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Population Attributable Risk (PAR) of Hyperuricemia for Diabetes Mellitus in 20-74-Year-Old Population of Yazd during a 10-Year Longitudinal Cohort: Yazd Healthy Heart Cohort (YHHC) in Iran خطر منتسب جمعیت هیپریوریسمی در بروز دیابت در جمعیت 20-74 ساله شهر یزد طی کوهورت طولی 10 ساله-پروژه قلب سالم یزد 2 1 مقدمه:با توجه به  تاثیر بالای دیابت بر سلامت انسانها، شناسایی عوامل خطر ابتلا برای جلوگیری از اشاعه آن ضروری است.برای اطمینان از نقش مثبت اوریک اسید در بروز دیابت نیاز به انجام مطالعات بیشتری می باشد.در این مطالعه به بررسی خطر منتسب جمعیت در مورد ارتباط دیابت با میزان اسید اوریک سرم پرداخته شده است. روش ها:در این مطالعه تعداد 1641 فرد غیر دیابتی که بصورت نمونه گیری خوشه ای تصادفی چند مرحله ای انتخاب شده بودند به مدت ده سال(1383-1393) پیگیری شدند.در طی مدت مطالعه داده های مربوط به متغیرهای مطالعه جمع آوری و در پایان مطالعه جهت آنالیز،اطلاعات وارد نرم افزارSPSS  نسخه 16 گردید.برای محاسبه خطر منتسب هیپریوریسمی در بروز دیابت از فرمولهای Levin  و خطر منتسب در ارتباط با شیوع مواجهه استفاده شد. یافته ها: یافته ها نشان می دهد که 54.8% افرادی که مبتلا به هیپریوریسمی بودند به دیابت نوع 2 مبتلا شده اند در حالیکه بروز دیابت در افراد با اوریک اسید نرمال 28.2%  بود.خطر منسب هیپریوریسمی در بروز دیابت با  PARوزن دهی شده با شیوع و پرسنتایل 75 به ترتیب 3.6% و 24.2% محاسبه گردید. با درمان اسید اوریک بالا احتمال بروز دیابت در افراد هایپریوریسمی 24.2% طی دوره ده ساله  کاهش می یابد. نتیجه گیری: در این مطالعه ارتباط معنی داری بین اسید اوریک بالای خون و خطر ابتلا به دیابت مشاهده گردید بنابراین بایستی اقدامات لازم در زمینه درمان بیماران هیپریوریسمی انجام شود تا از بروز دیابت ناشی از بالا بودن اسید اوریک خون در جامعه پیشگیری کرد.   2 Introduction: Taking into consideration the high impact of Diabetes Mellitus type II (DM II) on human's health, identification of risk factors to prevent its development seems essential. Further studies are needed to ensure the positive role of uric acid in the onset of diabetes. This study targeted at investigating the attributed risk of hyperuricemia for the onset of DM II. Methods: In the present study, 1641 non-diabetic people, selected through multi-stage random cluster sampling, were followed up for 10 years (2006 - 2016). During the study, data on the variables of the study were collected and entered in SPSS 16 which was used to analyze the data. To calculate the attributions of hyperuricemia in the risk of developing diabetes, Levin's formulas and attributable risk related to the prevalence of exposure during these ten years were used. Results: Findings showed that 54.8% of people with hyperuricemia suffered from DM II., whereas 28.2% of people with normal uric acid level developed diabetes. The Attributable Risk (AR) of hyperuricemia and 75th percentile of serum uric acid for DM II were calculated by the weighted attributable risk formula which was 3.6 % and 24.2 %, respectively. With the treatment of high uric acid, the probability of the incidence of diabetes in hyperuricemia patients was reduced to 24.2% over a 10-year period. Conclusion: In this study, there was a significant correlation between high uric acid level and the risk of diabetes. Therefore, necessary measurements should be taken to treat the hyperuricemia patients in order to prevent the incidence of diabetes caused by high blood acid uric. 200 206 2018/04/22 1397/2/2 2018/12/31 1397/10/10 احمد کریمی Ahmad Karimi Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. . Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Abadeh Health Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Iran ahmadkarimi88@gmail.com مهدیه نماینده Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran drnamayandeh@gmail.com حسین فلاح زاده Hosein Fallahzadeh Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fallahzadeh.ho@gmail.com مسعود رحمانیان Masoud Rahmanian Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran drmasoudrahmania@yahoo.com محمود صدر بافقی seyed Mahmoud Sadr-Bafghi Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran s.mahmoodsadr@yahoo.com محمدحسین سلطانی Mohammadhosein Soltani Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, ShahidSadoughi University Of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran msoltane@gmail.com لیلا هادیانی Leila Hadiani Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, ShahidSadoughi University Of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran dr_lehadiani@yahoo.com سمانه جلیلیان Samaneh Jalilian Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, ShahidSadoughi University Of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran jalilian.samaneh65@gmail.com محمدتقی ساربان Mohammad-Taghi Sareban-Hassanabadi Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, ShahidSadoughi University Of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mtghaneian@yahoo.com مجتبی محمدحسینی Mojtaba Mohammadhoseini Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mojtabamohammadhosseini.115@gmail.com فاطمه مجیدپور Fatemeh Majidpour Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran biostatistic2015@gmail.com مریم عسکری Maryam Askari Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Askarim204@gmail.com Risk Diabetes Mellitus Hyperuricemia Incidence ریسک فاکتور دیابت ملیتوس هیپریوریسمی بروز 1. Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Edmonds M, et al. Complications of diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2015; 2015(Article ID 189525): 1-5.##2. Chaudhary K, Malhotra K, Sowers J, et al. Uric Acid-key ingredient in the recipe for cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. Cardiorenal Medicine. 2013; 3(3): 208-220.##3. DeBoer MD, Dong L, Gurka MJ. Racial/ethnic and sex differences in the relationship between uric acid and metabolic syndrome in adolescents: an analysis of National Health and Nutrition Survey 1999-2006. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental. 2012; 61(4): 554-561.##4. Krzystek-Korpacka M, Patryn E, Kustrzeba-Wojcicka I, et al. Gender-specific association of serum uric acid with metabolic syndrome and its components in juvenile obesity. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2011; 49(1): 129-136.##5. Tseng CH. Independent association of uric acid levels with peripheral arterial disease in Taiwanese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2004; 21(7): 724-729.##6. Wun Y, Chan C, Lui C. Hyperuricaemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Nutrition & Metabolism. 1999; 12(4): 286-291.##7. Nakagawa T, Mazzali M, Kang D-H, et al. Hyperuricemia causes glomerular hypertrophy in the rat. American Journal of Nephrology. 2003; 23(1): 2-7.##8. Muscelli E, Natali A, Bianchi S, et al. Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension. 1996; 9(8): 746-752.##9. Nasri H. Commentary on: Is uric acid an indicator of metabolic syndrome in the first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes?. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2013; 18(3): 267-268.##10. Nasri H, Ardalan M-R, Rafieian-Kopaei M. On the occasion of world hypertension day 2014: A nephrology point of view. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 19(9): 911-912.##11. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, et al. Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration: pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study II. Diabetes. 1990; 39(9): 1116-1124.##12. Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(9): 1737-1742.##13. Taylor R. Type 2 diabetes: etiology and reversibility. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(4): 1047-1055.##14. Tsur A, Harman-Bohem I, Buchs A, et al. The guidelines for the diagnosis prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus--2005. Europe PMC. 2006; 145(8): 583-586.##15. Lv Q, Meng X-F, He F-F, et al. High serum uric acid and increased risk of type 2 diabetes: a systemic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PloS One. 2013; 8(2): e56864.##16. Benfer KA, Weir KA, Bell KL, et al. Longitudinal cohort protocol study of oropharyngeal dysphagia: relationships to gross motor attainment, growth and nutritional status in preschool children with cerebral palsy. BMJ Open. 2012; 2(4): e001460.##17. Mirzaei M, Soltani M, Namayandeh M, et al. Sodium and potassium intake of urban dwellers: nothing changed in Yazd, Iran. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2014; 32(1): 111-117.##18. Association AD. Diagnosing diabetes and learning about prediabetes 2015. Available at: URL: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/?loc=db-slabnav. Accessed Nov 21, 2018.##19. Messerli FH, Frohlich ED, Dreslinski GR, et al. Serum uric acid in essential hypertension: an indicator of renal vascular involvement. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980; 93(6): 817-821.##20. Kahn HA, Sempos CT. Statistical Methods in Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University; 1989.##21. Dehghan A, Van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJ, et al. High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(2): 361-362.##22. Sudhindra R, Sahayo BJ. A study of serum uric acid in diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in a south Indian tertiary care hospital. Nitte University Journal of Health Science. 2012; 2(2):18-23.##23. Safi AJ, Mehmood R, Khan MA. Association of Serum Urinc eAcid with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute (Peshawar-Pakistan). 2011; 18(1): 59-63.##24. Krishnan E, Akhras K, Sharma H, et al. Relative and attributed diabetes risk associated with hyperuricemia in US veterans with gout. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2013; 106(8): 721-729.##25.Mirzapour A, Hosseini SR, Hosseini SM, et al. The relationship between serum uric acid and blood sugar levels in the elderly diabetic patients of amirkola city. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 17(2): 1-6.## ##

