Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) :An Important Neglected Foodborne Pathogen Threatening Community Health اکینوکوکوزیس آلوئولار (AE) یک بیماری مشترک مهم مورد غفلت قرار گرفته 2 1 فاقد چکیده می باشد . 2 Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis can infect humans as a dead-end host. They matured in canid’s intestine (e.g. foxes, jackals, wolves, dogs, cats, etc.). AE is seen across the world. It has a high prevalence in the central and northern parts of Europe, North America and Asia. The prevalence of AE was low in the past, even in hyper endemic regions. But in recent decade, unfortunately, it seems to increase and spread rapidly. One of the most important reasons is the development and expanding of cities and villages, which lead to jackals and foxes colonization and migration to urban locations. This helps them to have closer connection with human population, canids and other appropriate hosts for dispreading the infection. In the present study, we discuss about the life cycle of E. multilocularis and its etiology and epidemiology as an important neglected zoonotic parasite. In canid as final hosts, infection is not malignant and significant clinical signs are usually never seen, unless in very unusual heavy infections. However, in contrast, infection in humans is very dangerous, and even more serious than another widespread species, Echinococcus granulosus that causes cystic echinococcosis (CE) (1). .... 129 131 2017/07/4 1396/4/13 2017/09/4 1396/6/13 بهادر حاجی محمدی Bahador Hajimohammadi Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran b.hajimohammadi@gmail.com عماد احمدی آرا Emad Ahmadiara Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Iran ahmadiarae@ut.ac.ir Alveolar Echinococcosis Neglected Zoonotic Disease اکینوکوکوزیس آلوئولار بیماری مشترک مورد غفلت قرار گرفته ##1. Razi##Jalali MH, Ahmadiara E, Rahimzade A, et al. Prevalence, fertility, and##viability rates of hydatid cysts in surgical patients and slaughtered small##ruminants in ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards##Control. 2017; 4(2): 49-52. ##2. Lozano##R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global##and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and##2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The##Llancet. 2012; 380(9859): 2095-128.##3. Alavi##A, Maghami G. L’echinococcose hydatidose en Iran Arch. Inst, Razi. 1964; 16:##76-81.##4. Eslami##A. Veterinary helminthology: cestoda. Tehran: University of Tehran press; 2006.##5. Berenji##F, Mirsadraei S, Asaadi L, et al. A case report of alveolar echinococcosis.## Medical Journal of##Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.2007; 50(97): 354-57.##6. Raiesolsadat##MA, Mirsadeghi A, Yaghoubi MA, et al. Alveolar hydatid cyst: A case report.##Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2010; 12(2): 47-50.##7. Moro##P, Schantz PM. Echinococcosis: a review. International Journal of Infectious##Diseases. 2009; 13(2): 125-33.##8. Brunetti##E, Kern P, Vuitton DA. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of##cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Tropica. 2010; 114(1): 1-6. ##9. Torgerson##PR, Schweiger A, Deplazes P, et al. Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly##disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survival and economic analysis##in Switzerland over the last 35 years. Journal of Hepatology. 2008; 49(1):##72-7.#### ##

The Role of Cognitive Belief, Fusion and Distortion in Predicting the General Health of Couples نقش باور، همجوشی و تحریف شناختی در پیش‌بینی سلامت عمومی زوجین 2 1 مقدمه: سلامت عمومی، از ویژگیهایی تشکیل یافته است که در برابر موقعیتهای فشارزای زندگی به عنوان سپری محافظ عمل کرده و کمک میکند که زوجین، در این موقعیتها کارکرد بهتری داشته باشند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین نقش باور، همجوشی و تحریف شناختی در پیشبینی سلامت عمومی زوجین صورت پذیرفت. مواد و روش ها: روش پژوهش توصیفی بود. جامعه آماری مطالعه کلیه زوجین شهر اردبیل در سال 1395 بودند که با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان و مراجعه به پارکها و مکانهای عمومی 380 نفر (190 زن و شوهر) از آنان به روش نمونهگیری دردسترس به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. داده‌های پژوهش با روشهای ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون خطی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد بین باور فراشناختی (r=0.47, p<0.05) ، همجوشی شناختی (r=0.33, p<0.05) و تحریف شناختی (r=0.28, p<0.05) با سلامت عمومی در بین زوجین رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. ضرایب بتای متغیرهای پیشبین نشان داد که باورهای فراشناختی (β=0.34)، همجوشی شناختی(β=0.28) و تحریف شناختی (β=0.21) قابلیت پیشبینی معنادار سلامت عمومی را در زوجین دارند (p<0.05). نتیجه گیری: از این مطالعه میتوان نتیجه گرفت که زوجین دارای سطوح بالاتر باورهای فراشناختی، همجوشی و تحریف شناختی از سلامت عمومی پایینتری نسبت به سایر زوجین برخوردارند. 