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Letter of the Editor Letter of the Editor 2 0 0 2013/05/19 1392/2/29 2013/09/21 1392/6/30 محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi ## ##

Epidemic$ and Pandemic$ are profitable?! Epidemic$ and Pandemic$ are profitable?! 2 0 0 2013/05/192013/05/19 1392/2/29 2013/09/212015/06/2 1394/3/12 محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Refrences##1. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico[Cited 2012 Oct 10] .Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html.##2. WHO and the pandemic flu “conspiracies”. BMJ; 2010. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c2912.##3. Moattari A, Emami A, Moghadami M et al. Influenza viral infections among the Iranian Hajj pilgrims returning to Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2012 ; 6(6):e77-9.##4. Ebrahimi SM, Tebianian M. Influenza A viruses: why focusing on M2e-based universal vaccines. Virus genes. Virus Genes. 2011; 42(1):1-8.## ##

The Effect of Nitrate as a Radical Scavenger for the Removal of Humic Acid from Aqueous Solutions by Electron Beam Irradiation The Effect of Nitrate as a Radical Scavenger for the Removal of Humic Acid from Aqueous Solutions by Electron Beam Irradiation 2 1 Introduction: Humic acids have adverse effects on the water quality, then should be removed from water resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrate as a radical scavenger for removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions by electron beam irradiation. Materials and Methods: In this study, after preparation of stock humic acid solution in alkaline condition, different concentrations of humic acid (10, 25 and 50 mg/l) were prepared. Different concentrations of nitrate (25, 50 and 100 mg/l) added to humic acid samples and then absorption of samples was measured at 254 nm by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer before and after the electron beam irradiation. This study has done at pH= 8 and at different electron beam adsorbed dose of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 kGy. Results: The results of this study showed that the increasing of adsorbed dose from 1 to 15 kGy, the removal efficiency of humic acid also increased. By increasing of nitrate concentration from 25 to 100 mg/l, the removal efficiency of humic acid has decreased from 43.8% to 36.6% and nitrate acts as a radical scavenger. By increasing of humic acid concentration from 10 to 50mg/l, removal efficiency decreased in all adsorbed doses. Kinetic analysis of our results showed that the results well fitted with the second - order reaction. Conclusion: We can conclude from this study that electron beam irradiation could be a useful process for the treatment of natural organic matter (humic acid) from surface waters. 2 Introduction: Humic acids have adverse effects on the water quality, then should be removed from water resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrate as a radical scavenger for removal of humic acid from aqueous solutions by electron beam irradiation. Materials and Methods: In this study, after preparation of stock humic acid solution in alkaline condition, different concentrations of humic acid (10, 25 and 50 mg/l) were prepared. Different concentrations of nitrate (25, 50 and 100 mg/l) added to humic acid samples and then absorption of samples was measured at 254 nm by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer before and after the electron beam irradiation. This study has done at pH= 8 and at different electron beam adsorbed dose of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 15 kGy. Results: The results of this study showed that the increasing of adsorbed dose from 1 to 15 kGy, the removal efficiency of humic acid also increased. By increasing of nitrate concentration from 25 to 100 mg/l, the removal efficiency of humic acid has decreased from 43.8% to 36.6% and nitrate acts as a radical scavenger. By increasing of humic acid concentration from 10 to 50mg/l, removal efficiency decreased in all adsorbed doses. Kinetic analysis of our results showed that the results well fitted with the second - order reaction. Conclusion: We can conclude from this study that electron beam irradiation could be a useful process for the treatment of natural organic matter (humic acid) from surface waters. 134 143 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/29 1392/2/9 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 محمدتقی قانعیان Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian محمدحسن احرامپوش Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush طاهره جاسمی زاد Tahereh Jasemizad taherehjasemizad@yahoo.com منیره خیرخواه Monireh Kheirkha رضا امرائی Reza Amraei فاطمه سهل آبادی Fatemeh Sahlabadi 1. Zazouli MA, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, et al. Study of Natural Organic Matter Fractions in Water Sources of Tehran. J Biol.Sci. 2007; 10(10):1718-22.##2. Mahvi AH, Rezaee R, Safari M. Reduction of humic substances in water by application of ultrasound waves and ultraviolet irradiation. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2009; (6): 233-40.##3. Roshani B, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Effect of persulfate on the oxidation of benzotriazole and humic acid by e-beam irradiation. J. Hazardous Materials. 2011; 190(1-3): 403-8.##4. Liao CH, Lu MC, Su SH. Role of cupric ions in the H2O2/UV oxidation of humic acids. chemosphere. 2001; 44(5): 913-9.##5- Humet Product Documentation and Technical Information: Humifulvate- Anatural active ingredient. Horizon Multiplan LTD: Budapest; 1999.##6. Weng YH, Li KCh, Chaung-Hsieh LH, et al. Removal of humic substances (HS) from water by electro-microfiltration (EMF). Water Res. 2006; 40(9):1783 -94.##7. Duan J, Wilson F, Graham N, et al. Adsorption of humic acid by powdered activated carbon in saline water conditions. Desalination. 2002; 151(1): 53-66.##8. Gokce CE, Guneysu S, Aydin S, et al. Comparison of Activated Carbon and Pyrolyzed Biomass for Removal of Humic Acid from Aqueous Solution. J the Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology. 2009;1:43-8.##9. Bolto B, Dixon D, Eldridge R, et al. Removal of natural organic matter by ion exchange. J Water Res. 2002; 36(20): 5057–5065.##10. Crozes G, White P, Marshall M. Enhanced coagulation: its effect on NOM removal and chemical costs. J Am. Water Works Assoc. 1995; 87 (1):79-89.##11. Jacangelo JG, Chellam S, Bonacquisti TP. Treatment of surface water by double membrane systems: assessment of fouling, permeate water quality and costs. Water Sup. 2000; 18 (1):438-41.##12. Lamsal R, Gagnon GA. Comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of natural organic matter. Water Research. 2011; 45(10): 3263-9.##13. Munter R. advanced oxidation processes – current status and prospects, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem. 2001; 50(2): 59-80.##14. Drtinova B, Pospisil M, Cuba V. Products of radiation removal of lead from aqueous solutions., Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2010; 68(4): 672-5.##15. Behjat A, Mozahheb SA, Khalili MB, et al. Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water and Wastewater Using High-energy Electron Beam Irradiation. Journal of water and wastewater. 2007(61): 60-8. [Persian]##16. EPA, Combined Sewer Overflow Technology Fact Sheet, Alternative Disinfection Methods, United States, Office of Water, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1999##17 Zhang J, Zheng Z, Luan J, et al. Degradation of hexachlorobenzene by electron beam irradiation. J Hazardous Materials, 2007; 142(1-2):431-6.##18. Dalvand A, Gholami M, Joneidi A, et al. Investigation of Electrochemical Coagulation Process Efficiency for Removal of Reactive Red 198 from Colored Wastewater. J color science and technology. 