant biology.2011;53(7): 539-51.##Tohidfar M, Khosravi S. Challenges for releasing BT transgenic plants. Journal Agricultural Biotechnology. 2015; 7(3): 33-54.[persian]##Magnusson MK, Hursti UKK. Consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods.Appetite.2002; 39:9-24.##Allahyari Frad N. A study of Islamic (Shia) views about consumption of genetically modified organisms products. Medical Ethics and History of medicine. 2013;6(1): 74-83 .[Persian]##BredahlL.Consumers Cognitions with regard to genetically modified foods, Results of qualitative Study in four countries. Appetite.1999; 33(3): 343-60.##Gaskell G, Bauer MW, Durant J, et al. Worlds apart? The Reception of Genetically Modified Foods in Europe and the U. S. Science.1999; 285(5426): 384-7.##Hoban Tj. Consumer acceptance of biotechnology: An international perspective. Nature biotechnology. 1997; 15(3): 232-4.##Onyango B. Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Foods: The Role of Product Benefits and Perceived Risks. Journal of Food Distribution research.2004; 35(1): 154-61.##Huang J, Qiu H, Bai J, et al. Awareness, acceptance and willingness to buy genetically modified foods in Urban China.Appetite.2006;46(2): 144-51.##Ghanian M, Ghoochani O, kitterlin M, et al .Attitudes of Agricultural Experts toward Genetically Modified Crops: A Case Study in Southwest Iran. Science and Engineering Ethics.2016; 2: 509-24.[Persian]##Ghiasvand GF, Mirakzadeh Aa, Shiri N. Factors Affecting Consumer Attitudes towards Genetically Modified (GM) Crops (Case study: Qazvin County). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research.2015; 46(3): 427-38 .[Persian]##AbbasiShavazi M, Baghianimoghadam MH, Rezaeipandari H ,et al. Predictors of Using Respiratory Protection Masks among Workers of Sanitary Ware Companies in Yazd, Iran, Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior .Mazandaran University Medical Sciences.2017 ;27(151): 180-92. [Persian]##Ajzen I,Driver Bl .Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences.1991; 13 (3): 185-204.##Delshad Noghabi A, Darabi F, Moshki M. The Impact of education on the basis of the theory of planned behavior on the level and method of supervision of their parents on watching television by students. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of medical Siences. 2016; 30: 406. [Persian]##Godin G, KOKG. The theory of planned behavior: A review Its Application to healh related behaviors.American Jounal of Health Promotion.1996; 11(2): 87-98.##Bredahl L. Determinants of consumer attitudes and purchase intentions with regard to genetically modified food-results of a cross-national survey.Consumer Policy. 2001; 24(1): 23-61.##Chen MF, Li HL. The consumer's attitude toward genetically modified foods in Taiwan. Food Quality and Preferences.2007; 18(4): 662-74.##Kim YG, Jang SY, Kim AK. Application of the theory of planned behavior to genetically modified foods: Moderating effects of food technology neophobia.Food Research International.2014; 62: 947-54.##Zhang M, Liu GL. The Effects of consumer's subjective and objective knowledge on perceptions and attitude towards genetically modified foods: objective knowledge as a determinant.International journal of food science and technology.2015; 50(5): 1198-1205.##Costa-Font M, Gil M. Structural Equation Modelling of Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified (GM) Food in the Mediterranean Europe: A Cross Country Study. Food Quality and Preference. 2009; 20(6): 399-409.##Saher M, Lindeman M, Hursti UKK. Attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods.Appetite.2006; 46(3): 324-31.##Naeemi A, Pezeshki rad Gh, Ghareyazi B. An investigation of biotechnology experts'Attitudes in Univesity Centers of Tehran Province towards the Use of Transgenic Plants. Environmental Sciences.2010; 7(2): 77-91. [Persian]##Yazdanpanah M, Forouzani M, Bakhtiyari Z. Investigating the Tendency of Khuzestan Province Organization of Agriculture Jihad Experts towards Genetically Modified Crops. Iranian Agricaltural Extension and Education journal.2016; 12(1): 103-17. [Persian]##French DP, Sutton S, Hennings SJ, et al. The importance of Affective beliefs and attitudes in the theory of planned behavior: Predicting intentions to increase physical activity. Journal of Applied socialphycology.2005; 35(9): 1824-48.##McConnon A, Raats M,AstrupA,et al. Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to weight control in an overweight cohort. Results from A pan - European dietary intervention trial (DiOGenes). Appetite.2012; 58(1): 313-18.##Morowaty MA, Chaleshgar M, Abbasi shavazi M, et al. Evaluation of workers-related factors about using of hearing protection devices in textile factories, based on planned behaviuor theory.Occupational Medicine quarterly journal research center of industry related diseases.2013;5(2): 32-42. [Persian]##Schifter De, Ajzen I. Intention, perceived control and weight loss: An application of the theory of planned behavior.journal of personality and Social Psychology.1985; 49(3): 843-51.##Kikulwe EM, Wesseler J, Falck-Zepeda J. Attitudes,perceptions, and trust. Insights from a consumer survey regarding genetically modified banana in Uganda.Appetite. 2011; 57(2): 401-13.##Jacobsen SE, Sorensen M, Pedersen SM, et al. feeding the world: Genetically modified crops verses agricultural biodiversity. Agronomy Sustainable Developement. 2013; 33(4): 651-62.##Paarlberg RL. The Real Threat to GM crops in poor countries: consumer and policy resistance to GM foods in rich countries .Food policy. 2002; 27(3): 247-50.##McEwen A, Straus L, Croker H. Dietary beliefs and behavior of a UK Somali Population.Journal of Human Nutrition Dietetics.2009;22: 116-21.##Zhang D, Guo j. the Development and standardization of testing methods for genetically modified organisms and Drived Products.journal of integrative plant biology.2011;53(7): 539-51.##Tohidfar M, Khosravi S. Challenges for releasing BT transgenic plants. Journal Agricultural Biotechnology. 2015; 7(3): 33-54.[persian]##Magnusson MK, Hursti UKK. Consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods.Appetite.2002; 39:9-24.##Allahyari Frad N. A study of Islamic (Shia) views about consumption of genetically modified organisms products. Medical Ethics and History of medicine. 2013;6(1): 74-83 .[Persian]##BredahlL.Consumers Cognitions with regard to genetically modified foods, Results of qualitative Study in four countries. Appetite.1999; 33(3): 343-60.##Gaskell G, Bauer MW, Durant J, et al. Worlds apart? The Reception of Genetically Modified Foods in Europe and the U. S. Science.1999; 285(5426): 384-7.##Hoban Tj. Consumer acceptance of biotechnology: An international perspective. Nature biotechnology. 1997; 15(3): 232-4.##Onyango B. Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Foods: The Role of Product Benefits and Perceived Risks. Journal of Food Distribution research.2004; 35(1): 154-61.##Huang J, Qiu H, Bai J, et al. Awareness, acceptance and willingness to buy genetically modified foods in Urban China.Appetite.2006;46(2): 144-51.##Ghanian M, Ghoochani O, kitterlin M, et al .Attitudes of Agricultural Experts toward Genetically Modified Crops: A Case Study in Southwest Iran. Science and Engineering Ethics.2016; 2: 509-24.[Persian]##Ghiasvand GF, Mirakzadeh Aa, Shiri N. Factors Affecting Consumer Attitudes towards Genetically Modified (GM) Crops (Case study: Qazvin County). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research.2015; 46(3): 427-38 .[Persian]##AbbasiShavazi M, Baghianimoghadam MH, Rezaeipandari H ,et al. Predictors of Using Respiratory Protection Masks among Workers of Sanitary Ware Companies in Yazd, Iran, Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior .Mazandaran University Medical Sciences.2017 ;27(151): 180-92. [Persian]##Ajzen I,Driver Bl .Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences.1991; 13 (3): 185-204.##Delshad Noghabi A, Darabi F, Moshki M. The Impact of education on the basis of the theory of planned behavior on the level and method of supervision of their parents on watching television by students. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of medical Siences. 