2016 5 2 16 148

Relationship Between Breast Feeding Duration Childhood and Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood بررسی ارتباط تغذیه با شیر مادر در دوران شیرخوارگی با میزان فشارخون در ابتدای بزرگسالی 2 1 مقدمه: تغذیه با شیر مادر اثر مهمی در فیزیولوژی بدن، سوخت و ساز بدن و وضعیت بالینی انسان دارد. شواهد موجود نشان می دهد که تغذیه با شیر مادر دارای اثر پیشگیری کننده در چاقی، فشار خون و دیگر بیماری های مزمن است. بنابراین، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین ارتباط بین تغذیه با شیر مادر در دوران نوزادی با وضعیت فشار خون در اوایل بزرگسالی انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی است. حجم نمونه در مطالعه حاضر 300 نفر است که به روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای در سال 1392 جمع آوری شدند. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها به صورت پرسشنامه محقق ساخته بود که روایی و پایایی آن مورد تایید قرار گرفت.  برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها  از نرم افزار spss/16 و آزمون های T-testو  ANOVA استفاده شد. یافته ها: میانگین فشار سیستولیک و فشار دیاستولیک به ترتیب 1/13±6/113 و 6/11±72 بود. میانگین فشارخون سیستولیک و دیاستولیک در مردان بالاتر از زنان بود. علاوه بر این، افزایش  BMI و سن، با رشد قابل توجهی در فشار خون سیستولیک و دیاستولیک همراه بود. مطالعه حاضر نشان داد رابطه مثبت و معناداری بین فشار خون سیستولیک و دیاستولیک وجود دارد. با این حال، نتایج  نشان داد ارتباط معنی داری بین مدت زمان و نوع تغذیه در نوزادی با فشار خون در بزرگسالی وجود ندارد. بحث و نتیجه گیری: مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که نوع و مدت تغذیه با شیر مادر در نوزادی با فشار خون در بزرگسالی ارتباط معناداری ندارد. 2 Introduction: Breastfeeding produces an important effect on the physiology of the body, metabolism and human clinical status. Available evidence suggested that breastfeeding has a prophylactic effect on adiposity, blood pressure and other chronic diseases. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the association between infant breastfeeding and blood pressure status in early adulthood. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the sample size was determined to be 300, and the study data were collected through cluster sampling method in 2013. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which its reliability and validity have been confirmed. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Software (ver.16) applying independent t-test and ANOVA. Results: The mean systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were 113.6±13.1 and 72±11.6 respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic pressure in males was higher than females. Moreover, increased BMI and age were associated with a significant growth in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The present study demonstrated a significant positive correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, the results did not show a significant relationship between duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adulthood. Conclusion: The study findings revealed no association between the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in later life.  64 72 2015/12/23 1394/10/2 2016/05/30 1395/3/10 حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh hofaab@yahoo.com مهدیه ممیزی Mahdieh Momayyezi mahdieh_momayyezi@yahoo.com حمیده نصیرزاده Hamideh Nasirzadeh sadaf_9498@yahoo.com Blood pressure Bottle Feeding Breast Feeding Hypertension Infant Nutrition. فشار خون شیر خشک شیر مادر پرفشاری خون تغذیه نوزاد 1- Miladi Gorji H , Ghorbani R, Ebrahimian A.A. Relationship between breast feeding in infancy with blood pressure in early. HMJ 2007; 11 (1):51-55. [Persian]##2- Ravelli ACJ, Meulen JHP, Osmand c, et al. Infant feeding and adult glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure, and obesity. Arch Dis child. 2000; 82; 248-52.##3- Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, et al. Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86(6):1717-21.##4- Martin RM, Gunell D, smith GD. Breast feeding in infancy and blood pressure in later life: systematic review and meta analysis. Am J Epidemiology. 2005; 161(1): 15-26.##5- Singhal A, Cole TJ, lucas A. Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomized trials. The Lancet. 2001; 357: 413-419.##6- Owen CG, whincup PH, Gilg JA, et al. Effect of breast feeding in infancy on blood pressure in later life: systenmatic review and meta-analysis BMJ. 2003; 327: 1189-1195.##7- Forsyth Js, Willatts p, Agostoni c, et al. long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infant formula and blood pressure in later childhood: follow up of a randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2003; 326: 953.##8- Martin RM, Ness AR, Gunnell D, et al. Does breastfeeding in infancy protect against obesity in childhood? The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Circulation 2004; 109: 1259–66.##9- Lawlor DA, Najman JM, Sterne J, et al. Associations of parental, birth, and early life characteristics with systolic blood pressure at 5 years of age: findings from the Mater-University study of pregnancy and its outcomes. Circulation 2004; 110:2417–23.##10- Martin RM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Gunnell D, et al. Breast feeding and cardiovascular disease risk factors, incidence, and mortality: the Caerphilly study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005; 59(2):121-9.##11- Leeson CP, Kattenhorn M, Deanfield JE, et al. Duration of breast feeding and arterial distensibility in early adult life: population based study. BMJ 2001; 322:643–7.##12- Ravelli ACJ, Van Der Meulen JH, Osmond C, et al. Infant feeding and adult glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure, and obesity. Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:248–52.##13- Salem Z, Rezaeian M. Blood pressure status and its association with obesity and abdominal obesity in students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2007. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2008; 7 (3):157-164.[Persian]##14- Rahmati F, Moghadass Tabrizi Y, Shidfar M, et al. Prevalence of obesity and hypertension among Tehran university students. PAYESH. 2004; 3(2): 123-130. [Persian]##15- Gholipour M, Tabrizi A. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Sharif University of Technology students. Cardiovascular Nursing Journal. 2012; 1 (2):48-56. (Persian)##16- Reckelhoff JF. Gender Differences in the Regulation of Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2001; 37(5):1199-208.##17- Safari Moradabadi A, Ghanbarnejad A, Nikparvar M, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and respective risk factors in adults in Bandar Abbas, Iran. HMJ. 2014; 18 (3):219-27.