2 Introduction: General health is composed of features that act as a shield in the face of stressful life situations and help couples have better performance in these situations. The present study was conducted to determine the role of cognitive belief, fusion and distortion in predicting the general health of couples. Materials and Methods: Research method was descriptive method. Population of the study included all couples in the city of Ardabil in 2016. 380 individuals (190 couples) were selected from parks and other public places through available sampling and using Krejcie and Morgan table. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between meta-cognitive beliefs (r=0.47, p<0.05), cognitive fusion (r=0.33, p<0.05) and cognitive distortion (r=0.28, p<0.05) with general health. Beta coefficients for predictor variables indicated metacognitive belief (β=0.34), cognitive fusion (β=0.28) and cognitive distortion (β =0.21) predict the general health of couples (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that couples with higher levels of meta-cognitive beliefs, cognitive fusion and cognitive distortion enjoy lower general health. 132 140 2017/07/42017/03/1 1395/12/11 2017/09/42017/07/4 1396/4/13 حمیدرضا صمدی فرد Hamidreza Samadifard Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Iran hrsamadifard@ymail.com محمد نریمانی Mohammad Narimani Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Iran Metacognitive Belief Cognitive Fusion Cognitive Distortions Health Family Characteristics باورفراشناختی همجوشی شناختی تحریف شناختی سلامت عمومی زوجین. 1. Talaizadeh F, Bakhtiyarpour S. The relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction with couple mental health. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology.2016; 10(40): 37-46. [Persian].##2. Arfaie A, Mohammadi A, Sohrabi R. Relationship between marital conflict and child affective-behavioral psychopathological symptoms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013; 84:1776-778.##3. Manwell LA, Barbic SP, Roberts K, et al. What is mental health? Evidence towards a new definition from a mixed methods multidisciplinary international survey. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(6): e007079. ##4. Sadeghi R, Zareipour MA, Akbari H, et al. Mental health and associated factors amongst women referred to health care centers. Journal Of Health And Care.2011; 13(4): 7-17. [Persian].##5. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA. 2004; 291(21): 2581-90. ##6. Ahmadvand AF, Sepehrmanesh ZA, Ghoreyshi F, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in general population of Kashan City. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 6(2): 16-24.[Persian].##7. Salehyan M, Bigdeli IA, Hashemian K. Evaluation of general health in women with husbands affected by substance dependency disorder. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011; 30: 1693-7.##8. Bakhshayesh AR, Mortazavi M. The relationship between sexual satisfaction, general health and marital satisfaction in couples. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2010; 3(4): 73-85. [Persian].##9. Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S. A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004; 42(4): 385-96.##10. Spada MM, Georgiou GA, Wells A. The relationship among metacognitions, attentional control, and state anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2010; 39(1): 64-71.##11. Ashoori A, Vakili Y, Ben-Saeed S, et al. Metacognitive beliefs and general health among college students. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2009; 11(1): 15-20. [Persian].