1388; 97- 105.##19. Abdou LAW, Hakeim OA, Mahmoud MS, et al. Comparative study between the efficiency of electron beam and gamma irradiation for treatment of dye solutions. J Chemical Engineering. 2011; 168 (2):752-8.##20. Yu S, Lee B, Lee M, et al. Decomposition and mineralization of cefaclor by ionizing radiation: Kinetics and effects of the radical scavengers. Chemosphere. 2008; 71 (11):2106-12.##21. Lee B, Lee M. Decomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by gamma irradiation. Environ Sci Technol. 2005; 39(23):9278-85.##22. Guo Zh, Zheng Zh, Gu Ch, et al. Radiation removals of low-concentration halomethanes in drinking water. J Hazard Mater. 2009; 164(2-3):900-3.##23. Kwon M, Yoon Y, Cho E, et al. Removal of iopromide and degradation characteristics in electron beam irradiation process. Hazardous Materials. 2012: 126-34.##24. Wang GS, Hsieh ST, Hong CS. Destruction of humic acid in water by UV light-catalyzed oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. Water Research. 2000; 34 (15):3882-7.##25. Gehringer P, Eschweiler H. Electron beam dosimetry in aqueous flow systems. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2002; 63(3-6):735-8.##26. Paul J, Rawat K, Sarma K, et al. Decoloration and degradation of Reactive Red-120 dye by electron beam irradiation in aqueous solution. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2011; 69(7):982-7.##27. Pálfi T, Takács E, Wojnárovits L. Degradation of H-acid and its derivative in aqueous solution by ionising radiation. Water Research. 2007; 41(12):2533-40.##28. Chung B, Cho J, Song C, et al. Degradation of naturally contaminated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in municipal sewage sludge by electron beam irradiation. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2008; 81(1):7-11.##29. Momani FA. Degradation of cyanobacteria anatoxin-a by advanced oxidation processes. Separation and Purification Technology. 2007 ;57(1): 85-93.##30. Miao H, Tao W, Cui F, et al. Kinetic Study of Humic Acid Ozonation in Aqueous Media. Clean. 2008; 36(10 -11): 893-9.#### ##

Predictors of Sleep Quality and Sleepiness in the Iranian Adult: A population Based Study Predictors of Sleep Quality and Sleepiness in the Iranian Adult: A population Based Study 2 1 Introduction: Information on the sleepiness and sleep quality is limited for Asians. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sleepiness and sleep quality among the adult population in Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and explorative design study in which 1100 participants randomly selected from the Kerman city population in South –East of Iran. Using two questionnaires, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep quality and prevalence of sleepiness of samples was assessed. Results: Our findings showed that the prevalence of sleepiness was 34.3%. Moreover, daytime sleepiness correlated with marriage status (p= 0.048), work shift (p= 0.0001), and work hours (p= 0.004). 57.5% of the participants reported that they have poor sleep quality. The mean and standard deviation of PSQI component scores are widely ranged. The lowest score belonged to “hypnotic medication use” component (mean= 0. 38), and the highest score belonged to “sleep duration” component (1.14 ± 0.90). Sleep quality also was found to be correlated with age (p=0.045), work shift (p= 0.0001), and work hours per day (p= 0.015). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between sleep quality and sleepiness (p=0.0001) among participants. According to Binary logistic regression results, the risk of sleepiness among participants with poor sleep quality was 4.2 times more than that among those who had good sleep quality. Conclusions: The results indicate almost high prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleepiness among our study population. Therefore, improving the quality of population’s sleep requires cultural preparation and public education through the media and also by well-educated nurses. 2 Introduction: Information on the sleepiness and sleep quality is limited for Asians. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sleepiness and sleep quality among the adult population in Iran. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and explorative design study in which 1100 participants randomly selected from the Kerman city population in South –East of Iran. Using two questionnaires, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), sleep quality and prevalence of sleepiness of samples was assessed. Results: Our findings showed that the prevalence of sleepiness was 34.3%. Moreover, daytime sleepiness correlated with marriage status (p= 0.048), work shift (p= 0.0001), and work hours (p= 0.004). 57.5% of the participants reported that they have poor sleep quality. The mean and standard deviation of PSQI component scores are widely ranged. The lowest score belonged to “hypnotic medication use” component (mean= 0. 38), and the highest score belonged to “sleep duration” component (1.14 ± 0.90). Sleep quality also was found to be correlated with age (p=0.045), work shift (p= 0.0001), and work hours per day (p= 0.015). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between sleep quality and sleepiness (p=0.0001) among participants. According to Binary logistic regression results, the risk of sleepiness among participants with poor sleep quality was 4.2 times more than that among those who had good sleep quality. Conclusions: The results indicate almost high prevalence of poor sleep quality and sleepiness among our study population. Therefore, improving the quality of population’s sleep requires cultural preparation and public education through the media and also by well-educated nurses. 144 152 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/17 1392/1/28 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 بتول تیرگری Batool Tirgari منصوره عزیزاده فروزی Mansooreh Azzizadeh Forouzi m_azizzadeh@kmu.ac.ir صدیقه ایرانمنش Sedigheh Iranmanesh صدیقه خدابنده شاکری Sedigheh Khodabandeh Shahraki Sleep Population Adult Sleep Disorders Sleep Population Adult Sleep Disorders 1. Sateia MJ, Nowell PD. Insomnia. The Lancet. 2004; 364(9449):1959-73.##2. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991; 14(6):540-5.##3. Buysse DJ, Hall ML, Strollo PJ, et al. Relationships Between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Clinical/Polysomnographic Measures in a Community Sample. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2008 ; 4(6):563–71. ##4. Asghari A, Farhadi M, Kamrava SK, et al. Subjective Sleep Quality in Urban Population. Arch Iran Med. 2012; 15(2):95-8.##5. Yen CF, King BH, Tang TC, et al. The association between short and long nocturnal sleep durations and risky behaviors and the moderating factors in Taiwanese adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 179(1):69-74.##6. McEwen BS. Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for Neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 22(2):108-24.##7. Murray JC, O'Farrell P, Huston P. The experiences of women with heart disease: what are their needs. Can J Public Health. 2000; 91(2):98-102..##8. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Activity, arousal and the MSLT in patients with insomnia. Sleep. 2000; 23(2):205-12. ##9. Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. I. Sleep. 1999; 22 Suppl 2:S347-53.##10. Aloba OO, Adewuya AO, Ola BA, et al. Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among Nigerian university students. Sleep Med. 2007; 8(3):266-70.##11. Doi Y, Minowa M, Uchiyama M, et al. Subjective sleep quality and sleep problems in the general Japanese adult population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001; 55(3):213-5. ##12. Joo S, Baik I, Yi H, et al. Prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and associated factors in the adult population of Korea. Sleep Med. 2009; 10(2):182-8.