Depression; Let's talk " بیا در مورد افسردگی حرف بزنیم " 2 1 این مقاله فاقد چکیده است 2 April 7 is known as “World Health Day” and one of the main responsibilities of World Health Organization is to improve the knowledge of the world population in order to prevent various diseases(1). This organization selects an illness or a disorder in terms of a unique slogan in order to plan for educational, prevention, curative and re-strengthening the operation of countries around that problem. The slogan of World Health Organization in 2017 is about depression under the title ‘Let’s Talk about Depression (2). .... 74 76 2017/04/30 1396/2/10 2017/05/23 1396/3/2 محمد هادی فرحزادی Mohammadhadi Farahzadi Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Health, Yazd, Iran Iran Depression Let's talk Letter to the Editor افسردگی نامه به سردبیر 1. WHO. Official health days. Available From:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/official_days/en/##2. WHO. global health days. Available From: http://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health day/2017/event/en/##3. WHO. Health Impact Assessment (HIA). Available From: http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/##4. Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Med. 2011; 9: 90.##5. Genetic, Environmental, and Personality Determinants of Health Risk Behaviors. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health; Hernandez LM, Blazer DG, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006.##6. WHO. Depression. Available From: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/##7. Global Health Risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization. 2009. ##8. Depression Now World's Second Leading Cause of Disability. Megan Brooks November 06, 2013. Available From : http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813896.##9. Reddy MS. Depression: The Disorder and the Burden. Indian J Psychol Med. 2010; 32(1): 1–2.##10. Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, M.D. The Comorbidity of Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Recognition and Management in Primary Care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2001; 3(6): 244–254.##11. Naghavi M, Abolhassani F, Pourmalek F, et al. The burden of disease and injury in Iran 2003. Popul Health Metr. 2009;15(7):9. doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-7-9.##12. Wang Ph, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, et al. Worldwide Use of Mental Health Services for Anxiety, Mood, and Substance Disorders: Results from 17 Countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Lancet. 2007; 370(9590): 841–850.##13. Shahraz S, Forouzanfar m, Sepanlon S, Dicker D, et al. Papulation health and burden of disease profile of Iran among 20 countries in the Region: From Afghanistan to Qatar and Lebanon. Arch Iran Med. 2014;17(5):336–342.##14. Hammen CL. Children of depressed parents. In: Gotlib IH, Hammen CL, editors. Handbook of depression. 2nd Guilford Press; New York: 2009: 275–297.##15. Rahimi-Movaghar A, Amin-Esmaeili M , Sharifi V, et al. Iranian Mental Health Survey: Design and Field Proced. Iran J Psychiatry. 2014;9(2): 96–109.##16. WHO .The World health report: 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope.2001. ## ##

Epidemiological Study an Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Five Endemic Foci, Yazd Province, March 2015-March 2016 بررسی اپیدمیولوژیک یک طغیان از لیشمانیوز پوستی در پنج کانون آندمیک ، استان یزد،1394 2 1 چکیده: سابقه و هدف: ایران یکی از کانون های اصلی لیشمانیوز پوستی در جهان است. علی رغم تلاش های بی وقفه برای کنترل این بیماری ،بروز آن در مناطق زیادی از ایران افزایش داشته است.این مطالعه برای ارزیابی خصوصیات اپیدمیولوژیک لیشمانیوز پوستی در مهمترین کانون های اندمیک استان یزد ،در مرکز ایران، در سال 1394 انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه ی توصیفی روی 150 بیماری که در سال 1394 به مرکز بهداشت استان مراجعه کرده بود ند انجام شد.اطلاعات دموگرافیک و بالینی بیماران ثبت و بوسیله ی نرم افزار spss نسخه ی 23 آنالیز گردید. یافته ها: از 150 بیمار،121 نفر (80/2%) در مناطق شهری زندگی می کردند.93 نفر از بیماران (62%) مرد بودند.گروه سنی 21تا30 سال با 18/7 %،بیشترین فراوانی را داشتند.زنان خانه دار بیشترین بروز بیماری را داشتند(22/6 %).(41/3%) از بیماران تحصیلات ابتدایی داشتند. درآمد ماهیانه ی خانواده در بیش از نیمی از بیماران از یک میلیون تومان کمتر بود. بیشتر موارد بیماری در فصل پاییز گزارش شد با 62 بیمار(%41/3). 98نفر از بیماران (65/3%) سابقه ی مسافرت در سال گذشته را داشتند.بالاترین میزان زخم ها در پاها دیده شد(18.7%).در بیش از نیمی از موارد (52/7%)،اندازه ی زخم بیشتر از یک سانتی متر بود و 82 نفر از بیماران (54/7 %) تنها یک زخم داشتند. نتیجه گیری: اقدامات اساسی از قبیل آموزش همگانی ، و درمان بیماران آلوده با نوع شهری لیشمانیوز بعنوان یک مخزن ،مطابق با شرایط جغرافیایی و حاملین می تواند مفید باشد. 2 Introduction: Iran is one of the major focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the world. Despite continued control efforts, the incidence of CL has increased in the many areas of Iran. the counties of Ardakan, Khatam, Bafgh, Abarkuh and Yazd are endemic places for cl in Yazd province that have occurred outbreak in them during March 2015 to March 2016.The aim of this paper was to identify the Epidemiological and clinical Aspects of Leishmaniasis in patients that were reported from these five endemic foci during outbreak . Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 150 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients that were referred to the provincial health center during outbreak from March 2015 to March 2016. Clinical and demographic information of patients were registered and analyzed by SPSS 23 software. Result: From 150 cases 121 (80.2%) lived in urban areas. 93 (62%) of the patients were males. The most frequent age group was 21-30 years old (18.7%). housekeepers had the highest incidence (22.6%). (41.3%) of patients had Elementary education. Monthly family income in over half of the patients were less than a million tomans at months. The maximum number of CL cases were reported in autumn with 62(41.3%) Of the patients. 98 (65.3%) of the patients reported a history of travel in the past year. the highest rates of CL lesions were seen in feet (18.7%). In over half of the cases (52.7%), wound size was over than one centimeter and 82 (54.7%) of patients had only one wound. Conclusion: In order to outbreak control, Basic measures such as Public education and education for people who travel to endemic areas and treatment of patients infected with urban type leishmaniasis as a reservoir, according to the geographical condition and carrier can be useful. 77 84 2017/04/302016/10/31 1395/8/10 2017/05/232017/03/18 1395/12/28 محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com سهیلا نوری soheila noori Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran soheila.noori1311@gmail.com علی اکبر تاج فیروزه AliAkbar Taj Firouze Deputy for Health Affairs, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran atajfirouzeh@yahoo.com حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran fallahzadeh.ho@gmail.com جمشید آیت اللهی Jamshid Ayatollahi Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran jamshidayatollahi@yahoo.com Epidemiology Disease Outbreak Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Yazd اپیدمیولوژی طغیان بیماری لیشمانیوز پوستی یزد 1. Khazaei S, Mohamadian Hafshejani A, Saatchi M, et al. Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015;10(3):e28511.##2. Pedrosa F de A, Ximenes RA. Sociodemographic and environmental risk factors for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the State of Alagoas, Brazil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009;81(2):195-201.