2016; 30: 406. [Persian]##Godin G, KOKG. The theory of planned behavior: A review Its Application to healh related behaviors.American Jounal of Health Promotion.1996; 11(2): 87-98.##Bredahl L. Determinants of consumer attitudes and purchase intentions with regard to genetically modified food-results of a cross-national survey.Consumer Policy. 2001; 24(1): 23-61.##Chen MF, Li HL. The consumer's attitude toward genetically modified foods in Taiwan. Food Quality and Preferences.2007; 18(4): 662-74.##Kim YG, Jang SY, Kim AK. Application of the theory of planned behavior to genetically modified foods: Moderating effects of food technology neophobia.Food Research International.2014; 62: 947-54.##Zhang M, Liu GL. The Effects of consumer's subjective and objective knowledge on perceptions and attitude towards genetically modified foods: objective knowledge as a determinant.International journal of food science and technology.2015; 50(5): 1198-1205.##Costa-Font M, Gil M. Structural Equation Modelling of Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified (GM) Food in the Mediterranean Europe: A Cross Country Study. Food Quality and Preference. 2009; 20(6): 399-409.##Saher M, Lindeman M, Hursti UKK. Attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods.Appetite.2006; 46(3): 324-31.##Naeemi A, Pezeshki rad Gh, Ghareyazi B. An investigation of biotechnology experts'Attitudes in Univesity Centers of Tehran Province towards the Use of Transgenic Plants. Environmental Sciences.2010; 7(2): 77-91. [Persian]##Yazdanpanah M, Forouzani M, Bakhtiyari Z. Investigating the Tendency of Khuzestan Province Organization of Agriculture Jihad Experts towards Genetically Modified Crops. Iranian Agricaltural Extension and Education journal.2016; 12(1): 103-17. [Persian]##French DP, Sutton S, Hennings SJ, et al. The importance of Affective beliefs and attitudes in the theory of planned behavior: Predicting intentions to increase physical activity. Journal of Applied socialphycology.2005; 35(9): 1824-48.##McConnon A, Raats M,AstrupA,et al. Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to weight control in an overweight cohort. Results from A pan - European dietary intervention trial (DiOGenes). Appetite.2012; 58(1): 313-18.##Morowaty MA, Chaleshgar M, Abbasi shavazi M, et al. Evaluation of workers-related factors about using of hearing protection devices in textile factories, based on planned behaviuor theory.Occupational Medicine quarterly journal research center of industry related diseases.2013;5(2): 32-42. [Persian]##Schifter De, Ajzen I. Intention, perceived control and weight loss: An application of the theory of planned behavior.journal of personality and Social Psychology.1985; 49(3): 843-51.##Kikulwe EM, Wesseler J, Falck-Zepeda J. Attitudes,perceptions, and trust. Insights from a consumer survey regarding genetically modified banana in Uganda.Appetite. 2011; 57(2): 401-13.## ##

Mediating Role of Attitude towards Betrayal and Marital Conflict in Relation between Using Virtual Social Networks and Emotional Divorce نقش واسطه ای نگرش به خیانت و تعارضات زناشویی در رابطه بین استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی و طلاق عاطفی در معلمان متاهل شهر مشهد 2 1 مقدمه: نتایج تحقیقات نشان می دهدکه استفاده مدیریت نشده از شبکه های مجازی زمینه ساز بروز اختلافات بین زوجین است. بر این اساس پژوهش حاضر باهدف تعیین نقش واسطه ای نگرش به خیانت و تعارضات زناشویی در رابطه بین استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی و طلاق عاطفی در معلمان متاهل شهر مشهد انجام شد.  روش: روش پژوهش توصیفی- همبستگی و جامعه شامل معلمان متأهل نواحی هفتگانه آموزش‌وپرورش شهر مشهد در سال تحصیلی1396-1397 بوده است. 375 نفر از معلمان به روش نمونه‌گیری سهمیه‌ای متناسب با جنسیت انتخاب و پرسشنامه‌های استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی، طلاق عاطفی، مقیاس نگرش به خیانت و  تعارضات زناشویی را تکمیل کردند. داده‌ها با استفاده از تحلیل مسیر به روش حداکثر درست نمایی(ML ) تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: بر اساس یافته‌ها نقش واسطه‌ای نگرش به خیانت برای پیش‌بینی طلاق عاطفی بر اساس استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی معنادار نیست(β = 06/0) . در حالی که ضرایب استاندارد شده β برای پیش بینی تعارضات زناشویی بر اساس استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی 31/0 است و همین ضریب برای پیش بینی طلاق عاطفی بر اساس تعارضات زناشویی 51/0 است. بنابراین نقش واسطه‌ای تعارضات برای پیش‌بینی طلاق عاطفی بر اساس استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی معنادار است. بر این اساس نقش واسطه‌ای معنادار تعارضات زناشویی در کنار نقش غیرمعنادار نگرش به خیانت بر اساس استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی در مجموع 18% از واریانس طلاق عاطفی را پیش بینی می‌کند. چنانچه نقش مستقیم استفاده از شبکه‌های اجتماعی مجازی در پیش بینی طلاق عاطفی در کنار نقش متغیرهای واسطه‌ای لحاظ شود؛ 52% از واریانس طلاق عاطفی قابل پیش بینی است. شاخص های برازش، برازندگی مطلوب مدل با دادههای گردآوری شده را نشان دادند. نتایج: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد افزایش میزان استفاده از شبکه های مجازی با افزایش در تعارضات، میزان بروز طلاق عاطفی را در زوجین بالا می برد. 2 Introduction: Research results show that unmanaged use of virtual networks is the cause of differences between couples. Accordingly, the present study aimed to determine the mediating role of attitudes toward betrayal and marital conflicts in the relationship between the use of virtual social networks and emotional divorce in married teachers in Mashhad. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the society included married teachers in seven areas of education in Mashhad city in the academic year of 2017-2018. 375 teachers were selected by quota sampling method and completed questionnaires on social networks, emotional divorce, attitudes toward betrayal and marital conflicts. Data were analyzed using path analysis using Maximum Field Definition (ML). The structural equation modeling was used to analyze data using AMOS software version 25. Results: Based on the findings, the mediating role of attitude toward betrayal was not significant for predicting emotional divorce based on the use of virtual social networks (β = 0.06).The role of conflicting intermediaries is significant for predicting emotional divorce based on the use of virtual social networks. Accordingly, the role of the mediating meanings of marital conflicts along with the non-perceptible role of attitudes toward betrayal, based on the use of virtual social networks, predicts a total of 20% of the variance of emotional divorce. If the direct role of using virtual social networks in predicting emotional divorce along with the role of intermediate variables is considered, 66% of the variance of emotional divorce is predictable. Fit indicators showed the optimal fitness of the model with the collected data. (P <0.05) Conclusion: The results of this study showed that increasing the use of virtual networks with increasing conflicts increases the incidence of emotional divorce in couples. 220 227 2019/05/242019/01/292019/05/242018/11/222019/05/10 1398/2/20 2019/12/292019/01/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/29 1398/10/8 سیده سارا شاکری Seyedeh Sara Shakeri 1. Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran sara.shakeri2010@gmail.com جعفر شعبانی jafar Shabani 1. Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran jshabanipnu@gmail.com حمیدرضا اقامحمدیان شعرباف Hamidreza Aghamohammadian Sharbaf 2. Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Iran aghamohammadian@um.ac.ir سید مجتبی عقیلی Seyed Mojtaba Aghili 1. Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran asemanha@gmail.com Family conflict social networks divorce نگرش به خیانت تعارضات زناشویی شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی طلاق عاطفی Hassan Khani M. 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Virtual platform capabilities for teacher education and professional development. Second National Conference on New Approaches in Education and Research, Training; 2017 Aug.25; Mahmoudabad, Mahmood Abad Technical and Vocational college [Persian].from available: https://www. civilica.com/Paper-NERA02-NERA02_353.html##Safarpour S. The role of marital conflicts in the prediction of emotional divorce through mediation using online social media. [Master's thesis]. Iran. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology; 2016. [Persian]##Mousavi SF, Rezazadeh SMR. The study of the role of attitude toward love in anticipation of emotional divorce of married women and men in Qazvin. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological.2014; 12 (3): 43-21. [Persian]##Abdollahi E, Sedaghat Fard M, Haghighat S. Anticipating attitudes about betrayal based on the criteria for choosing a spouse and the attitude of love. The 9th International Conference on Psychology and Social Sciences, Psychology; 2017Nov. 20; Tehran, Mehr Eshragh Conference Company [Persian].from available: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-RAFCON09-RAFCON09_188.html##Arab Alidousti AR, Nakhaee N, khanjani N. Reliability and Validity of the Persian versions of the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (Brief version) and Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scales. 2015; 4 (2): 158-160 [Persian]##Hooman HA. Structural Equation Modeling Using Laser Software. Tehran: Samt Press; 2014. [Persian]##Sajid N, Theophilus D, Car E. The Role of Social Networking Websites: Do They Connect People Through Marriage or Are They Responsible for Divorce?. Journal of International Social Issues. 2016;4(1): 40-49.##Latifian M, Arshi M. Relationship between addiction to internet and emotional divorce in married women in Tehran in 2016. Scientific Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 16 (6): 528-517. [Persian]##Dortaj F, Rajabiyan M, Fatolahi F, et al. The relationship between the rate of using virtual social networks with loneliness and marital infidelity in students. Educational Psycholog. 2018;14(47):140-119. [Persian]##Safaee Rad S, Varastefar A. A Survey on the relationship of marital conflicts with emotional divorce of reffering women to the court of eastern tehran. Social Research. 2013; 6(20):106-85. [Persian]##Yarahmadi S, Zarei F, Jafari F. Consequences of presence in online social networks on couples ' lives. Iranian health education and health promotion. 2019; 7(1): 45-30. [Persian]##Hassan Khani M. Relationship between marital disturbance and emotional divorce among married female teachers. Fourth National Conference on Sustainable Development in Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Studies, Social and behavioral Sciences; 2016 June. 15; Tehran, Mehrvand Higher Education. [Persian].available from: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-EPSCONF04-EPSCONF04_115.html##Wellman B, Haase AQ, Witte J, et al. Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks , participation, and community commitment. American behavioral scientist. 2001; 45(3): 436-55.##Pourmazaharian A, Allameh Haeri F. Investigating the effect of enjoyment in responding to advertisements in online social networks due to the mediating role of social identity, group norm, group goals and intentions, and perceived value of advertising. National Conference on key topics in Management and Accounting Sciences, Management and accounting; 2016 May. 25; Gorgan, Company and research Group of Bargostar Pars Engineering Co. [Persian].available from: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-NCPIM02-NCPIM02_121.html##Qalaheno R, Farnam A. Comparison and investigation of the relationship between virtual networks' social networks and religious orientation and life satisfaction of male and female teachers in Zahedan. Second International Conference on Behavioral Sciences and Social Studies, Social Sciences; 2016March.18; Tehran, Nikan Institute of Higher Education. [Persian].available from: html.272_IBSCONF02-IBSCONF02-Paper/com.civilica.www://https##Elphinston RA, Noller P. Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2011; 14(11): 631-5.##Bastani S, Golzari M, Rowshani Sh. Emotional Divorce and Strategies to Face it. Journal of Family Research. 2011; 7 (2): 241-257. [Persian]##Valenzuela S, Halpern D, Katz JE. Social network sites, marriage well-being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States. Computers in Human Behavior. 2014; 36: 94-101.##Abdi MR, Khoshkonesh A, Porebrahim T, et al. A survey of Attachment Style and Marital Satisfaction of Those Who are involved in Internet Infidelity. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies. 2012; 8 (3): 135-158. [Persian]##Kew-Cheung S. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy for marital conflict. Journal of Family Therapy Journal of family psychology. 1996; 20(2): 256-265.##Norton AM, Baptist J. Couple boundaries for social networking in middle adulthood: Associations of trust and satisfaction. Cyber psychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace.2014; 8(4): 58- 64.##Johnson S, Whiffen V. Attachment processes in couples and families. New York: Guilford Press; 2003.##Mousavi SF, Rahiminejad A. The Comparison of Interpersonal Identity Statuses in Married People with Regards to Emotional Divorce, Journal of applied psychological research. 2015; 6 (1): 11-23. [Persian]##Porjebeli R, Rezaei SS. Investigating the relationship between use of virtual (social) networks and family cohesion among city of Naghade families. Journal of Sociology Studies. 2018; 38(11): 42-21. [Persian]##Rezapour R, Zakeri MM, Ebrahimi L. Prediction of Narcissism, perception of social interactions and marital conflicts based on the use of social networks. Family Studies. 2017; 13(50): 214-197. [Persian]##Tourki S, Mohammadi A. Sociological study on the effect of cyberspace on intercourse and emotional divorce. Eighth International Conference on Psychology and Social Sciences, Social and psychological Sciences; 2017 July. 21; Tehran. Mehr Eshragh Conference Company. [Persian]. available from : https://www.civilica.com/Paper-RAFCON08-RAFCON08_250.html##Hvasi F, Rustami S, Jaberi S, et al. Virtual platform capabilities for teacher education and professional development. Second National Conference on New Approaches in Education and Research, Training; 2017 Aug.25; Mahmoudabad, Mahmood Abad Technical and Vocational college [Persian].from available: https://www. civilica.com/Paper-NERA02-NERA02_353.html##Safarpour S. The role of marital conflicts in the prediction of emotional divorce through mediation using online social media. [Master's thesis]. Iran. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology; 2016. [Persian]##Mousavi SF, Rezazadeh SMR. The study of the role of attitude toward love in anticipation of emotional divorce of married women and men in Qazvin. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological.2014; 12 (3): 43-21. [Persian]##Abdollahi E, Sedaghat Fard M, Haghighat S. Anticipating attitudes about betrayal based on the criteria for choosing a spouse and the attitude of love. The 9th International Conference on Psychology and Social Sciences, Psychology; 2017Nov. 20; Tehran, Mehr Eshragh Conference Company [Persian].from available: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-RAFCON09-RAFCON09_188.html##Arab Alidousti AR, Nakhaee N, khanjani N. Reliability and Validity of the Persian versions of the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (Brief version) and Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scales. 2015; 4 (2): 158-160 [Persian]##Hooman HA. Structural Equation Modeling Using Laser Software. Tehran: Samt Press; 2014. [Persian]##Sajid N, Theophilus D, Car E. The Role of Social Networking Websites: Do They Connect People Through Marriage or Are They Responsible for Divorce?. Journal of International Social Issues. 2016;4(1): 40-49.##Latifian M, Arshi M. Relationship between addiction to internet and emotional divorce in married women in Tehran in 2016. Scientific Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 16 (6): 528-517. [Persian]##Dortaj F, Rajabiyan M, Fatolahi F, et al. The relationship between the rate of using virtual social networks with loneliness and marital infidelity in students. Educational Psycholog. 2018;14(47):140-119. [Persian]##Safaee Rad S, Varastefar A. A Survey on the relationship of marital conflicts with emotional divorce of reffering women to the court of eastern tehran. Social Research. 2013; 6(20):106-85. [Persian]##Yarahmadi S, Zarei F, Jafari F. Consequences of presence in online social networks on couples ' lives. Iranian health education and health promotion. 2019; 7(1): 45-30. [Persian]## ##