[Persian]##18- Alfonso S, Francesco P, Cappuccino O, et al. The relationship of waist circumference of blood pressure: the olivetti heart study. Am aj ahyper. 2002; 15:180-6.##19- Mohammadi M, Mirzaei M. Population attributable fraction of hypertension associated with obesity in Yazd province in 2009: A Short Report. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 13 (12):1179-186. [Persian]##20- Karami M, Soori H, Bahadori Monfared A. Estimating the contribution of selected risk factors in attributable burden to stroke in Iran. Iranian J Publ Health. 2012; 41(5): 91-6. [Persian]##21- Mishra V, Arnold F, Semenov G, et al. Epidemiology of obesity and hypertension and related risk factors in Uzbekistan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006; 60:1355-66.##22- Azizi F, Esmaelzadeh A, Mirmiran P. Obesity is associated with heart disease risk factor – disease: an epidemiological study in Tehran. Iranian J Endocrinol Metabolism. 2003; 5(4): 389-97. [Persian]##23- Marmot MG, Page CM, Atkins E, et al. Effect of breast feeding on plasma cholesterol and weight in young adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1980; 34:164–71.##24- Das UN. Breast-feeding has little effect on blood pressure in later life: Evidence-based Healthcare. 2004; 8(3):145-47.##25- Fall CH, Borja JB, Osmond C, et al. Infant-feeding patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2011; 40:47-62.##26- Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lamichhane AP, et al. Breastfeeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the search for diabetes in youth case-control study. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31:470–75.##27- Lawlor DA, Riddoch CJ, Page AS, et al. Infant feeding and components of the metabolic syndrome: findings from the European Youth Heart Study. Arch Dis Child. 2005; 90:582–88.##28- Davis JN, Weigensberg MJ, Shaibi GQ, et al. Influence of breastfeeding on obesity and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Latino youth with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30:784–89.##29- Baranowski T, Bryan GT, Harrison JA, et al. Height, infant feeding practices and cardiovascular functioning among 3 or 4 year old children in three ethnic groups. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992; 45:513–18.##30- Izadi V, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, et al. Duration of breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN III study. Nutrition. 2013; 29(5):744-51. (Persian)##31- Brion MA, lawlor DA, Matigasvich AM, et al. What are the causal effects of breast feeding on IQ, obesity and blood pressure. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2011; 40: 670-680.## ##

Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Studies on Adsorption of Reactive Red 198 from Textile Wastewater by Coral Limestone as a Natural Sorbent بررسی سینتیکی و ترمودینامیکی فرایند جذب راکتیو قرمز 198 از فاضلاب نساجی استفاده از مرجان آهکی به عنوان جاذب طبیعی 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: رنگ­ها جزو خطرناکترین گروه­های ترکیبات شیمیایی در پساب­های صنعتی محسوب می شوند که به دلیل سمیت برای موجودات آبزی، کاهش قابلیت نفوذ نور و به دنبال آن ایجاد اختلال در انجام فرآیند فتوسنتز، تصفیه موثر وکارآمد آن­ها جزو الزامات زیست محیطی است. در این تحقیق کارایی مرجان دریایی در حذف راکتیو قرمز 198 از پساب رنگی نساجی بررسی گردید. مواد و روش­ها: مطالعه تجربی است. فرایند جذب در سیستم ناپیوسته روی نمونه سنتتیک انجام شد و پس از تعیین شرایط بهینه بر روی نمونه  واقعی پساب کارخانه نساجی یزدباف نیز انجام شد. تاثیر پارامترهای pH محلول (3-13)، غلظت اولیه رنگ (5 – 100 mg/L)، زمان تماس (30- 180 دقیقه)، دوز جاذب (1 -6 گرم) و دما (oC 35 - 5) بررسی شد و ایزوترم­های جذب تعیین شد. سپس فرایند از نظر سنتیکی و ترمودینامیکی نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.  داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSSنسخه 21، EXCEL 2007 و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون  تحلیل گردید. یافته­ های پژوهش: شرایط بهینه در حذف رنگ شامل pH برابر با 3، زمان تماس تعادلی 120 دقیقه،  25 میلی­گرم بر لیتر غلظت اولیه رنگ و مقدار بهینه جاذب 3 گرم بر 100 میلی­لیتر بود. در شرایط بهینه بازده حذف رنگ و حداکثر ظرفیت جذب در نمونه سنتتیک و واقعی پساب کارخانه یزدباف ، به ترتیب 63/97 و 78/67 درصد و 14/8 و 5 میلی گرم بر گرم بدست آمد. داده­های تعادلی از مدل ایزوترم جذب لانگمویر با ضریب همبستگی (96/0=R2) و سینتیک جذب از مدل شبه درجه دوم با ضریب همبستگی (1=R2) پیروی نمود.  بررسی های ترمودینامیکی نیز نشان داد که فرایند جذب سطحی از نوع جذب سطحی فیزیکی است. تغییرات انرژی آزاد گیبس مقادیر منفی بدست امد که نشان دهنده خودبخودی بودن فرایند جذب است. مقادیر مثبت تغییرات آنتالپی و آنتروپی نشان دهنده گرماگیر بودن فرایند و افزایش بی نظمی در مرز مشترک جامد-مایع در طول فرایند جذب بود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج، عملکرد خوب جاذب مرجان دریایی در حذف رنگ در محیط­های آبی، دارا بودن دانسیته مناسب، قابلیت ته نشینی سریع و همچنین عدم نیاز به فعال سازی و ایمن بودن فرآیند از نظر زیست محیطی می تواند کارآیی استفاده از این جاذب را در تصفیه فاضلاب های رنگی مطرح نماید. 2 Abstract Introduction: Dyes are among the most hazardous chemicals in industrial wastesdue to their toxicity for aquaculture, reduction of light permeability, and in turn development of disorders in photosynthesis process. The current study aimed to investigate the efficiency of coral in removing red reactive 198 from textile dye wastewater was investigated. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the adsorption process was completedperformed on a synthetic sample in a batch systemOptimal conditions was also performed on the real wastewater of Yazdbaf textile factory. The effects of such parameters as the pH, dye's concentration, contact time, sorbent's dose, and temperature were investigated, following this, adsorption isotherms were determined and then the process was examined kinetically and thermodynamically. Next, the study data was analyzed by SPSS (ver,21), EXCEL 2007, applying Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The optimal conditions in removing the dye included pH=3, an equilibrium contact time of 120 min, 25 mg/L of the dye's concentration, and 3g/100mg of the sorbent's initial value. Underthe optimal conditions, the dye's removal efficiency and the maximum adsorption capacity in the synthetic and real wastewater sample of Yazdbaf Company were 97.63%, 8.14 mg/g and 67.78%, 5mg/g respectively.The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a correlation coefficient of R2=0.96 and the adsorption's kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model with a correlation coefficient of 1 (R2=1). The thermodynamic investigations also indicated that the adsorption is of physical process an endothermic. Conclusion: Asthe results revealed, the good performance of the coral sorbent in removing dyes in aquatic environments, enjoying suitable density, havingquick precipitation properties, not needing activation, and environmental safety of the process can encourage the efficiency of this adsorbent in treatment of dye-containing wastewaters. 