CYP141 gene: A New approach for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Identification ژن CYP141: به عنوان یک رویکرد جدید برای شناسایی میکروسکوپیک توبرکلوزیس 2 1 فاقد چکیده می باشد. 2 In summary, in order to control tuberculosis, we require a rapid diagnosis of TB patients, who act as the source of disease; and if remain untreated, these patients can spread the disease throughout the population. Therefore, we need to introduce the new approach for quick and accurate identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and CYP141 gene is a new approach for rapid and accurate direct identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens. 197 199 2017/09/3 1396/6/12 2017/12/5 1396/9/14 مسعود کیخا Masoud keikha Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran masoud.keykha90@gmail.com Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP141 IS 6110 Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tubercuosis IS6110 CYP 141 Tuberculosis 1. Organization WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2013: World Health Organization;2013.##2. Keikha M, Kamali M, Bakhshi B, etal. Discovery of the new target for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2017(In Press).##3. Nasiri MJ, Dabiri H, Darban-Sarokhalil D, et al. Prevalence of non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infections among tuberculosis suspects in Iran: systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2015; 10(6):1-9.##4. Khaledi A, Bahador A, Esmaeili D, et al. Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) in Iranian clinical specimens: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Bacteriology. 2017; 5(3-4):29-40.##5. Hashemi-Shahraki A, Bostanabad SZ, Heidarieh P, et al. Species spectrum of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from suspected tuberculosis patients, identification by multi locus sequence analysis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2013; 20: 312-24.##6. Soini H, Musser JM. Molecular diagnosis of mycobacteria.Clinical Chemistry. 2001; 47(5): 809-14.##7. Darban-Sarokhalil D, Fooladi A, Bameri Z, et al. Cytochrome CYP141: a new target for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical specimens. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 2011; 58(3): 211-7.##8. Sun Y-J, Bellamy R, Lee AS, et al. Use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing to examine genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Singapore. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004; 42(5): 1986-93.##9. Farzam B, Fooladi AA, Izadi M, et al. Comparison of cyp141 and IS6110 for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical specimens by PCR. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2015; 8(1): 32-6.##10. McLean KJ, Dunford AJ, Neeli R, et al. Structure, function and drug targeting in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome P450 systems. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2007; 464(2): 228-40.## ##

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Taxi Drivers in Yazd, Iran, 2016 شیوع عوامل خطر بیماری های قلبی-عروقی در رانندگان تاکسی شهر یزد 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی از اصلی‌ترین دلایل مرگ و میر در جهان می‌باشند. رانندگان تاکسی به علت مواجهه با شرایط کاری ناسالم، یک گروه پر خطر برای ابتلا به بیماری قلبی عروقی هستند این مطالعه با هدف بررسی شیوع عوامل خطر بیماری‌های قلبی-عروقی در رانندگان تاکسی انجام شد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه بصورت مقطعی توصیفی در سال 1396 بر روی 110 راننده تاکسی که بصورت تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند، انجام شد. اختلال در چربی‌های خون، چاقی، مصرف سیگار، پرفشاری خون و دیابت مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آمار توصیفی و آزمون دقیق فیشر تعمیم یافته استفاده شد. نتایج: کلیه شرکت کنندگان این مطالعه مرد بودند. میانگین و انحراف معیار سن و سابقه کار آنها به ترتیب 6/11±4/46 و 8/8±3/11 سال بود. 1/89 درصد از افراد حداقل یک عامل خطر، 30 درصد دو عامل خطر، 7/22 درصد سه عامل خطر، 5/14 درصد چهار عامل خطر و 5/4 درصد پنج عامل خطر داشتند. این مطالعه نشان داد که شیوع پرفشاری خون، دیابت، دیس لیپیدمی و مصرف سیگار در افراد مورد مطالعه به ترتیب 5/35%، 10، 4/66% و 7/12% بود. همچنین 45/45 و 45/25% افراد دارای اضافه وزن و چاق بودند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان دهنده‌ی شیوع بالای عوامل خطر قلبی-عروقی (بویژه HDL پایین) در رانندگان تاکسی می‌باشد. برگزاری دوره‌های آموزشی در زمینه‌ی اصلاح شیوه‌ی زندگی می‌تواند درپیشگیری از بروز بیماریهای قلبی عروقی در این افراد موثر واقع شود. واژگان کلیدی: رانندگان تاکسی، عوامل خطر، بیماری قلبی عروقی 2 Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death in the worldwide. Taxi drivers are a high risk group for developing cardiovascular disease, due to exposure to unhealthy working conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among taxi drivers. Methods: This cross-sectional study in 2016, was conducted on 110 taxi drivers that selected by simple random sampling method. Prevalence of dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, hypertension and diabetes were estimated. Descriptive statistics and the extended Fisher exact test were used for data analysis. Results: In this study, all participants were male, with mean age and experience 46.4±11.6 and 11.3±8.8 years, respectively. Among all subjects, 89.1% of people had at least one risk factor, 30% two risk factors, 22.7% three risk factors, 14.5% four risk factors and 4.5% five risk factors. This study showed that prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and smoking among subjects were 35.5, 10, 66.4 and 12.7, respectively. Also 45.45% and 25.45 % of individuals were overweight and obese, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (especially low HDL-C) among taxi drivers. Training courses in order to lifestyle modification can be effective for preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in these people. Keywords: Taxi drivers, Risk factors, Cardiovascular disease 200 206 2017/09/32017/08/25 1396/6/3 2017/12/52017/12/5 1396/9/14 ویدا رضائی هاچه سو Vida Rezaei Hachesu Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran شادی نادریان فلی Shadi Naderyan Feli Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمد جواد زارع سخویدی Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mjzs63@gmail.com Taxi drivers Risk factors Cardiovascular disease رانندگان تاکسی عوامل خطر بیماری قلبی عروقی 1. AL-Nooh AA, Abdulabbas Abdulla Alajmi A, Wood D. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among employees in the Kingdom of Bahrain between October 2010 and March 2011: a cross-sectional study from a workplace health campaign. Cardiology Research and Practice. 2014; 2014:1-9.##2. Ramakrishnan J, Majgi SM, Premarajan KC, et al. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among policemen in Puducherry, South India. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research. 2013; 4(2): 112-5.##3. Mehrparvar AH, Mirmohammadi SJ, Mostaghaci M, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among tile and ceramic workers in Yazd, Iran. ISRN Preventive Medicine. 2013;2013: 1-6.##4. Després J-P, Arsenault BJ, Côté M, et al. Abdominal obesity: the cholesterol of the 21st century?. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2008; 24(supplement D) :7D-12D.##5. Hirata RP, Sampaio LM, Leitao Filho FS, et al. General characteristics and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among interstate bus drivers. The Scientific World Journal. 2012; 2012: 1-7, ArticleID 216702. ##6. Elshatarat RA, Burgel BJ. Cardiovascular risk factors of taxi drivers. Journal of Urban Health. 2016; 93(3): 589-606.##7. Kurosaka K, Daida H, Muto T, et al. Characteristics of coronary heart disease in Japanese taxi drivers as determined by coronary angiographic analyses. Industrial Health. 2000; 38(1): 15-23.##8. Chen JC, Chen YJ, Chang WP, et al. Long driving time is associated with haematological markers of increased cardiovascular risk in taxi drivers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2005; 62(12): 890-4.##9. Ishimaru T, Arphorn S, Jirapongsuwan A. Hematocrit levels as cardiovascular risk among taxi drivers in Bangkok, Thailand. Industrial Health. 2016; 54(5): 433-8.##10. Gany F, Bari S, Gill P, et al. Step On It! Workplace cardiovascular risk assessment of New York city yellow taxi drivers. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2016;18(1): 118-34.##11. Apantaku-Onayemi F, Baldyga W, Amuwo S, et al. Driving to better health: cancer and cardiovascular risk assessment among taxi cab operators in Chicago. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2012; 23(2): 768-80. ##12. Kazemi T, Sadeghi-Khorashad M, Salehi-Give A. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in drivers of heavy vehicles in the South Khorasan (2009-2010). Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 19(6): 26-32.##13. Gabb GM, Mangoni A, Anderson CS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults—2016. Mortality. 2016; 205(2): 85-89.##14. WHO EC. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet (London, England). 2004; 363(9403): 157.##15. Panel NCEPNE. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106(25): 3143-421.##16. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. diabetes care 2014; 37 (suppl. 1): s14–s80diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (Suppl. 1): S81–S90. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(3): 887-.##17. Namayandeh SM, Sadr S, Ansari Z, et al. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of coronary artery disease traditional risk factors in Yazd urban population, Yazd healthy heart project. Iran Cardiovasc Research Journal. 2011; 5(1): 7-13. ##18. Saberi H, Moraveji A, Parastouie K. Metabolic syndrome among professional bus and truck drivers in Kashan, 2008. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2009;12(2):126-32.##19. Taraghi Z, Ilali E. Hypertension screening in truck drivers. Journal of Hayat. 2004;10(2): 63-9.##20. Yazdi Z. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Truck Drivers and Its Relation to Shift Work. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2012;5(4).##21. Leong L, Chia SE. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among healthcare staff in a large healthcare institution in Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal. 2012; 53(8):517-21.##22. Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Sozial-und Präventivmedizin/Social and Preventive Medicine. 2002; 47(6): 408-26.##23. Lotfi MH, Saadati H, Afzali M. Prevalence of diabetes in people aged≥ 30 years: the results of screen-ing program of Yazd Province, Iran, in 2012. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2013; 14(1): 88-92.##24. Fatema K, Natasha K, Ali L. Cardiovascular risk factors among Bangladeshi ready-made garment workers. Journal of Public Health in Africa. 2014; 5(2): 373.##25. Bahonar A, Shahnam M, Asadi-Lari M, et al. Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among workers in Isfahan. Iran Occupational Health. 2010; 7(1): 1-0.##26. Nasri H, Moazenzadeh M. Coronary artery disease risk factors in drivers versus people in other occupations. ARYA Atheroscler. 2010; 2(2): 75-78.## ##

Investigation of the Effects of Religious Beliefs on Compliance with Traffic Laws and Regulations on Yazd Province Drivers (Structural Equation Modeling Approach) بررسی تأثیر باورهای دینی بر رعایت کردن قوانین ومقررات راهور دربین رانندگان شهر یزد(با رویکرد مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری) 2 1 مقدمه: واضح است که رانندگی بدون رعایت قوانین و مقررات راهنمایی و رانندگی، نظم و امنیت هر جامعه‌ای را تهدید و باعث سلب آسایش و آرامش افراد جامعه می‌شود. عوامل متعددی در رعایت قوانین و مقررات راهنمایی و رانندگی نقش دارند که هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر بررسی تأثیر باورهای دینی بر رعایت قوانین و مقررات راهنمایی و رانندگی در سطح شهر یزد است. روش بررسی : این تحقیق از نظر کنترل شرایط پژوهش یک مطالعه پیمایشی واز نظر زمانی یک مطالعه مقطعی و در ابتدای سال 96 انجام شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش کلیه شهروندان یزدی بالای 18 سال دارای گواهینامه رانندگی و صاحب خودرو یا موتورسیکلت می‌باشند که به صورت نمونه گیری ساده تصادفی تعداد384 نفر از این رانندگان در 5 بخش مختلف شهر یزد انتخاب و مورد بررسی قرار گرفته اند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌های تحقیق دوپرسشنامه ؛ پرسشنامه دینداری گلاک و استارک و پرسشنامه رعایت قوانین و مقررات راهور است. در این تحقیق برای تجزیه تحلیل داده های جمع آوری شده با استفاده از پرسشنامه های تحقیق از روش مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری (که یک رویکرد جامع برای آزمون فرضیات است استفاده شده است) با کمک روش حداقل مربعات جزیی و نرم‏افزار Pls جهت آزمون فرضیات و صحت مدل استفاده شده است. نتایج: یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که : میزان تأثیر بعد پیامدی باورهای دینی بر رعایت کردن قوانین و مقررات راهور در بین رانندگان شهر یزد برابر 0.518 ،میزان تأثیر بعد عاطفی باورهای دینی بر رعایت کردن قوانین و مقررات راهور در بین رانندگان شهر یزد برابر 0.270 ومیزان تأثیر بعد اعتقادی باورهای دینی بر رعایت کردن قوانین و مقررات راهور در بین رانندگان شهر یزد برابر 0.05 می‏باشدپس بین متغیرهای باورهای دینی و میزان رعایت قوانین و مقررات راهنمایی و رانندگی رابطه‌ای معنی دار وجود دارد (رعایت قوانین راهور متأثر از باورهای دینی می باشد). نتیجه گیری: در کل نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که؛ با تکیه بر باورهای دینی که در این تحقیق بر شمارده شد و عمل کردن به آنها می توان میزان رعایت قوانین و مقررات راهنمایی و رانندگی را افزایش داد. 2 Abstract Introduction: It is obvious that driving without laws and regulations is a threat to every society's order and safety ultimately leading to accidents and loss of life. Several factors play a role in observance of traffic laws and regulations. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of religious beliefs on compliance with traffic laws and regulations that could lead to improvement of order, safety and reduction of casualties and accidents in Yazd City. Methods: This was a descriptive study which conducted in 2017 in 384 citizens of Yazd province aged over 18 years with a driver's license and ownership of a car or motorcycle which randomly selected.. The data collection tool were two questionnaires, (Golak and Stark religiosity)and a questionnaire complying with the traffic rules and regulations. Data analysis was performed by Structural Equation Modeling (, partial least squares and Pls software to test the assumptions and accuracy of the model. Results: The findings showed that the effect of the lateral dimension of religious beliefs on compliance with traffic rules and regulations among drivers in Yazd was0.518, the effect of the emotional dimension of religious beliefs on compliance with the rules and regulations among the drivers was 0.270 and the effect of the religious beliefs on the observance of the rules and regulations among the drivers of Yazd was 0.05. There was thus a significant relationship between the variables of religious beliefs and the observance of traffic laws and regulations (adherence to the rules influenced by Religious Beliefs). Conclusion: In general, the results of this research showed that religious beliefs included in this research can increase the observance of traffic rules and regulations and with its continuation over time result in reduction of accidents and consequent losses. Keywords: Driving Directions, Religious Beliefs, Yazd 207 215 2017/09/32017/08/252017/12/9 1396/9/18 2017/12/52017/12/52017/12/9 1396/9/18 محمد پورشمس Mohammad Pourshams Deputy of Technical Traffic, Management and Command Office, Yazd, Iran Iran mohammad.purshams@gmail.com حسن جان فدا Hasan JanFada Disaster Risk Reduction Office, Deputy of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Driving Directions Religious Beliefs Yazd قوانین و مقررات راهنمایی و رانندگی باورهای دینی یزد 1. Bootrabi Kh. Common aspects of mental health in monotheistic religions and holy books. First International Conference on the Role of Religion in Mental Health, 2003: 205-21. [Persian] ##2. Siri Gh, Influential role of media in changing driver behavior.2009. http://www.1824.ir/news-1325- .[Persian]##3. Aryanpour kashani A. Full Persian English Culture, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publishing. 1984.[Persian] ##4. 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Religious involvement in rural youth, An ecological and life course perspective, Journal of Research on Adolescence.1997;438( 7): 431-456.##24- Gordon EW, Song LD. Variations in the experience of resilience, In M. C. Wang, & E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational Resilience in the inner-city America: Challenges and Prospects. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1994; 27-43.##25-Ellison CG. Religious involvement and self-perception among Black Americans. Social Forces. 1993;71:1027–1055##26- Spilka B, Hood WR, Gorsuch RL. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.1985.## ##

Geographical Distribution, Time Trend, and Epidemiological Characteristics of Animal-Bite Cases in Bardsir, 2010-2014 پراکندگی جغرافیایی، روند زمانی و خصوصیات اپیدمیولوژیک موارد حیوان گزیدگی در بردسیر طی سال های 93-1389 2 1 سابقه و هدف:حیوان گزیدگی یکی از تهدیدهای سلامتی انسان به شمار می رود. حیوان گزیدگی پیامدهای بسیاری مانند بیماری کشنده هاری به دنبال دارد. با توجه به اهمیت حیوان گزیدگی در سراسر کشور، هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی توزیع جغرافیایی، روند زمانی و خصوصیات اپیدمیولوژیک موارد در شهرستان بردسیر می باشد. روش کار:این پژوهش مطالعات مقطعی برروی پرونده افراد دچار حیوان گزیدگی از فروردین سال1389تا اسفند 1393 در شهرستان بردسیرانجام شد. داده ها وارد نرم افزار SPSS v.20 گردیده و با آمار توصیفی شامل فراوانی و درصد، مدل لگاریتم خطی و مدل سری زمانی تحلیل گردیدند. همچنین برای رسم پراکندگی جغرافیایی موارد حیوان گزیدگی از نرم افزار Arc GISاستفاده شد. یافته ها:یافته های این مطالعه نشان داد که در مجموع طی سالهای مطالعه 1500 مورد حیوان گزیدگی رخ داده بود. بخش مشیز با تعداد 695 مورد گزش دارای بیشترین حیوان گزیدگی بود. از نظر زمانی موارد حیوان گزیدگی دارای روند خاصی نبودند. نتایج نشان داد که میزان بروز گزش در مردان نسبت به زنان 12/2 بود( 001/0 >P).در گروه سنی 45- 31 سال نسبت به گروه سنی رفرنس(6-0 سال) میزان گزش 98/5 بار بیشتر بود( 001/0 >P).در زنان خانه دار نسبت به گروه رفرنس(اطفال) میزان وقوع حیوان گزیدگی 96/4 بار بیشتر بود( 001/0 >P). در بین حیوانات گزنده سگها بیشترین گزیدگی را ایجاد کرده بودند(9/76 درصد). از نظر اعضای گزیده شده، اندام تحتانی بیشتر گزیده شده بودند(8/52). بیشتر مصدومان واکسیناسیون سه نوبتی دریافت کرده بودند(91 درصد). نتیجه گیری:به نظر می رسد عامل تعیین کننده در خصوص حیوان گزیدگی بالا در شهرستان بردسیر نوع فعالیت و شغل باشد. بنابر این آموزش ویژه و پیشگیرانه در گروه های پرخطر می تواند مفید واقع شود. وا‍ژگان کلیدی: حیوان گزیدگی، روند زمانی، بردسیر، ایران 2 ABSTRACT Introduction: Animal bites are one of the serious threats to human health, leading numerous consequences such as fatal disease of rabies. Given the importance of animal bite throughout the country, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the geographical distribution, time trend and epidemiological characteristics of animal-bite cases in Bardsir County, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the records of people suffering from animal bite between April 2010 and March 2014 in Bardsir County. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.20 software using descriptive statistics including frequency and percentage, log-linear model and time series model. Arc GIS software was employed to plot the geographical distribution of animal-bite cases. Results: The findings of this study indicated that totally 1,500 cases of animal bite had occurred during the study period. Mashiz district (with 695 cases of bite) had the most animal bites. In terms of time, animal-bite cases had no particular trend. The results showed that the incidence rate of bite in men was 2.12 times more than in women (p<0.001). In the age group of 31- 45 years compared to the reference age group (0-6 years), the rate of bite was 5.98 times greater (p<0.001). In the homemakers compared to the reference group (children) the incidence rate of animal bite was 4.96 times greater (p<0.001). Among the biting animals, dogs were responsible for the most bites (76.9%). In terms of bitten organs, limbs were bitten frequently (52.8%). The majority of victims had received the vaccine in accordance with the three-dose immunization schedule (91%). Conclusion: It seems that the determinants regarding high incidence of animal bite in Bardsir County are the type of activities and occupations. Therefore, special and preventive educational programs might be useful in high-risk groups. Keywords: Animal Bite,Time Trend, Bardsir, Iran 216 222 2017/09/32017/08/252017/12/92017/06/19 1396/3/29 2017/12/52017/12/52017/12/92017/12/5 1396/9/14 سعید حسینی Saeed Hesseini Research center for Health Management, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran محمد رضا بانشی Mohammad Reza Baneshi Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran راضیه خواجه کاظمی Razieh Khajeh Kazemi HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran مینو مشایخی Minoo Mashayekhi Department of Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, Deputy of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran یاسر قرائی خضری پور Yaser Gharaei Khezripour public Health,Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran فرزانه ذوالعلی Farzaneh Zolala Research Center for Modeling in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran zolalafarzaneh@gmail.com Animal Bite Time Trend Bardsir Iran حیوان گزیدگی روند زمانی بردسیر ایران 1. Hatami G, Motamed N, Zia sheikh eslami N. A survey on animal bite in children less than 16 years old in Bushehr 2001-2006. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2007; 9(2): 182-9. [Persian]##2. Mazaheri V, Holakouie Naieni K, Simani S, et al. Geographical distribution of animal bite and rabies in the Caspian Sea littoral provinces during 2002-2007. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2010; 8(3): 37-46. [Persian]##3. Behnampour N, Charkzi A, Fathi M, et al. Epidemiology of animal bite in Aq Qala city. Health System Research. 2011;6(4): 770-7. [Persian]##4. Dehghani R, Sharif MR, Sharif AR, et al.Epidemiology of animal bite in samirom in 2008 to 2012. Iranian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine. 2013; 18(61): 45-8. [Persian]##5. Warner GS. Increased incidence of domestic animal bites following a disaster due to natural hazards. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2010; 25(02): 187-90.##6. Garth AP, Harris NS. Bites, animal. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/ topicó0.htm. Accessed April 16, 2009.##7. Bahonar A, Bokaie S, Khodaveirdi K, etal. A study of rabies and the frequency of animal bites in the province of Ilam, 1994-2004. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2008; 4(1): 47-51. [Persian]##8. Abdou AE. Fifty years of veterinary public health activities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. World Health Organization. 2000; 6(4): 796-807.##9. Bokayi S, Fayaz A, Pourmehdi Boroojeni M, et al. Epidemiology of rabies and animal bites in the provinces of Caspian Sea. Iranian Veterinary Journal. 2009; 5(1): 5-14.[Persian]##10. Bahonar AR, Rashidi H, SimaniS, et al. Relative frequency of animal rabies and factors affecting it in Kerman province, 1993 - 2003. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2007; 5(1): 69-76. [Persian]##11.Tabatabaei S, Zahraei M, Ahmadnia H, et al. Principles of disease prevention and surveillance. Tehran: roohe ghalam. 2007; 195.##12. Raeisi A, Zahraei SM, Sorush Najafabadi M, et al. Comprehensive guide communicable disease surveillance system for family physicians. Tehran: Andishmand Pub; 2013.[Persian]##13. Saghafipour A, Noroozei M, Pahlevani S, et al. Epidemiology of animal bites in Qom province during 2007-2012, Iran. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2014; 8(1). [Persian]##14. Amiri M, Khosravi A. Animal bites epidemiology in Shahroud city. Knowledge & Health. 2009; 4(3): 41-3. [Persian]##15. Dadypour M, Salahi R, Ghezelsofla F. Epidemiological survey of animal bites in Kalaleh district, North of Iran (2003-05). Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 11(1): 76-9. [Persian]##16. Gautret P, Shaw M, Gazin P, et al. Rabies postexposure prophylaxis in returned injured travelers from France, Australia, and New Zealand: a retrospective study. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008; 15(1): 25-30.##17. Sudarshan M, Mahendra B, Madhusudana S, et al. An epidemiological study of animal bites in India: results of a WHO sponsored national multi-centric. Journal of Communicable Diseases. 2006; 38(1): 32. ##18. Mayes BC, Wilson PJ, Oertli EH, et al. Epidemiology of rabies in bats in Texas (2001–2010). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2013; 243(8): 1129-37.##19.Dao S, Abdillahi AM, Bougoudogo F, et al. Epidemiological aspects of human and animal rabies in the urban area of Bamako, Mali. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990). 2006; 99(3): 183-6.##20.Chauhan P, Saini G. Study of profile of animal bite victims attending anti-rabies clinic at Jodhpur. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2013 ; 2(4):1088-91.## ##