Effect of low or high volume of high-intensity interval training protocols on the Leptin and lipid profile in men with type 2 diabetes اثر پروتکل های کم حجم و پر حجم تمرینات HIIT بر پروفایل لیپیدی و لپتین مردان دیابتی نوع 2 2 1 مقدمه: فعالیت ورزشی منجر به سازگاری‏ های متابولیکی و فیزیولوژیکی می گردد که ممکن است نقش سودمندی برای بیماران دیابتی داشته باشد. هدف این مطالعه مقایسه تاثیر تمرینات اینتروال شدید(HIIT) کم حجم و پر حجم بر لپتین سرم و برخی از شاخص‏های نیمرخ لیپیدی خون مردان دیابتی نوع 2 می باشد. مواد و روش: در این کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی، 30 بیمار مرد مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 به سه گروه ده نفری، تمرینات HIIT پرحجم، کم‏ حجم و گروه کنترل تقسیم ‏شدند. گروه های کم ‏حجم تا دو دقیقه و پرحجم تا شش دقیقه به مدت 8 هفته تمرینات را انجام دادند. شاخص‏ های نیمرخ لیپیدی خون قبل و 48 ساعت بعد از آخرین جلسه تمرینی اندازه‏ گیری گردید. از آزمون آماری T هم بسته، کواریانس و آزمون تعقیبی LSD جهت مقایسه داده ها استفاده شد. نتایج: تفاوت معنی داری قبل و بعد از 8 هفته تمرینات HIIT کم حجم در تری گلیسیرید وجود داشت (049/0 = p) اما در لپتین سرم، کلسترول، LDL-C و HDL-C مردان مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 تفاوت معنی داری وجود نداشت (05/0 < p). با بررسی دوبه دویی گروه‏ها، بین گروه پر حجم و کنترل (021/0 = p) و کم حجم و کنترل (011/0 = p)، میزان HDL-C درگروه‏های تمرین نسبت به کنترل افزایش معنی­داری وجود داشت. بحث: با توجه به سایر سازگاری ‏های اثبات شده تمرینات HIIT بر تری گلیسیرید، HDL و بهبود شاخص‏ های گلایسمیک بعنوان تمریناتی مفید و ایمن جهت اجرا برای بیماران دیابتی نوع 2 می باشد. بنابراین با توجه به صرفه زمانی، سازگاری‏های متابولیکی، عملکردی و فیزیولوژیکی تمرینات HIIT این تمرینات در کنار سایر تمرینات ورزشی جهت بهبود شرایط بیماری و کاهش خطرات بیماری قلبی عروق و عوارض دیابت نوع 2 به بیماران توصیه شود. 2 Introduction: Sport activity leads to metabolic and physiological adaptations, which may have a beneficial role for diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of low volume and high volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum leptin and some of the lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic men. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 30 males with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups of 10, including low volume and high volume HIIT and control groups. The low volume groups underwent intensive training for up to two minutes and a high volume group up to six minutes for 8 weeks. Blood lipid profile indicators were measured before and 48 hours after the last exercise session. By using SPSS version 25, the paired t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and LSD as a post hoc test were used to analyze the data. For all analysis α=0.05 was considered as the level of statistical significance. Results: There was a significant difference before and after 8 weeks of low-volume HIIT training at triglyceride (p = 0.049). However, there was no significant difference in serum leptin, cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C in men with type 2 diabetes (p>0.05). ANCOVA only found a differences between groups on BMI (F2, 26 = 3.61, p = 0.041). Also, the post hoc in two by two comparisons of HDL showed that there was a significant difference between high volume HIIT and control groups (p = 0.021) and low volume and control group (p = 0.011). The HDL-C levels in HIIT training groups increased significantly compared to controls. Discussion: Considering other proven adaptations of HIIT training on triglyceride, HDL and improving glycemic indexes is a useful and safe training for type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, needing a very short time for this training, metabolic, functional and physiological adaptations of HIIT training, along with other exercises are recommended to improve the condition and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and complications of type 2 diabetes. 228 236 2019/05/242019/01/292019/05/242018/11/222019/05/102019/05/13 1398/2/23 2019/12/292019/01/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/29 1398/10/8 حمیدرضا ملکی نژاد Hamidreza Malekinezhad 1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran Iran Hamidrm1499@gmail.com داریوش مفلحی Dariush Moflehi 2. Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Iran dm.moflehi@gmail.com حمید عباسی Hamid Abbasi 3. Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Iran habbassi@yazd.ac.ir آرزو بهزادی Arezoo Behzadi 1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Kerman, Iran Iran Arezoobehzadi@yahoo.com Leptin High-intensity Interval training Diabetes mellitus type 2 Lipids profile لپتین HIIT دیابت نوع 2 نیمرخ لیپیدی Abou-Seif MA, Youssef AA. Evaluation of some biochemical changes in diabetic patients. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004;346(2):161-70.##World Health Organization. Diabetes. 2018. Available from: www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/ diabetes##Asgari M, Mohammadi M. Diabetes bus: benefits and difficulties: letters to the editor. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications. 2018;75(11):848.[persion]##Morovati SM, Rouhani TN. Perceived self-efficacy in self-care behaviors among diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2009 ; 15(4) : 91-99.[persion]##Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes care. 2002 ; 25(1): 148-98.##Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes care. 1993; 16(2): 434-444.##Javadi E, Yarahmadi S, Larijani B, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia in diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic at doctor shariati university hospital between october 1998 and september 2000. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 2002;1:28.##Meier U, Gressner AM. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Clinical Chemistry. 2004; 50(9): 1511-25.##Ookuma M, Ookuma K, York DA. Effects of leptin on insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1998; 47(2): 219-23.##Bouassida A, Chamari K, Zaouali M, et al. Review on leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise. British journal of sports medicine. 2010; 44(9): 620-30.##Azarbayejani M. The effects of a single session of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal.2012; 6(1):46-54.##Koga S, Kojima A, Ishikawa C, et al. Effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary exercise in a tauopathy mouse model: implications of persistent hyperleptinemia and enhanced astrocytic leptin receptor expression. Neurobiology of disease. 2014; 71:180-92.##Sari R, Balci MK, Balci N, et al. Acute effect of exercise on plasma leptin level and insulin resistance in obese women with stable caloric intake. Endocrine research. 2007; 32(1-2): 9-17.##Ahmadizad S, Ghorbani S, Ghasemikaram M, et al. Effects of short-term nonperiodized, linear periodized and daily undulating periodized resistance training on plasma adiponectin, leptin and insulin resistance. Clinical biochemistry. 2014; 47(6): 417-22.##Racil G, Coquart JB, Elmontassar W, et al. Greater effects of high-compared with moderate-intensity interval training on cardio-metabolic variables, blood leptin concentration and ratings of perceived exertion in obese adolescent females. Biology of sport. 2016; 33(2): 145.##Avazpor S, Kalkhoran JF, Amini HA. Effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training on plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in overweight nurses. Novelty in Biomedicine. 2016;4(3):87-92.##Soori R, Rezaeian N, Salehian O. Effects of interval training on leptin and hormone levels affecting lipid metabolism in young obese/overweight men. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology And Metabolism (IJEM) 2012: 14(3) 248-256.[persion].##Caldeira RS, Panissa VL, Inoue DS, et al. Impact to short-term high intensity intermittent training on different storages of body fat, leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in physically active non-obese men: A pilot investigation. Clinical nutrition ESPEN. 