##3. Vazirianzadeh B, Hoseini SA, Pour Rezaee S, et al. Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ramshir, Iran An Epidemiological Study. International Archives of Health Sciences. 2014;1(1):37-41.##4. Barati H, Lotfi MH, Mozaffari GA, et al. Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yazd province within 2004-2013. Journal Of Community Health Research. 2016;5(2):131-139.##5. Rostami MN, Saghafipour A, Vesali E. A newly emerged cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in central Iran. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2013;17(12): 1198-206.##6. Shirzadi MR. Cutaneous leishmaniasis care manual. Tehran: Raze Nahan; 2012 [persian].##7. Amraee K, Rastegar HA, Beiranvand E. An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Poledokhtar district, Lorestan province, southwestern of Iran, 2001-2011. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences. 2013;5(1):55-62.##8. Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi A, et al. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. Journal Mil Med. 2010;12(3):131-135.##9. Zahirnia A, Moradi A, Norozi NA, et al. Epidemiological survey of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Hamadan province (2002-2007).Hamedan University Medical Journal. 2009;16(1):43-47[Persian].##10. Nejati J, Mojadam M, Hanafi AA, et al. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Andimeshk. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013;21(7):94-101[Persian].##11. Nazari m. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Hamedan, Iran (2004-2010). Zahedan Journal Research Medical Sciences. 2012;13(9):39-42 [Persian].##12. Dehghan A, Ghahramani F, Hashemi B. The epidemiology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Larestan,2006-2008. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. 2010;8(3):8-11[Persian].##13. Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Aadil K, et al. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Kabul, Afghanistan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003;9(6):727-729.##14. Doroodgar A, Mahbobi S, Nematian M, et al. An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kashan(2007-2008). Journal of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. 2009;10(3):177-184[Persian].##15. Akbari E, Mayvaneh F, A Entezari, et al. Survey of the role of bioclimatic factors in the outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal Of Epidemiology. 2014;10(3):65-74[Persian].##16. Hamzavi Y, Sobhi SA, Rezaei M. Epidemiological factors of cutaneous lieshmaniasis in patients reffered to health centers in Kermanshah province (2001–2006). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2009;13(2):151-161[Persian].##17. Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi I. Frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis among patients referred to the center for disease control in Bam district, 1999-2003. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2006;5(2):123-128[Persian].##18. Khajedaluee M, Yazdanpanah MJ, Seyed Nozadi SM, et al. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Razavi Khorasan in 2011.Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2014;57(4):647-654[Persian].##19. Mesgarian F, Rahbarian N, Mahmoudi M, et al. Identification of leishmaniasis species isolated from human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gonabad-e-Qabus city using a PCR method during 2006-2007. Tehran University Medical Journal. 2010;68(4):250-256[Persian].##20. Ayattolahi J, Karimi M. The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the villages of Abarkuh. Infectious Disease. 2006;10(30):13-18 [Persian].##21. Ranasinghe S, Wickremasinghe R, Munasinghe A, et al. Cross-sectional study to assess risk factors for leishmaniasis in an endemic region in Sri Lanka. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2013;89(4):742-749.#### ##

Use of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Improving Safety: A case Study in An Oil Company استفاده از روش تجزیه تحلیل حالات خطر و اثرات ناشی از آن در بهبود ایمنی یک کارخانه روغن خوراکی ، یک مطالعه موردی در ایران 2 1 مقدمه:FMEA در واقع نوعی روش آنالیز ریسک خطاهای بالقوه است که می تواند برای شناخت سیستماتیک نقص های قطعات و اجزای یک ماشین و یا نقص های یک فرایند تولیدی که شامل چند ماشین است بکار بسته شود و با تدابیر اقدامات کنترلی می توان ریسک های موجود را کاهش داده و ایمنی سیستم را بهبود بخشید . هدف از این مطالعه بررسی و مقایسه ی سطح ریسک قبل و بعد از اجرای اقدامات کنترلی در یکی از کارخانه ها ی روغن خوراکی است.. روش بررسی: مطالعه ای مقطعی حاضر درسال 95 در یک کارخانه ی روغن خوراکی تهران و بر روی دستگاه های موجود در 5 سالن مانند پرس، دیگ بخار ، دستگاه جوش و غیره انجام گرفت.پس از ارزیابی اولیه توسط تیم کارشناسی و محاسبه نمره اولویت خطر(RPN:Risk Priority Number) برای تک تک فعالیت ها ، راهکارهای اصلاحی اجرا ، و پارامترهای خطر قبل و بعد اقدامات کنترلی مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت . نتایج حاصله با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS.23 مورد تجزیه تحلیل قرار گرفت . یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین احتمال خطر مربوط به واحد تاسیسات بوده که میانگین احتمال خطر در این واحد قبل از اجرای اقدامات کنترلی و پس از آن به ترتیب ( 5/4 و 25/3 )می باشد .بیشترین شدت خطر نیز مربوط به واحد ابزارسازی بوده که میانگین شدت خطر قبل از مداخله در این واحد و پس از آن به ترتیب ( 75/4 و3) به دست آمد .آزمون همگنی توزیع حاشیه ای نشان داد که در این مطالعه اقدامات کنترلی تاثیر مثبت داشته است (p value <0.001). .در واحد ابزارسازی، خنثی سازی و تاسیسات بینRPN قبل و بعد به ترتیب تفاوت معناداری در سطح 1/0 وجود داشت و p value آنها به ترتیب 0.066 و 0.042و 0.068بوده است. همچنین در واحد قوطی سازی و پرکنی بین RPN قبل و بعد به ترتیب تفاوت معناداری در سطح 05/0 مشاهده گردید (p value <.001). مدل اندازه های مکرر نشان داد که بین متوسط RPN کل ،قبل و بعد از مداخله، تفاوت معناداری در سطح معناداری 0.05 وجود دارد.(p value <0.001) بحث و نتیجه گیری: در این مطالعه با توجه به بالا بودن عدد ریسک اولیه در برخی سالن ها مانند واحد ابزارسازی و پرکنی که با استفاده از اجرای اقدامات کنترلی به سطح قابل قبول رسید که نشان دهنده کارایی روش FMEA در ارزیابی خطرات می باشد. 2 Introduction: The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), first of all, identifies dangerous modes in a process and, then, provides proper control measures that are required to reduce the level of risk. This study aims to investigate the risk level before and after the implementation of control measures in an edible oil factory. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an edible oil factory in Tehran, Iran. The FMEA technique was used to identify failure modes related to equipment that existed in five units of this factory. After that, in all units, Risk Priority Numbers of all the processes were assessed on the basis of the FMEA method. With regard to the Risk Priority Number (RPN), some control measures were taken to reduce the risk of events. After nine months, risk assessment was repeated, and primary and secondary RPNs were compared with each other to investigate the effects of interventions. Results: The results showed that the highest probability of danger was related to the installation unit. The probability of danger in this unit before and after interventional actions was 4.5 and 3.25 respectively and the highest degree of severity was related to tool production. The marginal homogeneity test showed the positive effect of control measures on the risk level in the factory. There was a significant inference between before- and after-data in RPN in the unit tool production, neutralization unit, and installation unit. The Tests of Repeated Measure showed that there was a statistically significant inference between before- and after-data in the total average of RPN criterion (pvalue < 0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the high risk level in the factory units was reduced after the application of interventional corrective measures. These actions have been useful. It can be mentioned that the FMEA has been successfully able to identify and control the level of risk in this factory. 