Establishing Content and Face Validity of a Developed Educational Module: Life Skill-Based Education for Improving Emotional Health and Coping Mechanisms among Adolescents in Malaysian Orphanages تعیین شاخص روایی محتوایی و روایی صوری برای یک مدل آموزشی: آموزش مبتنی بر مهارتهای زندگی برای بهبود سلامت روان و اعتماد به نفس نوجوانان پرورشگاهی در مالزی 2 1 پیش زمینه: مطالعه حاضر به عنوان یک مرحله از تحقیقات ما در زمینه بهبود سلامت روان و رفتار نوجوانان مالزیایی ساکن در پرورشگاه، با هدف تعیین شاخص روایی محتوا (CVI) و همچنین روایی صوری (Face validity) یک مدل آموزشی مبتنی بر مهارتهای زندگی انجام شد. ابزار و روشها: در بخش اول محتوای مدل پژوهشی توسط ۹ متخصص در زمینه مرتبط و با استفاده از یک پرسشنامه ۱6 سواله مورد تحلیل و ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در بخش دوم، روایی صوری مدل آموزشی از طریق یک مطالعه نیمه تجربی با شرکت ۳۰ نوجوان دختر و پسر ۱۴ تا ۱۷ سال ساکن پرورشگاه مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. در این مرحله، با استفاده از ابزارهای سنجش DASS21 و Brief COPE ، سلامت هیجانی و روشهای مقابله با محرکها قبل و بعد از برگزاری یک کارگاه مبنی بر مهارتهای زندگی سنجیده شد. فعالیتهای استفاده شده در کارگاه به صورت تصادفی از بین فعالیتهای مدل آموزشی انتخاب شده بودند. نتایج: نتایج مطالعه در بخش اول نشان داد حداقل شاخص روایی محتوا بر اساس هر آیتم پرسشنامه (I_CVI) و همچنین جمع نهایی آنها (S_CVI) به ترتیب 0.78 و 0.93 بوده است. از سوی دیگر نتایج بخش دوم پژوهش نشان داد که فعالیت های انتخاب شده از مدل آموزشی بر همه روشهای مقابله ای بجز مصرف مواد مخدر، فرافکنی، تخلیه هیجانی و شوخی انگاری تاثیر معنادار داشته است. همچنین، سطح استرس(t=3.90, P<0.001) و اضطراب(t=5.39, P<0.001) شرکت کنندگان در کارگاه آموزشی به طور معناداری کاهش یافت اما تغییر سطح افسردگی معنادار نبود (t=0.50, P=0.59). نتیجه گیری: نتایج کلی این پژوهش روایی مدل آموزشی را مورد تأیید قرار داد. کلیدواژه ها: شاخص روایی محتوا، روایی صوری، آموزش مهارتهای زندگی، پرورشگاه، نوجوانان مالزی 2 Abstract: Introduction: The current study as a part of our investigation on improving emotional and behavioural health in Malaysian orphanages was aimed to establish Content Validity Index (CVI) as well as Face Validity of a new life skill-based module for improving emotional health and coping mechanisms in Malaysian Institutionalised Adolescents including 2 different parts. Methods: In order to assess the content validity and using a 16-item questionnaire, the initial version of the module was reviewed by 9 experts in the area. In the second part, the face validity of the module was assessed among 30 adolescents aged 14-17 from 2 orphanages. Using Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS21) and Brief COPE scale as the study instruments, the emotional heath and coping mechanisms among the participants was investigated before and after a life skills workshop (pre- and post-test). The activities in the workshop were randomly selected from the module activities. Results: Results of the first part of study showed the minimum Value of the Item-level Content Validity Index and the computed the sum of items (S-CVI) for the study module were 0.78 and 0.93 respectively. The results of the second part of study showed the selected activities from module were significantly change the coping mechanisms expect substance use, behavior disengagement, venting, humor and religion (p>0.05). Furthermore, the mean score of anxiety (t=5.39, P<0.001) and stress (t=3.90, P<0.001) significantly decreased among the participants in post-test but there was no significant change on the mean score of depression (t=0.50, P=0.59). Conclusion: both contend and face validity of the developed module were approved. Keywords: Content validity; Face validity; Life skills education; Health education; Malaysian institutionalized adolescents 223 228 2017/09/32017/08/252017/12/92017/06/192017/10/14 1396/7/22 2017/12/52017/12/52017/12/92017/12/52017/12/18 1396/9/27 مرجان محمدزاده Marjan Mohammadzadeh Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University Putra Malaysia Iran scarlet.458@gmail.com حمیدین آونگ Hamidin Awang Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Iran Hamidinresearch@gmail.com Suriani Ismail Suriani Ismail Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Malaysia Hayati Kadir Shahar Hayati Kadir Shahar Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia Iran Content validity Face validity Life skills education Health education Malaysian institutionalized adolescents شاخص روایی محتوا روایی صوری آموزش مهارتهای زندگی پرورشگاه نوجوانان مالزی 1. Workye T. Psychological wellbeing between institutional and non institutional orphan children in Gulele sub city, Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University; 2015.##2. Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Kadir Shahar H, et al. Influence of coping mechanisms on emotional problems among adolescents in Malaysian orphanages. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry.2017;9(4): 10-11.##3. Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Hayati KS, et al. The effects of a life skills-based intervention on emotional health, self-esteem and coping mechanisms in Malaysian institutionalised adolescents: Protocol of a multi-centre randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Educational Research.2017;83:32-42.##4. Vaidya S. Education for life skills in India: an introduction. Developing Entrepreneurial Life Skills: Springer;2014; 1-14.##5. Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Tajik E. Life skills needs assessment among Iranian immigrant students in Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Public Health.2017;46(1):143-46.##6.Kuldas S, Hashim S, Ismail HN. Malaysian adolescent students' needs for enhancing thinking skills,counteracting risk factors and demonstrating academic resilience. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth.2015;20(1):32-47.##7.Tajik E, Javadi M, Mohammadzadeh M. Diet and mental health: What should be done for Malaysian adolescents. Iranian Journal of Public Health.2017;46(7):992-4.##8.Baharudin R, Krauss SE, Yacoob SN, et al. Family processes as predictors of antisocial behaviors among adolescents from urban, single-mother Malay families in Malaysia.Journal of Comparative Family Studies.2011; 42(4): 509-22.##9.UNICEF.Adolescence.2012.http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/children_adolescence.html##10.Mohammadzadeh M, Awang H, Kadir Shahar H, et al. Life skills education for Malaysian institutionalised adolescents: Knowledge, needs and priorities: A qualitative pilot study. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2017; 46(12): 1739-41.##11.Gilbert GE, Prion S. Making sense of methods and measurement: lawshe's content validity index. Clinical Simulation in Nursing.2016;12(12):530-1.##12.Grant JS, Davis LL. Selection and use of content experts for instrument development. Research in Nursing & Health.1997;20(3):269-74.##13.Polit DF, Beck CT. The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health.2006;29(5):489-97.##14.Szabó M. The short version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): factor structure in a young adolescent sample. Journal of Adolescence.2010;33(1):1-8.##15.Gloster AT, Rhoades HM, Novy D, et al. Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 in older primary care patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008;110(3): 248-59.## ##