##13. Mousavi SA, Mirzayi E, Khosravi A. Sleep Pattern and Daytime Sleepiness in Over-15-Year-Old People in Shahroud. Knowledge & Health. 2010; 4(4).45-48.##14. Liu X, Uchiyama M, Kim K, et al. Sleep loss and daytime sleepiness in the general adult population of Japan. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 93(1):1-11.##15. Ng TP, Tan WC. Prevalence and determinants of excessive daytime sleepiness in an Asian multi-ethnic population. Sleep Med. 2005; 6(6):523-9..##16. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, et al. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in a General Population Sample: The Role of Sleep Apnea, Age, Obesity, Diabetes, And Depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(8):4510-5. ##17. Martikainen K, Hasan J, Urponen H, et al. Daytime sleepiness: a risk factor in community life. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992; 86(4):337-41.##18. Roberts RE, Shema SJ, Kaplan GA, et al. Sleep complaints and depression in an aging cohort: a prospective perspective. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157(1):81-8.##19. Hays JC, Blazer DG, Foley DJ. Risk of napping: excessive daytime sleepiness and mortality in an older community population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996; 44(6):693-8.##20. Doi Y, Minowa M, Uchiyama M. Subjective sleep quality and sleep problems in the general Japanese adult population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001; 55(3):213-5.##21. Farrahi Moghaddam J, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P). Sleep Breath. 2012; 16(1):79-82.##22. Masoudzadeh A, Zanganeh A, Shahbazzadeh, L. “Study of sleepiness in medical students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. JMUMS. 16(52); 75-8.[ Persian]##23. Doi Y, Minowa M, Uchiyama M, et al. Psychometric assessment of subjective sleep quality using the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-J) in psychiatric disordered and control subjects. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 97(2-3):165-72.##24. Zeitlhofer J, Schmeiser-Rieder A, Tribl G. Sleep and quality of life in the Austrian population. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000; 102(4):249-57.##25. Kiejna A, Rymaszewska J, Wojtyniak B, et al. Characteristics of sleep disturbances in Poland- results of the National Health Interview Survey. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2004; 16(3):124-9.##26. Divito A, Larsgaard A, Parks S, et al. Weather's Effects on Adolescent Mood and Sleep Patterns. Available from: http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/nsfall05/FinalArticles/Final1.WeathersEffectsonA.html; 2005.##27. Wright KP. Seasonal Changes in Night-Length and Impact on Human Sleep. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 2008; 497-99.##28. Doi Y, Minowa M, Uchiyama M et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbance and hypnotic medication use in relation to sociodemographic factors in the general Japanese adult population. J Epidemiol. 2000; 10(2):79-86. ##29. Kim K, Uchiyama M, Okawa M, et al. An epidemiological study of insomnia among the Japanese general population. Sleep. 2000; 23(1):41-7.##30. Patel NP, Grandner MA, Xie D, et al. Sleep disparity in the population: poor sleep quality is strongly associated with poverty and ethnicity. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10:475. #### ##

Evaluation of Maize Tassel Powder Efficiency in Removal of Reactive Red 198 Dye from Synthetic Textile Wastewater Evaluation of Maize Tassel Powder Efficiency in Removal of Reactive Red 198 Dye from Synthetic Textile Wastewater 2 1 Introduction: Colored compounds which often are toxic and carcinogen is one of the environmental pollutants. These pollutants should be removed prior than discharge to the environment. The aim of this study was the evaluation of maize tassel powder efficiency for the removal of Reactive Red 198 dye from synthetic textile wastewater. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale by using of batch reactors. In this study, the effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration and pH had been evaluated. Maximum adsorption wavelength (λmax) and the concentration of dye were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The adsorbent was prepared in laboratory condition and pulverized by standard ASTM sieves with the range of 40-60 mesh. The data were analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Results: The result showed that increasing of adsorbent dose led to increasing of the adsorption efficiency but adsorption efficiency was decreased with an elevation of pH from 3 to 9 and increasing of dye concentration from 25 to 50 mg/l. With increasing reaction time, adsorption efficiency increased and the most adsorption occurred in first 30 min of reaction. Obtained data were in good concordance with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order equation. Conclusion: Maize tassel powder is a natural and cheap adsorbent that can be used for the removal of contaminants in the environment. 2 Introduction: Colored compounds which often are toxic and carcinogen is one of the environmental pollutants. These pollutants should be removed prior than discharge to the environment. The aim of this study was the evaluation of maize tassel powder efficiency for the removal of Reactive Red 198 dye from synthetic textile wastewater. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed in laboratory scale by using of batch reactors. In this study, the effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration and pH had been evaluated. Maximum adsorption wavelength (λmax) and the concentration of dye were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The adsorbent was prepared in laboratory condition and pulverized by standard ASTM sieves with the range of 40-60 mesh. The data were analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Results: The result showed that increasing of adsorbent dose led to increasing of the adsorption efficiency but adsorption efficiency was decreased with an elevation of pH from 3 to 9 and increasing of dye concentration from 25 to 50 mg/l. With increasing reaction time, adsorption efficiency increased and the most adsorption occurred in first 30 min of reaction. Obtained data were in good concordance with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order equation. Conclusion: Maize tassel powder is a natural and cheap adsorbent that can be used for the removal of contaminants in the environment. 153 165 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/172013/04/29 1392/2/9 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 محبوبه دهواری Mahboobeh Dehvari محمدتقی قانعیان Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian فاطمه فلاح Fatemeh Fallah منیره صحرائی Monireh Sahraee بهزاد جمشیدی Behzad Jamshidi behzadjamshidi65@yahoo.com Inflorescence Adsorption Kinetics Waste Water Textiles toxicity Environmental Pollutants Coloring Agents Inflorescence Adsorption Kinetics Waste Water Textiles toxicity Environmental Pollutants Coloring Agents 1. Lucas MS, Peres JA. Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation. Dyes Pigments. 2006; 71(3):236-44.##2. Senthilkumaar S, Kalaamani P, Porkodi K, et al. Adsorption of dissolved Reactive red dye from aqueous phase onto activated carbon prepared from agricultural waste. Bioresource Technology. 2006; 97:1618-25.##3. Rasoulifard M.H, Taheri Qazvini N, Farhangnia E, et al. Removal of Direct Yellow 9 and Reactive Orange 122 from Contaminated Water Using Chitosan as a Polymeric Bioadsorbent by Adsorption Process. Journal of Colour Sience and Technology. 