Design and Implementation of Educational Interventions to Empower Female Students to Prevent Osteoporosis طراحی و پیاده سازی مداخلات آموزشی برای توانمند ساختن دانشجویان دختر برای جلوگیری از پوکی استخوان 2 1 مقدمه: پوکی استخوان یکی از بیماری های مزمن است که به طور قابل توجهی بر زندگی افراد، به ویژه زنان تاثیر می گذارد. بسیاری از زنان از این واقعیت آگاه نیستند که پوکی استخوان قابل پیشگیری است. گرچه زنان یائسه در معرض خطر ابتلا به پوکی استخوان هستند، از دست دادن استخوان می تواند حدود 35 سالگی شروع شود. این مطالعه با هدف طراحی و پیاده سازی مداخلات آموزشی برای توانمند ساختن دانشجویان دختر برای جلوگیری از پوکی استخوان انجام گردید. روش ها: این مطالعه مداخله ای یک کارآزمایی شاهد دار  بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی شهرکرد بودند. برای انتخاب نمونه ها از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی دو مرحله ای استفاده شد. حجم نمونه150 نفر (75 نفر مداخله و 75 نفر کنترل) تعیین شد. داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه جمعیت شناختی و پرسش نامه محقق ساخته برای توانمندسازی فردی جهت پیشگیری از پوکی استخوان قبل از مداخله و سه ماه بعد از مداخله جمع آوری شد. مداخله آموزشی در هشت جلسه طی دو ماه اجرا گردید برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری، از نرم افزار SPSS 23 برای آزمون های T مستقل و Chi-Square استفاده گردید. یافته ها: میانگین سن در گروه مداخله 20/69 ± 2/24 و  گروه شاهد 20/29 ± 2/04 تفاوت معنا داری نداشت (P= 0/26). تفاوت میانگین نمرات آگاهی (P< 0/001)، نگرش (P< 0/001) و خودکارآمدی (P= 0/006)  در گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه شاهد دارای تفاوت معنا دار بود. تفاوت میانگین نمرات گروه مداخله در مقایسه با گروه شاهد در مهارت های زندگی (P= 0/23) معنادار نبود. نتیجه گیری: نتایج تأثیر مداخله آموزشی را در ارتقای توانایی دانش آموزان دختر در جلوگیری از پوکی استخوان نشان داد. پیشنهاد می شود که برنامه های آموزشی برای توانمند سازی زنان جهت پیشگیری از گسترش پوکی استخوان در میان زنان طراحی و اجرا شود.   2 Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic disease which influences the life of people considerably, especially the women. Most women are not aware that osteoporosis is preventable. Although there is a higher risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, but bone loss can begin at the age of 35. This research was conducted to design and implement educational interventions to empower female students to prevent osteoporosis. Methods: This interventional study was a controlled trial. This study was conducted on female students of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University. A two-stage stratified random sampling was used for recruiting samples. The sample size was set at 150 (75 interventions and 75 controls). A demographic questionnaire and a self-made questionnaire of self-empowerment for the prevention of osteoporosis were used to collect information. Data were collected before the intervention and three months after the intervention. The educational intervention was conducted in two months with eight education sessions. For statistical analyses, the SPSS software version 23 was used. Results: The mean age of the intervention group was 20.69 ± 2.24, and the control group was 20.29 ± 2.04, besides, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P= 0.26). The test indicates a significant difference in mean variance of the intervention group compared to mean variance of the control group in knowledge (P< 0.001), attitude (P< 0.001) and self-efficacy (P= 0.006). The difference in mean variance of the intervention group compared to the mean variance of the control group was not significant in life skills (P= 0.23). Conclusion: The results generally reflect the effect of educational interventions in improving the abilities of female students to prevent osteoporosis. It is suggested to design and implement educational programs to empower women to prevent osteoporosis. 207 213 2018/04/222018/07/11 1397/4/20 2018/12/312018/12/31 1397/10/10 نادر شریفی Nader Sharifi Department of Public Health, Research Center of Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Iran nadersharifi81@yahoo.com فرنگیس شریفی Farangis Sharifi Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Iran f_sharifi44@yahoo.com Osteoporosis Preventive Knowledge Attitude پوکی استخوان پیشگیری دانش نگرش 1. Keshavarz-Mohamadi N, Hoseyni G. Health education and educational technology. 1st ed. Tehran: Dibagaran Publications; 2003.[Persian]##2. Ghaffari M, Tavassoli E, Esmaillzadeh A, et al. The effect of education based on health belief model on the improvement of osteoporosis preventive nutritional behaviors of second grade middle school girls in Isfahan. Health System Research. 2011; 6(4): 714-723. ##3. El-Tawab SS, Saba EK, Elweshahi HM, et al. Knowledge of osteoporosis among women in Alexandria (Egypt): A community based survey. The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2016; 38(3): 225-231. ##4. Sun T, Chen M, Lin X, et al. The influence of osteoprotegerin genetic polymorphisms on bone mineral density and osteoporosis in Chinese postmenopausal women. International Immunopharmacology. 2014; 22(1): 200-203. ##5. Atan D, Atan T, Özcan KM, et al. Relation of otosclerosis and osteoporosis: A bone mineral density study. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2016;43(4): 400-403.##6. Bachrach LK. Osteoporosis and measurement of bone mass in children and adolescents. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2005; 34(3): 521-535. ##7. Lane NE. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006; 194(2):S3-S11.##8. Reginster JY, Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone. 2006; 38(2): 4-9.##9. El-Tawab SS, Saba EK, Elweshahi HM, et al. Knowledge of osteoporosis among women in Alexandria (Egypt): A community based survey. The Egyptian Rheumatologist. 2016; 38(3): 225-231.##10. Costa AL, Silva MA, Brito LM, et al. Osteoporosis in primary care: an opportunity to approach risk factors. Revista Brasileira De Reumatologia. 2016; 56(2): 111-116.##11. Suwan A, Panyakhamlerd K, Chaikittisilpa S, et al. Validation of the thai osteoporosis foundation and royal college of orthopaedic surgeons of Thailand clinical practice guideline for bone mineral density measurement in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. 2015; 1(2): 103-108.##12. Iwamoto Y, Uchida K, Sugino N, et al. Osteoporosis, osteoporotic fractures, and carotid artery calcification detected on panoramic radiographs in Japanese men and women. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2016; 121(6): 673-680.##13. Khoshnoudi Z. Effect of training based on health belief model to mothers with osteoporosis and healthy mothers on preventive behaviors of their daughters. [Master thesis]. Iran, Tehran. Tarbiat Modares University; 2011. [Persian]##14. Tussing L, Champan-Novakofski K. Osteoporosis prevention education; behavior theories and calcium intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2005; 105(1): 92-97.##15. Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bulletin of World Health Organization. 2003; 81(9): 646-656.##16. Pazhuhi M, Kalimian Z, Sedaghat M, et al . Effect of booklet training on the knowledge and performance of osteoporotic patients. Payesh, 2003; 3(1): 71-78. [Persian]##17. Abdoli S. Application of preventive factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. [Master thesis]. Iran, Tehran. Tehran University of Medical Scieicnes; 2004. [Persian]##18. Berarducci A. Senior nursing students’ knowledge of osteoporosis. Orthopaedic Nursing. 2004; 23(2): 121-127.##19. Black JM, Hokanson HJ, Knee AM. Medical surgical nursing. 6th ed. Philadelphia: W.B, Sanders Company; 2001; p: 566-572. ##20. Huang CM, Su CY, Chien LY, et al. The effectiveness of an osteoporosis prevention program among women in Taiwan. Applied Nursing Research. 2011; 24(4): e29-37.