85 92 2017/04/302016/10/312017/01/1 1395/10/12 2017/05/232017/03/182017/05/23 1396/3/2 ملیحه کلاهدوزی Malihe Kolahdouzi Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Iran mkolahdoozi89@gmail.com غلام حسین حلوانی Gholam Hossein Halvani Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Iran mkolahdoozi89@gmail.com ابراهیم نظری پور عبدگاه Ebrahim Nazaripour Abdehgah Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran Iran mkolahdoozi89@gmail.com مریم رستمی اقدم شندی Maryam Rostami Aghdam shendi Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran ma.rostami.68@gmail.com محسن یزدانی اول Mohsen Yazdani aval Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Iran yazdani.aval@gmail.com risk assessment FMEA edible oil factory RPN ارزیابی ریسک صنعت روغن خوراکی FMEA RPN 1. Ebrahimzadeh M, Halvani G, Mortazavi M, Soltani R. Assessment of Potential Hazards by Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Method in Shiraz Oil Refinery. Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal. 2011;3(2):16-23.##2. Halvani GH ZM. Safety system engineering and risk management. Tehran: Asare Sobhan Publication; 2008.##3. Ebrahemzadih M, Halvani G, Shahmoradi B, et al. Assessment and Risk Management of Potential Hazards by Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Method in Yazd Steel Complex. Open Journal of Safety Science and Technology. 2014;4(3):127-135.##4. Paparella S. Failure mode and effects analysis: a useful tool for risk identification and injury prevention. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 2007;33(4):367-71.##5. MU SJ, JIANG Cm, WU Cg. The interrelationships between SDG and process hazard analysis. Acta Simulata Systematica Sinica. 2003;15(10):1381-84.##6. Chiozza ML, Ponzetti C. FMEA: a model for reducing medical errors. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2009;404(1):75-8.##7. Alimohammadi I, Adl J. The comparison of safety level in kilns in two gypsum production factories by Failure modes and effects Analysis (FMEA). Iran Occupational Health. 2008;5(1):77-83.[Persian]##8. Ashley L, Armitage G, Neary M, et al. A practical guide to failure mode and effects analysis in health care: Making the most of the team and its meetings. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. 2010;36(8):351-8.##9. Mohammadian M, Hashemi Nejad N. Hazard Analysis in Poly Van House Factory Using FMEA Method. Journal of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences. 2014;1(1):49-58. [Persian]##10. KHoshakhlagh A, Halvani Gh, Mehrparvar A, et al. Effectiveness of control measures to reduce the level of risk the dangers of working in the ceramics industry. tebe kar yazd. 2013;5(2):51-9. [Persian]##11. Pareek PK, Nandikolmath TV, Gowda P. FMEA Implementation in A Foundry In Bangalore To Improve Quality And Reliability.Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Search.2012;1(2):82-87.##12. Liu HT, Tsai Yl. A fuzzy risk assessment approach for occupational hazards in the construction industry. Safety science. 2012;50(4):1067-78.##13. Liao CJ, Ho CC. Risk management for outsourcing biomedical waste disposal–Using the failure mode and effects analysis. Waste management. 2014;34(7):1324-9.##14. Bonfant G, Belfanti P, Paternoster G, et al. Clinical risk analysis with failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) model in a dialysis unit. JN journal of nephrology. 2010;23(1):111-118.## ##

Assessing the Predictors of Intention and Behavior in Using Virtual Social Networks Among Students of the Yazd University of Medical Sciences Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior بررسی عوامل پیش بینی کننده قصد و رفتار استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی در بین دانشجویان علوم پزشکی یزد بر اساس تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده 2 1 مقدمه: امروزه استفاده از شبکه های مجازی در بین جوانان رو به افزایش است. با این وجود، مطالعات کمی در مورد عوامل موثر بر استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی با استفاده از تئوری های آموزش بهداشت در بین دانشجویان انجام شده است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین عوامل پیشگویی کننده استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی در بین دانشجویان علوم پزشکی یزد بر اساس سازه های تئوری رفتار یرنامه ریزی شده انجام شده است. روش کار: مطالعه مقطعی حاضر بر روی 300 نفر از دانشجویان در سال 1395 که به روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی انتخاب شدند انجام شد. اطلاعات با استفاده از پرسش نامه دموگرافی، میزان استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی و سازه های تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده شامل نگرش، هنجارهای انتزاعی، کنترل رفتاری درک شده، قصد رفتاری و رفتار جمع آوری شد. داده های جمع آوری شده با آزمون های آماری ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و رگرسیون تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: میانگین سنی دانشجویان69/3± 28/22 سال بود. 3/98% دانشجویان از شبکه های اجتماعی استفاده می کردند. آزمون رگرسیون نشان داد که نگرش، هنجارهای انتزاعی و کنترل رفتاری درک شده پیش بینی کننده های قصد استفاده از شبکه های اجتماعی هستند و در این بین نگرش بیشترین قابلیت پیش بینی قصد استفاده از شبکه های مجازی را داشت(38/0=β). همچنین آزمون رگرسیون نشان داد که از میان سازه های مدل قصد رفتاری هنجارهای ذهنی و نگرش قادر به پیش بینی رفتار استفاده از فضای مجازی بودند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به بالا بودن میزان استفاده از شبکه های مجازی ضرورت برنامه ریزی و اجرای مداخلاتی جهت مدیریت استفاده از این شبکه ها ضروری به نظر می رسد. همچنین لازم است اقداماتی در راستای ایجاد نگرش صحیح در مورد میزان و نحوه استفاده بهینه از این شبکه ها صورت گیرد. 2 Introduction: Nowadays, use of virtual socail networks is increasing . However, few studies have been conducted about factors influencing the use of social networks by using theories of health education among students. The present study was to determine predictive factors of virtual social networks among students of Yazd university of medical sciences based on the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 Students in 2016, who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The study data was collected from a questionnaire based on the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions and behaviors. The data collected were then analyzed via the SPSS Software using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation test, one-way analysis of variance, and regression. Results: The mean age of university students was 22.28±3.69 years. The results also suggested that 98.3% of these university students were using virtual social networks. Moreover, the findings of the regression analysis indicated that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were predictors of intention to use social networks and attitudes had the highest predictive power for the intention to use social networks (β=0.38). Furthermore, the results of the regression analysis demonstrated that behavioral intention, attitudes, and subjective norms among the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior could predict the behavior to use virtual space. Conclusion: Given the high level of social networking utilization, the necessity of planinig and doing of interventions should be noted to manage it. It is also required to induce and educate the correct attitude about the use of network and how to take advantage of it 93 101 2017/04/302016/10/312017/01/12017/02/11 1395/11/23 2017/05/232017/03/182017/05/232017/06/3 1396/3/13 زهرا خزیر Zahra Khazir Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran zahrakhazir@gmail.com مرادعلی زارعی پور Morad ali Zareipour Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Urmia Health Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Iran z.morad@yahoo.com مهدی عبدالکریمی Mahdi Abdolkarimi Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mahdi_13581@yahoo.com عارفه دهقانی تفتی Arefeh Dehghani tafti Department of biostatistics and epidemiology. School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Arefeh.dt@ssu.ac.ir طاهره رحیمی Tahereh Rahimi Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran rahimi20@yahoo.com Virtual social networks university students theory of planned Behavior تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده- شبکه های اجتماعی مجازی- دانشجو- قصد 1. Silius K, Miilumaki T, Huhtamaki J, et al. Students’ motivations for social media enhanced studying and Learning. Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal. 2010;2(1):51-67.##2. Shahabi M, Bayat GH. Purposes and motivations of social networks members(A study on youth from tehran). Culture- Communication Studies. 2013;13(20):61-86.[Persian]##3. Espuny vidal C, Gonzalez martinez J, Lleixa fortuno M, et al. University Students Attitudes Towards and Expectations of the Educational Use of Social Networks.Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento (RUSC). 2011; 8(1): 186-99.##4. Grosseck G. To use or not to use web 2.0 in higher education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences In World Conference on Educational Sciences. 2009; l(1) : 478-82.##5. Hamid S, Chang S, Kurnia, S. Identifying the Use of Online Social Networking (OSN) in Higher Education. ASCILITE. 2009.##6. Ghaemi F, Samsam Shariat SM, Asef Vaziri K , et al. Relationship Between Extravertion, Neuroticism, Forgiveness and Islamic Coping Strategies With Happinessin College Students of Ahvaz Universities in 1387. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2008;(38):63-92.[Persian]##7. Chen H, Sali M. A Qualitative Study Of Iranian facebook Users’ Perceptions of facebook in iran’s eparticipation activities. 2010.##8. Madge C, Meek J, Wellens J, et al. Facebook, Social Integration and Informal Learning at University: "It Is More for Socialising and Talking to Friends about Work than for Actually Doing Work. Learning, Media and Technology. 2009; 34 (2): 141-155.##9. Thomas S. Addiction in Internet chatting: An empirical study using modified Technology Acceptance Model. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. 2011; 3(4): 287. Retrieved from http://ijcrb.webs.com ##10. Ghasemzadeh L, Shahraray M, Moradi A. Prevalence of internet addiction and it's relationship with loneliness and self esteem in high school students in Tehran.Quarterly journal of education. 2007; 23(1):41-68. [Persian] ##11. Kim KH , Yun H. Cying for me, Cying forus: Relational dialectics in a Korean social network site. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication. 2007; 13(1): 298-318. DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00397.x##12. Boyd D M, Ellison N B. Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2007;13(1): 210-30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x##13. Mohammad Beigi A, Mohammad Salehi N. Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Related Risk Factors in Students. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 2011;20 (78): 41-8.##14.LaRose R, Lin CA, Eastin MS. Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation?. Media Psychology. 2003; 5(3): 225–53.##15. Ellison NB, Lampe C, Steinfield Ch. Feature Social network sites and society: current trends and future possibilities. Interactions. 2009; 1(16): 6-9.##16. Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, et al. Survey of Relationship between Psychiatric Symptoms and Internet Addictions in Students of Isfahan Universities. Scientific J Hamadan Universe Med Sci. 2010; 2(17): 65-57.[Persian]##17. Hildebrand J.Facebook identity Theft enough for jail. 2009. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25764253-421,00.html ##18. Noar SM, Zimmerman RS. Health Behavior Theory and cumulative knowledge regardinghealth behaviors: are we moving in the right direction?. Health Educ Res. 2005; 20(3): 275-290.##19. Aghili SV, Poory E.The effects of of virtual social networks on interpersonal communication. Journal of culture communication. 2011;1(3):25-42.[Persian]##20. Rashidian A, Miles J, Russell D,et al. Sample size for regression analyses of theory of planned behavior studies: case of prescribing in general practice. Br J Health Psychol. 2006;11(4):581-93.##21. Sharma M, Romas JA, eds. Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. 1ed th, Boston: Jones and Bartlett. 2007; 116-136.##22. Baker RK, White KM. Predicting adolescents’ use of social networking sites from an extended theory of planned behavior perspective.Journal of computers in Human behavior. 2010; 26(6):1591-1597##23.Bashir H, Afrasiabi MS. Internet social networks and Youth life style: A case study of the largest Iranians' virtual community. Iranian journal of cultural research. 2012; 5(1), 31-60.[Persian]. ##24.Memar S, Adlipoor S, Khaksar F. Virtual social networks and identity crisis(with emphasis on identity crisis in iran). Quarterly of social studies and research in Iran. 2013;4(1):155-76. [Persian] ##25.Lu Y,Zhou T,Wang B.Exploring Chinese users’ acceptance of instant messaging using the theory of planned behavior, the technology acceptance model, and the ﬂow theory. Journal of computers behavior. 2009; 25(1): 29-39. ##26.Khodayari G, Daneshvar Hoseini F, Saeidi H. The amount and type of social networks virtual (case study: students of mashhad azad university). Quarterly journal of communication research. 2014; 1(77):167-92.[Persian] ##27. Javadinia SA, Erfanian M, Abedini M, et al. The Effects of Social Networks on Academic Achievement of Students, a Study in Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2012; 12(8): 598-606.[Persian]##28. Soltani A. Study of the Relationship between the Use of Virtual Social Networks and Social Identity of Students. Ilam culture. 2016; 16(50.51):124-34##29. Livingstone S. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: Teenagers' use of social networ:king sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media and Society. 2008; 10(3): 393-411.##30.Sharif I, Sargent JD. Association between television, movie, and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics. 2006; 118(4):1061-70.##31. Jansen Reinen I, Plomp T. Information technology and gender equality: A contradiction in terminis?. Computers & Education.1997; 28(2): 65–78.##32. Aliabadi KH, Moshtagh Larghani S. Reliability of “Computer Attitude Skills” (Persian Form), Determining Its Factorial Structure and Correlation Between CAS and Personal Characteristics of Tehran Universities’ Students. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education. 2006;12(2):111-26.[persian]##33.Yang CK, Choe BM, Baity M, et al. SCL-90-R and 16PF profiles of senior high school students with excessive Internet use. Can J Psychiatry. 2005; 50 (7): 407-14. ##34. Kwon SJ, Park E, Kim KJ. What drives successful social networking services? A comparative analysis of user acceptance of Facebook and Twitter. The Social Science Journal. 2014;51(4): 534-544.##35.Wei HL, Lin KY, Lu HP, et al. Understanding the Intentions of Users to“Stick” to Social Networking Sites: A Case Study in Taiwan. Behaviour & Informati Technology. 2015; 34(2):1-45. ##36. Hamilton K, White KM. Extending the theory of planned behavior: The role of self and social influences in predicting adolescent frequent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 30:56-74.## ##

