The Effect of Sleep Quantity and Quality on Adults' Blood Pressure: Yazd, 2014-2015 بررسی رابطه بین کیفیت و کمیت خواب و فشاری خون در بزرگسالان 70-20 ساله شهرستان یزد در سال 1394-1393 2 1 سابقه و هدف: خواب یک اصل ضروری برای زندگی و برای حفظ عملکرد و سلامتی انسان دارای اهمیت فراوانی است.کمیت و کیفیت خواب می تواند فشارخون را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. هدف از این پژوهش تعیین ارتباط کمیت و کیفیت خواب با پرفشاری خون است. مواد وروش ها:این مطالعه به صورت مقطعی و با استفاده از داده های مطالعه سلامت مردم یزد (یاس)، انجام گردید. در این مطالعه حجم نمونه مورد بررسی 6964 نفر از از افراد بزرگسال در گروه سنی 20 تا 70 سال به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای انتخاب شدند. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های کای اسکور و رگرسیون لجستیک در نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 18 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: ازمجموع شرکت کنندگان این مطالعه 3/50 درصد زن بودند.6/28 درصد شرکت کنندگان پرفشاری خون داشتند. 3/31درصد مردان و 9/25درصد زنان پرفشاری خون داشتند.کمترین میزان فشارخون بین 20-29 سال، 9/9 درصد و بیشترین میزان فشارخون بین سالهای 69-60 سال،6/49 درصد بود.آزمون کای اسکور برای بررسی طول مدت خواب) 0.001>p ( و تعداد دفعات دیدن کابوس شبانه ) 0.016 (p= معنی دارشده بود.نسبت شانس تطبیق شده طول مدت خواب، جنس، گروهای سنی ، سطح تحصیلات، نمایه توده بدنی، اثر معنی داری بر روی فشار خون داشتند) 0.001>p (. حدود نیمی از افراد اختلال در کمیت و کیفیت خواب را نشان دادند و حدود یک سوم شانس ابتلا به پرفشاری خون را داشتند. نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی می توان نتیجه گرفت کمیت و کیفیت خواب افراد مورد بررسی در حد قابل قبول نمی باشد و نیاز به توجه ویژه دارد. در مجموع می توان گفت یافته های مطالعه حاضر اهمیت توجه به کمیت و کیفیت خواب در پیشگیری از بروز فشارخون را نشان می دهد. 2 Introduction: Sleep is an essential part of life and is of utmost importance in preserving human health and performance. The quantity and quality of sleep can affect blood pressure. The objective of this paper was to determine the relationship of sleep quantity and quality with high blood pressure. Methods: This profile study utilized the data of Health Study Program in Yazd. The population contained 6964 adults in the age range of 20 to 70 years, selected using cluster sampling method. The data were analyzed using chi-squared (X2) and Logistic Regression tests via SPSS (ver. 18) software. Results: Generally, 50.3% of the participants were female, 28.6% of them had high blood pressure; 31.3% of men and 25.9% of women had high blood pressure. The lowest rate of blood pressure happened within participants with 20-29 years of age, i.e., 9.9%, while the highest rate was related to individuals of 60-69 years old, i.e., 49.6%. X2 test yielded significant results for sleep duration (p<0.001) and nightmare frequency (p=0.016). The adjusted chance of sleep duration, gender, age groups, educational levels, and body mass index (BMI) had significant effects on blood pressure (p<0.001). Half of the participants showed sleep dysfunctions in terms of quantity and quality, and one-third were likely to come down with high blood pressure. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the sleep quantity and quality of the studied people were not at a desirable level; it needs high attention. It can be maintained that the findings of the current study indicated the importance of paying attention to the quality and quantity of sleep in preventing the incidence of high blood pressure. 1 9 2016/08/25 1395/6/4 2017/02/20 1395/12/2 حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran fallahzadeh.ho@gmail.com محمدحسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com جبار شفیعی Jabbar Shafiei Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Yazd, Iran Iran kamiar.shafiei@gmail.com Sleep Quantity Sleep Duration Sleep Quality Blood Pressure کمیت خواب کیفیت خواب پرفشاری خون . 