73 89 2015/12/232016/04/13 1395/1/25 2016/05/302016/06/7 1395/3/18 محمد ملکوتیان Mohammad Malakootian سمیه محمدی Somayeh Mohammadi نجمه امیرماهانی Najme Amirmahani زهرا نصیری Zahra Nasiri علیرضا نصیری Alireza Nasiri YAZDBAF factory Reactive Red 198 Adsorption Coral Limestone Kinetics Thermodynamics 1. Dalvand A, Gholami M, Joneidi A, et al. Investigation of Electro chemical Coagulation Process Efficiency for Removal of Reactive Red 198 from Colored Wastewater. Journal of Science and Technology of Color. 2009;3:97-105 [Persian]##2. Nidheesh P.V, Gandhimathi R, Ramesh S.T. Degradation of dyes from aqueous solution by Fenton processes: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2013;20(4):2099-2132##3. Alidadi H, Karimian H, Bazrafshan E, et al. A Survey on Dye Removal from Colored Textile Wastewater Using Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes and Palm Ash as a Natural Adsorbent. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2015;1(1):10-19 [Persian]##4. Daneshvar N, Khataee A, Rasoulifard M.H, et al. Removal of Organic Dyes from Industrial Wastewaters Using UV/H2O2,UV/H2O2/Fe (II), UV/H2O2/Fe (III).Processes water and wastewater. 2007;61:34-42 [Persian]##5. Maleki A, Rezaee R. Toxicity Reduction of Reactive Black 5 and Disperse Orange 25 by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Journal of Science and Technology of Color. 2009;3:17-23 [Persian]##6. Moussavi S, Emamjomeh M, Ehrampoush M, et al. Removal of Acid Orange 7 Dye from Synthetic Textile Wastewater by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Adsorption Studies, Isotherms and Kinetics. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.2014;12:907-918 [Persian]##7. Dos Santos A.B, Cervantes F.J, Van Lier J.B. Review paper on current technologies for decolourisation of textile wastewaters: perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology. Bioresource Technology. 2007;98(12):2369-2385##8. MoradiPasand L, Ayati B. Study of reactive blue 171 dye degradation in hybrid system of UV/H2O2&SBAR, Iran. J. Health & Environ. 2013;6(3):393-406 [Persian]##9. Tan K.A, Morad N,Teng T.T, et al. Removal of cationic dye by magnetic nanoparticle (Fe3O4) impregnated onto activated maize cob powder and kinetic study of dye waste adsorption. APCBEE Procedia. 2012;1:83-89##10. Badruddoza A, Hazel G.S.S, Hidajat K, et al. Synthesis of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic nano-adsorbent for removal of methylene blue. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2010;367(1-3):85-95##11. Bellir K, Bouziane I.S, Boutamine Z, et al. Sorption study of a basic dye “Gentian violet” from aqueous solutions using activated bentonite. 2012;18:924-933##12. Chowdhury S, Chakraborty S, Saha P.D. Response surface optimization of a dynamic dye adsorption process: a case study of crystal violet adsorption onto NaOH-modified rice husk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2013;20(3):1698-1705##13. Zazouli M.A, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y. Effect of Azolla filiculoides on removal of reactive red 198 in aqueous solution. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research. 2013;1(1):44-50##14. Malakootian M, Rezaei S, Nasiri A, et al. Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Fly Ash from Zarand Power Plant in Kerman. Journal ofwater and wastewater. 2015;3:62-71 [Persian]##15. Dutta S, Parsons S.A, Bhattacharjee C, et al. Kinetic study of adsorption and photo-decolorization of Reactive Red 198 on TiO2 surface. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2009;155(3):674-679##16. Faraji M, Yamini Y, Tahmasebi E, et al. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated magnetite nanoparticles as highly efficient adsorbent for rapid removal of reactive dyes from the textile companies’ wastewaters. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society. 2010;7:130-44##17. Esmaeili A, Kalantari M. Bioremoval of an azo textile dye, Reactive Red 198, by Aspergillus flavus. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2012;28(3):1125-1131##18. Debrassi A, Baccarin T, Demarchi C.A, et al. Adsorption of Remazol Red 198 onto magnetic N-lauryl chitosan particles: equilibrium, kinetics, reuse and factorial design. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2012;19:1594-604##19. Karimian K, Shookohi M.R, Samadi M.T, et al. A Comparative Study of Removal Efficiency for Reactive Orange 3R from Aqueous Solution Using Coral Limestone Granule and LECA Granule. Journal of Salamat and Behdasht. 2013;4(3):217-231[Persian]##20. Shookohi R, Ehsani H.R, Tarlaniazar M. Efficiency Survey of Cd and Pb Removal from Aqueous Environment Using Coral Limestone Granule. Journal of Environmental Technology and Science. 2012; 16(1):109-121 [Persian]##21. Nourozi R, Samadi M.T, Mehdinejad M.H, et al. Investigation Comparison of Coral Limestone and Aluminium Sulfat-Coated Coral Limestone as an Adsorbent in Arsenic(V) removal of aqueous solution: Equilibrium and Kinetic Study. Journal of Health and Environment. 2012;5(4):479-488 [Persian]##22. Minaii Zangi Z, Ganjidoust H, Ayati B. Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye Using Dopping Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and its Kinetic Study. Journal of Color Science and Technology. 2014;8:203-211 [Persian]##23. Falah-Shojaei A, Shams-Nateri A, Ghomashpasand M. Synthesis and Characterization of C-TiO2@Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Degradation Direct Blue 71 Under Visible Light Irradiation. Journal of Color Science and Technology. 2015;8:339-346[Persian]##24. Allahgholian A, Mehrizad A, Gharbani P. Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions onto Modified Nano-TiO2. Journal of Color Science and Technology. 2015;9(1):35-43##25. Kamba A.S, Ismail M, Ibrahim T.A.T, et al. Synthesis and Characterisation of Calcium Carbonate Aragonite Nanocrystals from Cockle Shell Powder (Anadara granosa).Journal of Nanomaterials. 2013;2013:1-9##26. Rahman M.A, Jochen H, Ryuichi S. X-Ray Diffraction Is a Promising Tool to Characterize Coral Skeletons, Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry. 2013;3:120-125##27. Zazouli M.A, Balarak D, Mahdavi Y, et al. Adsorption rate of 198 reactive red dye from aqueous solutions by using activated red mud. Iranian journal of health sciences. 