2010; 4:17-23. [Persian] ##4. Shen D, Fan J, Zhou W, et al. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of anionic dyes onto organo-bentonite from single and multisolute systems. J Hazard Mater. 2009; 172:99-107.##5. Dinçe AR, Güneşn Y, Karakaya N. Coal-based bottom ash (CBBA) waste material as adsorbent for removal of textile dyestuffs from aqueous solution. J Hazar Mater. 2007; 141(3):529-35.##6. Ghaneian MT, Dehvary M, Ehrampoush MH, et al. Application cuttle fish bone Powder from synthetic textile wastewater in the removal of Reactive Red 198 dye at Alkaline Condition. 14th environment health national congress, 1390. ##7. Armagan B, Turan M, S.Celik M. Equilibrium studies on the adsorption of reactive azo dyes into zeolite. Desalination. 2004; 170:33-9.##8. Arslan I, Balcioğlu IA, Bahnemann DW. Advanced chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse effluents by ferrioxalate-Fenton/UV-A and TiO2/UV-A processes. Dyes and Pigments. 2000; 47(3): 207-18.##9. Sauer T, Cesconeto Neto G, José HJ, et al. Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation ‎of reactive dyes in a TiO2 slurry reactor. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 2002; 149(1-3):‎‎147-54.##10. Ghaneian MT, Havaeji Z. Introduction to textile industries wastewater treatment. Iranian Educational and Research Center. 2009; 23-29 [Persian].##11. Lee YH, Pavlostathis SG. Decolorization and toxicity of reactive anthraquinone textile dyes under methanogenic conditions. Water Research. 2004; 38(7):1838-52.##12. Akhtar S, Khan AA, Husain Q. Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent. Chemosphere. 2005; 60(3): 291-301.##13. Tang C, Chen V. The photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 using Tio2/UV in an annular photo reactor. Water Research. 2004; 38(11):2775-81.##14. Gulnaz O, Sahmurova A, Kama S. Removal of Reactive Red 198 from aqueous solution by Potamogeton crispus. Chemi Engin J. 2011; 174:579-85.##15. Sloicarf YM. Method of decolonization of textile wastewater. Dyes Pigments. 1998; 37:335-56.##16. Rahman IA, Saad B. Utilization of Guava seed as a Source of activated carbon for reamoval of methylene Blue from aqueous solution. Malaysian journal chemistry. 2003; 5:8-14.##17. Ong ST, Lee CK, Zainal Z. Removal of basic and reactive dyes using ethylenediamine modified rice hull. Bioresource Technology. 2007; 98(15): 2792-9.##18. Pavan FA, Mazzocato AC, Gushikem Y. Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption using yellow passion fruit peel as adsorbent. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(8):3162-5.##19. Kamal Amin N. Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from sugarcane bagasse pith. Desalination. 2008; 223:152-61.##20. Banat F, Al-Asheh S, Al-Ahmad R, et al. Bench-scale and packed bed sorption of methylene blue using treated olive pomace and charcoal. Bioresource Technology. 2007; 98(16):3017-25.##21. Elkady MF, Ibrahim AM, Abd El-Latif MM. Assessment of the adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic for the potential removal of reactive red dye using eggshell biocomposite beads. Desalination. 2011; 278(1-3):412-23.##22. Zvinowanda C M, Okonkwo JO, Agyei MN, et al. Preparation and characterization of biosorbents made from maize tassel. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2008; 2 (3):483-88.##23. Dizge N, Aydiner C, Demirbas E, et al. Adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions by fly ash: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater. 2008; 150(3):737-46. ##24. Hameed BH, Mahmoud DK, Ahmad AL. Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye by a low-cost adsorbent: Coconut (Cocosnucifera) bunch waste. J Hazard Mater. 2008; 158(1):65-72.##25. El Nemr A, Abdelwahab O, El-Sikaily A, et al. Removal of direct blue-86 from aqueous solution by new activated carbon developed from orange peel. J Hazard Mater. 2009; 16(1)1:102-10.##26. Mahmoodi NM, Hayati B, Arami M, et al. Adsorption of textile dyes on Pine Cone from colored wastewater: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Desalination. 2011; 268 (1-3):117-25.##27. Ghaneian MT, Momtaz M, Dehvari M. Original: an investigation of the efficacy of cuttlefish bone powder in the removal of reactive blue 19 dye from aqueous solutions: equilibrium and isotherm Studies. Journal of Community Health Research. 2012; 1(2):68-78.##28. Cicek F, Ozer D, Ozer A,. Low cost removal of reactive dyes using wheat bran. J Hazard Mater. 2007; 146(1-2):408-16.##29. Zvinowanda CM, Okonkwo JO, Shabalala PN, et al. A novel adsorbent for heavy metal remediation in aqueous environments. Int J Environ Sci Tech. 2009; 6(3):425-34.##30. Mittal A, Jain R, Mittal J, et al. Adsorptive removal of hazardous dye quinoline yellow from wastewater using coconut-husk as potential adsorbent. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2010; 19:1171-9.##31. Ghaneian MT, Ehrampoush MH, Dehvary M, et al. A Survey of the Efficacy of Cuttle Fish Bone Powder in the Removal of Reactive Red 198 dye from Aqueous Solution. The journal of toloo-e-behdasht. 2012; 3-4: 127-38.[Persian] ##32. Ehrampoush MH, Ghanizadeh GH, Ghaneian MT. Equilibrium and kinetics study of reactive red 123 dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on eggshell. Journal of Environl Health Science Engineering. 2011; 8(2):101-8.##33. Olorundare OF, Krause RWM, Okonkwo JO, et al. Potential application of activated carbon from maize tassel for the removal of heavy metals in water. Physic and chemistry of the earth, Parts A/B/C. 2012; 50-52:104-10. ##34. Isaac WM, Ngila JC, Jonathan O. A comparative study of modified and unmodified maize tassels for removal of selected trace metals in contaminated water. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2012; 94(1):20-39.##35. Zvinowanda CM, Okonkwo JO, Sekhula MM, et al. Application of maize tassel for the removal of Pb, Se, Sr, U and V from borehole water contaminated with mine wastewater in the presence of alkaline metals. J Hazard Mater. 2009; 164(2-3):884-91.##36. Wang G, Zhou Y, Chai X, et al. Adsorption behavior of azo dye acid red in aqueous solution onto β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan. 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Need assessment about managerial education in managers and chief experts of Health Vice-Chancellery of Medical Sciences Universities in Iran Need assessment about managerial education in managers and chief experts of Health Vice-Chancellery of Medical Sciences Universities in Iran 2 1 Introduction: Identifying training needs and implementing appropriate courses is one of the important steps to empower managers and experts specialists. This has the most important role in improving organizational performance. In this study, considering the importance of training programs effectiveness, the training needs of managers and experts and their relation to individual and institutional factors was determined in the Health Departments of Universities of Health and Medical Sciences. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in spring 2010. Communities of this research were the staff of Universities' Health Departments in the field of Health Deputy. They were selected from 13 universities by random systematic and stratified methods. All available directors and experts were responsibly elected and interviewed as the census. The questionnaire included individual and organizational variables and 28 management topics that confirmed validity and reliability. Results: In total 293 managers and expert specialists were studied, the average require education based on 26 (92.9 %) out of 28 subjects review, was respectively more than 3.5 (total score 5). Declaring level of training needs in a few cases had significant difference with type of universities, sex, age, work experience, educational level, MPH courses, headquarters units and the current location of the people. (P<0.05) Conclusion: According to the very high level of announced requirements, it is suggested to have short term and long term management training courses. 