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Evaluation of Physical Activity Status among Yazd High School Students on the Model of the World Health Organization in 2015 بررسی وضعیت فعالیت فیزیکی در دانش آموزان پسر دوره متوسطه شهریزد بر اساس الگوی سازمان جهانی بهداشت در سال1395 2 1 مقدمه : با توجه به گذار اپیدمیولوژی از بیماریهای واگیر به بیماریهای مزمن غیرواگیر ، دو مقوله افزایش فعالیت فیزیکی و بهبود وضعیت تغذیه از جمله راهکارهای مقابله با بیماریهای مزمن مانند بیماریهای قلبی عروقی، سرطانها و حملات قلبی که سه علت مهم مرگومیر در بالغین بالای 18 سال میباشند عنوان شده است. بنابراین فعالیت بدنی منظم برای بهبود سلامت عمومی و به طور غیرمستقیم جهت کاهش بار بیماری و هزینههای پزشکی در جوامع توصیه میگردد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین وضعیت فعالیت فیزیکی در دانش آموزان پسر دوره متوسطه یزد بر اساس الگوی سازمان جهانی بهداشت در سال 1395 بود. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی 1018 نفر از دانش آموزان پسر دوره متوسطه ( دوره اول – دوره دوم (در سال تحصیلی 95-1394 ساکن شهر یزد شرکت نمودند. روش نمونه گیری از نوع چند مرحله ای با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری خوشهای و طبقهای بود. روش جمع آوری اطلاعات نیز با استفاده از پرسشنامه استاندارد شده (GSHS) سازمان جهانی بهداشت بوده که به زبان فارسی ترجمه شده است. بعد از تکمیل پرسشنامه توسط دانش آموزان، اطلاعات وارد نرم افزار SPSS16 شده و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: در بین شرکت کنندگاه فقط 112 نفر (6/11درصد) انجام فعالیت بدنی حداقل برای 60 دقیقه در روز را ذکر نمودند. 531 نفر ( 55 درصد) از افراد مورد مطالعه انجام فعالیتهای ساکن در یک نقطه مانند تماشای تلوزیون و یا بازی کامپیوتری را بمدت بیش از 2 ساعت در 24 ساعت طی یک روز عادی را ذکر نمودند. بر اساس شاخص توده بدنی 23/18 درصد چاق و 22/13 درصد اضافه وزن داشتند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه حاکی از این است که سطح فعالیت بدنی دانشآموزان در مدارس وضعیت مناسبی ندارد و میزان فعالیت فیزیکی در بین نوجوانان و دانشآموزان نسبت به استانداردهای اعلام شده از سوی سازمان جهانی بهداشت پایین است. میتوان با افزایش امکانات ورزشی، آموزش بیشتر و موثرتر در مدارس درمورد فواید فعالیت بدنی کافی در طول روز و افزایش آگاهی دانشآموزان و والدین آنها میزان فعالیت بدنی را در سطح اقشار مختلف جامعه خصوصا دانشآموزان که یکی از تاثیرپذیرترین گروهها و در سن شکل گیری رفتارها هستند بهبود بخشید. 2 Introduction: Physical activity and healthy eating at an early age are two key elements in prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Therefore, regular physical activity is recommended to improve public health and to reduce the burden of diseases and medical costs in communities. The aim of this study was to determine the status of physical activity in Yazd high school students Methods: A total number of1018 male high school students participated in this cross-sectional study. They were permanent residents of Yazd city in the school year of 2015-2016. Multistage cluster classification and stratified sampling methods were applied to collect samples. A validated Persian standardized World Health Organization questionnaire (GSHS) was used as a data collection tool. After completing the questionnaire by students, data were analyzed by SPSS. Results: only 11.6 % of participants reported physical activity for at least 60 minutes a day. Inert activities such as watching television or playing computer games for more than 2 hours during a typical day was reported by 531 participants (55 %). Based on body mass index, 18.23 % of students were obese and 13.22 % were overweight. Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the level of students' physical activities is low. Paying more attention to physical activity and designing curriculums that devote more hours for physical activities are recommended. Encouraging physical activity in leisure time and providing proper facilities for adolescents are further suggestions. 10 17 2016/08/252016/09/2 1395/6/12 2017/02/202017/02/26 1395/12/8 محمود وکیلی Mahmood Vakili Department of Community Medicine, Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran محسن میرزایی Mohsen Mirzaei Department of Community Medicine, Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran ذبیح الله محقق Zabihullah Mohaqiq Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. Iran منصور احمدی Mansour Ahmadi School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran احسان علوی راد Ehsan alavirad School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Physical activity Male students GSHS فعالیت فیزیکی دانش آموزان پسر پرسشنامه GSHS یزد 1. Khodamoradi F, Mozafarsaadati H, Nabavi S, et al. Survey of physical activity level and stage of change among high school. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2014;6(2):289-95.##2. Bobadilla JL, Frenk J, Lozano R, et al. The epidemiologic transition and health priorities.edited by Dean T. Jamison et al.. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993.##3. Mackenbach J. The epidemiologic transition theory. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994;48: 329-331.##4. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, et al. 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An Approach to Management of Health Care and Medical Diagnosis Using of a Hybrid Disease Diagnosis System رویکردی برای مدیریت سلامت و تشخیص پزشکی با استفاده از یک سیستم بیماری تشخیص ترکیبی 2 1 زمینه: در این مقاله، به منظور سادهسازی تبادل اطلاعات در فرایند تشخیص پزشکی و بدون نیاز به حضور فیزیکی متخصصان پزشکی، از عاملهای نرمافزاری استفاده شده است. هدف از استفاده از عاملها، اجازه برقراری تبادل اطلاعات بطورخودکار میان متخصصین پزشکی در حوزههای متفاوت میباشد. روش: این مقاله یک ساختار ترکیبی برای تشخیص بیماری ارائه داده و از یک روش رایانش نرم، جهت ایجاد یک پایگاه اطلاعات پزشکی استفاده میکند. این سیستم بر پایه توانایی های شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی، منطق فازی و الگوریتم ژنتیک ارائه شده، که برای پوشش ضعف های یکدیگر با هم ترکیب می شوند. برای تمام عاملها در یک سیستم، ورودی علائم بیماری و خروجی، تشخیص بیماری میباشد. یافتهها: نتایج آزمایشات بر روی پایگاه داده سرطان سینه نشان داده شده است. برای بررسی الگوریتم یادگیری ترکیبی و مقایسه آن با دیگر روشها، ۶۹۹ نمونه در هر آزمایش بررسی شدند که در آن ۶۰٪ برای آموزش ، ۲۰٪ برای ارزیابی متقابل و ۲۰٪ برای تست (۱۳۹ نمونه). نتایج نشان میدهندکه عملکرد روش ارائه شده از روش ترکیب شبکه عصبی با منطق فازی بهتر است ، اما روش شبکه عصبی با الگوریتم ژنتیک از روش ترکیبی نتایج بهتری بدست میدهد. نتیجه گیری: سادهسازی فرایند تشخیص بیماری با تفکیک مفاهیم حوزهی پزشکی (مانند: علل، تأثیرات، علائم، آزمایشها) در سیستمهای مختلف بدن انسان مانند تنفسی، قلبی- عروقی از طریق ارتباط دهی بین علائم مشترک بیماریها امکانپذیر میشود. بنابراین، تشخیص متخصصین مختلف بطور موازی رخ میدهد و مشاهدات آنلاین بر روی مفاهیم مشترک بین این سیستمها بطور خودکار در پایگاه داده به اشتراک گذاشته میشود. این مسئله در سطح مفاهیم تشخیص، یک پایداری مشترک از عاملهای را در سیستم ایجاد میکند. 2 Introduction: In order to simplify the information exchange within the medical diagnosis process, a collaborative software agent’s framework is presented. The purpose of the framework is to allow the automated information exchange between different medicine specialists. Methods: This study presented architecture of a hybrid disease diagnosis system. The architecture employed a learning algorithm and used soft computing to build a medical knowledge base. These machine intelligences are combined in a complementary approach to overcome the weakness of each other. To evaluate the hybrid learning algorithm and compare it with other methods, 699 samples were used in each experiment, where 60% was for training, 20% was for cross validation, and 20% for testing. Results: The results were obtained from the experiments on the breast cancer dataset. Different methods of soft computing system were merged to create diagnostic software functionality. As it is shown in the structure, the system has the ability to learn and collect knowledge that can be used in the detection of new images. Currently, the system is at the design stage. The system is to evaluate the performance of hybrid learning algorithm. The preliminary results showed a better performance of this system than other methods. However, the results can be tested with hybrid system on larger data sets to improve hybrid learning algorithm. Conclusion: The purpose of this paper was to simplify the diagnosis process of a patient by splitting the medical domain concepts (e.g., causes, effects, symptoms, tests) in human body systems (e.g., respiratory, cardiovascular), though maintaining the holistic perspective through the links between common concepts. 