The Role of Human Resources Management in Risk and Safety Management of Patient (Case study: Dr. Mojibiyan Hospital, Yazd) نقش مدیریت منابع انسانی در مدیریت ریسک و ایمنی بیمار (مطالعه موردی: بیمارستان دکتر مجیبیان یزد) 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: کاهش احتمال ریسک در بیمارستانها در بهبـود کیفیت مراقبـتهـای سـلامت امـری بسـیار مهـم و حیاتی است. این تحقیق با هدف شناسایی، تجزیه‌وتحلیل و اولویت‌بندی ریسک‌ها به‌ روش FMEA، ارائه راهکارهای کاهش یا کنترل خطرات شناسایی‌شده و بررسی بسترهای مؤثر برمدیریت ریسک انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: تیم مدیریت ریسک بیمارستان مشتمل بر 10 نفر از افراد خبره، در بازه زمانی یک‌ساله ریسکهای موجود دربخش‏های مختلف درمانی بیمارستان را از طریق بازرسی، مشاهده و بررسی فرآیندها، عدم انطباق‌ها و مستندات و همچنین مشارکت کادر درمان باتجربه شناسایی نمودند و این ریسک‏ها در طبقه های مختلف قرار گرفتند و درنهایت نمره اولویت ریسک (RPN) با بهره‌گیری از نرم‌افزار Excel و فرمول مربوطه محاسبه گردید. یافته ها: خطاهای مربوط به مراقبت‏های پرستاری از مهمترین فرآیندهای کاری پرستاران در بیمارستان شناسایی شد. از تعداد ریسک‏های شناسایی شده، 22 ریسک مقدار RPN بالاتر از ۱۵۰ را به خود اختصاص دادند که در اولویت اقدامات اصلاحی قرار گرفتند. بالاترین RPN متعلق به خطای عدم اجرای دستورالعمل تزریق خون (448) و بعد از آن فرآیند دارودهی- دوز اشتباه (336) بوده است. نتیجه گیری: عمده اقدامات اصلاحی تدوین برنامههای آموزشی، اتخاذ خطمشیها و روشهای اجرایی و استقراربرنامههای نظارتی و ارزیابی در جهت جاریسازی مدیریت ریسک و همچنین کاهش و کنترل ریسکها در بیمارستان، به عنوان بخشی از وظایف مدیریت منابع انسانی، مطرح میباشد. واژه های کلیدی: مدیریت ریسک، خطای انسانی، بیمارستان، FMEA، منابع انسانی 2 Introduction: reduction of possibility risk in hospitals is an important and vital issue for improving the quality of health care. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying, analyzing and prioritizing risks using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method, providing solutions for reducing or controlling identified risks and examining the effective basics of risk management. Methods: Hospital risk management team consists of 10 experts, during the one-year time period, the risks in different parts of the hospital's health care through inspection, observation and review of processes, non-conformities and documentation, as well as participation of experienced treatment staff These risks were identified in different classes and finally, the risk priority number (RPN) was calculated using the Excel software and the corresponding formula. Results: Errors in nursing care were identified as the most important nursing work processes in the hospital. Of the number of identified risks, 22 were assigned RPNs above 150 that were in corrective proceedings priority. The highest RPN has been belonged to a failure to implement the blood injection guidelines (448) and then to medicate - missed dose process (336). Conclusion: Major corrective proceedings include the formulation of educational programs, the adoption of policies and procedures, and the establishment of monitoring and evaluating programs to streamline risk management as well as reduction and control the risks in the hospital is considered as main part of the human resource management (HRM). Keywords: Risk Management, Human Error, Hospital, FMEA, Human Resource 229 239 2017/09/32017/08/252017/12/92017/06/192017/10/142017/12/9 1396/9/18 2017/12/52017/12/52017/12/92017/12/52017/12/182017/12/9 1396/9/18 مهدیه مجیبیان Mahdieh Mojibian Chief of Dr.Mahibiyan Hospital, Yazd, Iran Iran رضا جعفری ندوشن Reza Jafari Nodoushan Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran jafarinodoushan@gmail.com حمیده شکاری Hamideh Shekari Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Iran زهرا سلمانی Zahra Salmani Occupational health of doctor Mojibian hospital, Yazd, Iran Iran ماجده حیدری Majedeh Heydari Occupational health of doctor Mojibian hospital, Yazd, Iran Iran حمیده میهن پور Hamideh Mahinpoor Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Risk Management Human Error Hospital FMEA Human Resource مدیریت ریسک خطای انسانی بیمارستان FMEA منابع انسانی 1. Yarahmadi R, Aligol M, Eyvazlou M, et al. Risk assessment of exposure to needlestick injuries by healthcare failure mode and effect analysis method in a large hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2011. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2015; 8(6):72-80.##2. Rabieyan M, Safdari R, Rahimkhani M, et al. Evaluation of accidental exposures in laboratories' personnel in teaching hospitals of Tehran university of medical sciences (TUMS) during 2004 to 2005. Journal of Payavard Salamat. 2008; 2(3): 33-41.##3. Yarmohammadian M, Tofighi S, Esfahani SS, et al. Risks involved in medical records processes of Al-Zahra hospital. Health Information Management. 2007; 4(1): 51-59.##4. Lane R, Stanton NA, Harrison D. Applying hierarchical task analysis to medication administration errors. Applied Ergonomics. 2006; 37(5): 669-679.##5. Tanha F, Mazloumi A, Faraji V, et al. 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New approach on organizational effectiveness: risk management. Tadbir Journal. 2005; 6(170): 3-6.##11. Zaboli R, Karamali M, Salem M, et al. Risk management assessment on selected wards of a Military hospital. Journal of Military Medicine. 2011; 12(4): 197-202.##12. Brito AJ, de Almeida AT. Multi-attribute risk assessment for risk ranking of natural gas pipelines. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2009; 94(2): 187-198.##13. Reason J. Human error: models and management.Western Journal of Medicine. 2000; 320(7237): 768-770.##14. Maleki A, Zohour A, Ebadifard A, et al. An integrated approach in healthcare system in accordance with QFD/FMEA. Payesh. 2010; 9(2):117-130.##15. mohammadfam i. Safety engineering. Tehran: Fanavaran publication; 2013.##16. Mosadeghrad AM. Handbook of hospital professional organisation and management (2). Dibagran Tehran, Iran; 2004.##17. Fheili MI. Developing human resources key risk indicators—Know Your Staff (KYS) practices. 