The Epidemiology of Trauma in Golestan Province, Northeast of Iran اپیدمیولوژی حوادث در استان گلستان، شمال شرقی ایران 2 1 مقدمه: تروما یکی از شایع ترین مشکلات بهداشتی در سراسر دنیا می باشد که سالانه باعث تعداد زیادی معلولیت می گردد. بنابراین با توجه به اهمیت بروز حوادث، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین وضعیت اپیدمیولوژی حوادث در بیماران حادثه مرکز ترومای استان گلستان، شهرستان گرگان در ایران، انجام گرفته است. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه مقطعی و مبتنی بر جمعیت، به صورت سرشماری بر روی17941 بیمار حادثه دیده ایرانی مراجعه کننده به مرکز ترومای بیمارستان آموزشی درمانی 5 آذر شهرستان گرگان، از ابتدای سال 2013 تا پایان سال 2014 انجام شده است. اطلاعات بیماران با استفاده از چک لیست طراحی شده از طرف معاونت درمان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان در شیفت های صبح، عصر و شب توسط افراد آموزش دیده جمع آوری شد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار STATA ورژن 12 آنالیز شد. یافته ها: اکثر موارد حادثه دیده، مرد و ساکن شهر و بیشترین گروه سنی دچار حادثه 21 تا 35 سال بودند.کوچه، خیابان و منزل مسکونی شایع ترین محل های حادثه خیز است. اصابت ضربه و تصادف موتور سواری و سقوط از بلندی شایع ترین انواع تروما بوده است. نتیجه درمان اکثر افراد دچار حادثه "درمان یافته" بود. نتیجه گیری: با توسعه تکنولوژی، به علت افزایش تعداد و سرعت وسایل نقلیه و تغییر شرایط زندگی، تروما یکی از مهم ترین علل مرگ و میر و معلولیت شناخته شده است. با شناسایی وضعیت اپیدمیولوژی تروما در سطح جهان، می توان از بروز آن جلوگیری کرد. 2 Introduction: Trauma is one of the most common health problems worldwide, which results in many cases of physical disability every year. Considering the importance of the occurrence of trauma, this study was conducted to determine its epidemiology in trauma patients of the Trauma Center of Gorgan County, Golestan Province. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 17941 Iranian trauma patients attending the Trauma Center of 5 Azar Educational Hospital, Gorgan County, from the beginning of 2013 through 2014 using the census method. The patients’ data were collected using a checklist designed by the Treatment Deputy of Golestan University of Medical Sciences on morning, evening, and night shifts by trained personnel. The data were analyzed with the STATA software version 12. Results: Most of the trauma patients were male and belonged to the age group 21-35 years. Alley, street, and house were the most common trauma locations. Injury, motorcycle accident, and falls from height were the most common types of trauma. As for the outcome, most trauma patients were “treated”. Conclusion: With advances in technology, due to the increase in the number and speed of vehicles and changes in the lifestyle, trauma is one of the major causes of mortality and disability in the world. Knowledge of the epidemiology of trauma in the world can help to lower its prevalence and incidence. 102 108 2017/04/302016/10/312017/01/12017/02/112016/11/1 1395/8/11 2017/05/232017/03/182017/05/232017/06/32017/05/28 1396/3/7 سهیلا کلانتری Soheyla Kalantari Surgical Technology Department, Paramedical School of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran فاطمه مهرآور fatemeh Mehravar Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), 5 azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran mehravar10261@yahoo.com فرهاد کرد Farhad Kord Deputy Treatments, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran سامیه غنا Samieh Ghana Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran سید علی آقاپور Seyyed Ali Aghapour Children's Hospital Taleghani, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran رسول محمدی Rasoul Mohammadi Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences‎, Tehran, Iran Iran لیلا فاضلی عارف Leila Fazeli Aref Deputy Treatments, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran احمد حیدری Ahmad Heidari Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), 5 azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Iran Trauma Epidemiology Accident Injury تروما اپیدمیولوژی حادثه آسیب 1. Rhee P, Joseph B, Pandit V, et al. Increasing trauma deaths in the United States. Annals of surgery. 2014;260(1):13-21.##2. Batista SEA, Baccani JG, Silva RAdP, et al. Análise comparativa entre os mecanismos de trauma, as lesões e o perfil de gravidade das vítimas, em Catanduva-SP. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2006;33(1):6-10.##3. Salvador PTCdO, Alves KYA, Martins CCF, et al. Profile of Brazilian dissertations and theses on trauma: a documentary research. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões. 2012;39(4):328-34.##4. Organization WH. Global status report on road safety: time for action. World Health Organization; 2009.##5. Sukhai A, Jones AP, Haynes R. Epidemiology and risk of road traffic mortality in South Africa. South African Geographical Journal. 2009;91(1):4-15.##6. Organization WH. Global status report on road safety 2015. World Health Organization; 2015.##7. Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, et al. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013. Injury prevention. 2016;22(1):3-18.##8. Zargar M, Modaghegh M-HS, Rezaishiraz H. Urban injuries in Tehran: demography of trauma patients and evaluation of trauma care. Injury. 2001;32(8):613-7.##9. Fazel MR, Fakharian E, Razi E, et al. Epidemiology of home-related injuries during a six-year period in kashan, iran. Archives of trauma research. 2012;1(3):118-22.##10. Mohammadi R. Epidemiology and prevention of home related injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Aulan, Norrbacka, plan 2: Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap/Department of Public Health Sciences; 2005.##11. Joushin MK, Saghafipour A, Noroozi M, et al. Epidemiology of accidents and traumas in qom province in 2010. Archives of trauma research. 2013;2(3):113-117.##12. Davoodabadi A, Abdoulrahimkashi E, Fattahi M, et al. Epidemiology of Chest Trauma in Kashan Trauma Centers. Feyz Journals of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2008;11(5):17-22.[Persian]##13. Ebrahimipour H, Khani M, Salehabadi S, et al. Demographically Investigate the Trauma Resulting From Road Traffic Accidents in Injured Patients Referred to Taleghani Hospital in Mashhad (Khorasan razavi, Iran)-2013. Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention. 2015;2(3):155-60.##14. Ebert J. Catastrophic case management. A case study. Critical care nursing clinics of North America. 2001;13(3):443-8.##15. Kheirabadi GR, Bolhari J. Role of human factors in road accidents. 2012.##16. Ghorbani A, Rabiei MR, Charkazi A. Epidemiology of trauma due to collision in shahid motahari hospital of Gonbad-e-Kavous city. 2009.##17. Davis JW, Bennink L, Kaups KL, et al. Motor vehicle restraints: primary versus secondary enforcement and ethnicity. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2002;52(2):225-8.##18. Mina M, Tahereh KM, Ehsan KL, et al. Epidemiologic survey of trauma and associated factors in Guilan. Iranian journal of critical care nursing. 2014;7(1):41-50.##19. Rodriguez DY, Fernandez FJ, Acero Velasquez H. Road traffic injuries in Colombia. Injury control and safety promotion. 2003;10(1-2):29-35.##20. Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Ayubi E, Azami-Aghdash S, et al. Epidemiological patterns of road traffic crashes during the last two decades in Iran: a review of the literature from 1996 to 2014. Archives of trauma research. 2016;5(3):e32985.##21. Farzandipour M, Ghattan H, Mazrouei L, et al. Epidemiological study of traumatic patients referred to neghavi hospital of kashan. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2007;11(1).58-68.[Persian]##22. Fakharian E, Taghaddosi M, Masoud SA. Epidemiology of head trauma in Kashan. FEYZ Journal of Kashan University of Medical Science. 2003;7(1):64-70.[Persian]##23. Mehrdad R, Seifmanesh S, Chavoshi F, et al. Epidemiology of occupational accidents in Iran based on social security organization database. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2014;16(1):e1359.##24. Sadeghi S. Epidemiology of trauma patients referred to the Hazrat Ali-Ebn-Abitaleb Hospital in Rafsanjan in 1997. Feyz Journals of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 1998;2(2).77-82.[ Persian]## ##