##12. Samadifard HR .Prediction of life expectancy of spouses based of meta-cognitive belief and cognitive fusion. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling. 2017; 6(2): 48-62. [Persian].##13. Salarifar M, Pouretemad H. The relationship between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety and depression disorder. Yafteh. 2012; 13(4): 29-38.[Persian]. ##14. Ashouri A, Khaleghi F, Saffarian, MR. Investigating the effect of meta-cognitive therapy on the ‎rate of marital satisfaction of women. Woman and Family Studies. 2014; 7(24): 53-65. [Persian].##15. Gillanders DT, Sinclair AK, MacLean M, et al. Illness cognitions, cognitive fusion, avoidance and self-compassion as predictors of distress and quality of life in a heterogeneous sample of adults, after cancer. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. 2015; 4(4): 300-11. ##16. Trindade IA, Ferreira C. The impact of body image-related cognitive fusion on eating psychopathology. Eating Behaviors. 2014; 15(1): 72-5. ##17. Akbari M, Mohamadkhani S, Zarghami F. The mediating role of cognitive Fusion in explaining the Relationship between emotional dysregulation with anxiety and depression: A transdiagnostic Factor. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2016; 22(1): 17-29.##18. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry: Lippincott Williams and Wilkens. Philadelphia 2003. 2005; 2878.##19. Ellis A. Rational emotive behavior therapy: a therapist's guide (2nd Edition), With Catharine Maclaren. Impact Publishers; 2005.##20. Belir S, Erfani N, Safaeerad I. The relationship between cognitive distortions and quality of life among postmenopausal, infertile, under hysterectomy, uterine leiomyoma and normal females. Health Research. 2016; 1(4): 207-14.[Persian].##21. Rahmani MA, Amini N, Siratisabet Foumani Z. Investigate the relationship between cognitive distortions and psychological well-being with marital disenchantment in couples applicant divorce. Quarterly Journal of Educational Psychology. 2014; 5(2): 29-39. [Persian].##22. Esmaeelpoor K, Bakhshipoor Rodsari A, Mohammadzadegan R. Determining the factor structure, validity and reliability of interpersonal cognitive distortions scale among students of Tabriz University. Biquarterly Journal of Cognitive Strategies in Learnin. 2015; 2(3): 69-88. [Persian].##23. Krejcie RV, Morgan DW. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement. 1970; 30(3): 607-10. ##24. Shirinzadeh Dastgiri S, Goodarzi MA, Rahimi CH, et al. Study of factor structure, validity and reliability of metacognition scale-30. Journal of Psychology. 2009; 12: 445-461. [Persian].##25. Hamamci Z, Büyüköztürk Ş. The interpersonal cognitive distortions scale: development and psychometric characteristics. Psychological Reports. 2004; 95(1): 291-303.##26. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine. 1997; 27(1):191-7. ##27. Wells A, Carter K. Further tests of a cognitive model of GAD: Meta-cognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression and non-patients. Behavior Therapy .2001; 32(1): 85-102.## #### ##

The Quality of Life in Relationship with Glycemic Control in People with Type2 Diabetes بررسی کیفیت زندگی و ارتباط آن با کنترل قند خون در افراد مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه: دیابت بیماری پیچیده و مزمنی است که بر کیفیت زندگی بیمار اثر میگذارد. پژوهش‌های متعدی نشان داده‌اند کیفیت زندگی در افراد دیابتی نسبت به افراد غیر دیابتی کمتر می باشد، اما در کمتر پژوهشی به بررسی ارتباط کیفیت زندگی و کنترل قند خون در این افراد پرداخته شده است پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامتی و ارتباط آن با کنترل قند خون در افراد مبتلا به دیابت نوع 2 انجام گرفت. مواد وروش کار: مطالعه از نوع مقطعی (توصیفی – تحلیلی ) می باشد که 250نفر بیمار دیابتی نوع 2 مراکز بهداشتی درمانی روستایی انتخاب شدند. متغیرهای دموگرافیک و اطلاعات از طریق پرسشنامه استاندارد 36 – SF گردآوری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و آزمون های آماری تی مستقل، آنالیزواریانس و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در نرم افزار SPSS v.21 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج: میانگین نمره کلی کیفیت زندگی افراد مورد مطالعه 6/19±3/58 می باشد و مردان در کلیه ابعاد کیفیت زندگی از نمره بالاتری نسبت به زنان برخوردار بودند. بین ابعاد