##21. Rafieifar SH. Self-improvement system for self-health care. Health Department of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran, 2005: 76-82.##22. Griffin RW, Moorhead G. Organizational behavior.10th ed.Canada: Nelson Education; 2011.##23. Solhi M, Abasi H, Hazavehei MM, et al. Effect of educational intervention on empowerment of high school student in prevention of smoking. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014; 21(118): 52-63. [Persian]##24. Heidari M, Alhani F, Kazemnejad A, et al. The effect of empowerment model on quality of life of Diabetic adolescents. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007; 17(Suppl 1): 87-94. [Persian]##25. Qorban Sabbagh M, Khanjani N, Fadakar MM, et al. Empowerment of women visiting the health centers of Kerman by teaching Self Breast Examination in the presence of Behvarz. Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Disease. 2014; 7 (1): 41-51. [Persian]##26. Sabin NJ, Sarter B. Osteoporosis prevention: narrowing the gap between knowledge and application. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2014; 10(9): 749-753.##27. Kamjoo A, Shahi A, Dabiri F, et al. The effectiveness of education about osteoporosis prevention on awareness of female students. Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 16(1): 60-65. [Persian]##28. Sanaei Nasab H, Tavakoli R, Farrokhian A, et al. The effect of educational intervention with the health belief model on knowledge, perceptions and self-efficacy among adolescent of high school girls about osteoporosis in 2010. Urmia Medical Journal. 2013; 24(3): 163-169. [Persian]##29. Noordeen U, Simmonds J, Beeton K. Knowledge and health beliefs about osteoporosis amongst 16-18 year old students in male in the Maldives. Journal of Osteoporosis and Physical Activity. 2014; 2(2): 1-5.##30. Khorsandi M, Hasanzadeh L, Ghobadzadeh M. Assessment of knowledge and self-efficacy in achieving osteoporosis prevention behaviors among high school female students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 46(2): 4385-4388. ##31. Kaveh MH, Golij M, Nazari M, et al. Effects of an osteoporosis prevention training program on physical activity-related stages of change and self-efficacy among university students, Shiraz, Iran: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism. 2014; 2(4): 158-164.##32. Kargar M, Jamali Moghadam N, Moattari M. The effect of osteoporosis prevention education by peers and health personnel on self-efficacy of adolescents with nephrotic syndrome. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2013; 26(81): 44-53. [Persian]##33. Enjezab B, Farajzadegan Z, Taleghani F, et al. Health promoting behaviors in a population-based sample of middle-aged women and its relevant factors in Yazd, Iran. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012; 3(Suppl 1): S191- S198. ##34. Shojaezadeh D, Sadeghi R, Tarrahi M, et al. Application of health belief model in prevention of osteoporosis in volunteers of Khorramabad city health centers, Iran. Health System Reserch. 2012; 8(2): 183-192.## ##

Epidemiology and Trend of HIV/AIDs in Yazd, a Province in the Center of Iran, 2011-2017 اپیدمیولوژی ایدز و روند تغییرات آن در سال های 1396-1390 در استان یزد 2 1 مقدمه:  نخستین مورد گزارش شده HIV در ایران مربوط به سال 1368 در یک کودک مبتلا به هموفیلی و به علت فراور ده های خونی آلوده وارداتی بوده است از آن زمان تا کنون  اپیدمی HIV در ایران تغییرات مهمی را متحمل شده است در این مطالعه روند زمانی موارد گزارش شده HIV بین سال های 1396-1390 مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد. روش ها:این مطالعه  مقطعی-تحلیلی با استفاده از داده های موجود که در فاصله سال های 1396-1390 توسط مرکز بهداشت شهرستان یزد شناسایی و ثبت شده بود با حجم نمونه 98 نفر انجام شد. داده ها توسط پرسشنامه خود ساخته  از اطلاعات پرونده بیماران جمع آوری شد. میزان بروز تجمعی بر حسب جنس در 100000 نفرجمعیت محاسبه گردید  داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS20  و آزمون آماری کای دو در سطح معنی داری 0.05 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج:از بین 98 مورد عفونت HIV شناسایی شده 56.1 % را مردان و 43.9% را زنان تشکیل می دادند.55.1%موارد HIV از طریق تماس جنسی،30.6%موارد از طریق اعتیاد تزریقی،6.1%از طریق مادر به جنین ،3.1%از طریق خالکوبی و 5.1%موارد انتقال،  نامعلوم  بود.میزان بروز تجمعی بین این سال ها روندی روبه کاهش داشته است و الگوی غالب انتقال HIV  طی این سال ها انتقال از طریق تماس جنسی بود. نتیجه گیری:اگر چه میزان بروز HIV طی این سال ها  در استان یزد کاهش پیدا کرده است  ما معتقد یم که الگوی انتقال HIV از اعتیاد تزریقی به سمت تماس جنسی نا ایمن تغییر پیدا کرده است. 2 Introduction: The first case of HIV-infection in Iran was a hemophilic child who was infected by imported blood products in 1989. Since then, the HIV epidemic in Iran has undergone significant changes. This study investigated the time variations of the epidemiology of reported HIV/AIDS -infections during 2011-2017 in Yazd, Iran. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out using the data recorded in health centers of Yazd province from 2011 to 2017. The data were collected from the records of 98 patients using a researcher-made checklist. The rate of newly reported HIV/AIDS by gender per 100,000 people was calculated. Results: Out of 98 reported HIV/AIDS cases, 56.1% were men, and 43.9% were women; 55.1% of cases were infected through sexual contact, 30.6% through the infected needle while injecting for drug use, 1.6% through mother-to-fetus transmission, 1.3% through tattooing, and 5.1% through the unspecified mechanism. During these years the rate of newly reported HIV/AIDS in Yazd was declining, and the predominant mode of HIV transmission was through sexual contact. Conclusion: Although the rate of  newly reported HIV/AIDS -infection in Yazd province has decreased, we believe that the primary mode of HIV transmission has shifted from drug injection to unsafe sex.   214 221 2018/04/222018/07/112018/08/20 1397/5/29 2018/12/312018/12/312018/12/31 1397/10/10 محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mhlotfi56359@gmail.com محمد خواجه Mohammad Khajeh Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran khajehmohammad95@gmaile.com مرجان پدرزاده Marjan pedarzadeh Infectious Disease Control Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Mp2832000@yahoo.com مجید جعفری زاده Majid jafarzadeh Infectious Disease Control Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Dr.jafarizadeh@gmail.com علیرضا پورمازار Ali Reza pourmazar Infectious Disease Control Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Ar-pourmazar@yahoo.com مسعود شریفی Masoud Sharifi Infectious Disease Control Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Sharifi.md@gmail.com سعید حسینی Saeed Hosseini Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Saeed.hosseini2014@gmail.com HIV Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Epidemiology Iran Yazd HIV ایدز اپیدمیولوژی ایران یزد 1. World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. 2007. ##2. World Health Organization (WHO). HIV/AIDS. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/hiv/en/. Accessed December 9, 2018.##3. Maartens G, Celum C, Lewin SR. HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. The Lancet. 2014; 384(9939): 258-271. ##4. Abu-Raddad LJ, Akala FA, Semini I, et al. Characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa: time for strategic action. Washington,D.C: World Bank Publications; 2010.##5. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Global report : UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Available at: URL: http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en.pdf. Accessed December 9, 2018.##6. Setayesh H, Roudi-Fahimi F, El Feki S, et al. HIV and AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau; 2014. ##7. Iran national center for AIDS prevention. Available at: URL: http://aids.ir/Info. Accessed December 9, 2018.##8. Mirzazadeh A, Haghdoost AA, Nedjat S, et al. Accuracy of HIV-Related risk behaviors reported by female sex workers, Iran : A method to quantify measurement bias in marginalized population. AIDS and Behavior. 2013; 17(2): 623-631. ##9. Jahanbakhsh F, Mostafavi E, Haghdoost A. The potential for HIV self-testing in Iran. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2015; 6(1): 114-116. ##10. Mirzazadeh A, Nedjat S, Navadeh S, et al. HIV and related risk behaviors among female sex workers in Iran: bias-adjusted estimates from the 2010 National Bio-Behavoral Survey. AIDS and Behavior. 2014; 18(1): 19-24. ##11. Haghdoost A, Mostafavi E, Mirzazadeh A, et al. Modelling of HIV/AIDS in Iran up to 2014. Journal of AIDS and HIV Research. 2011; 3(12): 231-239. ##12. Arsang SH, Kazemnejad A, Amani F. Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Iran (2001-08). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 13(3): 78-86. [persian]##13. Zamani S, Kihara M, Gouya MM, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with HIV-1 infection among drug users visiting treatment centers in Tehran, Iran. Aids: An Official International AIDS Society Journal. 2005; 19(7): 709-716.##14. Haghdoost A, Pourkhandani A, Motaghipisheh S, et al. Knowledge and attitude concerning HIV/AIDS among Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2011; 6(4): 8-20. [persian] ##15. Eshrati B, Taghizadeh Asl R, Dell CA, et al. Preventing HIV transmission among Iranian prisoners: initial support for providing education on the benefits of harm reduction practices. Harm Reduction Journal. 2008; 5(1): 1-7.##16. Karamouzian M, Haghdoost A, Sharifi H. Addressing the needs of sexual partners of people who inject drugs through peer prevention programs in Iran. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2014; 2(2):81-83. ##17. Razzaghi E, Nassirimanesh B, Afshar P, et al. HIV/AIDS harm reduction in Iran. The Lancet. 2006; 368(9534): 434-435.##18. Fallahzadeh H, Morowatisharifabad M, Ehrampoosh M. HIV/AIDS epidemic features and trends in Iran, 1986–2006. AIDS and Behavior. 2009; 13(2): 297-302. ##19. Khajehkazemi R, Osooli M, Sajadi L, et al. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Iran: the 2010 National Surveillance Survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2013; 89( Suppl 3): iii29-32##20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The last episode of HIV infection in the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2018. Available from: www.isv.org.ir.##21. Lotfi MH. HIV/AIDS disease: transmission transition. Journal of Community Health Research. 2014; 3(3): 162 ##22. Nasirian M, Doroudi F, Gooya MM, et al. Modeling of human immunodeficiency virus modes of transmission in Iran. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2012; 12(2): 81-87.##23. Alipour A, Haghdoost AA, Sajadi L, et al. HIV prevalence and related risk behaviours among female partners of male injecting drugs users in Iran: results of a bio-behavioural survey, 2010. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2013; 89(Suppl 3): iii41-44. ##24. Mohammad K, Khalaj Abadi Farahani F, Mohammadi MR, et al. Sexual risk-taking behaviors among boys aged 15–18 years in Tehran. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007; 41(4): 407-414. ## ##

The Health Literacy of Adults in Alborz Province in Iran سواد سلامت بالغین استان البرز در ایران 2 1 مقدمه: سواد سلامت توانایی فرد برای به دست آوردن، تفسیر و درک اطلاعات  پایه خدمات سلامت و استفاده از آن ها می باشد. سواد سلامت یک پیشگویی کننده قوی سلامت است. سطح پایین آن در ارتباط با مشکلات سلامتی افراد و جامعه و نیز هزینه های اقتصادی می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین سطح سواد سلامت ساکنین استان البرز با توجه به عوامل سوشیو- دموگرافیک در سال 1394 انجام شده است. روش ها:  این مطالعه یک مطالعه مقطعی است که در آن 465 نفر افراد 18 تا 60 ساله ساکن استان البرز با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی دو مرحله ای (طبقه بندی و خوشه ای) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. در این مطالعه، پرسشنامه سواد سلامت ایرانیان (IHLQ) و پرسشنامه اطلاعات سوشیو - دموگرافیک جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. داده ها با استفاده از آماره های توصیفی و نیز  آزمون های تی تست، من ویتنی و آزمون همبستگی اسپیرمن با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: میانگین سنی شرکت کنندگان (08/11) 58/36 سال بود و 2/68 درصد آنها زن بودند. 4/22درصد افراد سطح کافی،3/44 درصد سطح متوسط ​​و 3/33درصد سطح پایین سواد سلامت را داشتند. سواد سلامت در تمام ابعاد IHLQ  به جز توانمندسازی فردی و توانمندسازی اجتماعی متوسط ​​بود. دسترسی افراد به اطلاعات سلامتی نیز متوسط ​​بود. آزمون تی تست  نشان داد که نمره سواد سلامت در افراد با سطح تحصیلات دیپلم و بالاتر (000 / p= ) ، در افراد فارس (008/0 p= ) و در افراد بیکار (006/0 p= ) بیشتر و معنی دار بوده است. نتیجه گیری: سطح بالای سواد سلامت ناکافی (متوسط ​​و پایین) برابر با  6/77 درصد در جمعیت استان البرز بایستی در سیاست های نظام سلامت جهت به کارگیری یک استراتژی موثر برای ارتقای سواد سلامت و در نتیجه بهبود وضعیت سلامت با در نظر گرفتن عوامل سوشیو- دموگرافیک مؤثر بر هر بعد سواد سلامت، مورد توجه قرار گیرد. 2 Introduction: Health literacy is defined as the ability of an individual to acquire, interpret, and understand the basic information about health services and to use them. Health literacy is a strong predictor of health. Its low level is germane to health problems of people and society as well as economic costs. This study was designed to determine the level of health literacy considering socio-demographic factors in residents of Alborz province in 2015. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 465 people aged between 18 and 60 years old living in Alborz province were evaluated using two-stage random sampling technique (stratified and cluster sampling). In this study, Iranian Health Literacy Questionnaire (IHLQ) and socio-demographic Information Questionnaire were used to collect the required data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as T-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation test using SPSS software. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.57(±11.08) years old and 68.2% of them were female. 22.4% of people had adequate, 44.3% had a moderate, and 33.3% had a poor level of health literacy. Health literacy in all dimensions of IHLQ except individual empowerment and social empowerment was moderate. People's access to health information also was moderate. The T-test indicated that the health literacy score was significantly higher in the individuals with the educational level of diploma and higher (p= 0.000), in Persian people (p= 0.008), and in unemployed people (p= 0.006). Conclusion: The high level of inadequate (moderate and poor) health literacy of 77.6% of the Alborz province population should be taken into consideration in health system policies to apply an effective strategy for  promoting  health literacy that results in better health status, regarding effective socio–demographic factors for each dimension of health literacy. 222 230 2018/04/222018/07/112018/08/202018/06/18 1397/3/28 2018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/31 1397/10/10 صدیقه رواتی Seddigheh Ravati Department of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Iran mravati@yahoo.com ملیحه فرید Malihe Farid Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Iran malihefarid@yahoo.com Health Literacy Adult Iranian Health Literacy Questionnaire (IHLQ) سوادسلامت بالغین پرسشنامه سواد سلامت ایرانیان (IHLQ) 1. Adams RJ, Stocks NP, Wilson DH, et al. Health literacy--a new concept for general practice?. Australian Family Physician. 2009; 38(3): 144-147.##2. Tehrani Banihashemi SA, Amirkhani MA, Haghdoost AA, et al. Health literacy and the influencing factors: a study in five provinces of Iran. Strides in Development of Medical Education. 2007; 4(1): 1–9. [Persian]##3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Quick guide to health literacy. Available at: URL: https://health.gov/communication/literacy/quickguide/factsbasic.htm. Accessed October 30, 2018.##4.World Health Organization. Track 2: Health literacy and health behaviour. At: 7th Global Conference on Health Promotion: track themes; 2009 Oct; Switzerland, Genava: World Health Organization; 2009.##5. Batterham RW, Hawkins M., Collins PA, et al. Health literacy: applying current concepts to improve health services and reduce health inequalities. Public Health. 2016; 132: 3-12. ##6. Dadipoor S, Ramezankhani A , Aghamolaei T , et al. Evaluation of health literacy in the Iranian population. Journal of Health Scope. 2018 ; 7(3): e62212. ##7. Sørensen K, Pelikan JM, Röthlin F, et al. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). European Journal of Public Health. 2015; 25(6):1053-1058.##8. Simich L. Health literacy and immigrant populations. Public Health Agency of Canada and Metropolis Canada; 2009.##9. Torres RY, Marks R. Relationships among health literacy, knowledge about hormone therapy, self-efficacy, and decision-making among postmenopausal health. Journal of Health Communication. 2009; 14(1): 43-55.##10. Divaris K, Lee JY, Baker AD, et al. Early childhood oral health impacts and caregivers' oral health literacy. Journal of Dental Research. 2011; 90: 109.##11. Peyman N, Amani M, Esmaili H. The relationship between health literacy and constructs of theory of planned behavior and breast cancer screening tests performance among women referred to health care centers in Roshtkhar, 2015. Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Diseases. 2016; 9 (3) : 60-69.##12. Haun JN, Patel NR, French DD, et al. Association between health literacy and medical care costs in an integrated healthcare system: a regional population based study. BMC Health Services Research. 2015; 15(1): 249-259. ##13. Eichler K, Wieser S, Brugger U. The costs of limited health literacy: a systematic review. International Journal of Public Health. 