2013;1(1):63-43##28. Ghaneian M.T, Ehrampoush M.T, Ghanizadeh G, et al. Study of Eggshell Performance as a Natural Sorbent for the Removal of Reactive Red 198 Dye from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Toloee Behdasht. 2011;10(1):70-81 [Persian]##29. Bazrafshan E, Mostafapour F.K, Barikbin B. Decolorization of Reactive Red 198 by means ofpistachio-nut shell ash. journal of Birjand University of Medical Science. 2012;19(3):266-276[Persian]##30. Ghaneian M.T, Ehrampoush M.H, Dehvari m, et al. A Survey of the Efficacy of Cuttle Fish Bone Powder in the Removal of Reactive Red 198 dye from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Tolue Behdasht. 2011;10(3-4):127-138 [Persian]##31. Asilian H, Mousavi G, Mahmoodi M. Adsorption of Reactive Red 198 Azo Dye fromAqueous Solution onto theWaste Coagulation Sludge of theWater Treatment Plants. Journal of Health and Science. 2010;3(1);93-102 [Persian]##32. Ghaneian M.T, Dehvari M, Taghavi M, et al. Application of Pomegranate Seed Powder in the removal of Reactive Red 198 dye from aqueous solutions. journalof Health Science of Jondi Shapour. 2012;4(3):45-55 [Persian]##33. Ghaneian M.T, Ehrampoush M.H, Rahimi S, et al. Adsorption of Reactive Red 198 Dye on TiO2 Nano-particle from Synthetic Wastewater. Journal of Toloee Behdasht. 2010;9(4):59-70 [Persian]##34. Greluk M, Hubicki Z. Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies of Reactive Black 5 removal by acid acrylic resins. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2010;162:919-926##35. Moradi O, Zare K, Monajjemi M, et al. The studies of equilibrium and thermodynamic adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) Ions from aqueous solution onto SWCNTs and SWCNT–COOH surfaces. Fuller. Nanotub. Car. 2010;18(3):285-302##36. Rodrigues L.A,Alvarez-Mendes M.O, Thim G.P, et al. Phenol removal from aqueous solution by activated carbon produced from avocado kernel seeds, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011;174(1):49-57##37. Yazdani M, Arami M, Bahrami H. Textile Dyes Removal from Single and Binary Systems Using Inorganic Adsorbent, Journal of Color Science and Technology. 2012;6:153-164 [Persian]##38. Ramavandi B, Leili M. Efficiency of Shrimp Shell to Remove Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions, Journal of health. 2014;5(4);310-325 [Persian]##39. Jahed B, Shaker Khatibi M, Baghapoor M.A, et al. The application of activated carbon produced from used newspaper in the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic study, Modares Civil Engineering Journal. 2015;14(4):1-9 [Persian]#### ##

Prevalence of Lifetime Smoking and Its Determinant Factors in High School Adolescents in Shiraz بررسی شیوع مصرف سیگار و برخی از عوامل تعیین کننده آن در دانش آموزان دبیرستانی شهر شیراز در سال1393 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: مصرف دخانیات یکی از علل عمده مرگ از بیماری های مزمن است که از دوران نوجوانی آغاز می شود. باتوجه به اینکه سن اغاز مصرف سیگار هم در کشورهای توسعه یافته هم در حال توسعه درحال کاهش می باشد، هدف از انجام این مطالعه تعیین شیوع استعمال سیگار و عوامل تعیین کننده آن در دبیرستان های شیراز می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش مقطعی توصیفی تحلیلی 750 دانش آموز (569 نفر پسر و 181 نفر دختر ) انتخاب شدند. ابزار گرده آوری داده ها چک لیستی بود که با نظر متخصصین طراحی گردیده و به صورت خود گزارشی پاسخ داده شدند. داده های گردآوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار  SPSSنسخه 20 و آزمون های آماری رگرسیون لجستیک و کای دو مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: 85% دانش آموزان تجربه مصرف سیگار را نداشتند و 5/14% آنها سابقه ی مصرف را گزارش کردند. شیوع مصرف سیگار در پسران 3/15% و در دختران 2/12% بود. اکثر دانش آموزان سیگاری مهمترین عوامل موثر در ترغیب مصرف سیگار را به ترتیب دوستان سیگاری و مصرف سیگار توسط اقوام درجه یک ذکر کردند در این مطالعه ارتباط بین مصرف سیگار با سن، جنسیت، موقعیت تحصیلی، رشته تحصیلی، تحصیلات پدر و مادر سنجیده شد که فقط ارتباط بین موقعیت و رشته تحصیلی معنی دار بود. نتایج: باتوجه به این یافته ها، اهمیت توجه بیشتر به نوجوانان و برنامه ریزی جهت مداخلات جامعه نگر مناسب درمورد مقابله با شروع مصرف سیگار را گوشزد می کند. 2 Abstract Introduction: Smoking is regarded as one of the major causes of death caused by chronic diseases which begins during adolescence. Considering the fact that the age of  smoking onset in both developed and developing countries is decreasing, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of  lifetime smoking and its determinant factors in high schools of Shiraz. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 750 students (569 males and 181 females) participated who were selected via multi-stage cluster randomized sampling. The study data were collected using a checklist designed under the supervision of a team of specialists, that was responded by self-reports of the students. The collected data was statistically analyzed applying SPSS software (ver. 20), via χ2 and logistic regression tests. Results: 85% of students mentioned they had not had smoking experience, and 15% reported experience of smoking. The prevalence of smoking among the boys was 15/3% and it was reported 12/2% within the girls. Most smoker students cited smoker friends and close relatives as the most important factor in encouraging them to smoke. In the present study, the relationship between smoking and the following parameters was examined: age, gender, educational status, field of study, and parents’ educational level; however, the sole significant relationship was observed between smoking, educational status (P=0.025), and field of study (P=0.032). Conclusion: As the findings of the present study revealed, more attention to adolescents and related planning are needed to deal with the problem of cigarette smoking among this stratum of society. 90 97 2015/12/232016/04/132016/06/19 1395/3/30 2016/05/302016/06/72016/06/19 1395/3/30 ملیحه خرم داد Malihe Khoramdad فاطمه غلامی Fateme Gholami یوسف علی محمدی Yousef Alimohamadi زینب علوی Zeynab Alavi جبار شفیعی Jabbar Shafiei علیرضا فیروزی Alireza Firouzi Adolescents High School Students Shiraz Smoking سیگار نوجوانان دانش آموزان دبیرستان شیراز 1. Agaku IT, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Vardavas CI, et al. Predictors and patterns of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents in 32 countries, 2007–2011. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2014;54(1):47-53.##2. García-Rodríguez O, Suárez-Vázquez R, Secades-Villa R, et al. Smoking risk factors and gender differences among Spanish high school students. Journal of drug education. 2010;40(2):143-56.##3. Ramezankhani A, Sarbandizaboli F, Zarghi A, et al. Pattern of cigarette smoking in adolescent students in Tehran. Pajoohandeh Journal. 2010;15(3):115-22.