جسمی ، روانی و کیفیت زندگی با HbA1C رابطه معنی دار آماری وجود نداشت. ولی بین سطح تحصیلات و وضعیت تاهل با کیفیت زندگی و ابعاد آن ارتباط معنی دار آماری مشاهده شد(p>0.05). بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج مطالعه بیماران در ابعاد جسمی، روانی و کیفیت زندگی دارای وضعیت نامطلوبی بودند توصیه می شود، مسئولین برنامه ریزی درجهت اتخاذ تدابیر پرستاری به منظور پیشگیری و یا کنترل عوارض انجام داده و برنامه هایی با محتوای ارائه خدمات مشاوره ای ، بهبود خدمات پزشکی و بهداشتی ، افزایش مشارکت اجتماعی و اجرای برنامه های خود مراقبتی اتخاذ نمایند که در ارتقای سطح کیفیت زندگی بیماران تاثیر گذار باشد. 2 Introduction: Diabetes is a complex disease that affects the quality of patient’s life. numerous studies have shown that quality of life in the people with diabetes is less than in people without diabetes, but, less research are discussed about the relationship between the quality of life and glycemic control. This study aimed to evaluate the health-related quality of life and its relationship with glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional research(descriptive - analysis) is used in this study, which included 250 patients with type 2 diabetes in rural health centers. Demographic variables and data was collected via a standard questionnaire 36 – SF. Data were analyzed by using the descriptive statistics and independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS v.21 software. Results: Average Total score of the quality of life of the participants are 58.32±19.62 and men had higher scores than women in all aspects of quality of life. There was no significant relationship among the dimensions of physical, mental, and the quality of life with HbA1C. but there was significant relationship between education level and marital status, quality of life and its dimensions (p> 0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the patients had undesirable situation in the dimensions of physical, mental, and the quality of life, therefore it is recommended that authorities design special planning due to nursing measures in order to prevent or control the side effects as well as consider the programs providing consulting services, improvement of medical and health services, increased social participation and programs that promote the quality of patients’ life. 141 149 2017/07/42017/03/12017/09/17 1396/6/26 2017/09/42017/07/42017/09/17 1396/6/26 مرادعلی زارعی پور MoradAli Zareipour Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran Iran موسی قلیچی قوجوق Moussa Ghelichi Ghojogh Young Researchers and Elite Club, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran Iran معصومه مهدی اخگر Masoumeh Mahdi-akhgar Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran مهین علی نژاد Mahin Alinejad Urmia Health Center, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Iran سلیمان اکبری Soleiman Akbari Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Iran Iran dalga2003@yahoo.com Type 2 Diabetes Quality of Life Glycemic Control دیابت نوع 2 کیفیت زندگی کنترل قند خون ## ##

Information Needs of Pregnant Women Referred to Health Centers in Behshahr City during 2016-17 نیازهای اطلاعاتی زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی شهر بهشهر در سال 1395 2 1 چکیده سابقه و هدف: سطح پایین اطلاعات و عدم آگاهی و دانش زنان از مسائل مختلف مربوط به بارداری می‏ تواند مشکلات مختلفی را برای آنها بوجود آورده و افزایش مداخلات پزشکی را سبب شود. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر، بررسی نیازهای اطلاعاتی زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی شهر بهشهر و منابع کسب آن می‏باشد. مواد و روش‏ها: پژوهش حاضر کاربردی و به روش پیمایشی توصیفی (مقطعی) انجام شده است. جامعه پژوهش مطالعه حاضر را 188 نفر از زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی شهر بهشهر در سال 1395 تشکیل می‏دهند. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته (که روایی و پایایی آن به ترتیب توسط متخصصان و صاحب‏ نظران و آلفای کرونباخ بدست آمده است) و برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، از آمار توصیفی، آزمون‏های آماری و نرم افزار SPSS (نسخه 17) استفاده شده است. یافته‏ها: یافته‏ های بدست آمده نشان داد که مهم‏ترین نیاز اطلاعاتی زنان باردار، اطلاعات مربوط به سلامت جنین(49/4) بوده است. همچنین آنها "متخصصان زنان و زایمان" و "پزشکان متخصص" را با میانگین ‏های 34/4 و 22/4، به عنوان مهم‏ترین منابع کسب اطلاعات سلامت ذکر کرده‏اند. همچنین آنها به طور قابل توجهی از تلگرام به عنوان مهم‏ترین شبکه‏ اجتماعی برای دسترسی و کسب اطلاعات سلامت استفاده کرده‏اند. همچنین تفاوت معنی‏داری میان برخی "ویژگی‏های جمعیت ‏شناختی" و "نیازهای ‏های اطلاعاتی" و همچنین"منابع کسب اطلاعات" در میان گروه‏های مختلف زنان باردار مشاهده شده است. نتیجه‏ گیری: زنان باردار برای سپری نمودن دوران بارداری خود به اطلاعات مختلف و متنوعی نیازمندند. اهمیت این اطلاعات توسط جامعه مورد مطالعه در سطح بالایی گزارش شده است. متخصصان بهداشتی و مدیران نظام سلامت کشور می‏توانند با برنامه ‏ریزی و انجام تهمیدات مناسب و آموزش مستمر و منظم به این گروه از افراد، در راستای ارتقای سطح آگاهی و دانش آنها تاثیر گذار باشند. 2 Introduction: Low level of information and lake of knowledge related to various issues of pregnancy among women can created some problems for them and increase medical interventions. This study aimed to identity information needs of pregnant women referred to health centers in Behshahr city during 2016-17 Methods: This is Applied and Descriptive-Survey study. Statistical populations include 188 pregnant women referred to all health centers of Behshahr city during 2016-2017. Self-questionnaire which its validity and reliability investigated by point view of specialist and Chronbachalpha were usedto collect data. We also used descriptive statistics, statistical test and SPSS software (version 17) to analysis them. Result: Findings show that "Information about Health of Embryo" founded as the most important information needs among pregnant people. Also women say that "Gynecologists" and "Specialist" are the most important resources of access to information. Furthermore, they use Significantly Telegram network among all social network of mobiles phone. In addition, meaningful differences have been seen between some "Information needs" and "resources of access to information" based on pregnant "demographic factors". Conclusion: Pregnant women need deferent and varied information to spend their pregnancy. The importance of this information among those people reported in high level. Specialist and managers of health system can be effective in health knowledge and literacy of pregnant women by planning, making policy and regular trainings and educations. 165 174 2017/07/42017/03/12017/09/172017/07/16 1396/4/25 2017/09/42017/07/42017/09/172017/09/4 1396/6/13 افشین موسوی چلک Afshin Mousavi Chalac Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Payame Noor University, Iran Iran afshiineousaviiye chalaak@yahoo.com عارف ریاحی Aref Riahi Young Researchers and elite Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Iran ariahi1986@gmail.com Keywords:Pregnant Women Health Information Needs Health Information Behavior Health Center Behshahr زنان باردار نیازهای اطلاعاتی بهداشتی رفتار اطلاعاتی بهداشتی مراکز بهداشتی و درمانی بهشهر 1. Tennant B, Stellefson M, Dodd V, et al. eHealth literacy and web 2.0 health information seeking behaviors among baby boomers and older adults. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2015;17(3):e 70##2. 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Factors Associated with Addiction in Children in Kerman City عوامل مرتبط با اعتیاد در کودکان در شهر کرمان 2 1 مقدمه: اعتیاد از جمله بحران‌های عمده جهانی است که سالانه قربانیان زیادی می گیرد و آسیبی جدی بر خانواده و جامعه به ویژه کودکان که آسیب ‌پذیر‌ترین قشر اجتماعی هستند وارد می کند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین علل احتمالی اعتیاد به مواد مخدر در کودکان شهر کرمان بود. روش کار: این مطالعه پس از یک مطالعه کیفی ، بصورت مورد شاهدی روی 90 کودک 6 تا 16 سال انجام شد. گروه مورد شامل 30 کودک معتاد تحت نظر مرکز بهزیستی بود. گروه شاهد دو گروه 30 نفری از دو مکان بهزیستی و سطح شهر انتخاب شدند.