2 Introduction: Identifying training needs and implementing appropriate courses is one of the important steps to empower managers and experts specialists. This has the most important role in improving organizational performance. In this study, considering the importance of training programs effectiveness, the training needs of managers and experts and their relation to individual and institutional factors was determined in the Health Departments of Universities of Health and Medical Sciences. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in spring 2010. Communities of this research were the staff of Universities' Health Departments in the field of Health Deputy. They were selected from 13 universities by random systematic and stratified methods. All available directors and experts were responsibly elected and interviewed as the census. The questionnaire included individual and organizational variables and 28 management topics that confirmed validity and reliability. Results: In total 293 managers and expert specialists were studied, the average require education based on 26 (92.9 %) out of 28 subjects review, was respectively more than 3.5 (total score 5). Declaring level of training needs in a few cases had significant difference with type of universities, sex, age, work experience, educational level, MPH courses, headquarters units and the current location of the people. (P<0.05) Conclusion: According to the very high level of announced requirements, it is suggested to have short term and long term management training courses. 166 175 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/172013/04/292013/05/19 1392/2/29 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 محمد اسماعیل مطلق Mohammad Esmail Motlagh داوود نصرالله پور شیروانی Davood Nasrollahpour Shirvani dnshirvani@gmail.com محمدرضا ملکی Mohammad Reza Maleki ابراهیم سلمانی ندوشن Ibrahim Salmani Nodoushan رضا دهنویه Reza Dehnavieh سمیه نوری حکمت , Somayeh Noori Hekmat Needs assessment Health Facility Administrators Allied Health Personnel Education. Needs assessment Health Facility Administrators Allied Health Personnel Education. 1. Mirkemali SM. Training during work: The most basic service education improvement organization. Journal of Management Education.1998; 12:8-10.##2. Irannejad Parizi M, Sasangohar P. Organization and Management: Theory and Practice. Tehran: Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran; 2001. [Persian]##3. Babareza R. Training managers inevitable necessity. Journal of Knowledge Management. 1998; 11(41): 42-56.##4. Yousefi MR, Rabie MR. A comparative study on structured continuing medical education programs with 25 and 5 credit points according to viewpoins of general physicians in Golestan province. IJME. 2007; 7(1): 169-73.[Persian] ##5. Kosha A, Kazemi Zanjani N, Norbaran AA, et al. General practitioners views on how to implement education programs codified steps in the development of medical education. Journal of Medical Education Development Center 2010; 7(1): 70-4. [Persian]##6. Saadat E. Human Resource Management. 4 ed. Tehran: Semat; 2000. [Persian]##7. Abtahi SH. Training and upgrading human resources, Institute for Educational Planning, Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran, Tehran,1996; 41. [Persian]##8. Jafari F, Yousefi AR. The viewpoints of continuing medical education directors and experts about the characteristics of an effective needs assessment model for physicians, dentists and pharmacists. IJME. 2004; 4(2): 43-51.[Persian]##9. Rouda R, Kusy M. Need Assessment the first step. 1996.[cited 2009 Feb 28]. Avaliable from: http://www. Alumin calten.edu.##10. Yarmohammadian MH, Bahrami S, Forughi Abari AA. Health directors and experts, and proper need. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2003; 1(3): 69-75.[Persian] ##11. Korasani B. Needs assessment: strategies and operational strategies. Publishing Training Centre and Industrial Research; 2007. [Persian]##12. Shirmohammadi M. Training needs of the managers of central rural cooperative organization of agriculture ministry ( MSc Thesis). Shahid Beheshti University, 2003. [Persian]##13. Kjervik DK, Leonard DJ. Nurse responses to Re- tooling practice education and management roles. Journal of continuing education in nursing. 2001: 245-59.##14. Pourmohamadi MK. Training needs of managers and workers of Iran Khodro company to provide solutions to increase production from viewpoint of managers and staff (MSc Thesis). 1999. [Persian]##15. Fathi K. Needs assessment: Patterns and Techniques. Ayiz; 2000. [Persian]##16. Mehrabi T. The survey of medical records department personnel's education needs from the point of view of this department employees in theran, Iran and Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals. Iran University of Medical Sciences. School of Management and Medical Information Sciences. 2007: 3. [Persian]##17. Reform Structure of Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Volume 10. 1999. [Persian]##18. Aminalreaya M, Yarmohammadian MH, Ehsanpour S, et al. Needs assessment educational managers staff of Esfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Information Management Journal. 2005; 8(2):61-7. [Persian]##19. Shakournia A, Elhampour H, Marashi T, et al. Concordance of length and contents of continuing medical education programs with educational demands of practicing GPs in Khuzestan province. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2007; 1(7): 85-92. [Persian]##20. Chavin SW, Anderson. Assessing the professional development needs of public health professionals. Public health manage pract. 2001; 7(4):23-37.##21. Continuing Education Office of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. [cited 2010 Dec 12]. Available from: http://www.sbmu.ac.ir/ Site Directory/Voice-ChancellorEducation ContinuousOfficeDefault.aspx. [Persian]##22. Shirmohammadi M. Training needs of the managers of central rural cooperative organization of agriculture ministry from their of perpecetive (MSc Thesis). Shahid Beheshti University, 2003. [Persian]##23. Azimi SM. Educational needs of middle managers and the base of Esfahan Jahad Organization.( MSc Thesis). State Management Training Center Esfahan. 1999. [Persian]##24. Thumson AM, Davis S, Shephered B, et al. Continuing education needs of community nurses: Midwives and health visitors for supervising and assessing student. Journal of nursing education. 1999:303-9.##25. Avizhgan M, Karamaliyan H, Ashorion V, et al. Needs assessment of educational of board of scientific clinical faculty of Medical Sciences Esfahan University of Medical Science. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2009; 9(2):93-103. [Persian]##26. Pololi LH, Dennis K, Winn GM, et al. A needs assessment of medical school faculty: caring for the caretakers. J Contin Education Health Prof. 2003; 23(1): 21-9.##27. Tabibzadeh A. Determine and priority training needs of staff of Human Resources Management Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MSc Thesis). Tehran University, 2006. [Persian]##28. Bashi S. Needs assessment of educational staff training services universities and higher education institutions of government in Tehran (MSc Thesis). Shahid Beheshti University, 2003. [Persian]##29. Ghafori S. Needs assessment of educational staff managers of Bank Melli Iran. (MSc thesis). Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 2003. [Persian] ###### ##