2009; 54(5): 313-324.##14. Unesco Education Sector. The plurality of literacy and its implications for policies and programs: Position paper. Paris: United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 2004.##15. Frisch AL, Camerini L, Diviani N, et al. Defining and measuring health literacy: how can we profit from other literacy domains?. Health Promotion International. 2011; 27(1): 117-126.##16. Haghdoost AA, Rakhshani F, Aarabi M, et al. Iranian health literacy questionnaire (IHLQ): An instrument for measuring health literacy in Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2015; 17(6): e25831.##17. Paasche-Orlow MK, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, et al. The prevalence of limited health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2005; 20(2): 175-184.##18. Karimi S, Keyvanara M, Hosseini M, et al. The relationship between health literacy with health status and healthcare utilization in 18-64 years old people in Isfahan. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2014; 3: 75.##19. Nekoei-Moghadam M, Parva S, Amiresmaili MR, et al. Health literacy and utilization of health services in Kerman urban area 2011. The Journal of Toloo-e-behdasht. 2013; 11(4): 123-134. [Persian].## 20. Saatchi M, Panahi M, Ashraf Mozafari A, et al . Health literacy and its associated factors: a population-based study, Hormuz Island. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2017; 13(2): 136- 144.##21. Afshari M, Khazaei S, Bahrami M, et al. Investigating adult health literacy in Tuyserkan city. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2014; 1(2): 48-55. [Persian]##22. Khosravi A, Ahmadzadeh K. Investigating health literacy level of patients referred to Bushehr hospitals and recognizing its effective factors. Iran South Medical Journal. 2016; 18 (6) : 1245-1253. [Persian]##23. Reisi M, Mostafavi F, Javadzade H, et al. Communicative and critical health literacy and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism . 2016; 14(3) : 199-208. [Persian]##24. Sistani MM, Yazdani R, Virtanen J, et al. Oral health literacy and information sources among adults in Tehran, Iran. Community Dental Health. 2013; 30(3): 178-182.##25. Tavousi M, Haeri MA, Rafiefar S, et al. Health literacy in Iran: findings from a national study. Payesh. 2016; 15(1): 95-102. [Persian]##26. Naghibi A, Chaleshgar M, Kazemi A, et al. Evaluation of health literacy level among 18-65 year-old adults in Shahriar, Iran. Journal of Health Research in Community. 2017; 3(2): 17-25. [Persian]## ##

The Relationship between Cognitive-Behavioral Skills and Mother-Child Interaction with Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children with ADHD بررسی رابطه مهارت های شناختی-رفتاری و تعامل مادر-کودک با علائم اختلال سلوک و اختلال لج بازی و نافرمانی در کودکان با اختلال کاستی توجه و بیش‌فعالی 2 1 مقدمه: امروزه تمرکز پژوهش‌های نوین در حیطه اختلال کاستی توجه و بیش‌فعالی، به حوزه اختلال‌های همبود با این اختلال و کاهش علائم آنها معطوف شده است. در این راستا درمان‌های شناختی رفتاری با استفاده از روش‌هایی مانند خودکنترلی، حل مسئله و مهارت‌های اجتماعی سعی در کاهش علائم دارد. با توجه به نقش مهم خانواده، پژوهش حاضر باهدف بررسی پیش‌فرض‌های درمان، به بررسی روابط ساختاری مهارت‌های اجتماعی، مهارت‌های حل مسئله و خودکنترلی با علائم اختلال سلوک و اختلال لج بازی و نافرمانی در کودکان با اختلال کاستی توجه و بیش‌فعالی، با نقش میانجی تعامل مادر-کودک پرداخته است. روش‌ ها: این پژوهش بر روی 104 دانش‌آموز پسر مقاطع چهارم تا ششم ابتدایی شهر یزد انجام شد. در این پژوهش از پرسش‌نامه های  نشانه‌های مرضی کودک، رابطه والد کودک، حل مسئله، پرسشنامه مهارت‌های اجتماعی ماتسون و مقیاس ارزیابی خو کنترلی استفاده و نتایج با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 23، مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که مهارت‌های­ حل مسئله، خودکنترلی، مهارت‌های اجتماعی و همچنین تعامل مادر-کودک توانسته­اند 75% از واریانس اختلال سلوک و 71% از واریانس اختلال لج بازی و نافرمانی را در مدل تبیین کنند. در قسمت دیگری از تحلیل، یافته‌ها نشان داد میزان تأثیر مهارت­های­ حل مسئله و خودکنترلی بر تعامل مادر-کودک معنادار بوده است، اما مهارت اجتماعی نتواسته است بر تعامل مادر-کودک تأثیر معنادار داشته باشد. همچنین، متغیر حل مسئله علاوه برداشتن رابطۀ مستقیم با اختلال، از طریق متغیر میانجی تعامل مادر-کودک می­تواند بر اختلال سلوک اثر داشته باشد ولی بر اختلال لج بازی و نافرمانی تأثیر معنی‌داری ندارد. متغیر خودکنترلی علاوه برداشتن رابطۀ مستقیم با اختلال، از طریق متغیر میانجی تعامل مادر-کودک می­تواند بر اختلال سلوک و لج بازی و نافرمانی اثر داشته باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: متغیرهای خودکنترلی، حل مسئله و مهارت‌های اجتماعی با علائم اختلال‌های رفتاری کودکان با اختلال کاستی توجه و بیش‌فعالی در ارتباط هستند و می‌توان از آن‌ها در طراحی بسته‌های درمان شناختی-رفتاری استفاده کرد و همچنین نحوه تعامل مادر-کودک بر این‌گونه درمان مؤثر است. 2 Introduction: Nowadays, the main focus of modern researches in the field of ADHD has been on the area of comorbid disorders and reducing their symptoms. In this regard, cognitive-behavioral therapies have tried to reduce the symptoms by using methods such as self-control, problem-solving, and social skills. Given the important role of the family, the present study investigated the pre-assumptions of the treatment by addressing the structural relationships between the social skills, problem-solving skills, and self-control with the symptoms of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorders in the children with ADHD and the mediating role of the mother-child interaction. Methods: This study was performed on 104 male models, fourth to sixth grade students of the elementary school in Yazd, Iran. In this study, the Child Symptom Inventory, Child-Parent Relationship Scale, Problem-Solving Inventory, Self-Control Rating Scale, and Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with youngsters were used. The results were analyzed with path analysis by SPSS software version 23. Results:  Findings showed that problem-solving skills, self-control skills, social skills, and mother-child interaction can explain 75% of the variance of CD and 71% of the variance of ODD in the model. In another section of the analysis, the findings showed that the effect of problem-solving and self-control skills on the mother-child interaction was significant, but the social skills had no significant effect on the mother-child interaction. Also, the problem-solving variable can affect the CD through the mediating variable in the mother-child interaction, and also has a direct relationship with the current disorder but does not have a significant effect on ODD. The self-control variable in addition to its direct relationship to disorder can affect CD and ODD through the mother-child interaction. Conclusion: Self-control, problem-solving, and social skills are associated with the symptoms of behavioral disorders in the children with ADHD, and can be used in designing cognitive-behavioral therapy packages, and also the way the mother and child interact, is effective in this type of treatments. 231 241 2018/04/222018/07/112018/08/202018/06/182018/12/22 1397/10/1 2018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/22 1397/10/1 عباس متولی پور Abbas Motavalli Pour Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran احمد به پژوه Ahmad Beh-Pajooh Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran محسن شکوهی یکتا Mohsen Shokoohi-Yekta Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran محمدحسین سربی Mohammad Hossein Sorbi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran Iran محمدهادی فرحزادی Mohammad Hadi Farahzadi Director of Research Center for Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Mother-Child Relations اختلال کاستی توجه و بیش‌فعالی اختلال سلوک اختلال نافرمانی مقابله جویانه درمان شناختی-رفتاری تعامل مادر-کودک 1. 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Evaluating the Type and Number of Errors in Medical Records Documentation in Tehran Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital بررسی نوع و میزان خطاهای ثبت پرونده پزشکی در بیمارستان آیت ا... طالقانی تهران 2 1 مقدمه: ثبت اطلاعات پزشکی در پرونده های بیمارستانی در حقیقت مستند سازی فعالیت های تیم پزشکی در بیمارستان است. بنابراین ثبت صحیح، کامل و به موقع اطلاعات بیماران می تواند نقشی اساسی در بهبود فعالیت های آموزشی، درمانی، تحقیقاتی، قانونی و آماری ایفاء نماید. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی نوع و میزان خطاهای ثبت پرونده پزشکی و عوامل موثر بر آن در بیمارستان آیت ا... طالقانی به انجام رسید. روش ها: مطالعه حاضر از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی به شیوه مقطعی انجام شد. نمونه ای به میزان 330 پرونده بیماران در بیمارستان آیت ا... طالقانی از طریق چک لیستی خودساخته بررسی شدند و داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS و روشهای آماری توصیفی و آماری تحلیلی تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: بررسی میزان خطاهای پرونده ها نشان می دهد در بین خطاهای مورد بررسی، عدم ثبت تشخیص و عدم ثبت زمان مصرف دارو در بیش از 50 درصد پرونده های مورد بررسی بصورت دقیق ثبت نشده بود. کمترین خطا نیز مربوط به نداشتن ساعت و مهر بود. رابطه معنی داری بین خطاهای ثبت پرونده و برخی خصوصیات دموگرافیک مشاهده شد.  نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج و وجود خطا در ثبت پرونده ها، اهتمام پزشکان و پرستاران بیمارستان در ارتقاء مستندسازی پرونده ها ضروری بوده و برای این منظور، می توان از راهکارهایی نظیر، آموزش اولیه برای دستیاران تازه وارد، روش های تشویقی و ارزیابی دوره ای پرونده ها بهره جست. 2 Introduction: Recording Medical information in hospital records are in fact documentation of the medical team activities in the hospital. Therefore, correct, accurate, and timely record of patients' information can play a vital role in improving educational, medical, research, legal, and statistical activities. This study aimed to investigate the type and amount of errors in medical records documentation and its effective factors in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was cross-sectional. A sample of 330 patients' records in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital was investigated through a self-made checklist. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software and descriptive and analytical methods. Results: The amount of error in the records showed that, among the examined errors, the lack of record in diagnosis and drug use time in more than 50% of the cases were not accurately recorded. The least error was due to the absence of time and stamp. There was a significant relationship between medical record errors and some demographic characteristics. Conclusion: According to the results and the existence of errors in recording files, hospital doctors and nurses' efforts to promote the documentation of cases were necessary. Rewardingly, some methods, such as initial training of newly arrived residents, encouraging methods, and periodic evaluation of cases can be used. 242 249 2018/04/222018/07/112018/08/202018/06/182018/12/222018/11/18 1397/8/27 2018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/222018/11/18 1397/8/27 اعظم شمس Azam Shams Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran خلیل علی محمدزاده Khalil Alimohammadzadeh Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran dr_khalil_amz@yahoo.com سید مجتبی حسینی Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Department of Health Services management, College of Management and Social Science, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran Medical Records Medical Errors Documentation Hospitals پرونده پزشکی خطای پزشکی بیمارستان 1. Francis C, De Souza MC. Hospital administration. 3rd ed. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2004.##2. 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Study of hospital records registration in teaching hospitals of Hamadan university of medical sciences in 2009. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2009; 16(2): 45-49. [Persian].##17. Valizadeh F, Ghasemi SF, Nagafi SS, et al. Errors in medication orders and the nursing staff's reports in medical notes of children. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2008; 18(Suppl 1): 33-40. [Persian].##18. Abbassi Sh, Tavakoli N. Quantitative analysis of medical record of patients admitted in the Gharazi hospital. Health Information Management. 2011; 8(1): 50-60.##19. Hartel MJ, Staub LP, Röder C, et al. High incidence of medication documentation errors in a Swiss university hospital due to the handwritten prescription process. BMC Health Services Research. 2011; 11(1): 199-204.##20. Iannello C. Australian pharmaceutical advisory council (apac)-guiding principles to promote quality use of medicines. Journal for Community Nurses. 2005; 10(1): 5.##21. Garbutt J, Milligan PE, McNaughton C, et al. A practical approach to measure the quality of handwritten medication orders: A tool for improvement. Journal of Patient Safety. 2005; 1(4): 195-200.##22. Zare Fazlollahi Z, Khoshkalam AM, Lotfnezhad AH, et al. The rate of adherence to principles of diagnosis recording in medical records of patients with fractures admitted to Urmia Motahari Hospital. Health Information Management. 2011; 8(3): 405-411.##23. Velo GP, Minuz P. Medication errors: prescribing faults and prescription errors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2009; 67(6): 624-628.##24. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: implications for prevention. Jama. 1995; 274(1): 29-34.##25. Van Doormaal JE, Van den Bemt PM, Mol PG, et al. Medication errors: the impact of prescribing and transcribing errors on preventable harm in hospitalised patients. BMJ Quality and Safety in Health Care. 2009; 18(1): 22-27.## ##

The Relationship between Air Quality and Cases of Myocardial Infarction in Yazd in 2016 ارتباط بین کیفیت هوا با موارد سکته های قلبی در یزد در سال 2016 2 1 مقدمه: آلودگی هوا یکی از بزرگترین خطرات زیست محیطی در جهان است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی ارتباط بین کیفیت هوا و موارد سکته های  قلبی در یزد می باشد. روش ها: این یک مطالعه از نوع اکولوژیک در شهر یزد انجام سد. در این مطالعه، کلیه افراد مرجعه کننده به پذیرش های اورژانسی دچار سکته قلبی در شهر یزد در سال 1395 وارد مطالعه شدند.جمع آوری داده های مربوط به  غلظت روزانه آلاینده های هوا، از جمله پنج آلاینده SO2، CO، O3، NO2 و PM10 و تایید شده بر اساس معیارهای بهداشت جهانی و در مرحله بعدی داده های خام از آلاینده های هوا مربوط به هر ایستگاه با استفاده از معادله و جدول استاندارد مقادیر AQI برای هر آلاینده تعین گردید و آلاینده دارای بالاترین شاخص به عنوان یک آلاینده مسئول در روز معرفی شد.جهت تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار Excel 2007  و R (3.4.3) استفاده شد همچنین سطح معنی داری کمتر از 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: با توجه به اندازه گیری های آلاینده های هوا در 349 روز در 245 روز شاخص کیفیت هوا  استاندارد (AQI <100) و در 104 روز از سال بالاتر از حد استاندارد   ( AQI >100 )مشاهده شد. . در 86 روز،  از104 روز آلاینده های PM10 و CO به عنوان آلاینده های مسئول معرفی شد نتیجه گیری: با توجه به اینکه در 104 روز از سال، کیفیت هوا از استاندارد فراتر رفته است. در روزهایی که کیفیت هوا بیش از استاندارد است، کودکان و سالمندان موارد احتیاطی را رعایت فرمایند.  2 Introduction: Air pollution is now one of the greatest environmental hazards to human health in the world. The aim of this study determines the relationship between air quality and cases of myocardial infarction in Yazd. Methods: This Ecological study was performed in Yazd, Iran. In this study, all individuals who referred to emergency cases with myocardial infarction in Yazd in one year from 2016 march 20 to 2017 March 20 entered the study. Information on daily concentration of air pollutants, including five pollutants SO2, CO, O3, NO2 and PM10 and Validated according to the World Health Criteria. And in the next step Raw data from air pollutants related to each station  Using equation and table standard Converts to separate AQI values for each pollutant And the pollutant having the highest index It was introduced as a pollutant responsible for the day.The data analyzes were used by Excel 2007 and R (3.4.3) software. The significant level was considered to be less than 0.05. Results: According to measurements of air pollutants, 349 days in 245 days, the standard air quality index (AQI <100) and 104 days a year above the standard standard (AQI> 100) were observed In 86 days, from 104 days PM10 and CO emissions as pollutants was responsible for introducing. Conclusion:  Given that in 104 days of the year, air quality has exceeded the standard In the days when air quality exceeds the standard, children and elderly take caution. 250 255 2018/04/222018/07/112018/08/202018/06/182018/12/222018/11/182018/08/19 1397/5/28 2018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/222018/11/182018/12/31 1397/10/10 محسن عسکری شاهی Mohsen Askarishahi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran moasbio@gmail.com مهدی مختاری Mehdi Mokhtari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mokhtari@ssu.ac.ir حسن اشرف زاده Hasan Ashrafzadeh Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran hasan.ashrafzade@gmail.com مهرزاد ابراهیم زاده Mehrzad Ebrahemzadih Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Iran mhrzad12@gmail.com Air Pollutants Myocardial Infarction Air Quality Index (AQI) Yazd آلودگی هوا سکته قلبی شاخص کیفیت هوا یزد 1. Ardiles LG, Tadano YS, Costa S, et al. Negative binomial regression model for analysis of the relationship between hospitalization and air pollution. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 9(2): 333-341.##2. Hirota K. Comparative studies on vehicle related policies for air pollution reduction in ten Asian countries. Sustainability. 2010; 2(1):145-162.