CO2 Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth in Iran: Apply Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models انتشار دی اکسید کربن، مخارج بهداشتی و رشد اقتصادی در ایران: کاربرد سیستم معادلات همزمان پویا 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه: در سالیان اخیر علیت پویا میان محیط زیست، مخارج بهداشتی و رشد اقتصادی در ادبیات اقتصادی در دو گروه کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. روش تحقیق: این مطالعه رابطه علیت میان انتشارco2، مخارج بهداشتی و رشد اقتصادی را با استفاده از سیستم معادلات همزمان پویا طی دوره 1391-1351 آزمون می نماید. یافته ها: نتایج تجربی نشان می دهد یک رابطه علیت پویا دو طرفه میان انتشارco2 و رشد اقتصادی وجود دارد. همچنین یک رابطه علیت پویای یک سویه از طرف مخارج بهداشتی به سمت رشد اقتصادی وجود دارد. رابطه علیت دو طرفه مثبت میان انتشار co2 و رشد اقتصادی در کیفیت محیط زیست ایران در سال های آینده بسیار با اهمیت است. نتایج: بدیهی است دولت مایل است طی سال های برنامه ششم توسعه، رشد اقتصادی را افزایش دهد. بنظر می رسد سیاستگزاران لازم است سرمایه گذاری در زمینه انتقال تکنولوژی های پیشرفته برای حفظ محیط زیست و جلوگیری از تخریب آن را مد نظر قرار دهند. 2 Introduction: The causal dynamics between environment, health expenditures and economic growth has recently started to be studied in the economics literature for both developing and developed countries. Methods: This study examines the causal relationship between CO2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth using dynamic simultaneous-equations models for Iran over the period 1972-2012. Results: Our empirical results show that there is bidirectional causality relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth; there is also unidirectional causality relationship from health expenditures to economic growth. The positive bidirectional causality relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth will be very important to environmental quality in next years in Iran. Conclusion: It is clear that government would like to increase economic growth over the period of next Five-Year Development Plan. It seems that policymakers must examine the requirements for investment to promote environmental protection and increase the technological transfer to reduce the environmental damage. 109 116 2017/04/302016/10/312017/01/12017/02/112016/11/12017/04/15 1396/1/26 2017/05/232017/03/182017/05/232017/06/32017/05/282017/05/31 1396/3/10 نغمه قریشی Naghmeh Ghorashi Department of Economics, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran Iran n.ghorashi@gmail.com عباس علوی راد Abbas Alavi Rad Department of Economics, Abarkouh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abarkouh, Iran Iran alavi_rad@abarkouhiau.ac.ir CO2 emissions Health expenditures Economic growth Dynamic simultaneous equation models GMM. انتشار co2 مخارج بهداشتی رشد اقتصادی سیستم معادلات همزمان پویا 1. Chaabouni S, Zghidi N, Mbarek MB. On the causal dynamics between CO 2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2016;22:184-91.##2. Ghosh S. Examining carbon emissions economic growth nexus for India: a multivariate cointegration approach. Energy Policy. 2010;38(6):3008-14.##3. Halicioglu F. An econometric study of CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy. 2009;37(3):1156-64.##4. Menyah K, Wolde-Rufael Y. CO 2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy Policy. 2010;38(6):2911-5.##5. Amiri A, Ventelou B. Granger causality between total expenditure on health and GDP in OECD: Evidence from the Toda–Yamamoto approach. Economics Letters. 2012;116(3):541-4.##6. Wang KM. Health care expenditure and economic growth: Quantile panel-type analysis. Economic Modelling. 2011;28(4):1536-49.##7. Bala B. Causal nexus between public health expenditure and economic growth in four southern Indian states. IUP Journal of Public Finance. 2011;9(3):7-22.##8. Hartwig J. 'Baumol's Diseases': The Case of Switzerland. Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics. 2010;146(3):533-552.##9. Apergis N, Payne JE. CO 2 emissions, energy usage, and output in Central America. Energy Policy. 2009;37(8): 3282-6.##10. Narayan PK, Narayan S. Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy. 2010;38(1):661-6.##11. Omri A. CO 2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth nexus in MENA countries: evidence from simultaneous equations models. Energy economics. 2013;40:657-64.##12. Fogel RW. New sources and new techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality, and the process of aging. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History. 1993;26(1):5-43.##13. Mayer D. The long-term impact of health on economic growth in Latin America. World development. 2001;29(6):1025-33.##14. Culyer TJ. The internal market: an acceptable means to a desirable end.Center for Health Economics: 1990.##15. Murthy NV, Ukpolo V. Aggregate health care expenditure in the United States: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics. 1994;26(8):797-802.##16. Bloom DE, Canning D, Sevilla J. The effect of health on economic growth: a production function approach. World development. 2004;32(1):1-13.##17. Hongyi L, Huang L. Health, education, and economic growth in China: Empirical findings and implications. China Economic Review. 2009;20(3):374-87.##18. Narayan S, Narayan PK, Mishra S. Investigating the relationship between health and economic growth: Empirical evidence from a panel of 5 Asian countries. Journal of Asian Economics. 2010;21(4):404-11.##19. Grossman GM, Krueger AB. Economic growth and the environment. The quarterly journal of economics. 1995;110(2):353-77.##20. Coondoo D, Dinda S. Carbon dioxide emission and income: A temporal analysis of cross-country distributional patterns. Ecological Economics. 2008;65(2):375-85.##21. Managi S, Jena PR. Environmental productivity and Kuznets curve in India. Ecological Economics. 2008;65(2):432-40.##22. Shahbaz M, Hye QMA, Tiwari AK, et al. Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO 2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013;25:109-21.##23. Shahbaz M, Lean HH, Shabbir MS. Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012;16(5):2947-53.##24. Tiwari AK, Shahbaz M, Hye QMA. The environmental Kuznets curve and the role of coal consumption in India: cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013; 18: ##519-27.##25. Beatty TK, Shimshack JP. Air pollution and children's respiratory health: A cohort analysis. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2014;67(1):39-57.##26. Brunekreef B, Holgate ST. Air pollution and health. The lancet. 2002;360(9341):1233-42.##27. Clancy L, Goodman P, Sinclair H, et al. Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study. The lancet. 2002;360(9341):1210-4.##28. Dinda S. Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological economics. 2004;49(4):431-55.##29. Gerdham U, Jonsson B. Conversion factor in international comparisons of health care expenditures. Journal of Health Economics. 1991;10(2):227-34.##30. Janke K, Propper C, Henderson J. Do current levels of air pollution kill? The impact of air pollution on population mortality in England. Health economics. 2009;18(9):1031-55.##31. Kijima M, Nishide K, Ohyama A. Economic models for the environmental Kuznets curve: A survey. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 2010;34(7):1187-201.##32. Mead RW, Brajer V. Protecting China's children: valuing the health impacts of reduced air pollution in Chinese cities. Environment and Development Economics. 2005;10(06):745-68.##33. Narayan PK, Narayan S. Does environmental quality influence health expenditures? Empirical evidence from a panel of selected OECD countries. Ecological Economics. 2008;65(2):367-74.##34. Beheshti M, Sojudi S. Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Health Expenditure and GDP in Iran. Faslname‐Barresi ha ye eghtesadi. 2007;4(4):115-35.[Persian]##35. Ghorashi N, Rad A, Eslami M. The Study On Factors of Health Economics and Economic Growth in Iran. Journal of Community Health Research. 2013;2(3):208-19.##36. Salmani M, Mohammadi A. Analysis of Effect of Government Health Expenditures on Economic Growth of Health. Faslname‐pajohesh ha ye eghtesadi. 2009;13(39):73-92.[Persian]##37. Dickey DA, Fuller WA. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association. 1979;74(366):427-31.##38. Phillips PC, Perron P. Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika. 1988;75(2):335-46.##39. Perman R. Cointegration: an introduction to the literature. Journal of Economic Studies. 1991;18(3).##40. Arellano M, Bover O. Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of econometrics. 1995;68(1):29-51.## ##

Prevention and Treatment Approaches to Deal with Plague as a Biological Weapon رویکردهای پیش‌گیری و درمانی در مقابله با طاعون به عنوان یک جنگ‌افزار بیولوژیکی 2 1 مقدمه: حملات بیولوژیک یا زیستی پدیده‌ای است که به طور جدی در قرن بیستم شروع شده و هر روز در حال گسترش است. عامل طاعون یکی از عوامل موجود در لیست سلاح‌های بیولوژیک از سوی کنوانسیون خلع سلاح است. از این رو، خطر کاربردهای بیولوژیک یا بیوتروریستی آن توسط دشمن امری محتمل و تهدیدی جدی است. هدف از تدوین این مقاله، به روز رسانی اطلاعات کارکنان بهداشتی در خصوص طاعون و جنبه‌ی بیوتروریستی این بیماری می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مقاله مطالعه‌ای مروری است که بر اساس مقالات جستجو شده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اینترنتی (2016- 1990) نوشته شده است. یافته‌ها: بیش از 2000 گونه از باکتری‌ها در سه گروه اصلی باسیلی (میله‌ای شکل)، کوکسی (گرد و بیضوی) و اسپیرال (مارپیچی)، شناسایی شده‌اند، اما فقط حدود 100 گونه به عنوان بیماری‌زا شناخته شده‌اند و کمتر از 10 گونه به عنوان عوامل بیولوژیک مناسب برای کاربرد نظامی به کار می‌روند که عامل طاعون یکی از این عوامل است. یرسینیا پستیس، نوعی کوکوباسیل گرم منفی بی‌هوازی، از خانواده آنتروباکتریاسه ها می‌باشد و در صورتی که با رنگ‌های رایت، گیمسا یا وایسون، رنگ‌آمیزی شود در زیر میکروسکوپ، به صورت دوقطبی دیده می‌شود. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: امروزه علی‌رغم پیشرفت علوم و فنون، دانش بشری از پیش‌بینی زمان و مکان وقوع این نوع عملیات به طور نسبی ناتوان است. از این رو می‌بایست در قبال وقوع غیرقابل‌اجتناب آن مهیا و آماده بود. لذا با توجه به اهمیت و ضرورت آمادگی مقابله با این حملات، مسئولان و متخصصین در این رابطه باید با آگاهی و هوشیاری لازم در جهت آمادگی در مقابل این خطرات تلاش و برنامه‌ریزی نمایند. 2 Introduction: Biological attacks are a phenomenon that started on a serious note in the twentieth century and such weapons are being developed every day.The agent of plague is one of those listed as biological weapons by the Weapons Convention. So, the danger of its biological or bioterrorist applications by the enemy is possible and poses a serious threat. The purpose of compiling this article is to update information of health personnel about plague and the bioterrorist aspect of this disease. Methods: This article is a review study which had been undertaken based on articles searched from the library and the internet (1990–2016). Results: More than 2000 species of bacteria have been identified in three main groups of bacillus (rod-shaped), cocci (round and oval) and spiral (helical) but only approximately 100 species have been identified as pathogenic and less than 10 species are used as suitable biological agents for military application and the plague agent is one of them. Yersinia pestis is a type of gram-negative anaerobic coccobacillus from the Enterobacteriaceae family and if it is stained with Wright, Giemsa or Wayson it can be seen as bipolar under a microscope. Conclusion: Nowadays, despite development of science and technology, humans are not able to predict time and location of this type of attack. So, we should be prepared for this unavoidable eventuality. Considering the importance and necessity of preparing to deal with attacks, authors of such studies and professionals should consciously plan and try to prepare against these dangers. 117 123 2017/04/302016/10/312017/01/12017/02/112016/11/12017/04/152017/06/5 1396/3/15 2017/05/232017/03/182017/05/232017/06/32017/05/282017/05/312017/06/5 1396/3/15 بابک شیراوند Babak Shiravand Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran ابراهیم سلمانی Ibrahim Salmani Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran فرخ لقا ثروت Farrokhlagha Servat Department of Health Education, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran Bioterrorism Plague Biological Attacks بیوتروریسم طاعون حملات بیولوژیک 1. Azarmi S, Sharififar S. Treatment and care aspects in biological attack with plague.Journal of Nurse and Pysician Within War. 20;(21-22):26-36.[Persian]##2. Bahta M, Burke TR. Yersinia pestis and approaches to targeting its outer protein H protein-tyrosine phosphatase (YopH). Current medicinal chemistry. 2012;19(33):5726-34.##3. Rosenzweig JA, Jejelowo O, Sha J, et al. Progress on plague vaccine development. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2011;91(2):265-86.##4. Azizi MH, Azizi F. A history of the human plague in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2010;13(6):563-9.##5. Hatami H. Clinical epidemiology and control of diseases related to bioterrorism. Tehran: Seda Publication. 2002.##6. Neerinckx S, Bertherat E, Leirs H. Human plague occurrences in Africa: an overview from 1877 to 2008. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2010;104(2):97-103.##7. Anderson PD, Bokor G. Bioterrorism: pathogens as weapons. Journal of pharmacy practice. 2012;25(5):521-9.##8. Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ratsitorahina M, et al. Early diagnosis of bubonic plague using F1 antigen capture ELISA assay and rapid immunogold dipstick. International journal of medical microbiology. 2000;290(3):279-83.##9. Carus WS. Bioterrorism and biocrimes: the illicit use of biological agents since 1900. Washington D.C: DTIC Document.2001.##10. Rashidi-Jahan H, Rezai-Rad M, Tavakoli R. Preventive Measures to Reduce Consequences of Biological Attacks. Journal Mil Med. 2004;6(2):129-41.##11. Ataei R, Mehrabi TA, Ghorbani GH, et al. Determination of bacterial etiology of 100 CSF samples of patients with Meningitis at four military hospitals in Tehran between 2003 and 2005. 2005;7(1):49-56. [Persian]##12. Amedei A, Niccolai E, Marino L, et al. Role of immune response in Yersinia pestis infection. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2011;5(9):628-39.##13. Cookson J, Nottingham J. A survey of chemical and biological warfare. NYU Press: 1969.##14. Hatami H, Ramazankhani A, Mansoori F. Two cases of gastrointestinal anthrax with an unusual presentation from Kermanshah (western Iran). Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2010;13(2):156-159.##15. Bolouki Z, Akbarein H, Nekouie-Jahromi O, et al. The role of veterinarians in Prevention and Control of Bioterrorism. the 1st Conference of threats and biosecurity of Iran agriculture: 2008.##16. Detrick F, Fredrick M. Usamriid’s Medical Management of Biological Casulties Handbook. 2004.##17. Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, et al. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Jama. 2000;283(17):2281-90.##18. Ligon BL. Plague: a review of its history and potential as a biological weapon. Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases. Elsevier; 2006.##19. Poland JD, Dennis DT. Plague, Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer; 1998. p. 545-58.##20. Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD, et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. Shock. 1996;5(1):78.##21. Benz EJ, Warrell DA, Cox TM, et al. Oxford textbook of medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003.##22. Chin J, Association APH. Control of communicable diseases manual: Washington: American Public Health Association; 2000.##23. McDonnell LS. AB ChristieInfectious diseases: epidemiology and clinical practiceed. American Journal of Infection Control. 1982;10(4):156.##24. Dennis DT, Staples JE. Plague. Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer; 2009. 597-611.##25. Gage KL. Plague surveillance. Plague manual: epidemiology, distribution, surveillance, and control Geneva. World Health Organization: 1999.135-65.##26. Steele JH, Jacobs L, Arambulo P, et al. CRC handbook series in zoonoses. Section C: parasitic zoonoses. Volumes I, II and III: CRC Press, 2000 Corporate Blvd; 1982.#### ##

The Mental Health Status of Librarians in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences بررسی سلامت کتابداران دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد 2 1 نیروی انسانی سرمایه سازمان و سلامت روان آنها یکی از مهمترین ابعاد مورد توجه در این قشر است. سلامت روان اثر قابل توجهی بر روی عملکرد کارکنان دارد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، سنجش سلامت روان و ابعاد آن در کتابداران دانشگاه شهید صدوقی در سال 1395 است. مطالعه حاضر به صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی و از نوع همبستگی می باشد. ابزار مورد استفاده پرسشنامه استاندارد سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ و هیلر برای ارزیابی سلامت عمومی کتابداران بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و آزمون‌های آماری تی مستقل، آنالیزواریانس و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در نرم افزار SPSS v.19 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین نمرات سلامت عمومی برای کتابداران 10.38±22.8 و نشان دهنده سلامت کتابداران بود. علاوه بر این، وضعیت تاهل با سلامت و اجزای آن در ارتباط بودند، به طوری که افراد متاهل از سلامت کمتری برخوردار بودند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که افسردگی در کتابداران پایین است ولی اکثریت آنها با مشکلات و ناراحتی جسمی، اختلالات خواب و اضطراب و ناسازگاری‌های اجتماعی روبه رو هستند. از این رو مدیران کتابخانه‌ها باید برای رفع این مشکلات تصمیم‌گیری‌ نموده و برنامه راهبردی تدوین نمایند. 2 Human resource is an organizational capital and its mental health is one of the most important dimensions. The mental health has a significant effect on performance of staffs. The current research aimed to examine the mental health and its dimensions in librarians of Shahid Sadoughi university in 2016. This is a descriptive-analytical study with correlational design among librarians working in libraries of Shahid Sadoughi university. Goldberg & Hiller general health questionnaire was used to evaluate general health of librarians. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent T test, variance analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS software version 19. Results indicated that the mean score of librarians' general health was 22.8±10.38 which shows that participants were healthy. Furthermore, marital status was associated with health and its components so that married individuals were less healthy. Depression rate of librarians was low but most of them suffered from physical problems, anxiety, sleep disorders, and social conflicts. Therefore, librarians' authorities should consider such problems and develop strategic plans for them. 124 128 2017/04/302016/10/312017/01/12017/02/112016/11/12017/04/152017/06/52017/06/3 1396/3/13 2017/05/232017/03/182017/05/232017/06/32017/05/282017/05/312017/06/52017/06/3 1396/3/13 لیلا نعمتی انارکی Leila Nemati Anaraki Department of Medical Information and Librarianship, Faculty of Management & Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran فرزانه سرداری Farzaneh Sardari Department of Medical Information and Librarianship, Faculty of Management & Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran Mental health Librarians GHQ Quaries سلامت روان کتابداران پرسشنامه GHQ28 Hariri N, Botlani F. A Survey on the Relationship between Mental Health and Job Satisfaction among the Librarians of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. National Library and Archives of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2013;24(2):58-75. [Persian]##2. World Health Organization, The world health report 2001. Mental Health: new understanding. Geneva new hope; 2001.##3. Franz C. The relationship between financial empowermentand health releated quality of life in family scholar house participants. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville; 2015.##4. . Iranizadeh S, Zanjani S. Survey of relationship between empowerment and participatory management and mental health in female teachers: A case study. Woman and Family Studies. 2011;4(14):65-83. [Persian]##5. WHO. Constitution of the World Health Organization – basic documents. Forty-fifth ed: World Health Organization; 2006##6. Mostafavi E, Ghaseminejaz MA. Burnout and its relationship with age and experience of librarians in Tehran. Health Information Management. 2012;9(6):942-9. [Persian]##7. Baumann A and Muijen M. Mental health and well-being at the workplace: protection and inclusion in challenging times. WHO Regional Office for Europe 2010##8. Babalhavaeji F, KishiZadeh A. The relationship between emotional intelligence and empower librarians: A case study of academic libraries of Tabriz city. Knowledge Studies (Sciences Library and Information Science and Information Technology). 2011;3(10):13-24. [Persian]##9. Health Policy Council. Fifth Development Plan for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran. 8th ed: Ministry of Health and Medical Education. 2009.##10. Sterling M. General Health Questionnaire – 28 (GHQ-28). Journal of Physiotherapy. 2011;57(4):259.##11. Ram Babu D. Relationship between job satisfaction and mental health among teacher educators of Andhre Pradesh International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 2014;4(7):45-56.##12. Ardian N, Mazloomy Mahmoudabad S, Ardian M, et al. General health of foreign-origin groups and native population. Global Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;6(5):55-62.##13. - Schat AC, Kelloway EK, Desmarais S. The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): construct validation of a self-report scale of somatic symptoms. J Occup Health Psychol. 2005; 10 (4): 363-81##14. Yadyad MJ, Daghaghele R, Abafat H, et al. Survey of Student s Mental Health Status and Some the Related Demographic Parameters of Medical Sciences University-Abadan International Department. Educational Developement of Jundishapur. 2015;6(1):85-91. [Persian]##15. Taqhavi S. Validity and credibility of the general health questionnaire (G.H.Q. 28). Journal of Winter Psychology. 2001;5(4):381-98. [Persian]##16. Sadidpour SS, Sadidpour SS, Sadat Hoseini AS. A Comparative Study of Mental Health of Medical Sciences: A Meta- Analysis of Studies in the Field of Mental Health and Employment in Country.Occupational Medicine Quarterly Journal. 2015; 7(4):31-44.[Persian]##17. Biglar M, Hayati Y, Rahmani H, et al. Study Of General Health Among Tehran University Of Medical Sciences Hospital’s Administrators. payavard. 2014; 8 (1):13-24.[Persian]## ##