Evaluation of Social Performance and Related Factors in Iranian Central Iron Ore company workers Evaluation of Social Performance and Related Factors in Iranian Central Iron Ore company workers 2 1 Introduction: Psychological and social health is the main problems of workers population, which can increase productivity at work and physical and mental health and provide or decline in these aspects. Materials and Methods: this study was descriptive and crosses - sectional and has been performed on 388 Iranian central iron ore company workers. The tool of study was standard GHQ-28 question are that has been measured under social performance scale. Results: 49.3 and 49 percent of the people have favorable and average score from the state of the social function condition and 1.8 percent of people have severe social dysfunction and besides the employees have less work experienced that have more social dysfunction and there is a relationship between the P = 0.026. With satisfaction with the status of social dysfunction (P = 0) and with the consent of the income (P = 0) there is significant relationship. Conclusion: In this study, a significant percentage of mineworkers were not in good condition from health, social functioning. It reveals the importance of addressing health issues and vulnerable working class, Intervention studies conducted by employers to improve job satisfaction and increased income and received social support from him, can increase the health indicators related to the body and mind. 2 Introduction: Psychological and social health is the main problems of workers population, which can increase productivity at work and physical and mental health and provide or decline in these aspects. Materials and Methods: this study was descriptive and crosses - sectional and has been performed on 388 Iranian central iron ore company workers. The tool of study was standard GHQ-28 question are that has been measured under social performance scale. Results: 49.3 and 49 percent of the people have favorable and average score from the state of the social function condition and 1.8 percent of people have severe social dysfunction and besides the employees have less work experienced that have more social dysfunction and there is a relationship between the P = 0.026. With satisfaction with the status of social dysfunction (P = 0) and with the consent of the income (P = 0) there is significant relationship. Conclusion: In this study, a significant percentage of mineworkers were not in good condition from health, social functioning. It reveals the importance of addressing health issues and vulnerable working class, Intervention studies conducted by employers to improve job satisfaction and increased income and received social support from him, can increase the health indicators related to the body and mind. 176 184 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/172013/04/292013/05/192013/04/17 1392/1/28 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 غلامحسین حلوانی Gholamhossein Halvani امیرحسین خوش اخلاق Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh حسین فلاح Hossein Fallah Fallah_Hossein@yahoo.com نجمه حاجیان Nadjme Hajian مرتضی مرتضوی مهریزی Morteza Mortezavi Mehrizi Public Health Mental Health Occupational Health Social Work Public Health Mental Health Occupational Health Social Work 1. Clara IP, Cox BJ, Enns MW, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in clinically distressed and student samples. J Pers Assess. 2003; 81(3):265-70.##2. Tajalli, P Sobhi A, Ganbaripanahah A. The relationship between daily hassles and social support on mental health of university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010; 5:99-103. ##3. Friedlander LJ, Reid GJ, Shupak N, et al. Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to university among first-year undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development. 2007; 48(3):259-74.##4. Raeisi P, Zahiri M. Prevalence of severe stress, stressors and their impact on the performance of hospital administrators. Iraninan Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 1998; 4(2):40-8. [Persian]##5. Aghaei A. Stress and Mental Health. Esfahan: Pardej Poblication; 1380. [Persian]##6. Gabriel M. Effect of sleep deprivation in shift work on quality of nursing work and the way of exit. Seminar sleep disorders. Tehran; 2004. [Persian]##7. Halvani GH, Zare M. Safety Systems and Risk Management. Second ed. Tehran: Asar Sobhan; 2012. [Persian]##8. Moghaddasi J, Mardani A, Nik Farjam M. Efficacy of consoling guidelines on decreasing of psychological problems of newly arrived students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences journal. 2005; 7(2):35-42.##9. Moslem H, Hamid A, Mostafa G, et al. The Relationship of Perceived Social Support, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Martyrs and Veterans Students of State University in Gorgan. Journal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery. 2012; 8(1):34-41.##10. Shahrokhi A. General health status of female workers in Qazvin factories. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Science. 2003; 28:32-5.##11. Ezoe S, Araki S, Ono Y, et al. Assessment of personality traits and psychiatric symptoms in workers in a computer manufacturing plant in Japan. Am J Ind Med. 1994; 25(2):187-96.##12. Halvani GH, Zare M. System Safety Engineering and Risk Management. Tehran: Asare Sobhan Poblication; 2011. [Persian]##13. Halvani GH, Mirmohammadi SJ. Safety in Industry. Tehran: Asare Sobhan Poblication; 2007. [Persian]##14. Halvani GH, Morowatisharifabad M, Baghianianimoghadam M. Determining the general health status of workers of Kuushk mine. Journal of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 8(4): 261-7. [Persian]##15. Yaghobi N. Investigate the epidemiology of mental disorders in urban and rural areas in Guilan Some'esara. Tehran: Tehran University; 1375.[Persian]##16. Nasri S. Epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome and its association with psychiatric problems in nursing. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2004; 9(4):25-33.##17. Rafati F, Sharif F, Ahmadi J, et al. The effect of psychological status of students on their academic progress. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences And Health Services. 2003; 11(3): 80- 6. [Persian]##18. Danesh E, Firouzbakht Z. Stress and general health staff and the control tower staff Sky Airline. Iraninan Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 1385; 2(45):160-4.[Persian]##19. Abdi masooleh F, Kaviani H, Khaghanizade M, et al. The relationship between burnout and mental health among nurses. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2007; 65(6):65-75. [Persian]##20. khaghanizade M, Siratinir M, Abdi F, et al. Assessing of mental health level of employed nurses in educational hospitals affliated to Tehran medical sciences university. The Quarterly Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2006; 8(31-32):141-8.##21. Sadeghi A, Rahmani B, Kiaei MZ, et al. Mental health status of Shahid Rajaee hospital staff. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 2(4):33-8. [Persian]##22. Hojati H, Jalal Manesh S, Fesharaki M. The effect of insomnia on health nightshift nurses in hospitals, Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 1388; 11(3):70-5. [Persian]##23. Friedlander LJ, Reid GJ, Shupak N, et al. Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to university among first-year undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development. 2007; 48(3):259-74.##24. Bakhshipour Roudsari A, Peyravi H, Abedian A. Investigating relationship between satisfaction with life and social support with mental health. The Quarterly Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health among freshman students of Tehran University. 2005; 7(27-28):145-52.[Persian]##25. Ghaedi G, Yaaghoobi H. A study on the Relationship between Different Dimensions of Perceived Social Support and Different Aspects of Wellbeing in Male and Female University Students. Journal of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 13(2):69-81. [Persian]##26. Karademas EC. Self-efficacy, social support and well-being: The mediating role of optimism. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006; 40(6):1281-90.#### ##