##3. Franck U, Leitte AM, Suppan P. Multiple exposures to airborne pollutants and hospital admissions due to diseases of the circulatory system in Santiago de Chile. Science of the Total Environment. 2014; 468: 746-756.##4. World Health Organization. Burden of disease from ambient air pollution for 2012. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/AAP_BoD_results_March2014.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2018. ##5. Kermani M, Aghaei M, Bahrami Asl F, et al. Estimation of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributed to SO2 exposure in six industrialized metropolises of Iran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 23(145): 12-21. [Persian]##6. Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM, et al Exposure to PM10, NO2, and O3 and impacts on human health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 2017; 24(3): 2781-2789.##7. Kermani M, Dowlati M, Jonidi Jafari A, et al. Estimation of mortality, acute myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to exposure to O3, NO2, and SO2 in ambient air in Tehran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 26(138): 96-107. [Persian]##8. Golbaz S, Farzadkia M, Kermani M. Determination of Tehran air quality with emphasis on air quality index (AQI); 2008-2009. Iran Occupational Health. 2010; 6(4): 59-64.##9. Kermani M, Bahrami Asl F, Aghaei M, et al. Comparative investigation of air quality index (AQI) for six industrial cities of Iran. The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 25(9): 810-819. [Persian]##10. Mokhtari M, Miri M, Mohammadi A, et al. Assessment of air quality index and health impact of PM10, PM2. 5 and SO2 in Yazd, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 25(131): 14-23. [Persian]##11. Mintz D. Technical assistance document for the reporting of daily air quality-the air quality index (aqi): U.S. environmental protection agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 2012: 1-26.##12. Miaou SP. The relationship between truck accidents and geometric design of road sections: Poisson versus negative binomial regressions. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 1994; 26(4): 471-482.##13. Charkha N, Ghatge A, Sharma P, et al. Estimating risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases using negative binomial regression. Epistemology. 2013; 3(2): 1-4.##14. Greene W. Functional forms for the negative binomial model for count data. Economics Letters. 2008; 99(3): 585-590.##15. Khorasani N, Cheraghi M, Naddafi K, et al. The comparison of Tehran and Isfahan air quality and some strategies are suggested for its improvement in 1378. Journal of Natural source Iran. 2002; 55(4): 559-568. [Persian]##16. Arfaeinia H, Kermani M, Aghaei M, et al. Comparative investigation of health quality of air in Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz metropolises in 2011-2012. Journal of Health in the Field. 2014; 1(4): 37-44. [Persian]## ##

Online Volunteering, A Way to Reduce Health Inequalities: A Review Study داوطلبی آنلاین، راهی برای کاهش نابرابری های سلامتی: یک مطالعه مروری 2 1 مقدمه: فعالیتهای داوطلبانه راهی برای مشارکت مردم در فعالیتهای اجتماع محور و ارتقاء سرمایه اجتماعی آنهاست و این ظرفیت را دارد که در خدمت سلامت عمومی مردم از طرق مختلف از جمله تقویت بهزیستن و کاهش نابرابری های سلامتی است. امروزه با گسترش فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در سطح جهان، استفاده مردم از این ابزار نیز گسترش پیدا کرده است. یکی از عرصه هایی که در بیش از دو دهه اخیر با ظهور اینترنت و شبکه های اجتماعی دچار تغییر شده، فعالیتهای داوطلبانه است. در این مطالعه هدف این است که تاثیر داوطلبی آنلاین بر نفع بردن گروههای بیشتری از مردم و ارتقا بهزیستن آنان مشخص شود. روش: این مطالعه به روش مروری صورت گرفت. برای جستجو از ترکیب واژگان مرتبط استفاده شد. 326 مقاله با استفاده از بانکهای اطلاعاتی پابمد، الزویر، سیج،  اسپرینگر، پابمد، گوگل اسکالر و با ترکیب کلمات کلیدی اشاره شده استخراج شد که بعد از مطالعه خلاصه مقالات و بررسی ارتباط آن با سوالات تحقیق، 57 مطالعه برای بررسی انتخاب شد. یافته ها: در این مطالعه مشخص شد که اکثر مشاغل داوطلبانه مجازی در سازمانها ، تلفیقی از داوطلبی حضوری و آنلاین می باشد و تعداد داوطلبی خالص که فقط به صورت آنلاین خدمات داوطلبانه انجام میدهند کمتر است. هم چنین سازمانها از طریق سایتهای اختصاصی و یا سایتهای داوطلب یابی به جذب داوطلب می پردازند. یکی از ویژگیهای اصلی این نوع از داوطلبی استفاده حداکثر از زمان است و با کاستن از زمان سفر، این نوع داوطلبی میتواند در 24 ساعت روز و هفت روز هفته صورت گیرد. داوطلبی آنلاین تمام افراد اعم از جوانان، سالمندان، افراد کم توان و ناتوان و گروه ها و اقلیت ها را می تواند مشارکت دهد و یکی از مزایای اصلی این نوع داوطلبی این است که بسیاری از افرادی که قادر به حضور در محل سازمان نیستند می توانند از این طریق خدمات داوطبانه خود را ارائه دهند و هم چنین تبعیض نژادی و قومیتی در این نوع داوطلبی کمتر دیده می شود. در چرایی این نوع از داوطلبی ، باید گفت انگیزه غالب فعالیتهای داوطلبانه ، نوع دوستی و کار خیر است اما این نوع از داوطلبی،بیشتر از نوع سنتی آن دارای انگیزه های بشردوستی است چرا که انگیزه های خودخواهانه هم چون تظاهر، معاشرت با دیگران، استفاده از مزایا هم چون سفر و .. در این نوع از داوطلبی دیده نمی شود. نتیجه گیری:  اگر چه این نوع داوطلبی در سطح جهان در حال گسترش است، اما هنوز سازمانهای داوطلب محور به پرورش افرادی برای مدیریت داوطلبان مجازی، اعم از جذب و نگهداری و نظارت نپرداخته اند و قوانین سازمانی با این نوع داوطلبی به روز نشده است. به نظر می رسد این نوع داوطلبی خواهد توانست گروه های آسیب پذیر را نیز در فعالیتهای جامعه مشارکت دهد و باعث شود سلامت گروههای مختلف به خصوص گروههایی که قادر به داوطلبی حضوری نبودند ارتقاء دهد. 2 Introduction: Volunteering is a way for community participation and involving local social capital. Volunteering has potential to enhance wellbeing and reducing health inequalities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of online volunteering on people well-being and reducing inequalities. Methods: In this narrative review, using related keywords 326 studies found in the initial search in PubMed, Sage, Springer, Google Scholar, Elsevier, PsycINFO and finally 57 studies selected for review. Results: The study found that virtual volunteering in organizations is a combination of offline and online volunteering, and fewer volunteers are online volunteering. One of the main features of online volunteering is the maximum use of time, and reduces travel time; this type of volunteering can be done 24 hours a day and seven days a week. Online volunteering can involve all people, including young people, the elderly, people with disabilities and disadvantaged groups and minorities, and one of the main benefits of this type of volunteering is that many people who cannot attend the organization can participate this way, volunteer services will be provided, as well as racial and ethnic discrimination in this type of volunteering can be reduced. Conclusion: Although online volunteering is developing globally, volunteer-based organizations have not yet adopted their strategies, rules and procedures for new volunteers. It seems online volunteering will also enable different groups to participate in activities and promote the health of different groups. 256 264 2018/04/222018/07/112018/08/202018/06/182018/12/222018/11/182018/08/192018/10/13 1397/7/21 2018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/312018/12/222018/11/182018/12/312018/10/13 1397/7/21 حامد صدیقی Hamed Seddighi Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran ابراهیم سلمانی Ibrahim Salmani Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Online Volunteering Volunteer Organizations Online advocacy Health Inequality داوطلبی آنلاین سازمانهای داوطلب محور مدافعه گری آنلاین نابرابری سلامت 1. Gap GG. World economic forum. Cologny/Geneva. 2017.##2. Kemp S. Digital in 2018: world’s Internet users pass the 4 billion mark. New York, We Are Social: 2018.##3. McDougle L, Handy F, Konrath S, et al. Health outcomes and volunteering: The moderating role of religiosity. Social Indicators Research. 2014; 117(2): 337-351.##4. Greenfield EA, Marks NF. Formal volunteering as a protective factor for older adults' psychological well-being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2004; 59(5): S258-S264.##5. Piliavin JA, Siegl E. Health benefits of volunteering in the Wisconsin longitudinal study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2007; 48(4): 450-464.##6. Kim J, Pai M. Volunteering and trajectories of depression. Journal of Aging and Health. 2010; 22(1): 84-105.##7. Borgonovi F. Doing well by doing good. The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness. Social science & medicine. 2008; 66(11): 2321-2334.##8. Musick MA, Wilson J. Volunteering and depression: The role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Social Science & Medicine. 2003; 56(2): 259-269.##9. Konrath S, Fuhrel-Forbis A, Lou A, et al. Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychology. 2012; 31(1) :87-96.