تمام نمونه ها مذکر بودند و گروه ها از لحاظ سن همسان شدند. سپس علل احتمالی اعتیاد در آن ها مقایسه شدند. داده ها با نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 22 و با استفاده از آزمون آماری کای اسکوئر و رگرسیون لجستیک آنالیز شدند. نتایج: میانیگین سن کودکان در گروه مورد 4/2 8/10 ، در گروه شاهد سطح شهر 8/1 4/11 و در گروه شاهد بهزیستی 5/1 8/12 بود. تمام افراد مورد مطالعه جنس مذکر بودند. نتایج مطالعه ارتباط آماری معنی داری بین اعتیاد کودکان و اعتقاد مذهبی والدین، زندانی بودن والدین، سابقه اعتیاد در افراد خانواده، تنها به پارک رفتن کودک و اشتغال والدین نشان داد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: با اقداماتی مثل تقویت اعتقادات مذهبی والدین و خانواده ها، آموزش مهارت های زندگی به کودکان، نظارت والدین بر کودکان، مهارت های فرزند پروری والدین، پیگیری و نظارت همسالان کودک و همکاری سیاستگذاران ، سازمان بهزیستی، شهرداری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و نیروی انتظامی بتوان بهکاهش و کنترل اعتیاد در کودکان کمک کرد. 2 Introduction Addiction is one of the major crises in the world which has many victims and imposes serious damage on the family and society, especially among children who are the most vulnerable social stratum. The aim of this study was to determine the probable causes of drug addiction among children in Kerman. Methods This case-control study was conducted after a qualitative study. Ninety children aged from 6 to 16 years were enrolled. The case group included 30 addicted children supported by the Welfare Organization. The control group included two groups of 30 children, one selected from the Welfare Organization and the other from across the city. All participants were male and groups were matched for age. Then, the probable causes of addiction were compared between these two groups. Data were analyzed using the SPSS22 and by chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results The mean age of children was 10.8 ± 2.4 in the case group, 11.4 ± 1.8 in the park control and 12.8±1.5 in the welfare center control group. All participants were male.The results indicated that there were significant statistical differences between the addicted and non-addicted children in regard to parent’s religious beliefs, parent imprisonment, history of addiction in families, visiting the park alone and parental employment. Conclusion Strengthening religious beliefs of parents, teaching life skills to children and their parents, parental control on children, tracking and monitoring the peers; and promoting collaborations between the policymakers, the Welfare Organization, the Municipality, the Universities of Medical Sciences and the Police Force can help reduce and control addiction among children. 175 184 2017/07/42017/03/12017/09/172017/07/162017/09/17 1396/6/26 2017/09/42017/07/42017/09/172017/09/42017/09/17 1396/6/26 ابوبکر جعفرنژاد Aboobakr Jafarnejad Epidemiology Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran Iran نرگس خانجانی Narges Khanjani Neurology Research Center, Kerman Medical Sciences University, Kerman, Iran Iran behdasht2020@yahoo.com بتول تیرگری Batool Tirgari Department of Internal Nursing and Surgery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman Medical Sciences University, Kerman, Iran Iran Addiction Predisposing Factors Child Case-Control Study اعتیاد عوامل مستعدکننده کودکان مطالعه مورد- شاهدی 1.Nori B. Children, addiction, causes and consequences. Mellatparty.org Retrieved from: http://www.Mellatparty.org/index.php.2013.[Persian].##2. MehdiPoor Rabori R, Nematollahi M, Nouhi E. The family role in drug addiction of children from the perspective of addicted children's mothers in kerman. Journal of Health. 2012; 3(2): 67-72.##3. Zakariai MA, Akbari K.Strategic Report Causes of addiction in the country (Meta-analysis of conducted studies).Tehran: Society and culture Publishers; 2011.##4.Kohi L.Comparative study of the psychology status of children with addicted parents. Journal of Social Welfare University of Social Welfare &Rehabilitation.2004; 9(3): 295-305.[Persian]##5. Saiarasi A, Askari F. Sociological explanation of the causes and risk factors of addiction in Zanjan. Journal of Behavioral Sciences.2012; 12(4): 51-73.[Persian].##6. Hajli A, Zakariayei, MA ,Kermani H. The causes and risk factors of drug abuse among students. Journal of Social Examining Issues.2010; 1(2): 81-112.{Persian].##7. Heidari H, Sharif Malmir M, Kamran A, et al. A comparative study of the causes of drug abuse from the perspective of addicts and their families among referred to addiction treatment centers in Iran. J Health Syst Res. 2012; 8(6): 1017-26.