[Persian]##4. Nosa V, Gentles D, Glover M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for tobacco smoking among pre-adolescent Pacific children in New Zealand. J Prim HealthCare. 2014;6(3):181-8.##5. Namakin K, Sharifzadeh G, Miri M. Prevalence of cigarette smoking and evaluation of attitude and knowledge in its high school boys in Birjand, 2005. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2008;15(1):.[Persian]##6. Al-MakadmaAS, Moynihan M, Dobson S, et al. Tobacco use among adolescents in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2014 ; 27(3): 357–360.##7. Smet B, Maes L, De Clercq L, et al. Determinants of smoking behaviour among adolescents in Semarang, Indonesia. Tobacco Control. 1999;8(2):186-91.##8. Control CfD, Prevention. Tobacco use among high school students--United States, 1997. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 1998;47(12):229.##9. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Ayubi E, et al. A Survey of Smoking Prevalence and Related Risk Factors among Zanjan Students in 2011-2012. ZUMS Journal. 2013;21(84):111-124. [Persian]##10. Mohammadkhani S. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and illegal drugs use among Iranian adolescents. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2012;19(1):32-48. [Persian]##11. Best D, Rawaf S, Rowley J, et al. Ethnic and gender differences in drinking and smoking among London adolescents. Ethnicity and Health. 2001;6(1):51-7.##12. Swart D, Reddy P, Ruiter R, et al. Cigarette use among male and female grade 8–10 students of different ethnicity in South African schools. Tobacco Control. 2003;12(1):1-5.##13. Thakur D, Gupta A, Thakur A, et al. Prevalence of cigarette smoking and its predictors among school going adolescents of North India. South Asian journal of cancer. 2014;3(4):193.##14. Pirdehghan A, Vakili M, Arab M, et al. Smoking frequency and modeling the underlying predicting factors of tobacco smoking among high school students in Yazd city, 2012. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 2014;16(5):56-65. [Persian]##15. Hamidzadeh Arbaby Y. Prevalence of Smokers Among High school Students in Khalkhal city, Iran. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2011;1(1):49-55. [Persian]##16. Smet B, Maes L, De Clercq L, et al. Determinants of smoking behaviour among adolescents in Semarang, Indonesia. Tobacco control. 1999;8(2):186-91.##17. Best D, Rawaf S, Rowley J, et al. Ethnic and gender differences in drinking and smoking among London adolescents. Ethnicity & health. 2001;6(1):51-7.##18. Kabir M, Goh K-L. Determinants of tobacco useamong students aged 13–15 years in Nepal and Sri Lanka: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2007. Health Education Journal. 2014;73(1):51-61.##19. Gliksman MD, Dwyer T, Wlodarczyk J, et al. Cigarette smoking in Australian schoolchildren. The Medical journal of Australia. 1989 Jan 16;150(2):81-4.##20. Rudatsikira E, Abdo A, Muula AS. Prevalence and determinants of adolescent tobacco smoking in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC public health. 2007;7(1):176.##21. Osler M, Clausen J, Ibsen K, et al. Smoking as social heritage. Children whose mothers are smokers are more likely to become smokers as adults. Ugeskrift for laeger. 1996;158(17):2384-7.##22. Brenner H, Scharrer SB. Parental smoking and sociodemographic factors related to smoking among German medical students. European journal of epidemiology. 1996;12(2):171-6.##23. Lim KH, Chong Z, Khoo YY, et al. Parental smoking status, stress, anxiety, and depression are associated with susceptibility to smoking among non-smoking school adolescents in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific journal of public health / Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health. 2014;26(5 Suppl):81S-90S.##24. McKelvey K, Attonito J, Madhivanan P, et al. Determinants of cigarette smoking initiation in Jordanian schoolchildren: Longitudinal analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2014:ntu165.#### ##

The Effect of Smoking and Opium on Bladder Cancer in Yazd Province: A Case - Control Study ارتباط سیگار و مواد مخدر با ابتلا به سرطان مثانه در جمعیت ساکن استان یزد 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: سرطان مثانه شایع ترین بدخیمی ادراری در بسیاری از مناطق جهان است. همانند سایر سرطان ها میزان بروز آن طی سال های اخیر روند افزایشی داشته است. مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی ارتباط سیگار و مواد مخدر با ابتلا به سرطان مثانه در جمعیت ساکن استان یزد انجام گرفت. روش ها: این مطالعه مورد شاهدی بر روی 200 بیمار مبتلا به سرطان مثانه و 200 فرد سالم همسان در استان یزد انجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته و بر اساس مصاحبه با بیماران و شاهدها جمع آوری شد. در تحلیل داده ها از آزمون کای دو و رگرسیون در نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 18 استفاده شد. نتایج: انحراف معیار و میانگین سنی گروه مورد و شاهد به ترتیب 61/13±54/61 و 3/13±45/61 سال بود. سطح تحصیلات، نوع روغن مصرفی، دفعات هفتگی مصرف غذای سرخ شده، گوشت سفید، گوشت قرمز، مصرف سیگار از عوامل پیشگو کننده سرطان مثانه هستند به طوری که سطح تحصیلات پایین، مصرف روغن جامد 31/1 برابر و روغن حیوانی 34/6 برابر و افرادی که 4 مرتبه و بیشتر از غذای سرخ شده و گوشت قرمز استفاده می کردند 86/2 و 17/51 برابر شانس بیشتری داشتند و مصرف گوشت سفید اثر محافظتی داشت. همچنین با افزایش تعداد نخ سیگار مصرفی روزانه شانس ابتلا به سرطان مثانه افزایش می یافت. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که مصرف سیگار و مواد مخدر از فاکتورهای خطر سرطان مثانه می باشند. لذا برای پیشگیری از سرطان مثانه باید آموزش و برنامه مداخله ای مناسب در نظر گرفته شود. 2 Introduction: Bladder cancer is regarded as the most common urinary malignancy in the world. As other cancers, its incidence has increased in recent years. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between smoking and opium and bladder cancer in residents of Yazd province. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 200 patients with bladder cancer and 200 matched healthy individuals in Yazd province. Research data was gathered through interview and administration of a researcher-made questionnaire.  Furthermore, chi-square and regression tests were carried out with SPSS software (version 18). Results: The mean and standard deviation of age in case and control groups were reported to be 61.54 ± 13.61 and 61.45 ± 13.3 respectively. Education level, type of oil consumed, weekly frequency of smoking and fried foods, white meat, red meat consumption involve the predictive factors for bladder cancer; as consumption of hydrogenated fats, animal fats, fried foods more than 4 times per week and red meat had (OR=1.31;95% CL,0.63-2.71), (OR= 6.32;95% CL,2.03-19.8), (OR=2.86;95% CL,1.2-6.8) and (OR=51.18;95% CL,14.78-177.03) times greater risk for bladder cancer respectively and also low education level. White meat intake had a protective effect. Moreover, in line with increasing number of cigarettes per day, the risk of bladder cancer increased. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that smoking and opium are risk factors of bladder cancer. Thus, appropriate training and intervention program need to be taken into account in order to prevent the cancer. 98 109 2015/12/232016/04/132016/06/192016/03/9 1394/12/19 2016/05/302016/06/72016/06/192016/06/7 1395/3/18 محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad Hassan Lotfi فاطمه فرزانه Fatemeh Farzaneh امیرهوشنگ مهرپرور Amir Hoshang Mehrparvar حسین فلاح زاده Mohammad Hossain Fallahzadeh محمد رضا صادقیان Mohammad Reza Sadeghian Bladder cancer Case-control Opium Smoking Yazd province سرطان مثانه سیگار مواد مخدر یزد 1. . WHO. World Health Organization: Cancer. http://www.who.int/cancer/en/.##2. Zeinalzadeh AH, Hosseini R, Abdullahi L. Survey of Epidemiology of Cancers in the Patients above 15 Years Old in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran 2013. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2015;15(1):46-55. [Persian]##3. Siegel R,Ward E,, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconemic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61(4):212-36.##4. Mousavi SM, Gouya MM, Ramazani R, Davanlou M, Hajsadeghi N, Seddighi Z. Cancer incidence and mortality in Iran. Annals of Oncology. 2009;20(3):556-63.##5. Mohaghegh F, Hamta A, Shariatzadeh SM. The study of cancer incidence and cancer registration in Markazi province between 2001-2006 and comparison with national statistics, Iran. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences.2008;11(2):84-93[Persian].##6. Mohammad-Beigi A, Rezaeeianzadeh A, Tabbatabaei HR. Application of life table in survival analysis of patients with bladder cancer. Zahedan J Res Med Sci (ZJRMS) 2011; 13(3): 25-29. [Persian]##7. Dietrich K, Demidenko E, Schned A, Zens M, Heaney J, Karagas M. Parity, early menopause and the incidence of bladder cancer in women: A case–control study and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer. 2011;47(4):592-9.##8. Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser A, Longo D, Jameson L, Loscalzo J. Harrisons Internal Medicine(oncologic disorders). arjmandpub. 2012;18th Edition.##9. Onsory K, Bakhtiari Tajar M, Haji Z, Nouri M. Genetics Polymorphism of CYP3A4 Gene in Bladder Cancer Patients. Genetics in the 3rd Millennium. 2014;12(3):3612-21. [Persian]##10. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2013;63(1):11-30.##11. Aliramaji A, Kasaeean A, Yousefnia Pasha Y. Age distribution types of bladder cancers and their relationship with opium consumption and smoking. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(2):82-6.##12. Ploeg M, Aben KK, Kiemeney LA. The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world. World journal of urology. 2009;27(3):289-93.##13. Qin Q, Xu X, Wang X, Zheng X-Y. Obesity and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2013;14(5):3117-21.##14. Etemad K GM, Ramezani R, al. et. Iran Cancer Report. 2009. [Persian]##15. Koohi F, Salehiniya H. The trend of incidence of bladder cancer in iran, 2003-2009. Urmia medical journal. 2015;26(1):1-9. [Persian]##16. Akbarzadeh Pasha A, Mohammadi Kenari H, Hajian K, Alizadeh Navaei R. The Incidence of Bladder Cancer in Mazandaran Province for Three Years. Journalof Babol University Of Medical Sciences. 2012;14(3):80-4. [Persian]##17. Burger M, Catto JW, Dalbagni G, Grossman HB, Herr H, Karakiewicz P, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. European urology. 2013;63(2):234-41.##18. Yavari P, al. e. Epidemiology textbook of prevalent diseases in iran. publication gap. . 2014;3. [Persian##19. Mirsafa F, Abdolahi M, Houshiar Rad A. The Relationship between Food Intake and Bladder Cancer: A Case Control Study. Armaghane danesh. 2015;19(10):828-40. [Persian]##20. Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. Jama. 2011;306(7):737-45.##21. Colombel M, Soloway M, Akaza H, Böhle A, Palou J, Buckley R, et al. Epidemiology, staging, grading, and risk stratification of bladder cancer. european urology supplements. 2008;7(10):618-26.##22. Simforoosh N, Nouralizadeh A. Iranian Textbook Of Urology. Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,. 2007. [Persian]##23. Aminian O, Saburi A, Mohseni H, Akbari H, Chavoshi F, Akbari H. Occupational risk of bladder cancer among Iranian male workers. Urology annals. 2014;6(2):135-8.##24. Shakhssalim N, Hosseini SY, Basiri A, Eshrati B, Mazaheri M, Soleimanirahbar A. Prominent bladder cancer risk factors in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(3):601-6.##25. Jhamb M, Lin J, Ballow R, Kamat AM, Grossman HB, Wu X. Urinary tract diseases and bladder cancer risk: a case–control study. Cancer Causes & Control. 2007;18(8):839-45.##26. Zheng Y-L, Amr S, Doa'a AS, DashC, Ezzat S, Mikhail NN, et al. Urinary bladder cancer risk factors in Egypt: a multicenter case–control study. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2012;21(3):537-46.##27. Cumberbatch MG, Rota M, Catto JW, La Vecchia C. The role of tobacco smoke inbladder and kidney carcinogenesis: a comparison of exposures and meta-analysis of incidence and mortality risks. European urology. 2015;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.eururo.2015.06.042.##28. Chen CH, Shun CT, Huang KH, Huang CY, Tsai YC, Yu HJ, et al. Stopping smoking might reduce tumour recurrence in nonmuscle‐invasive bladder cancer. BJU international. 2007;100(2):281-6.##29. Seyyed Yousof Hosseini, Mohammad Reza Safarinejad, Erfan Amini, Hassan Hooshyar. Opium consumption and risk of bladder cancer: A case-control analysis. Urologic Oncology2010;28(6)610-616.##30. Ketabchi A, Gharayi M, Ahmadinejad M, Mirshekari M. Bladder cancer study in patients addicted to opium in Kerman province between 1999-2003. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2005;10(6):405 [Persian]##31. Hinotsu S, Akaza H, Miki T, Fujimoto H, Shinohara N, Kikuchi E, et al. Bladder cancer develops 6 years earlier in current smokers: analysis of bladder cancer registry data collected by the cancer registration committee of the Japanese Urological Association. International Journal ofUrology. 2009;16(1):64-9.##32. Jiang X, Yuan J-M, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Mimi CY. Environmental tobacco smoke and bladder cancer risk in never smokers of Los Angeles County. Cancer research. 2007;67(15):7540-5.##33. Keimling M, Behrens G, Schmid D, Jochem C, Leitzmann M. The association between physical activity and bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of cancer. 2014;110(7):1862-70.