18 33 2016/08/252016/09/22016/11/8 1395/8/18 2017/02/202017/02/262017/03/4 1395/12/14 حجت اله حمیدی Hodjat Hamidi Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Iran h_hamidi@kntu.ac.ir مریم جهانشاهی Maryam Jahanshhi Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Iran hamidi_h1389@yahoo.com Medical diagnosis Diagnosis process Genetic algorithms Ontology تشخیص پزشکی رایانش نرم شبکه عصبی مصنوعی منطق فازی الگوریتم ژنتیک عامل های نرم افزاری 1. Hamidi H. A Combined Fuzzy Method for Evaluating Criteria in Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation. International Journal of Intelligent Information. 2016; 12(2): 25-52. ##2. Hamidi H. A Model for Impact of Organizational Project Benefits Management and its Impact on End User. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC). 2017; 29(1): 50-64. ##3. Johnson R, Li Y, Dulebohn JH. Unsuccessful Performance and Future Computer Self-Efficacy Estimations: Attributions and Generalization to Other Software Applications. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing. 2016; 28(1): 1-14. ##4. Kakar AS. A User-Centric Typology of Information System Requirements. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (JOEUC). 2016; 28(1): 32-55. doi:10.4018/JOEUC.2016010103##5. Mohammadi K, Hamidi H. Modeling and Evolution of Fault-Tolerant Mobile Agents in Distributed System. The Second IEEE and IFIP International Conference on wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN). Montreal Quebec Canada; IEEE; 2005.:56-60##6. Hamidi H, Vafaei A, Monadjem AH. Analysis and Evaluation of a New Algorithm Based Fault Tolerance for Computing Systems. International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing (IJGHPC). 2012; 4(1): 37-51. doi:10.4018/jghpc.2012010103##7. , Hamidi H, Vafaei A, Monadjemi AH. Analysis and design of an abft and parity-checking technique in high performance computing systems. Journal of Circuits Systems and Computers (JCSC). 2012; 21(3):##8. Daraei A , Hamidi H . An Efficient Predictive Model for Myocardial Infarction Using Cost-sensitive J48 Model, IJPH.2017;46(5): 682-692.##9. 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A Probabilistic Model for COPD Diagnosis and Phenotyping Using Bayesian Networks مدل احتمالی برای تشخیص بیماری های مزمن ریوی و فنوتایپهای آن با استفاده از شبکه های بیزین 2 1 هدف: این پژوهش به منظور مدلی برای تشخیص COPD و دسته بندی موارد به فنوتایپهای آن که به طور کلی شامل برونشیت مزمن، آمفیزم و آسم با استفاده از شبکه های بیزین ارائه می شود. مواد و روشها: ساختار این مدل از طریق ایجاد ساختار شبکه های بیزین و نمونه سازی پارامترها برای هر کدام از متغیرها بدست آمده است. به منظور ارزیابی نتایج، از همان مجموعه داده در نرم افزار شبکه عصبی با استفاده از الگوریتم لونبرگ استفاده شد.. علاوه بر این cardDign ایجاد شد، نرم افزار C++ ما را برای دسته بندی COPD به فنوتایپ ها و به تصویر کشیدن روابط بین فنوتایپ های COPD قادر می سازد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان می دهد که شبکه بیزین می تواند به منظور ایجاد یک مدل احتمالی برای تشخیص و دسته بندی موارد COPD به فنوتایپ مربوطه به طور موفق به کار گرفته شود. نتیجه گیری: مدلی برای دسته بندی COPD به فنوتایپ ها شامل برونشیت مزمن، آمفیزم، آسم با موفقیت ایجاد شد. به علاوه یافته ها برای ارائه بازنمایی گرافیکی فنوتایپ های COPD و چگونگی روابط فنوتایپ ها با یکدیگر یاری رسان باشد. همچنین دیده شد که COPD بیشترین رابطه را با افراد 40 ساله یا مسن تر داشت. به طور کلی سیگار دلیل اصلی COPD است. 2 Introduction: This research was meant to provide a model for COPD diagnosis and to classify the cases into phenotypes; General COPD, Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, and the Asthmatic COPD using a Bayesian Network (BN). Methods: The model was constructed through developing the Bayesian Network structure and instantiating the parameters for each of the variables. In order to validate the achieved results, the same data set was applied to a neural network application using the Levenberge- Marquardt algorithm. Furthermore, a card Diag, a C++ application that enables graphical classification of COPD into phenotypes