2018;28:186-92.##ZilaeiBouri S, Khedri A, ZilaeiBouri M. Comparing the effects of aerobic exercises of high and moderate intensity on serum leptin levels and capacity of fat oxidation among young obese girls. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 3(1): 81-7.##Kong Z, Sun S, Liu M, et al. Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition and blood glucose in overweight and obese young women. Journal of diabetes research. 2016;2016: 1-9.##Whyte LJ, Gill JM, Cathcart AJ. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism. 2010; 59(10): 1421-8.##Gharai Arefi R, Hematifar M, Kordi M, R. The effect of a high intensity interval training program on lipid profile in sedentary young men. Journal of sport Biosciences, 2014; 6(3): 259-272.[persion].##Nourshahi N, Karimi Z, Ghane Basiri M, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of lipid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015; 21(128): 72-84.[persion].##Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, et al. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347(19): 1483-92.##shahidi F, pirhadi S. The effect of physical exercise and training on serum leptin levels. 2014; 21(1256): 1-14. [Persian]##Pourvaghar MJ, Bahram ME, Sayyah M, et al. The Effects of Three Months of HIIT on Plasma Adiponectin on Overweight College Men. International Journal of Sport and Health Sciences. 2017; 11(8): 448-51.##Abou-Seif MA, Youssef AA. Evaluation of some biochemical changes in diabetic patients. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004;346(2):161-70.##World Health Organization. Diabetes. 2018. Available from: www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/ diabetes##Asgari M, Mohammadi M. Diabetes bus: benefits and difficulties: letters to the editor. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications. 2018;75(11):848.[persion]##Morovati SM, Rouhani TN. Perceived self-efficacy in self-care behaviors among diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2009 ; 15(4) : 91-99.[persion]##Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes care. 2002 ; 25(1): 148-98.##Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes care. 1993; 16(2): 434-444.##Javadi E, Yarahmadi S, Larijani B, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia in diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic at doctor shariati university hospital between october 1998 and september 2000. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 2002;1:28.##Meier U, Gressner AM. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin. Clinical Chemistry. 2004; 50(9): 1511-25.##Ookuma M, Ookuma K, York DA. Effects of leptin on insulin secretion from isolated rat pancreatic islets. Diabetes. 1998; 47(2): 219-23.##Bouassida A, Chamari K, Zaouali M, et al. Review on leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise. British journal of sports medicine. 2010; 44(9): 620-30.##Azarbayejani M. The effects of a single session of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal.2012; 6(1):46-54.##Koga S, Kojima A, Ishikawa C, et al. Effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary exercise in a tauopathy mouse model: implications of persistent hyperleptinemia and enhanced astrocytic leptin receptor expression. Neurobiology of disease. 2014; 71:180-92.##Sari R, Balci MK, Balci N, et al. Acute effect of exercise on plasma leptin level and insulin resistance in obese women with stable caloric intake. Endocrine research. 2007; 32(1-2): 9-17.##Ahmadizad S, Ghorbani S, Ghasemikaram M, et al. Effects of short-term nonperiodized, linear periodized and daily undulating periodized resistance training on plasma adiponectin, leptin and insulin resistance. Clinical biochemistry. 2014; 47(6): 417-22.##Racil G, Coquart JB, Elmontassar W, et al. Greater effects of high-compared with moderate-intensity interval training on cardio-metabolic variables, blood leptin concentration and ratings of perceived exertion in obese adolescent females. Biology of sport. 2016; 33(2): 145.##Avazpor S, Kalkhoran JF, Amini HA. Effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training on plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in overweight nurses. Novelty in Biomedicine. 2016;4(3):87-92.##Soori R, Rezaeian N, Salehian O. Effects of interval training on leptin and hormone levels affecting lipid metabolism in young obese/overweight men. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology And Metabolism (IJEM) 2012: 14(3) 248-256.[persion].##Caldeira RS, Panissa VL, Inoue DS, et al. Impact to short-term high intensity intermittent training on different storages of body fat, leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in physically active non-obese men: A pilot investigation. Clinical nutrition ESPEN. 2018;28:186-92.##ZilaeiBouri S, Khedri A, ZilaeiBouri M. Comparing the effects of aerobic exercises of high and moderate intensity on serum leptin levels and capacity of fat oxidation among young obese girls. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 3(1): 81-7.##Kong Z, Sun S, Liu M, et al. Short-term high-intensity interval training on body composition and blood glucose in overweight and obese young women. Journal of diabetes research. 2016;2016: 1-9.##Whyte LJ, Gill JM, Cathcart AJ. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism. 2010; 59(10): 1421-8.##Gharai Arefi R, Hematifar M, Kordi M, R. The effect of a high intensity interval training program on lipid profile in sedentary young men. Journal of sport Biosciences, 2014; 6(3): 259-272.[persion].##Nourshahi N, Karimi Z, Ghane Basiri M, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of lipid disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015; 21(128): 72-84.[persion].##Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, et al. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347(19): 1483-92.##shahidi F, pirhadi S. The effect of physical exercise and training on serum leptin levels. 2014; 21(1256): 1-14. [Persian]##Pourvaghar MJ, Bahram ME, Sayyah M, et al. The Effects of Three Months of HIIT on Plasma Adiponectin on Overweight College Men. International Journal of Sport and Health Sciences. 2017; 11(8): 448-51.## ##

Determinants of Preparing Healthy Breakfast and Snacks for School Children by Mothers تهیه صبحانه و میان وعده سالم برای کودکان مدرسه ای توسط مادران 2 1 زمینه: صبحانه ناسالم و مصرف روزافزون میان وعده های کم ارزش در میان دانش آموزان با پیامدهای منفی سلامت همراه است و با بروز بیماری های مزمن در بزرگسالی ارتباط دارد. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی تعیین کننده های تهیه صبحانه و میان وعده سالم برای کودکان مدرسه ای در مادران شهر اسلامشهر می باشد. روش ها 320 دانش آموز پسر و دختر به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای انتخاب و از مادران آنها برای شرکت در مطالعه دعوت به عمل آمد. داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه ای که شامل مشخصات دموگرافیک، سؤالات مربوط به آگاهی، نگرش، فواید درک شده، موانع درک شده و رفتار بود، گردآوری شد. روایی پرسشنامه به دو روش روایی صوری و محتوایی سنجیده شد. برای تعیین پایایی پرسشنامه مذکور نیز از روش های آزمون–باز آزمون و همسانی درونی استفاده شد. ضریب همبستگی درون طبقه ای  73/0 و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ نیز (84/0=α) بود. برای تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزارSPSS16  و آزمون های همبستگی و رگرسیون چندگانه استفاده شد. یافته ها نتایج حاصل از این بررسی نشان داد از میان متغیرهای (آگاهی، نگرش، فواید درک شده و موانع درک شده)، آگاهی ,B=0.40)001/0P<) و موانع درک شده,B=0.33) 001/0P<) پیش بینی کننده های مثبت و قوی تهیه صبحانه و میان وعده های سالم در مادران بودند. در مجموع 28% واریانس مرتبط با رفتار مادران در خصوص تهیه صبحانه و میان وعده سالم را آگاهی و موانع درک شده پیش بینی می کنند. نتیجه گیری در طراحی مداخلات تغذیه ای جهت تهیه صبحانه و میان وعده سالم در مادران دانش آموزان بهتر است بر استراتژی های افزایش آگاهی و کاهش موانع درک شده تاکید شود.   2 Introduction: An unhealthy breakfast and the consumption of low-value meals among students are associated with adverse health consequences and chronic diseases in adulthood. The main purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of preparing healthy breakfast and snacks for school children by mothers in the city of Islamshahr. Methods: 320 boys and girls were selected by cluster random sampling and their mothers were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected using the researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, questions were related to knowledge, attitude, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and behavior. The reliability was assessed through the test-retest method, and in order to assess internal consistency, Chronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software, and Descriptive statistics (Percent & Frequency), Multiple regression and Kendall’s tau-b correlation tests were used. Results: Based on the findings of this study, none of the demographic characteristics had a significant correlation with the behavior of the mother's healthy breakfast and meal (p>0.05) and among variables, knowledge (p<0.001, B=0.40) and perceived barriers (p<0.001, B=0.33) were strong and positive predictors of preparing breakfast and healthy snacks by mothers. Knowledge and perceived barriers predict %28 of variance in mothers’ behavior in preparing breakfast and healthy snacks (p<0.001, R= 0.527, R2=0.278). Conclusion: It is better to put more emphasis on the strategies to promote the knowledge of mothers and reduce their perceived barriers in designing nutritional interventions aiming to prepare breakfast and healthy snacks for children.   237 244 2019/05/242019/01/292019/05/242018/11/222019/05/102019/05/132019/03/15 1397/12/24 2019/12/292019/01/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/29 1398/10/8 سکینه رخشاندرو Sakineh Rakhshanderou 1. Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran s_rakhshanderou@sbmu.ac.ir. محتشم جعفری Mohtasham Ghaffari 1. Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran mohtashamg@yahoo.com آمنه پوراسماعیل ameneh pooresmaeilidorosteh 2. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran am.pooresmaeili@gmail.com Healthy breakfast Healthy snacks Children Mothers صبحانه سالم میان وعده سالم کودکان آگاهی نگرش. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO's role in nutrition. Available from: http:// www. fao.org/nutrition/en/.##World Health Organization. Malnutrition. 2015. Available from: http: //www.emro.who. in/health- topics/ malnutrition/ index.html.##The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Zambian Basic Education Course, Nutrition education, Supplementary Material. Available from: http://www.Fao.Org/docrep.##Healthy Eating Made Easier. Parents Get Straight A's With a Healthy Breakfast. Available from: http://www.healthyeating.org/Healthy-Kids.##The Food and Agriculture Organization. Feeding school-age children and youth. Available from: http://www.fao. org/ search/en.##Healthy Eating Made Easier. Kid-Friendly Healthy Breakfast Recipes. Available from: http://www. healthyeating. org/ Healthy-Kids.##Booth M, Okely AD, Denney-Wilson E, et al. NSW schools physical activity and nutrition survey (SPANS) 2004: Summary report. Sydney: NSW Department of Health. 2006.##Gavin M. Breakfast Basics. Kids Health Web Site. 2015. Available from: http://kidshealth.org/parent/ homework/school food/breakfast.html.##Ghaffari M, Rakhshanderou S, Esmaealzadeh A. Study of breakfast consumption patterns and its related with obesity among guidance schools students. Research Project of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2013. [Persian].##Crepinsek M, Nancy R. Maternal Employment and Children's Nutrition. Burstein: 2004. Available from: https:// www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/43492/40114_efan04006-1.pdf?v=41527##Senanayake MP, Parakramadasa HM. Survey of breakfast practices of 4-12 year old children. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health. 2008; 37(4): 112-117.##Sahingoz SA. The Education about Breakfast and its Importance Given to Child-to-Mother in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009; 8(4): 419-24.##Herman A, Malhotra K, Wright G, et al. A qualitative study of the aspirations and challenges of low-income mothers in feeding their preschool-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2012; 9(1): 132.##Kate A, Joanna K, Currie C. Family structure and breakfast consumption of 11-15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 1994-2010: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC public health. 2012; 12 (1): 228.##Dlvryan D. Khosravi M, Abbasids M, et al. The nutritional status of adolescent girls in the city. (2016) [Persian].##Van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, et al. A Systematic Review of Environmental Correlates of Obesity-Related Dietary Behaviors in Youth. Health education research. 2006; 22 (2): 203-26.##Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Omidvar N, Bazargan M, et al. Iranian Female Adolescent's Views on Unhealthy Snacks Consumption: A Qualitative Study. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2010; 39(3): 92- 01. [Persian].##Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Rashidian A, Majdzadeh R, et al. Parental Control and Junk-Food Consumption: A Mediating and Moderating Effect Analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2012; 42(5): 1241-65. [Persian].##Salimi N, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Roshanaei G. Regular Breakfast Consumption and its Predictors Based on the Social Cognitive Theory in Female Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. journal of Education and Community Health. 2014; 1(3):20-27. [Persian].##Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Sharifi M, Bashirian S, et al. Determinants of Healthy Snacks Choice by Mothers of 1-5 years old children in Hamadan Based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2015; 9(4):19-26. [Persian].##Alimoradi F, Barikani A, Mohammadpoor A, et al. Study of Not Eating Breakfast and Some Related Demographic Factors in 14-18 Years Old Adolescents of Sanandaj in 2013. Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 2 (5):57-64. [Persian].##Khodaveisi M, Omidi A, Farokhi S, et al. Dietary behavior status and its predictors based on the pender's health promotion model constructs among overweight women referred to Fatemieh hospital clinics in Hamedan. Journal of Nursing Education. 2016; 5(2):31-9. [Persian].##Vereecken K, Maes L. Young children's dietary habits and associations with the mothers' nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Appetite.2010; 54 (1):44-51.##Principles and Practice of Health Promotion: Health Promotion Models and Theories. Health knowledge Web Site. Available from: https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2h-principles-health-promotion/prevention-paradox##Jalily M, Barati M, Bashirian S, et al. Using Social Cognitive Theory to Determine Factors Predicting Nutritional Behaviors in Pregnant Women Visiting Health Centers in Tabriz, Iran. journal of Education and Community Health. 2015; 1(4): 11-21. [Persian].##Sethi RK, Padhy S, Raju DV. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding complementary feeding among mothers of children 6 to 24 months of age in Konaseema region. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2017; 4(2): 394-8.##Glanz T K. Rimer BAT viswanth K. Health behavior and health eduction theory research and practice.4th ed.san Francisco: Jossy; Bass.2008; 12-71.##Beshara M, Hutchinson A, Wilson C. Preparing meals under time stress. The experience of working mothers. Elsevier. 2010; 55(3): 695-700.##Rezakhani H, Soheili Azad A, Razaghi M, et al. Pattern of Breakfast and Snack Consumption and Their Effective Factors among Primary School Students, Qazvin. Journal of Health. 2012; 2(4): 57-63. [Persian].##Smith T, Dunton G, Pinard C, et al. Factors influencing food preparation behaviours: findings from focus groups with Mexican-American mothers in southern California. Public health nutrition. 2016; 19(5): 841-850.##Van Kleef E, Vingerhoeds MH, Vrijhof M, et al. Breakfast barriers and opportunities for children living in a Dutch disadvantaged neighbourhood. 