##34. Holick CN, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS. Prospective study of body mass index, height, physical activity and incidence of bladder cancer in US men and women. International journal of cancer. 2007;120(1):140-6.##35. Kathleen Y. Wolin, Carolyn Stoll. Physical activity and urologic cancers. Urologic Oncology. 2012;30(5):729-34.##36. Wu J, Cross A, Baris D, Ward M, Karagas M, Johnson A, et al. Dietary intake of meat, fruits, vegetables, and selective micronutrients and risk of bladder cancer in the New England region of the United States. British journal of cancer. 2012;106(11):1891-8##37. Li F, An S, Hou L, Chen P, Lei C, Tan W. Red and processed meat intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. 2014;7(8):2100-10.##38. Jakszyn P, González CA, Luján-Barroso L, Ros MM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Roswall N, et al. Red meat, dietary nitrosamines, and heme iron and risk of bladder cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2011;20(3):555-9.##39. Larsson SC, Johansson J-E, Andersson S-O, Wolk A. Meat intake and bladder cancer risk in a Swedish prospective cohort. Cancer Causes & Control. 2009;20(1):35-40.#### ##

A New Hybrid Method for Improving the Performance of Myocardial Infarction Prediction پیش بینی سکته قلبی با استفاده از داده کاوی و روش انتخاب ویژگی دو مرحله ای 2 1 چکیده مقدمه و هدف: سکته قلبی یکی از علل اصلی مرگ و میر در کشورهای در حال توسعه می‌باشد. هدف این مطالعه، ارزیابی عملکرد مدل‌های دسته‌بندی برای پیش‌بینی سکته قلبی است که از یک مدل انتخاب ویژگیِ مبتنی بر وزن‌دهی به‌وسیله SVM و الگوریتم ژنتیک، بهره می‌برد. مواد و روش‌ها: داده‌های این مطالعه از اطلاعات مراجعه‌کنندگان به بیمارستان تخصصی قلب شهید مدنی خرم‌آباد به دست آمده است که شامل 519 بیمار و 52 ویژگی می‌شود. مدل پیشنهادی ما استفاده از یک روش انتخاب ویژگی ترکیبی در کنار الگوریتم‌های دسته‌بندی، به منظور بهبود عملکرد مدل‌های پیش‌بینی، می‌باشد. در مرحله اول از این مدل، ویژگی‌ها توسط روش وزن‌دهی به‌وسیله SVM، و با توجه به وزن هر ویژگی انتخاب می‌شود. در مرحله دوم، ویژگی‌های انتخاب شده به الگوریتم ژنتیک وارد شده و ویژگی‌های نهایی انتخاب می‌شوند. هشت روش دسته‌بندی شامل بهینه‌سازی متوالی کمینه، REPTree، بیز ساده، ماشین بردار پشتیبان، شبکه‌عصبی پرسپترون چندلایه، جنگل تصادفی، نزدیکترین همسایگان و شبکه بیزین، برای پیش‌بینی سکته قلبی به ویژگی‌های انتخاب شده، اعمال می‌شوند.  نتایج: بهترین نتایج، پس از اعمال روش انتخاب ویژگی پیشنهادی و توسط الگوریتم‌های نزدیکترین همسایگان، شبکه‌عصبی پرسپترون چندلایه و بهینه‌سازی متوالی کمینه به دست آمده است که به ترتیب برابر با 69/97درصد، 5/97درصد و 3/97درصد می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه، و بهبود عملکرد الگوریتم‌های دسته‌بندی، به نظر می‌رسد که به‌کارگیری استفاده از مدل انتخاب ویژگی پیشنهادی در کنار الگوریتم‌های دسته‌بندی می‌تواند یک روش قابل اطمینان برای پیش‌بینی سکته قلبی در نظرگرفته شود. 2 Abstract Introduction: Myocardial Infarction, also known as heart attack, normally occurs due to such causes as smoking, family history, diabetes, and so on. It is recognized as one of the leading causes of death in the world. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the performance of classification models in order to predict Myocardial Infarction, using a feature selection method that includes Forward Selection and Genetic Algorithm. Materials & Methods: The Myocardial Infarction data set used in this study contains the information related to 519 visitors to Shahid Madani Specialized Hospital of Khorramabad, Iran. This data set includes 33 features. The proposed method includes a hybrid feature selection method in order to enhance the performance of classification algorithms. The first step of this method selects the features using Forward Selection. At the second step, the selected features were given to a genetic algorithm, in order to select the best features. Classification algorithms entail Ada Boost, Naïve Bayes, J48 decision tree and simpleCART are applied to the data set with selected features, for predicting Myocardial Infarction. Results: The best results have been achieved after applying the proposed feature selection method, which were obtained via simpleCART and J48 algorithms with the accuracies of 96.53% and 96.34%, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, the performances of classification algorithms are improved. So, applying the proposed feature selection method, along with classification algorithms seem to be considered as a confident method with respect to predicting the Myocardial Infarction. 110 120 2015/12/232016/04/132016/06/192016/03/92016/04/11 1395/1/23 2016/05/302016/06/72016/06/192016/06/72016/06/7 1395/3/18 حجت اله حمیدی Hojatollah Hamidi K. N. Toosi University of Technology h_hamidi@kntu.ac.ir عاطفه دارایی Atefeh Daraie K. N. Toosi University of Technology hamidi_h1389@yahoo.com Ada Boost Forward Selection J48 decision tree Myocardial Infarction SimpleCART کشف دانش بهینه‌سازی متوالی کمینه شبکه‌عصبی مصنوعی جنگل تصادفی سکته قلبی 1. Ahmadi A, Soori H, Mehrabi Y, et al. Incidence of acute Myocardial Infarction in Islamic Republic of Iran: a study using national registry data in 2012. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2014; 21(1):5-12.##2. Wiener C, Brown C, Hemnes A, et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 19th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2015. 406-72.##3. Dhingra R,Shaw J and Kirshenbaum A.molecular regulation of apoptosis signaling pathway in heart. in:Preedy R. Apoptosis: Modern Insights into Disease from Molecules to Man. CRC Press; 2010;382-5. ##4. Esfandiari N, Babavalian MR, Moghadam AM, et al. Knowledge discovery in medicine: Current issue and future trend. Expert Systems with Applications. 2014; 41(9):4434-63.##5. Deekshatulu BL, Chandra P. Classification of heart disease using K-nearest neighbor and genetic algorithm. Procedia Technology. 2013; 10: 85-94.##6. Kumar S, Sahoo G. Classification of Heart Disease Using Naïve Bayes and Genetic Algorithm. In: Computational Intelligence in Data Mining-Volume 2. Springer India; 2015; 269-82. ##7. Tan P, Steinbach M and Kumar V. Introduction to data mining. 1st ed. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. 2005; 1-18.##8. Tsien CL, Fraser HS, Long WJ, Kennedy RL. Using classification tree and logistic regression methods to diagnose Myocardial Infarction. Studies in health technology and informatics. 1998; (1):493-7.##9. Conforti D, Constanzo D, Guido R. Medical decision making: A case study within the cardiology domain. Journal on Information Technology in Healthcare. 2007; 5(6):343-56.##10. Baxt WG, Shofer FS, Sites FD, et al. A neural computational aid to the diagnosis of acute Myocardial Infarction. Annals of emergency medicine. 2002; 39(4):366-73.