##8. Abubakr Jafarnejad, Batool Tirgari, Narges Khanjani. Childhood addiction in Iran: A Grounded Theory Study. Journal of Substance Use (in press) ##9.Mohammadnezhad P. The causes of drug abuse and its effect on crime, the guidance reza nouri, [Master Thesis], Law and Political Science, Shahid Beheshti University.1993; tehran##10. Mosanezhad A. Social factors influencing the trend of teenage boys and young prisoners to drugs,[Master Thesis]. Isfahan University.1999.##11.Ebrahymbaysalami G,Ghaffarizadeh M. Relationship commitment and social control addiction. Journal of Social Welfare. 2009;10(34): 173-186.[Persian].##12.Verdipoor H, Bashirian S, Farhadinasab A, et al. 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The Epidemiological Profile of Injuries in Children up to 59 Months Old in Kermanshah Province in 2015 سیمای اپیدمیولوژیک حوادث در کودکان 0 تا 59 ماه در استان کرمانشاه در سال 1394 2 1 زمینه: بار بیماری ناشی از حوادث عمدی و غیر عمدی در ایران روز به روز در حال افزایش است و کودکان یکی از گروه های جمعیتی آسیب پذیر در این زمینه هستند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی میزان و نحوه توزیع سوانح و حوادث در کودکان0تا 59 ماه مراجعه کننده به اورژانس مراکز پزشکی و بیمارستانهای تحت پوشش معاونت امور بهداشتی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه است. روش ها: این مطالعه یک تحقیق توصیفی میباشدکه به منظور بررسی میزان و توزیع بروز کلیه حوادث در کودکان0تا 59 ماهه ساکن در محدوده تحت پوشش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه در سال 1394 انجام گرفته است.داده های لازم برای این پژوهش از نرم افزار سوانح و حوادث وزارت بهداشت استخراج ، و با استفاده از نرم افزار stata v9مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته ها: تعداد حوادث در کودکان0تا59 ماهه 3499 مورد بوده است که شامل 2216(63.3%) کودک پسر و 1283(36.7%) کودک دختر و بیشترین فراوانی حوادث در محدوده سنی1تا12ماه (42%) مشاهده شد. بیشترین بروز در فصل تابستان بخصوص شهریور ماه رخ داده است، و بیشترین میزان محل رخداد حوادث منازل مسکونی(58.5%) و شایع ترین علل حوادث تصادفات جاده ای(20.1%) ، سقوط(15.7%) و مسمومیت(14.1%) بوده است و اختلاف معنی داری از نظر سنی و جنس و فصل بروز حوادث مشاهده شد (0.000>P ). نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج مطالعه حاضر،و رخداد اکثر حوادث در منازل مسکونی، توصیه میشود آموزش هایی برای افزایش دانش والدین نسبت مراحل رشد کودک و ایمن تر کردن فضای منازل بعنوان مکانی که بیشترین زمان زندگی کودکان کمتر از پنج سال در آن سپری میشود، ارائه شود. 2 Abstract Background: Injuries have always been among the main factors threatening human life and health, and Children are one of the vulnerable population groups in this field. The purpose of this study is to survey incident and examine the distribution of injuries in children 0 to 59 months old in Kermanshah Province in 2015. Material and Methods: This survey is a cross-sectional study, gathering its data from Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It covers all the injured whose reason of injury was referring to private and public hospitals under the supervision of Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, during 2015. Data was collected from the injury software package of Ministry of Health. All registered individuals in this software were included in the study. Also, all the injuries, including electric shock, road traffic accidents, animal attacks, violence, fall, burn, hit, scorpion and snake sting, drowning, poisoning were entered in our research. Results: The number of injuries in children was 3499 cases: 2216 (63.3%) boys and 1283 (36.7%) girls. Incidence of injuries was 23.3 cases per 1000 children aged 0-59 months old. The highest frequency of injuries was in children aged 0 to 11 months (42%) and majority of them occurred at home (58.5%). Most incidents was in summer (especially in September). The most common causes of injuries included fall (52.7%), road traffic injuries (29.6%), and poisoning (14.1%). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, most of injuries occur in the home, it is recommended that certain instructions be given to parents about child developmental stages to enable them to make the home a safe environment for children, as children less than 5 years old spend most of their time there. 