2016; 107: 372-82.##The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO's role in nutrition. Available from: http:// www. fao.org/nutrition/en/.##World Health Organization. Malnutrition. 2015. Available from: http: //www.emro.who. in/health- topics/ malnutrition/ index.html.##The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Zambian Basic Education Course, Nutrition education, Supplementary Material. Available from: http://www.Fao.Org/docrep.##Healthy Eating Made Easier. Parents Get Straight A's With a Healthy Breakfast. Available from: http://www.healthyeating.org/Healthy-Kids.##The Food and Agriculture Organization. Feeding school-age children and youth. Available from: http://www.fao. org/ search/en.##Healthy Eating Made Easier. Kid-Friendly Healthy Breakfast Recipes. Available from: http://www. healthyeating. org/ Healthy-Kids.##Booth M, Okely AD, Denney-Wilson E, et al. NSW schools physical activity and nutrition survey (SPANS) 2004: Summary report. Sydney: NSW Department of Health. 2006.##Gavin M. Breakfast Basics. Kids Health Web Site. 2015. Available from: http://kidshealth.org/parent/ homework/school food/breakfast.html.##Ghaffari M, Rakhshanderou S, Esmaealzadeh A. Study of breakfast consumption patterns and its related with obesity among guidance schools students. Research Project of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2013. [Persian].##Crepinsek M, Nancy R. Maternal Employment and Children's Nutrition. Burstein: 2004. Available from: https:// www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/43492/40114_efan04006-1.pdf?v=41527##Senanayake MP, Parakramadasa HM. Survey of breakfast practices of 4-12 year old children. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health. 2008; 37(4): 112-117.##Sahingoz SA. The Education about Breakfast and its Importance Given to Child-to-Mother in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009; 8(4): 419-24.##Herman A, Malhotra K, Wright G, et al. A qualitative study of the aspirations and challenges of low-income mothers in feeding their preschool-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2012; 9(1): 132.##Kate A, Joanna K, Currie C. Family structure and breakfast consumption of 11-15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 1994-2010: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC public health. 2012; 12 (1): 228.##Dlvryan D. Khosravi M, Abbasids M, et al. The nutritional status of adolescent girls in the city. (2016) [Persian].##Van der Horst K, Oenema A, Ferreira I, et al. A Systematic Review of Environmental Correlates of Obesity-Related Dietary Behaviors in Youth. Health education research. 2006; 22 (2): 203-26.##Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Omidvar N, Bazargan M, et al. Iranian Female Adolescent's Views on Unhealthy Snacks Consumption: A Qualitative Study. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2010; 39(3): 92- 01. [Persian].##Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Rashidian A, Majdzadeh R, et al. Parental Control and Junk-Food Consumption: A Mediating and Moderating Effect Analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2012; 42(5): 1241-65. [Persian].##Salimi N, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Roshanaei G. Regular Breakfast Consumption and its Predictors Based on the Social Cognitive Theory in Female Students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. journal of Education and Community Health. 2014; 1(3):20-27. [Persian].##Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Sharifi M, Bashirian S, et al. Determinants of Healthy Snacks Choice by Mothers of 1-5 years old children in Hamadan Based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology. 2015; 9(4):19-26. [Persian].##Alimoradi F, Barikani A, Mohammadpoor A, et al. Study of Not Eating Breakfast and Some Related Demographic Factors in 14-18 Years Old Adolescents of Sanandaj in 2013. Journal of Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 2 (5):57-64. [Persian].##Khodaveisi M, Omidi A, Farokhi S, et al. Dietary behavior status and its predictors based on the pender's health promotion model constructs among overweight women referred to Fatemieh hospital clinics in Hamedan. Journal of Nursing Education. 2016; 5(2):31-9. [Persian].##Vereecken K, Maes L. Young children's dietary habits and associations with the mothers' nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Appetite.2010; 54 (1):44-51.##Principles and Practice of Health Promotion: Health Promotion Models and Theories. Health knowledge Web Site. Available from: https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2h-principles-health-promotion/prevention-paradox##Jalily M, Barati M, Bashirian S, et al. Using Social Cognitive Theory to Determine Factors Predicting Nutritional Behaviors in Pregnant Women Visiting Health Centers in Tabriz, Iran. journal of Education and Community Health. 2015; 1(4): 11-21. [Persian].##Sethi RK, Padhy S, Raju DV. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding complementary feeding among mothers of children 6 to 24 months of age in Konaseema region. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2017; 4(2): 394-8.##Glanz T K. Rimer BAT viswanth K. Health behavior and health eduction theory research and practice.4th ed.san Francisco: Jossy; Bass.2008; 12-71.##Beshara M, Hutchinson A, Wilson C. Preparing meals under time stress. The experience of working mothers. Elsevier. 2010; 55(3): 695-700.##Rezakhani H, Soheili Azad A, Razaghi M, et al. Pattern of Breakfast and Snack Consumption and Their Effective Factors among Primary School Students, Qazvin. Journal of Health. 2012; 2(4): 57-63. [Persian].##Smith T, Dunton G, Pinard C, et al. Factors influencing food preparation behaviours: findings from focus groups with Mexican-American mothers in southern California. Public health nutrition. 2016; 19(5): 841-850.##Van Kleef E, Vingerhoeds MH, Vrijhof M, et al. Breakfast barriers and opportunities for children living in a Dutch disadvantaged neighbourhood. 2016; 107: 372-82.## ##

Cardiovascular diseases patient's Quality of Life in Tabriz-Iran: 2018 سنجش کیفیت زندگی بیماران قلبی-عروقی در شهرستان تبریز، ایران: سال1397 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه : امروزه بیماری های  قلبی- عروقی از علل اصلی مرگ بحساب می­آیند و تاثیر قابل توجهی در کیفیت زندگی بیماران دارد. از این رو هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی کیفیت زندگی بیماران قلبی-عروقی در شهرستان تبریز می­باشد. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع مطالعات مقطعی- تحلیلی بوده که در سال 1397 در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز انجام گرفته است. 180بیمار به روش نمونه گیری آسان (در دسترس) برای این مطالعه انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه ارزیابی کیفیت زندگی WHOQOL بود. داده ها با استفاده از روش های آماری توصیفی( فراوانی، درصد، میانگین و انحراف معیار)، آزمون T، آزمونOne Way ANOVA و با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS.16 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. در این مطالعه مقدار P کمتر از 5% از لحاظ آماری معنی دار تلقی گردید. نتایج: در این مطالعه بیشتر شرکت کنندگان (حدود 80 ٪) در بازه سنی 50 تا 69 سال قرار داشتند همچنین حدود 66% آنها را مردان تشکیل می داد. میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی شرکت کنندگان 11.88±81.37 با کمترین نمره 52 و بیشترین نمره 105 بود. بین سن، محل سکونت، تحصیلات و درآمد با کیفیت زندگی رابطه معنی داری وجود دارد. نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که کیفیت زندگی بیماران قلبی-عروقی نسبتاً پایین می­باشد. لذا باید با انجام مطالعات بیشتر و توجه به عوامل ذکر شده در این مطالعه برنامه ریزی های مناسبی برای ارتقای کیفیت زندگی این بیماران بعمل آید. 2 Introduction: Recently, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is one of the most common causes of mortality all around the world. Achieving the high Quality of Life (QOL) is considered to be important for these patients. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to investigate the quality of life among patients with CVD in Tabriz Province. Methods: This study was conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2018. In this study, 180 patients were selected using convenience sampling method. World Health Organizations QOL-brief (WHOQOL-BREF) modified questionnaire was used for data collection. Questionnaire was consisted of 26 questions about different aspects of patients’ QOL. Descriptive statistics analysis including frequency, percentage and mean ± standard deviation was used to analyses the data. Independent samples T-test and One Way ANOVA was also used for data analysis by SPSS.16. P-value less than 5% was considered as statistically significant. Results: Most participants (about 80%) were in the age group of 50-69. Among the participants, about 30% of the participants were satisfied with their health status and only 12% expressed that they can afford their needs. Less than half of the participants stated that they are satisfied with their ability in running their daily affairs. Mean (SD) score of QOL among the participants was 81.37 (11.88), with a minimum and maximum of 52 and 105, respectively.  There was statistically significant relationship between age, place of residence, education and income with QOL (p<0.05).QOL Conclusion: The results­­­ showed that QOL is low in patients with CVD in Iran. Therefore, further studies are needed on the above-mentioned factors in order to plan for improving the QOL in these patients. 245 252 2019/05/242019/01/292019/05/242018/11/222019/05/102019/05/132019/03/152019/05/19 1398/2/29 2019/12/292019/01/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/292019/12/29 1398/10/8 صابر اعظمی-آقداش Saber Azami-Aghdash 1. Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Iran s.azami.a90@gmail.com حجت الله قرایی Hojatollah Gharaee 2. Health Center of Hamadan City, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran Iran gharaee.hojat@gmail.com میرحسین آقایی Mir Hossein Aghaei 3. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Iran gola_7069@yahoo.com ناصر درخشانی Naser Derakhshani 4. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran derakhshani.mhc@gmail.com Cardiovascular diseases Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF سنجش بیماران قلبی-عروقی کیفیت زندگی Azami-Aghdash S, Ghaffari S, Sadeghi-Bazargani H,et al. Developing Indicators of Service Quality Provided for CardiovascularPatients Hospitalized in Cardiac Care Unit. 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Quality of life one year after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2011;13(3):171-7.##Windi AA. Prevalence of self-reported chronic diseases in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, work place and complaint symptoms: Epidemiological study among healthy workers in Kurdistan, Iraq (ESHWKI). Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine. 2011;6(2).##Saitto C, Ancona C, Fusco D, et al. Outcome of patients with cardiac diseases admitted to coronary care units: a report from Lazio, Italy. Medical care. 2004;42(2):147-54.##Zimmermann S, Ruthrof S, Nowak K, et al. Short-term prognosis of contemporary interventional therapy of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: does gender matter? Clinical research in cardiology. 2009;98(11):709.##Adel SM, Ramezanei AA, Hydarei A, et al. Gender-related differences of risk factors among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft in Ahwaz, Iran. Saudi medical journal. 2007;28(11):1686-9.##Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E,et al. Trends in mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Europe and other areas of the world. Heart. 2002;88(2):119-24.##Yaghoubi A, Tabrizi J-S, Mirinazhad M-M, et al. Quality of life in cardiovascular patients in Iran and factors affecting it: A systematic review. Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research. 2012;4(4):95.##Lü M, Zhang H, Zhang Z, et al. Measurement of health-related quality of life in coronary heart disease: a review. Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao= Journal of Chinese integrative medicine. 2011;9(12):1277-85.##Sbruzzi G, Dal Lago P, Ribeiro RA, et al. Inspiratory muscle training and quality of life in patients with heart failure: systematic review of randomized trials. International journal of cardiology. 2012;156(1):120-1.##Elliott VJ, Rodgers DL, Brett SJ. Systematic review of quality of life and other patient-centred outcomes after cardiac arrest survival. Resuscitation. 2011;82(3):247-56.##Liu Z, Doan QV, Blumenthal P, et al. A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and health-care costs and utilization in abnormal uterine bleeding. Value in health. 2007;10(3):183-94.##Juenger J, Schellberg D, Kraemer S, et al. Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables. Heart. 2002;87(3):235-41.##Jaarsma T, Halfens R, Huijer Abu-Saad H, et al. Effects of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. European heart journal. 1999;20(9):673-82.##Wielenga RP, Erdman RA, Huisveld IA, et al. Effect of exercise training on quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of psychosomatic research. 1998;45(5):459-64.##Brown N, Melville M, Gray D, et al. Quality of life four years after acute myocardial infarction: short form 36 scores compared with a normal population. Heart. 1999;81(4):352-8.##Norekvål TM, Wahl AK, Fridlund B, et al. Quality of life in female myocardial infarction survivors: a comparative study with a randomly selected general female population cohort. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2007;5(1):58.##Veenstra M, Pettersen KI, Rollag A, et al. Association of changes in health-related quality of life in coronary heart disease with coronary procedures and sociodemographic characteristics. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2004;2(1):56.##Falcoz PE, Chocron S, Laluc F, et al. Gender analysis after elective open heart surgery: a two-year comparative study of quality of life. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2006;81(5):1637-43.##Beyranvand M-R, Lorvand A, Parsa SA, et al. The quality of life after first acute myocardial infarction. Pajoohandeh Journal. 2011;15(6):264-72.[Persion]##Esmaeili Z, Ziabakhsh Tabari S, Vazezzadeh N, et al. Investigation of quality of life after open heart surgery in Sari. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 17(61):170-4.[Persion]##Taghadosi M, Gilasi H. The general and specific quality of life in patients with Ischemia in Kashan. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2008; 3(8): 39-46.[Persion].##Montazer Ghaem S, Asar O, Safaei N. Assessing patient's quality of life after open hart surgery in Bandar Abbass, Iran. Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2012;15(4):254-9.[Persion]##Yousefi P, Sabzevari S, Mohammadalizade S, et al. Study of quality of life in heart failure hospitalized patients in Kerman medical university hospital in 2008. 2011; 6(21): 59-67.[Persion].##Shojaei F. Quality of life in patients with heart failure. Journal of hayat. 2008; 14(2): 5-13.[Persion]##Abedi H, Yasaman AM, Abdeyazdan GH. Quality of life in heart failure patients referred to the Kerman outpatient centers, 2010. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2011; 13(5): 55-63.[Persion].##Hatmi Z, Shaterian M, Kazemi MA. Quality of life in patients hospitalized with heart failure: a novel two questionnaire study. Acta Medica Iranica. 2007;45(6):493-500.##Hsanpour-Dehkordi A, Nazari AA, Heidar-Nejad MS, et al. Factors influencing quality of life in patients with myocardial infraction. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2009; 22(57): 43-52.[Persion].##Hsanpour-Dehkordi A, Delaram M, Forouzandeh N, et al. A survey on quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction, referred to Shahrekord Hagar hospital in 2005. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2007; 9(3): 78-84.[Persion].##Abbasi A, Asayesh H, Hosseini A, et al. The relationship between functional performance in patients with heart failure and quality of life (QOL). Iranian South Medical Journal. 2010; 13 (1) :31-40.[Persion].##Rahnavard Z, Zolfaghari M, Kazemnejad A, et al. An investigation of quality of life and factors affecting it in the patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of hayat. 2006;12(1):77-86.[Persian].## ##