The comparison of Educable and Normal Primary Students’ Parents Using Mental Health, Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being Structure in Yazd The comparison of Educable and Normal Primary Students’ Parents Using Mental Health, Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being Structure in Yazd 2 1 Introduction: Presence of mentally retarded children in every family affects on the structure and mental health of family specially parents. The purpose of this research is the comparison of the mean of psychological well-being, mental health and self-esteem between parents of normal and educable students. Materials & Methods: This was causal- comparative and retrospective study and the instruments were three questionnaire of self-esteem, public mental health GHQ and psychological well-being. Self-esteem questionnaire is including three scales of academic performance, social evaluation and external evaluation. The GHQ questionnaire is consisted of 28 items while psychological well-being questionnaire include 19 item for life satisfaction, 13 item for happiness and optimism, 8 item for growth and development, 8 item for positive relationship with others and 10 item for autonomy. The results were analysed by SPSS software. Results: This research showed that normal students parents have more psychological well-being than educable students’ parents, moreover two groups of educable and normal students parents are equal in mental health and self-esteem structure and there isn't significant difference between them. Conclusion: This research showed that psychological well-being in educable students’ parents is lower than normal students’ parents. Thus it is suggested that educational organization of exceptional children arrange courses for improving psychological well-being of educable students’ parents. 2 Introduction: Presence of mentally retarded children in every family affects on the structure and mental health of family specially parents. The purpose of this research is the comparison of the mean of psychological well-being, mental health and self-esteem between parents of normal and educable students. Materials & Methods: This was causal- comparative and retrospective study and the instruments were three questionnaire of self-esteem, public mental health GHQ and psychological well-being. Self-esteem questionnaire is including three scales of academic performance, social evaluation and external evaluation. The GHQ questionnaire is consisted of 28 items while psychological well-being questionnaire include 19 item for life satisfaction, 13 item for happiness and optimism, 8 item for growth and development, 8 item for positive relationship with others and 10 item for autonomy. The results were analysed by SPSS software. Results: This research showed that normal students parents have more psychological well-being than educable students’ parents, moreover two groups of educable and normal students parents are equal in mental health and self-esteem structure and there isn't significant difference between them. Conclusion: This research showed that psychological well-being in educable students’ parents is lower than normal students’ parents. Thus it is suggested that educational organization of exceptional children arrange courses for improving psychological well-being of educable students’ parents. 185 191 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/172013/04/292013/05/192013/04/172013/04/17 1392/1/28 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 علی جعفری ندوشن Ali Jafari Nodoushan ناصر محمدی احمد آباد Naser Mohammadi Ahmadabad طیبه برفه Tayyebe Barfe رضا جعفری ندوشن Reza Jafari Nodoushan jafarinodoushan@gmail.com 1. Mikaili Mani Farzane. The psychological comparison of mothers of mentally retarded and normal students in exceptional education. Psychology and Educational Sciences: Research On Exceptional Children. 2009; 88(92): 103-20. [Persian]##2. Kolms H. The methods of enhancing self-esteem in teenagers[p. Alipour, trans]. Mashhad: 1996.##3. Narimani M, Aghamohamadian H, Ragabi S. Mental health comparison between mothers of exceptional children and mothers of normal children. Principals of Mental Health Journal. 2007; 9(33-34):15-24. [Persian]##4. Ryff CD, Keyes Cm, Shomtkin D. Optimal well-being : Empirical Encounter of two traditional. Journal of Personality and social psychology. 2002; 62(6): 1007-22.##5. Beckman PJ. Comparison of mothers' and fathers' perceptions of the effect of young children with and without disabilities. Am J Ment Retard. 1991 ; 95(5):585-95.##6. Yousefi LM. Psychological intervention about exceptional children in special needs education. 1387.84,85.##7. Zanjani Tabasi R. Construction and standardization of psychological well-being. (MSc Thesis).Tehran university, 1383. [Persian]##8. Ahmadi Z. Comparison between mothers of mental retarded children and mothers of normal children in Ahvaz . (MScThesis). Ahvaz university, 1377. [Persian]##9. Shariati T, Davarmanesh A. The attitude of fathers of mental retarded children about retardation in their children and their comparison in different cultural level. (MSc Thesis).1370.##10. Edwards AJ. Education psychology. London: 1977:15-66.#### ##

Determination of the Cost of Cesarean Surgery in a Public Hospital of Iran Determination of the Cost of Cesarean Surgery in a Public Hospital of Iran 2 1 Introduction: Cost estimation is a important tool which assist the managers to plan and to control the economic functions of the organization. The present study aims to identify the cost of a cesarean surgery in one of the first class public hospitals in Iran. Methodology: Reviewing all expenses of the hospital documents in the financial unit, the cost of a cesarean surgery was determined through real costing. Results: the findings revealed that the cost of such a surgery is 1812636 rials, among which the highest level was related to the direct labor possesses with 63 percent and overhead costs with 37 percent of the total costs. Conclusion: Reducing the number of women who like cesarean surgery causes a reduction in costs of the surgery. Mitigating the tendency toward this surgery is possible through changing in the women’s beliefs about the vaginal delivery along with the enhancements in facilities and standards of the vaginal delivery. It is suggested to educate and consult with the families through health centers and media. 2 Introduction: Cost estimation is a important tool which assist the managers to plan and to control the economic functions of the organization. The present study aims to identify the cost of a cesarean surgery in one of the first class public hospitals in Iran. Methodology: Reviewing all expenses of the hospital documents in the financial unit, the cost of a cesarean surgery was determined through real costing. Results: the findings revealed that the cost of such a surgery is 1812636 rials, among which the highest level was related to the direct labor possesses with 63 percent and overhead costs with 37 percent of the total costs. Conclusion: Reducing the number of women who like cesarean surgery causes a reduction in costs of the surgery. Mitigating the tendency toward this surgery is possible through changing in the women’s beliefs about the vaginal delivery along with the enhancements in facilities and standards of the vaginal delivery. It is suggested to educate and consult with the families through health centers and media. 