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Public Awareness about The Anaesthesiology Profession: A Conference Survey Of Campus People, Southwest Nigeria آگاهی عمومی در باره کارهای بیهوشی: بررسی کنفرانس مردم پردیس، جنوب غربی نیجریه 2 1 مقدمه: آگاهی عمومی کمی در مورد کارهای بیهوشی در میان جمعیت نیجریه وجود دارد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین سطح آگاهی حرفه ی بیهوشی در میان جمعیت دانش آموزان دبیرستان، کارکنان دانشگاهی و غیر آکادمیک است که در کنفرانس منطقه ای جنوب غربی نیجریه حضور داشتند. روش ها: داده های به دست آمده از میان 2748 نفر از دانشجویان، اعضای هیات علمی و غیر دانشگاهی موسسات آموزش عالی در جنوب غربی نیجریه در این مطالعه مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. ابزار مطالعه یک پرسشنامه خودساخته بود که اطلاعات مربوط به مشخصات دموگرافیک شرکت کنندگان و دانش حرفه ای بیهوشی را بدست آورد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 16 انجام شد. یافته ها: میانگین سنی 2748 نفر، 22.6 سال بود. تقریبا نیمی (4/48٪) آنها مرد بودند، 95٪ از آنها مجرد، 7/85٪ از قبیله یوروبا و 1/69٪ دانشجویان بودند. فقط 32.8 درصد از پاسخ دهندگان از قبل در مورد حرفه های بیهوشی شنیده بودند، که اکثر آنها (35.0 درصد) از طریق خواندن کتاب ها درباره این حرفه می دانستند. علاوه بر این، محبوب ترین خدمات بیهوشی که توسط آنها شناخته شده بود (یعنی افرادی که از این حرفه آگاهی داشتند)، بی حسی موضعی عمل (6/61٪) بود، در حالی که خدمات مراقبت تسکینی کمتر شناخته شده (13.1٪) بود. پزشکان متوجه شدند که یکی از منابع زیربنایی اطلاعات در مورد این حرفه است. نتیجه گیری: آگاهی در مورد حرفه بیهوشی در میان مردم نیجریه ضعیف است. این مستلزم نیاز جدی برای آموزش عمومی در این زمینه است. اگر اعضای عمومی در مورد این حرفه به خوبی مطلع نباشند، زمانی که نیاز به مراقبت بیهوشی دارند، در معرض در معرض خطر قرار می گیرند. پزشکان همچنین نیاز به توجه بیشتر به آموزش عمومی در مورد تخصص های مختلف پزشکی دارند. کلیدواژه: آگاهی، بیهوشی، نیجریه، مدرسه 2 Introduction: There exist very scanty literatures on public awareness on the anaesthesiology profession amongst the Nigerian populations. This study aims to determine the level of awareness of the anaesthesiology profession among a population of tertiary school students, academic and non-academic staff members who were attending a South-western Nigerian zonal conference. Methods: Data obtained from a cross-section of 2,748 students, academic and non-academic staff members of various tertiary institutions in South-western Nigeria were used in this study. Study tool was a self-administered anonymous questionnaire which obtained information on the participants’ demographic profile and knowledge of the anaesthesiology profession. Data analysis was done using the SPSS version 16 software. Results: The mean age of the 2,748 respondents was 22.6 years. Roughly half (48.4%) of them were males, 95.0% were singles, 85.7% were from the Yoruba tribe, and 69.1% were students. Only 32.8% of the respondents had heard of the anaesthesiology profession before, of which most of them (35.0%) got to know about the profession through reading of books. Furthermore, the most popular anaesthesiologist’s service known by them (i.e. those that were aware of the profession) was intraoperative analgesia (61.6%), while palliative care service was the least known (13.1%). Doctors were found to constitute one of the underutilised sources of information about this profession. Conclusion: The anaesthesiology profession is poorly known among the literate Nigerian public; this calls for an imminent need for public education on this matter. If the members of the public are not well-informed about this profession, they will be at risk of falling into the hands of quacks when they need an anaesthesiologist’s care. Doctors also need to pay more attention to educating the public about various medical specialties. Keywords: Awareness, Anaesthesiology, Nigeria, School 240 247 2017/09/32017/08/252017/12/92017/06/192017/10/142017/12/92017/10/9 1396/7/17 2017/12/52017/12/52017/12/92017/12/52017/12/182017/12/92017/12/16 1396/9/25 Adewale Badru Adewale Badru Emergency Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria Nigeria Kehinde Kanmodi Kehinde Kanmodi Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria Nigeria kanmodikehinde@yahoo.com Awareness Anaesthesiology Nigeria School آگاهی بیهوشی نیجریه مدرسه 1. Dictionary.com. Anesthesiology. Available on http://www.dictionary.com/browse/anesthesiology.##2. Singh PM, Kumar A, Trikha A. Rural perspective about anesthesia and anesthesiologist: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology. 2013; 29(2): 228-234.##3. Mathur SK, Dube SK, Jain S. Knowledge about anaesthesia and anaesthesiologist amongst general population in India. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009; 53(2): 179-186.##4. Khan FA, Hassan S, Zadi A. Patient’s view of the anaesthetist in a developing country. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1999; 49(1): 4-7.##5. Chew ST, Tan T, Tan SS, et al. A survey of patients’ knowledge of anaesthesia and perioperative care. Singapore Medical Journal. 1998;39(9): 399-402.##6. Eyelade OR, Akinyemi JO, Adewole IF. Patients’ perception and knowledge of anaesthesia and anaesthetists – a questionnaire survey. outhern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2010; 16(4): 28-31.##7. Swinhoe CK, Groves ER. Patients’ knowledge of anaesthetic practice and the role of anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 1994; 49(2) :165-166.##8. Jathar D, Shinde VS, Patel RD, et al. A study of patients’ perception about the knowledge of anaesthesia and anaesthesiologist. Indian Journal Anaesth. 2002; 46(1): 26-30.##9. Lee JJ, Lee NH, Park CM, et al. Public awareness about the specialty of anesthesiology and the role of anesthesiologists: a national survey. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. 2014; 66(1): 12-17.##10. Armitage EN. The public image of the specialty. Anaesthesia. 1978; 33(1): 64-65.##11. Yamane T. Statistics: an introductory analysis, 2nd Ed, New York: Harper and Row; 1967.##12. Ajala OA, Sanni L, Adeyinka SA. Accessibility to health care facilities: A panacea for sustainable rural development in Osun State Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology. 2005; 18(2):121-128.##13. Naithani U, Purohit D, Bajaj P. Public awareness about anaesthesia and anaesthesiologist: A survey. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2007;51(5):420-426.##14.Onyeka TC. Palliative care in Enugu, Nigeria: Challenges to a new practice. Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 2011; 17(2): 131-136.##15.Fadare JO, Obimakinde AM, Afolayan JM, et al. Healthcare workers knowledge and attitude toward palliative care in an emerging tertiary centre in South-West Nigeria. Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 2014; 20(1):1-5.##16. Mcllfatrick S, Hasson F, McLaughlin D, et al. Public awareness and attitudes toward palliative care in Northern Ireland. BMC Palliative Care. 2013; 12: 34.##17. Claxon-Oldfield S, Claxon-Oldfield J, Rishchynski G. Understanding the term “palliative care”: A Canadian Study. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®. 2004; 21(2): 105-110.##18. Wallace J. Public awareness of palliative care: Report of findings of the first national survey on Scotland into public knowledge and understanding of palliative care. Edinburgh: Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care; 2003.## ##