##10. Morrow-Howell N, Hinterlong J, Rozario PA, et al. Effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2003; 58(3): S137-S145.##11. Thoits PA, Hewitt LN. Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2001; 42(2): 115-131.##12. Kollock P. The economies ol online cooperation. In: Smith MA, Kollock P, editors. Communities in Cyberspace. USA and Canada: Routledge; 1999: 220-236.##13. Ackermann K, Manatschal A. Online volunteering as a means to overcome unequal participation? The profiles of online and offline volunteers compared. New Media & Society. 2018; 20(12): 4453-4472. ##14. Cravens J. Involving international online volunteers: Factors for success, organizational benefits, and new views of community. The International Journal of Volunteer Administration. 2006; 24(1): 15-23.##15. Czaja SJ, Lee CC. The impact of aging on access to technology. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2007; 5(4): 341.##16. Surowiecki J. The wisdom of crowds. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group; 2005.##17. Ensher EA, Heun C, Blanchard A. Online mentoring and computer-mediated communication: New directions in research. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2003; 63(2): 264-288.##18. Mukherjee D. Participation of older adults in virtual volunteering: A qualitative analysis. Ageing International. 2011; 36(2): 253-266.##19. Handy F, Cnaan RA, Brudney JL, et al. Public perception of" who is a volunteer": An examination of the net-cost approach from a cross-cultural perspective. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 2000; 11(1): 45-65.##20. Kimmel J, Connelly R. Mothers’ time choices caregiving, leisure, home production, and paid work. Journal of Human Resources. 2007; 42(3): 643-681.##21. Mook L, Handy F, Ginieniewicz J, et al. The value of volunteering for a nonprofit membership association: The case of ARNOVA. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 2007; 36(3): 504-520.##22. Pho YH. The value of volunteer labor and the factors influencing participation: Evidence for the United States from 2002 through 2005. Review of Income and Wealth. 2008; 54(2): 220-236.##23. Rochester C, Paine AE, Howlett S, et al. Volunteering and society in the 21st century. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016.##24. Seddighi H. Voluntary work monetary value and cost-benefit analysis with'value audit and voluntary investment'technique: case study of Yazd red crescent society youth members voluntary work in health and safety plan for new year's passengers. Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief. 2016; 8(1-2): 144-159. [Persian]##25. Cnaan RA, Handy F, Wadsworth M. Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 1996; 25(3): 364-383.##26. Foster V, Mourato S, Pearce D, et al. The price of virtue: The economic value of the charitable sector. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2001.##27. Hustinx L, Cnaan RA, Handy F. Navigating theories of volunteering: A hybrid map for a complex phenomenon. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. 2010; 40(4): 410-434.##28. Seddighi H, Morovati Sharifabadi A. Efficiency evaluation of road relief bases of Yazd province red crescent society in new year plan. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2013; 5(3): 18-26.##29. Vaillancourt F. To volunteer or not: Canada, 1987. Canadian Journal of Economics. 1994; 27(4): 813-826.##30. Bowman W. The economic value of volunteers to nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit Management and Leadership. 2009; 19(4): 491-506.##31. Amichai-Hamburger Y. Potential and promise of online volunteering. Computers in Human Behavior. 2008; 24(2): 544-562.##32. Baytiyeh H, Pfaffman J. Volunteers in wikipedia: why the community matters. Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 2010; 13(2): 128-140.##33. Cravens J. Virtual volunteering: Online volunteers providing assistance to human service agencies. Journal of Technology in Human Services. 2000; 17(2-3): 119-136.##34. Rheingold H. The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. 1st ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press; 2000.##35. Robert L, David HS, Cornelia G, et al. State of the world’s volunteerism report: universal values for global well-being. Bonn, Germany : United Nations Volunteers; 2011.##36. Smith DH. The global historical and contemporary impacts of voluntary membership associations on human societies. Brill Publisher; 2018: 1-125.##37. Vézina M, Crompton S. Volunteering in Canada. Ottawa,ON,Canada: Statistics Canada; 2012.##38. Baruch A, May A, Yu D. The motivations, enablers and barriers for voluntary participation in an online crowdsourcing platform. Computers in Human Behavior. 2016; 64: 923-931.##39. Bussell H, Forbes D. Understanding the volunteer market: The what, where, who and why of volunteering. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 2002; 7(3): 244-257.##40. Earl J, Kimport K. Digitally enabled social change: Activism in the internet age. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mit Press; 2011.##41. Cox J, Oh EY, Simmons B, et al. Doing good online: An investigation into the characteristics and motivations of digital volunteers. SSRN Working Paper; 2016.##42. Paylor J. Micro-volunteering: Doing some good through smartphones? Research Bulletin; 2012.##43. Peña-López I. Online volunteers: knowledge managers in nonprofits. The Journal of Information Technology in Social Change. 2007; 1(1): 143-159.##44. Liu HK. Exploring online engagement in public policy consultation: the crowd or the few?. Australian Journal of Public Administration. 2017; 76(1): 33-47.##45. Murray V, Harrison Y. The Impact of Information and communications technology on volunteer management. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Centre for Philanthropy; 2002.##46. Liu HK, Harrison YD, Lai JJ, et al. Online and virtual volunteering. In: Smith DH, Stebbins RA, Grotz J, editors. The Palgrave handbook of volunteering, civic participation, and nonprofit associations. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016. P: 290-310 ##47. Murray V, Harrison Y. Virtual volunteering: current status and future prospects. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Centre for Philanthropy; 2002.##48. Ginsburg M, Weisband S. Social capital and volunteerism in virtual communities: The case of the internet chess club. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02); 2002 Jan 7 - 10 : Washington, DC: USA; 2002:171b##49. Mackay SA, White KM, Obst PL. Sign and share: what influences our participation in online microvolunteering. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2016; 19(4): 257-263.##50. Wymer Jr WW. Youth development volunteers: Their motives, how they differ from other volunteers and correlates of involvement intensity. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 1998; 3(4): 321-336.##51. Krebs V. Motivations of cybervolunteers in an applied distributed computing environment: MalariaControl. net as an example. First Monday. 2010; 15(2).##52. Ibarra F, Korovina O, Baez M, et al. Tools enabling online contributions by older adults. IEEE Internet Computing. 2016; 20(5): 58-65.##53. Rohs FR, Shure RS. The identification of those most likely to volunteer: Characteristics of male volunteers in the Big Brothers / Big Sisters program. [Doctorate Thesis]. USA: University of Illinois Chicago in Wymer; 1998.##54. Oreg S, Nov O. Exploring motivations for contributing to open source initiatives: The roles of contribution context and personal values. Computers in Human Behavior. 2008; 24(5): 2055-2073.##55. Ludford PJ, Cosley D, Frankowski D, et al. Think different: Increasing online community participation using uniqueness and group dissimilarity. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, CHI 2004, Vienna: Austria; 2004.##56. Hoisl B, Aigner W, Miksch S. Social rewarding in wiki systems–motivating the community. Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Online communities and social computing; 2007 Jul 22 - 27; Beijing, China; USA: Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg; 2007.##57. Nov O, Arazy O, Anderson D. Scientists@ Home: what drives the quantity and quality of online citizen science participation?. PloS One. 2014; 9(4): e90375.##58. Ridings C, Wasko M. Online discussion group sustainability: Investigating the interplay between structural dynamics and social dynamics over time. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2010; 11(2): 95.##59. Smith DH. Voluntary organizations. In: Wright JD, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed: Oxford: Elsevier; 2015: 261-267.##60. Smith DH. Sociological study of nonprofit organizations. In: Farazmand A, editor. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. New York: Springer; 2017.## ##