192 197 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/172013/04/292013/05/192013/04/172013/04/172013/05/19 1392/2/29 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22013/10/22 1392/7/30 سعید سعیدا اردکانی Saeid Saeida Ardakani شهناز نیب زاده Shahnaz Nayebzadeh فاطمه معتمدی زاده Fatima Motamedi Zade محمدرضا رخشانی Mahmood Reza Rakhshani مهدی رخشانی Mahdi Rakhshani rakhshanimahdi@yahoo.com نجمه حاجیان Nadjme Hajian ابراهیم سلمانی ندوشن Ibrahim Salmani Nodoushan Hospitals economics Costs and Cost Analysis Cesarean Section Economics Medical Hospital Costs Hospitals economics Costs and Cost Analysis Cesarean Section Economics Medical Hospital Costs 1. khan A, ZamanS. Costs of vaginal delivery and Cesarean section at a tertiary level public hospital in Islamabad Pakistan. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2010; 10(2).##2. Topal B , Peotors G , Vadewayer H , et al. Hospital cost-categories of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Acta Chir Belg. 2007; 107(4):373-7. ##3. Jha AK, Chan DC, Ridgway AB, et al. Improving safety and eliminating redundant tests: cutting costs in U.S. hospitals. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009; 28(5):1475-84.##4. Secco LM, Castilho V. Expenditure survey on continued veno-venous hemodialysis procedure in the intensive care unit. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2007; 15(6):1138-43.##5. Azadi M. Determining the Cost of the Services Provided for the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Shohaday-e-Tajrish Hospital and Its Comparison with the Free Tariff of a First Class Private Hospital. (MSc Thesis). Science and Research Center, 2002.[Persian]##6. Seydafkan O. Calculating the average of costs and revenues of a patient hospitalized in a private first class of 29 bahman (direct treatment) with the obstetrics and gynecology surgery and its comparison with the average patient cost of a hospitalized patient in eastern Azerbaijan with the obstetrics and gynecology surgery. Social Security Organization and Treatment Ministry. 2004. ##7. Lack A. The Comparison of the Cost of Clinic ICU and ICU of the Imam Khomeini Hospital. (MSc Thesis). Science and Research Center, 2005.##8. Mashhadi M. Determining the Cost of an Emergency Mission in Yazd. (MSc Thesis). Islamic Azad University: Yazd, 2010. #### ##

Relation Between Job Stress Dimensions and Job Satisfaction in Workers of a Refinery Control Room Relation Between Job Stress Dimensions and Job Satisfaction in Workers of a Refinery Control Room 2 1 Introduction: Job stress can result from an imbalance between job demands and the abilities to cope them. Stress can affect individuals and lead to job dissatisfaction. This study was conducted to assess the influence of different job stress dimensions on job satisfaction in workers of a refinery control room located at the south of Iran. Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional study all 100 workers of an oil refinery control room were studied. Job stress and job satisfaction was measured using standard questionnaires provided by national institute of mental health (NIMH) and Robbins respectively. After collecting, data were analyzed using SPSS ver.16 software. A general linear model was used to estimate the effect of different job stress dimensions on the job satisfaction. Results: In this study 62.08 percent of workers were categorized as having high level of stress. In job satisfaction case, 9.2, 27.6, 28.7, 16.1 and 18.4 of workers were classified as totally dissatisfied, dissatisfied, not satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied and totally satisfied, respectively. A Pearson correlation test revealed a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and all studied dimensions of job stress (p= 0.01). In the general regression model, partial Eta squared was 0.03, 0.3 and 0.23 for respectively interpersonal relationships, physical conditions of work and job interest. Conclusion: This study showed that job satisfaction is mostly influenced by physical conditions and job interest dimensions of job stress. Therefore, for improvement of job satisfaction in workers, different parameters of these two dimensions of job stress should be considered. 2 Introduction: Job stress can result from an imbalance between job demands and the abilities to cope them. Stress can affect individuals and lead to job dissatisfaction. This study was conducted to assess the influence of different job stress dimensions on job satisfaction in workers of a refinery control room located at the south of Iran. Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional study all 100 workers of an oil refinery control room were studied. Job stress and job satisfaction was measured using standard questionnaires provided by national institute of mental health (NIMH) and Robbins respectively. After collecting, data were analyzed using SPSS ver.16 software. A general linear model was used to estimate the effect of different job stress dimensions on the job satisfaction. Results: In this study 62.08 percent of workers were categorized as having high level of stress. In job satisfaction case, 9.2, 27.6, 28.7, 16.1 and 18.4 of workers were classified as totally dissatisfied, dissatisfied, not satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied and totally satisfied, respectively. A Pearson correlation test revealed a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and all studied dimensions of job stress (p= 0.01). In the general regression model, partial Eta squared was 0.03, 0.3 and 0.23 for respectively interpersonal relationships, physical conditions of work and job interest. Conclusion: This study showed that job satisfaction is mostly influenced by physical conditions and job interest dimensions of job stress. Therefore, for improvement of job satisfaction in workers, different parameters of these two dimensions of job stress should be considered. 198 208 2013/05/192013/05/192013/04/292013/04/172013/04/292013/05/192013/04/172013/04/172013/05/192013/04/29 1392/2/9 2013/09/212015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22015/06/22013/10/222015/06/2 1394/3/12 مهدی بهجتی اردکانی Mehdi Behjati Ardakani مهدی زارع Mehdi Zare mzare56@gmail.com سکینه مهدوی Sakineh Mahdavi محسن قضاوتی Mohsen Ghezavati حسین فلاح Hossein Fallah غلامحسین حلوانی Gholamhossein Halvani شهرام غنی زاده Shahram Ghanizadeh علی رضا باقرات Alireza Bagheraat job Satisfaction Workplace Stress Psychological Occupational Health Industry job Satisfaction Workplace Stress Psychological Occupational Health Industry 1. Stranks JW. Stress at work: Management and prevention. Paris: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2005.##2. Alvani M. General Managment. Tehran: Nei Publication; 2002. [Persian]##3. Nasre Esfehani M, Bagheri A. a survey of mental pressures in a work environment. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 1997; 3(3): 29-37. [Persian]##4. Kaya E. Job satisfaction of the librarians in the developing countries. 61st IFLA General Conference; 1995. p. 20-5.##5. Sharif BA. undrestanding and Managing Job stress: A Vital Dimension of Workplace Violence Prevention. The International Electronic Journal of Health Education. 2000; 3(2):107-16.##6. Lu KY, Chang LC, Wu HL. Relationships between professional commitment, job satisfaction, and work stress in public health nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Professional Nursing. 2007; 23(2):110-6.##7. McNeely E. The consequences of job stress for nurses' health: time for a check-up. Nurs Outlook. 2005; 53(6): 291-9.##8. Rice PL. Stress and health. Canada: Thomson Publication; 1995.##9. Robbins SP. Pearson Education India. 2001;5:361.##10. Hamidi Y, Golmohammadi R, Mahdavi S, et al. 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