and depicts the relationships of COPD phenotypes was developed. Results: The results showed that a Bayesian Network can be successfully applied to develop a probabilistic model for diagnosis and classification of COPD cases into the corresponding phenotypes. Conclusions: A model that classifies COPD cases into phenotypes of general COPD, Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, and Asthmatic COPD was successfully developed. Moreover, the achieved results also helped to represent graphical representations of COPD phenotypes and explained how the phenotypes relate to each other. It was also observed that COPD is mostly associated with people aged 40 years or older. Overall, smoking is the major cause of COPD. 34 43 2016/08/252016/09/22016/11/82016/07/3 1395/4/13 2017/02/202017/02/262017/03/42017/03/18 1395/12/28 لیلا شاهمرادی Leila Shahmoradi Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran Iran آموس آلوندو Amos Otieno Olwendo Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran Iran حسین عرب- علی بیک Hussein Arab-Alibeik Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran Iran خسرو اجین Khosrow Agin Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran Iran سوگند ستاره sougand setareh Department of Medical Informatics, Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Iran Bayesian networks COPD Diagnosis COPD Phenotypes Noisy-OR CPD شبکه های بیزین تشخیص بیماری مزمن ریوی فنوتایپ Noisy-OR CPD 1. 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Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Drug Abuse Related Behaviors کاربرد تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده در پیشگویی رفتارهای مرتبط با سوء مصرف مواد مخدر 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: سوء مصرف مواد مخدر در میان نوجوانان به طور بالقوه نتایج منفی زیادی برای سلامتی و رفاه آنها دارد. اعتیاد و سوء مصرف مواد پدیده ای فراگیر ، همگانی، جهانی و پیچیده است که هزینه بسیار سنگینی را بر فرد، خانواده و دولت ها تحمیل می کند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کاربرد تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده در پیشگویی رفتارهای مرتبط با سوء مصرف مواد مخدر صنعتی در جوانان شهر یزد در سال 1395 طراحی گردید. روش بررسی: این مطالعه توصیفی به منظور کاربرد تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده در پیشگویی رفتارهای مرتبط با سوء مصرف مواد مخدر صنعتی در میان 125 نفر از نوجوانان پسر شهر یزد به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای انجام شد. داده‌ها بوسیله‌ی پرسشنامه‌ی محقق ساخته ای که روایی و پایایی آن مورد تأیید قرار گرفت جمع آوری گردید. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون های independent t- test و همبستگی پیرسون تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد 18% افراد تحت مطالعه استعمال مصرف سیگار داشتند. 97% افراد تحت مطالعه سابقه مصرف مواد مخدر صنعتی در والدین نداشتند. 6% افراد تحت مطالعه سابقه مصرف مواد مخدر صنعتی در دوستان را گزارش کرده بودند. 89% افراد تحت مطالعه مجرد بودند. آزمون آماری کای دو نشان داد بین استعمال سیگار با تحصیلات پدر، بعد خانوار، سابقه مواد مخدر صنعتی در والدین، سابقه مصرف مواد مخدر صنعتی در دوستان و شغل افراد مورد پژوهش ارتباط معنی داری وجود داشت (001/0P<)، ولی بین سطح تحصیلات مادر (682P=)، زندگی با والدین (729P=) افراد مورد مطالعه ارتباط معنی داری وجود نداشت. نتیجه گیری: شیوع سوء مصرف پایین مواد مخدر در این مطالعه در مقایسه با آمارهای موجود را می توان به گزارش پایین مشارکت کنندگان در مطالعه نسبت داد. 2 Introduction: Drug abuse among adolescents potentially holds several negative consequences for the health and well-being of the youth. This theoretically based study explained predictability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on drug abuse related behaviors among adolescents. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Yazd City, Iran, in 2015 among 125 male adolescents in the age range of 11 - 29 years, recruited randomly. All data gathered by using self-report written questionnaires included attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention not to use drugs as theoretical constructs of TPB, and drug abuse related behaviors. Results: The results showed that 18 % of participants were smoker, 97 % of them did not have history of synthetic drug abuse by parents, and 6 % of participants reported synthetic drug abuse by friends. Results of Chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between smoking and father's education, family size, history of synthetic drugs in parents, history of synthetic drugs in friends, and participants' job (P ˃ 0.000). However, maternal education (P = 682) and living with parents (P = 729) did not have any significant relationship. Conclusions: The low prevalence of Drug abuse in this study in comparison with the existing statistics can attribute to lack of participants' reports. 44 52 2016/08/252016/09/22016/11/82016/07/32017/03/18 1395/12/28 2017/02/202017/02/262017/03/42017/03/182017/03/18 1395/12/28 سید سعید مظلومی sayed said Mazloomy MahmoodAbad 1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Health Services, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran خیر محمد جدگال Khair Mohammad Jadgal 2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran. Iran احسان موحد Ehsan Movahed 2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran. Iran Theory of Planned Behavior Drug Abuse Adolescents. تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده سوء مواد مخدر نوجوانان 1. 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Available from http://www.harmonygroup.co.za/drugs/overview-of-the-drug-abuse-problem-in-south-africa##10. Jordan P. Drug abuse is damaging South Africa’s youth trends [document on the Internet]. c2013 [cited 2015 Apr 30]. Available from http://www.fanews.co.za/article/healthcare/6/general/1124/drug-abuse-is-damaging-south-africa-s-youth/13795##11. Sarami H, Ghorbani M, Minoei M. Survey of four decades of addic‌tion prevalence researches in Iran. Journal of Research on Addiction. 2013; 7(26): 29–52.##12. Farhadinasab A, Allahverdipour H, Bashirian S, et al. Lifetime pattern of drug abuse, parental support, religiosity, and locus of control in adolescent and young male users. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2008; 37 (4): 88-95. ##13. Allahverdipour H, Hidarnia A, Kazemnegad A, et al. The status of self-control and its relation to drug abuse related behav-iours among Iranian male high school students. Social Behavior and Personality. 2006; 34(4): 413-424. ##14. Zangeneh M. 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Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey Bass; 2008, pp. 67-92. ##25. Collins SE, Witkiewitz K, Larimer MEJ. The Theory of planned behaviour as a predictor of growthin risky college drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2011; 72(2): 322-332. ##26. Todd J, Mullan B. Using the theory of planned be-haviour and prototype willingness model to target binge drinking in female undergraduate university students. Addictive Behaviours. 2011; 36(10): 980-986. ##27. Malmberg M, Overbeek G, Vermulst AA, et al. The Theory of Planned Behavior: Precursors of marijuana use in early adolescence? Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2012; 123(1–3): 22–28.##28. Ito TA, Henry EA, Cordova KA, et al. Testing an Expanded Theory of Planned Behavior Model to Explain Marijuana Use among Emerging Adults in a Pro-Marijuana Community. 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Drivers' Life Quality, Marital Satisfaction, and Social Support in Cargo Terminal of Yazd City بررسی کیفیت زندگی، رضایت زناشویی و حمایت اجتماعی در رانندگان مراجعه‌کننده به پایانه بار شهر یزد 2 1 چکیده مقدمه :رانندگی یکی از مشاغل مهم و پراسترس در جامعه است و توجه به وضعیت سلامتی، حمایت اجتماعی و رضایت زناشویی رانندگان ضروری هست . هدف این مطالعه بررسی کیفیت زندگی، رضایت زناشویی و حمایت اجتماعی در رانندگان مراجعه‌کننده به پایانه بار شهر یزد بود. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه 134 نفر از رانندگان شاغل در پایانه بار شهر یزد به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه‌ی رضایت زناشویی ENRICH ، پرسشنامه(SF-36) و پرسشنامه حمایت اجتماعی(SSQ) استفاده شد. جهت آنالیز اطلاعات از آزمون‌های آماری تی مستقل و آنالیز واریانس یک‌طرفه و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. نتایج: میانگین سنی رانندگان 17/9 ±2/40 سال، میانگین نمره کلی رضایت زناشویی 14/20±04/120 از 175 ، کیفیت زندگی 12/18±69/99 از 149 و حمایت اجتماعی 76/4± 15از 23 بود. 4/60 درصد از رانندگان از شغل خود راضی نبودند. همچنین رابطه بین وزن و رضایت زناشویی معنی داربود(02/0 P=)، همچنین بین رضایت شغلی (003/0 P=)(015/0 P=) و درآمد (047/0 P=)(020/0 P=)با حمایت اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی رابطه معنی‌داری وجود داشت، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون بین حمایت اجتماعی و دو متغیر کیفیت و رضایت زناشویی رابطه‌ی قوی معنی‌داری بود(000/0 P=). بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که وضعیت رضایت زناشویی، کیفیت زندگی و حمایت اجتماعی رانندگان پایین‌تر از حد انتظار بوده است. بنابراین توجه به‌سلامت جسمی و روانی رانندگان می‌تواند بر ایمنی جاده‌ها تأثیرگذار باشد، لذا برنامه‌ریزی و اجرای مداخلات منظم جهت بهبود رضایت زناشویی، کیفیت زندگی و حمایت اجتماعی در رانندگان ضروری است. 2 Abstract Introduction: This is important to consider the health, social support, and marital satisfaction of drivers since they own one of the essential and stressful jobs in society. The purpose of this research was to investigate quality of life, marital satisfaction, and social support of the drivers referring to the cargo terminal of Yazd City. Methods: In order to collect data, 134 drivers in Yazd cargo terminal were selected. The ENRICH questionnaire of marital satisfaction, SF-36 questionnaire, and social support questionnaire (SSQ) have been used as data collection tools. The collected data were then analyzed by Independent T test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation. Results: According to the results, the drivers' average age was 40.2±9.17 years old. The mean scores of marital satisfaction, quality of life, and social support were equal to 120.04±20.14 out of 175, 99.69±18.14 out of 149, and 15±4.76 out of 23, respectively. About 60.4 % of drivers were not satisfied with their jobs. There were significant relationships between weight and marital satisfaction (P=0.02), as well as between job satisfaction (P=0.003) (P=0.015) and income (P=0.047) (P=0.020), to social support and quality of life. Also, a strong significant positive relationship was observed in correlation coefficient between social support and two variables of quality of life and marital satisfaction (P=0.000). Conclusion: This can be argued that marital satisfaction, quality of life, and social support of the drivers are lower than the expected levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that physical and mental health of drivers can be effective on safety of roads; thereby it is necessary to improve their conditions in marital satisfaction, quality of life, and social support 53 63 2016/08/252016/09/22016/11/82016/07/32017/03/182017/03/18 1395/12/28 2017/02/202017/02/262017/03/42017/03/182017/03/182017/03/18 1395/12/28 محمدعلی مروتی شریف‌آباد Mohammad Ali Morovati Sharifabadi 1. Elderly Health Research Center, Health School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. Iran احسان موحد Ehsan Movahed 2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran. Iran خیر محمد جدگال Khair Mohammad Jadgal 2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran. Iran مرادعلی زارعی پور MoradAli Zareipour 3. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Urmia Health Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Iran سمیه علیزاده Somayeh Alizadeh 2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Health School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. Iran رابعه آق آتابای Rabae Agh Atabai 2. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Health School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran. Iran ولی بهره ور Vali Bahrevar 4. 