Epidemiologic Transition in Iran with Emphasis on the Third Stage of Transition گذار اپیدمیولوژیک در ایران با تاکید بر مرحله سوم گذار اپیدمیولوژیک 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: طی نیم قرن اخیر تمام شاخصهای مرگ‏ومیر دلالت بر کاهش سریع و مستمر مرگ‏ومیر در کشور دارند همراه با کاهش سطح مرگ و میر، گذار همه جانبهای از مرگ ومیر ناشی از بیماری های همهگیر و واگیردار و دیگر بیماریهای حاد و همچنین مرگ ومیر مادران و حول و حوش تولد به مرگ ومیر ناشی از بیماریهای مزمن مربوط به شیوه زندگی و سالخوردگی بوجود آمد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه، مراحل گذار اپیدمیولوژیک در کشور با تاکید بر مرحله سوم گذار، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و نهایتا به پیش بینی روند آن در دهه های آینده پرداخته شده است. یافتهها: نتایج نشان می دهد که حداقل در دو دهه اخیر کشور در مرحله سوم گذار اپیدمیولوژیک قرار داشته است زیرا سهم عمده ای از مرگ و میرها را بیماری های مزمن بویژه بیماری های قلبی عروقی تشکیل داشته است و امیدزندگی در بدو تولد به حدود 70 سال رسیده است. همچنین نشانه هایی از مرحله چهارم گذار در کشور طی سالهای اخیر مشاهده شده است زیرا با افزایش سهم بیماری های مزمن، میانگین سن مرگ و میر نیز افزایش قابل توجهی داشته است. نتیجهگیری: پویایی گذار اپیدمیولوژیک و تغییرات علل مرگ و میر را باید با توجه به سایر مولفه های جمعیتی در نظر گرفت. کاهش سطح مرگ و میر، تغییرات مربوط به باروری و در نتیجه آن، تغییرات ساختار سنی از جمله عواملی است که بر گذار اپیدمیولوژیک در کشور تاثیر گذاشته و در سالهای اخیر نیز تاثیرگذار خواهد بود. واژگان کلیدی: گذار اپیدمیولوژیک، امید زندگی در بدو تولد، علل مرگ و میر، پویایی جمعیت 2 Introduction: During the last half century, all indices of mortality imply the prompt and continuous decrease of nationwide mortality. Alongside reduction of mortality, there happened a comprehensive form of transition of mortality causes, from epidemical and other communicable diseases such as mothers' (birth giving) mortalities and birth related ones, to other causes like chronic diseases related to lifestyle and aging. Methods: in this study, stages of epidemiological transition in Iran with emphasis on the third transition, is surveyed and finally deals with prediction of this trend in future decades. Results: the results show that Iran has been through the third stage of epidemiological transition for two recent decades since a large proportion of deaths are related to chronic disease such as cardiovascular disease and life expectancy at birth has decreased to 70 years. There also observed signs of the fourth transition in Iran in recent years, because as deaths caused by chronic diseases have increased, the mean age of death has also increased remarkably. Conclusion: epidemiological transition dynamic and changes of death causes, must be considered according to other demographic components. Reduction of death rate, fertility related changes, and as a result changes of age structure are some causes that influence on epidemiological transition in Iran and will be influencing for some years later. Key words: epidemiological transition, life expectancy at birth, death causes, population dynamics. 248 257 2017/09/32017/08/252017/12/92017/06/192017/10/142017/12/92017/10/92017/04/14 1396/1/25 2017/12/52017/12/52017/12/92017/12/52017/12/182017/12/92017/12/162017/09/4 1396/6/13 محمد ساسانی پور mohamad sasanipour Department of Demography, School of Social Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Iran sasanipourm@gmail.com سجاد اسعدی Sajjad Asadi Department of Demography, School of Social Science, University of Tehran, Iran Iran epidemiological transition life expectancy at birth death causes population. گذار اپیدمیولوژیک امید زندگی در بدو تولد علل مرگ و میر پویایی جمعیت 1.Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition: A theory of the epidemiology of population change. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 1971; 49(4): 509-538.##2. Preston SH. Mortality pattern in national population, with special reference to recorded causes of death. New York: Academic Press; 1976.##3. McKeown T. The Modern Rise of Population. New York: Academic Press.1976.##4. Mirza M. Mortality transition, morbidity and health planning. Annually Nameh-Ye Olum-E Ejtemai. 2002; new (18): 269-288. [Persian].##5. Salomon AS, Murray CL. The epidemiologic transition revisited: compositional models for causes of death by age and sex. Population and Development Review. 2002; 28(2): 205-228.##6.Yavari P, Abadi A, Mehrabi Y. Mortality and changing epidemiological trends in Iran during 1979-2001. Mirror of Heritage. 2003;6(3): 7-14. [Persian]. ##7. Khosravi A, Sasanipour M, Asadi A. Years of life lost due to premature deaths from leading causes of death in Fars province, 2006. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2012; 6(12): 31-46. [Persian].##8. Koosheshi M, Sasanipour M. A study on the contribution of unintentional accidents in mortality in Iran in 2006 and their demographic consequences. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2011; 6(11). 85-113.[Persian]. ##9. Mirzaee M, Sasanipour M, Moheby Meymandi M. Why do men die in greater numbers: an analysis of sex differences in mortality with emphasis on cause of death in Iran. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2013; 7(14):1-16. [Persian].##10.Lee R. The demographic transition: three centuries of fundamental change. 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In: Jacques V, France M, Tapani V editors, Trends in Mortality and Differential Mortality. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2001;131–186.##18. Horiuchi Sh. Epidemiological transitions in human history,” In: Joseph C, Robert L editors, Health and Mortality Issues of Global Concern. New York: United Nations.1999; 54–71.##19. Amani M. Estimation of number of births in urban and rural areas of Iran, Research Report, Tehran University, Institute of Social Research. 1970. [Persian]. ##20. Zanjani H, Koosheshi M. Study of mortality in Iran. Tehran. Research Center of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran. 1992. [Persian].##21. Saraee H. The first stage of demographic transition in Iran. Social Sciences Journal. 1997; 9,10: 67-51[Persian].##22. Sharifi M. Mortality transition in Iran in last decade. Journal of Population Association of Iran. 2006; 1(2): 171-194. [Persian].## ##