185 191 2017/07/42017/03/12017/09/172017/07/162017/09/172017/06/20 1396/3/30 2017/09/42017/07/42017/09/172017/09/42017/09/172017/09/4 1396/6/13 ابوذر سلیمانی Abozar Soleimani Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Iran محمدرضا بیات Mohammad Reza Bayat Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Iran حسین بیگلری Hossain Biglari Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Iran ناهید خادمی Nahid Khademi Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Iran ویدا صناعی Vida Saniee Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Iran ملیحه خرمداد Malihe Khoramdad Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Iran m.khoramdad2016@gmail.com جبار شفیعی Jabbar Shafiei Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran علیرضا فیروزی Alireza Firouzi Department of General Linguistics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Iran injury children epidemiology cross sectional Kermanshah سوانح و حوادث کودکان 0 تا 59 ماه اپیدمیولوژی مقطعی 1. 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Substance Use and the Number of Male Sexual Partners by African American and Puerto Rican Women استفاده از مواد مخدر و تعداد شرکای جنسی مرد در زنان آمریکایی-آفریقایی و پورتوریکویی 2 1 پیش زمینه: در ایالات متحده آمریکا، 19 میلیون بیماری عفونی (STD) جنسی جدید هر ساله به وجود می آید. بیماری‌های عفونی درمان نشده می توانند منجر به بروز مشکلات سلامتی درازمدت، به ویژه برای زنان جوان شوند. مراکز کنترل و پیشگیری از بیماری ها برآورد می کنند که بیماری‌های ‌عفونی تشخیص داده نشده و درمان نشده سالانه باعث ایجاد ناباروری در حداقل 24،000 زن در ایالات متحده می شوند. این به وضوح یک مسئله مهم سلامت عمومی برای زنان جوان است. مواد و روش ها: جامعه آماری مطالعه ی مقطعی کنونی شامل 343 شرکت کننده زن (50٪ آفریقایی-آمریکایی، 50٪ پورتوریکویی) با میانگین سنی 39 سال بود. تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون برای بررسی ارتباط عوامل متغیر زمان درون فردی (به عنوان مثال استفاده از موادمخدر) و عوامل اثرات ثابت بین فردی (مثلا نژاد / قومیت) با تعداد شرکای جنسی مرد انجام شد. نتایج: استفاده از الکل (b=0.14, p<0.01)، حشیش (b=1.10, p<0.01)، وضعیت تاهل – مجرد (b=-0.16, p<0.05)، و نژاد / قومیت - آفریقایی آمریکایی (b=-0.20, p<0.01) به طور معنی داری با داشتن تعداد بیشتر شرکای جنسی مرد در سال گذشته مرتبط بود. نتیجه گیری: از دیدگاه سلامت عمومی، برنامه‌های درمان و پیشگیری برای رفتارهای پرخطر جنسی متمرکز بر مصرف مواد و همچنین عوامل اجتماعی-فرهنگی (یعنی وضعیت تاهل، نژاد / قومیت) ممکن است مؤثرتر از برنامه هایی باشند که تنها بر مصرف مواد تمرکز دارند. 2 Background In the United States (US), there are 19 million new sexually transmitted disease (STD) infections each year. Untreated STDs can lead to serious long-term adverse health consequences, especially for young women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that undiagnosed and untreated STDs cause at least 24,000 women in the US each year to become infertile. This clearly is a public health issue of great concern for young women. Methods The current cross-sectional study included a community sample consisting of 343 female participants (50% African Americans, 50% Puerto Ricans) at their mean age of 39 years. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations of time-varying factors within-person (e.g., substance use) and fixed effects factors between-persons (e.g., race/ethnicity) with the number of male sexual partners. Results: Alcohol use (b=0.14, p<0.01), cannabis use (b=1.10, p<0.01), marital status – unmarried (b=-0.16, p<0.05), and race/ethnicity – African American (b=-0.20, p<0.01) were significantly related to having a higher number of male sex partners in the past year. Conclusions: From a public health perspective, treatment and prevention programs for sexual risk behavior focused on substance use as well as socio-cultural factors (i.e., marital status, race/ethnicity) may be more effective than programs focused only on substance use. 192 196 2017/07/42017/03/12017/09/172017/07/162017/09/172017/06/202017/09/17 1396/6/26 2017/09/42017/07/42017/09/172017/09/42017/09/172017/09/42017/09/17 1396/6/26 Jung Yeon Lee Jung Yeon Lee Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA USA Judith S. Brook Judith S. Brook Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA USA judith.brook@nyumc.or Kerstin Pahl Kerstin Pahl Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA USA David W. Brook David W. Brook Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA USA Cross-sectional study substance use race/ethnicity sexual risk behavior regression analysis مطالعه مقطعی مصرف مواد نژاد / قومیت رفتار پرخطر جنسی تحلیل رگرسیون ## ##