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A Look into Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, from the Past to Today نگاهی به سیاه‌زخم (آنتراکس) به عنوان یک سلاح بیولوژیک، از گذشته تا امروز 2 1 مقدمه: بیوتروریسم، سوءاستفاده از عوامل میکروبی، ویروسی، انگلی یا فراورده‌های آن‌ها به منظور ارعاب یا هلاکت انسان‌ها و نابودی دام‌ها یا گیاهان می‌باشد. تاریخچه جنگ افزارهای بیولوژیک به سالها پیش باز می گردد، در طول سال های جنگ جهانی اول آلمان و در طول جنگ جهانی دوم ژاپن و نیروهای متفقین از این سلاح ها به منظور مقابله با دشمنان خود استفاده کرده بودند. میکروارگانیسم های استفاده شده بیشتر شامل باسیلوس آنتراسیس بودند. امروزه نیز با گسترش فعالیت های تروریستی (منجمله بیوتروریسم) در دنیا، از جمله در جنگ های اخیر عراق و سوریه، نگرانی ها در مورد سلاح ها و حملات بیولوژیک بیشتر شده است. روش بررسی: مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری می باشد که پس از جست و جو در سایت هایGoogle ،Pubmed و Googlescholar نگاشته شده است. در جست و جو از کلماتBioterrorism, Bioweapon و Anthrax استفاده گردید. یافته ها: باسیلوس آنتراسیس، باسیل هوازی غیر متحرّک مولد اسپوری است که متعلق به خانواده باسیلاسه (Bacillaceae) می‌باشد. با اینکه سیاه‌زخم پوستی شایع‌ترین نوع سیاه‌زخم است ولی نوع تنفسی آن بیشتر مورد استفاده بیوتروریسمی قرار می‌گیرد. تشخیص قوی بالینی و تجویز سریع داروهای ضد میکروبی مؤثر، در تشخیص سریع و درمان مؤثر سیاه‌زخم، از اهمیت اساسی برخوردار است. Ciprofloxacin یا Doxycycline بایستی در شروع درمان سیاه‌زخم استنشاقی به‌صورت داخل وریدی، تجویز شود و تا حاضر شدن جواب کشت و آنتی بیوگرام، ادامه یابد. مدت درمان سیاه‌زخم نوع پوستی ١٠-٧ روز و نوع استنشاقی ٦٠ روز می باشد. از آنجایی که در حمله بیوتروریستی ممکن است سیاه‌زخم استنشاقی هم‌زمان نیز رخ داده باشد، توصیه می شود حتی افرادی که در حمله فعلی فقط دچار سیاه‌زخم پوستی شده‌اند به اندازه طول درمان بیماران نوع استنشاقی (٦٠ روز ) تحت درمان قرار گیرند . نتیجه گیری: کشف سریع تهدیدها و اعمال اقدامات مناسب، می‌تواند از بروز سیاه‌زخم جلوگیری کند. افرادی که در تماس با اشیاء آلوده یا محیط قطعاً آلوده یا مشکوک به آلودگی هستند، بایستی تحت پوشش پروفیلاکسی قرار گیرند. توصیه می‌شود پرسنل پست که در تماس با نامه‌ها هستند و نیز مهندسین تسهیلات پستی، از وسایل و تجهیزات محافظت‌کننده، استفاده کنند. پزشکان بالینی و کارکنان آزمایشگاه‌ها نیز بایستی در مورد علائم بالینی و تغییرات آزمایشگاهی سیاه‌زخم کاملاً هوشیار باشند. از مشخصات بسته‌ها و نامه‌های مظنون، وجود برچسب‌های نامناسب یا غیرمعمول، آدرس غیرعادی فرستنده یا بدون ذکر آدرس فرستنده و ذکر نام شهر دیگری غیر از شهری که نامه از آنجا پست شده است، می باشد. در صورتی که یک بسته پستی مظنون باشد نباید گشوده شود و تا آنجا که ممکن است حداقل تماس با آن حاصل شود و در نهایت به مراجع ذیصلاح اطلاع داده شود. 2 Introduction: Biological attack a phenomenon which has seriously started in the 20th- century and is expanding every day. Plague agent is one of factors listed as a biological weapon by the disarmament convention. Therefore, the risk of biological or bioterrorism applications is probable and serious. The purpose of this study was to update health professionals' information on plague and bioterrorism aspect of this disease. Methods: This article is a literature review written based on search on articles from library and internet resources (1990- 2016). Results: More than 2,000 species of bacteria have been identified in three main groups of bacillus (rod-shaped), cocci (round and oval), and spiral. But only about 100 of them are known as pathogens and Less than 10 species are used as biological agents for military application and one of them is plague agent. Yersinia pestis is a Gram negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, member of the enterobacteriaceae family, and if be painted by Colors Wright, Giemsa or Leeson will be seen bipolar under a microscope. Conclusion: Nowadays, in spite of the progresses made in science and technology, human knowledge is relatively incapable to anticipate the time and place of biological attacks. Therefore, being prepared and ready for its unavoidable occurrence is necessary. So, regarding the importance and necessity of readiness, officials and experts have to make an effort and plan against these hazards. 64 73 2016/08/252016/09/22016/11/82016/07/32017/03/182017/03/182017/03/18 1395/12/28 2017/02/202017/02/262017/03/42017/03/182017/03/182017/03/182017/03/18 1395/12/28 بابک شیراوند Babak Shiravand 1. Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran ابراهیم سلمانی Ibrahim Salmani 2. Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Iran محمد رضا شکوهی Mohammad Reza Shokouhi 2. 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