##11. Qazi M, Fung G, Krishnan S, Bi J, Bharat Rao R, Katz AS. Automated heart abnormality detection using sparse linear classifiers. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. 2007; 26(2):56-63.##12. Masethe HD, Masethe MA. Prediction of heart disease using classification algorithms. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. 2014; 22-4.##13. Patil SB, Kumaraswamy YS. Intelligent and effective heart attack prediction system using data mining and artificial neural network. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009; 31(4):642-56.##14. Bhaskar NA. Performance Analysis of Support Vector Machine and Neural Networks in Detection of Myocardial Infarction. Procedia Computer Science. 2015; 46:20-30.##15. Karaolis M, Moutiris JA, Papaconstantinou L, Pattichis CS. Association rule analysis for the assessment of the risk of coronary heart events. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. EMBC 2009. Annual International Conference of the IEEE. 2009 (3); 6238-41##16. Krishnaraj N, Vinothkumar MR. Heart Disease Prediction using GA and MLBPN. Heart Disease. 2014; 2(4):17-24.##17. Hachesu PR, Ahmadi M, Alizadeh S, Sadoughi F. Use of data mining techniques to determine and predict length of stay of cardiac patients. Healthcare informatics research. 2013; 19(2):121-9.##18. Rangra K, Bansal KL. Comparative study of data mining tools. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 2014; 4(6):216-23.##19. Benjamin I, Griggs RC, Wing EJ, et al. Andreoli and Carpenter's Cecil Essentials of Medicine. 8th ed. Saunders; 2015. 117-45.##20. Han J, Kamber M, Pei J. Data mining: concepts and techniques. 3rd ed. Elsevier. 2012; 3-120.##21. Amma NB. Cardiovascular disease prediction system using genetic algorithm and neural network. In: Computing, Communication and Applications (ICCCA), 2012 International Conference on 2012( 22); 1-5. ##22. Fayyad R. Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases. Communications of the ACM. 1996; 39(11):24-6. ##23. Pacharne M, Nayak VS. Feature Selection Using Various Hybrid Algorithms for Speech Recognition. Computational Intelligence and Information Technology. 2011:652-6.##24. 9. Li P, Wang Y, Tian Y, et al. An Automatic User-adapted Physical Activity Classification Method Using Smartphones. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2016; 1-1. ##25. Alizadehsani R, Habibi J, Bahadorian B, et al. Diagnosis of Coronary Arteries Stenosis Using Data Mining. Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors. 2012; 2(3):153-9.##26. Hand DJ, Yu K. Idiot's Bayes—not so stupid after all?. International statistical review. 2001; 69(3):385-98.##27. Dunham MH. Data mining: Introductory and advanced topics. Pearson Education India; 2006.##28. Rogulj D, Konjevoda P, Milić M, et al. Fatty liver index as an indicator of metabolic syndrome. Clinical biochemistry. 2012; 45(1):68-71.##29. Onan A. A fuzzy-rough nearest neighbor classifier combined with consistency-based subset evaluation and instance selection for automated diagnosis of breast cancer. Expert Systems with Applications. 2015; 42(20):6844-52.##30. Heydari M, Teimouri M, Heshmati Z, et al. Comparison of various classification algorithms in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in Iran. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2015:1-7.## ##

Validity and Reliability of the Iranian Version of eHealth Literacy Scale بررسی روانسنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه سواد سلامت الکترونیکی 2 1 چکیده زمینه: سواد سلامت شامل مجموعه ای از مهارت های خواندن، شنیدن، تجزیه و تحلیل، تصمیم گیری و توانایی بکارگیری این مهارت ها میباشد. پذیرش و استقبال گسترده از منابع الکترونیکی به عنوان منبع اطلاعات سلامت نیاز شدیدی به ابزارهای معتبر برای ارزیابی سواد اطلاعاتی دارد .هدف از تحقیق حاضر ارزیابی روایی و پایایی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه سواد سلامت الکترونیکی میباشد. شیوه تحقیق: روش این مطالعه توصیفی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش تعداد 525 نفر از جوانان شهر یزد بودند که به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند.در این تحقیق روایی ساختاری، روایی محتوایی و روایی پیش بین پرسشنامه مورد نظر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. هم چنین جهت ارزیابی پایایی پرسشنامه، ضریب آلفا کرونباخ تعیین و نهایتا داده ها  با استفاده از نرم افزار spss تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. نتایج: نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که پرسشنامه ساختار دو عاملی دارد که این عوامل قادرند 48/70 درصد از واریانس داده ها را توصیف کنند. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ 95% و ضریب پایایی آزمون در دو بار اجرا و به فاصله 2 هفته بیشتر از 90% بود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: نسخه فارسی  سواد سلامت الکترونیکی ابزاری روا و پایا جهت ارزیابی سواد سلامت الکترونیکی میباشد. 2 Abstract: Introduction:  The eHEALS is an 8-item measure of eHealth literacy developed to measure consumers’ combined knowledge, comfort, and perceived skills at finding, evaluating, and applying electronic health information to health problems. The current study aims to measure validity and reliability of the Iranian version of eHEALS questionnaire in a population context. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 525 youths people who has been chosen randomly in Iran, Yazd. We determined content validity, construct validity and predictive validity of the translated questionnaire. Principal components factor analysis was used to determine the theoretical fit of the measures with the data. The internal consistency of the translated questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach α coefficient. The results were analyzed in SPSSv16. Results: The principal component analysis (PCA) produced a single factor solution (70.48% of variance) with factor loading ranging from 0.723 to 0.862. The internal consistency of the scale was sufficient (alpha=0.88 , P<0.001) and the test-retest coefficients for the items were reliable (r= 0.96, P<0.001). Discussion: The results of the study showed that the items in the translated questionnaire were equivalent to the original scale .The version of the eHEALS questionnaire showed both good reliability and validity for the screening of eHealth literacy of Iranian people. 121 130 2015/12/232016/04/132016/06/192016/03/92016/04/112016/06/19 1395/3/30 2016/05/302016/06/72016/06/192016/06/72016/06/72016/06/19 1395/3/30 سهیلا بزم Soheila Bazm مسعود میرزایی Masoud Mirzaei حسین فلاح زاده Hossein Fallahzadeh ریحانه بزم Reihaneh Bazm eHealth Literacy eHEALS questionnaire Validity Reliability روایی پایایی سواد سلامت الکترونیکی 1. Hanik B, Stellefson M. E-health literacy competencies among undergraduate health education students : A priliminary study International Electronic Journal of Health Education. 2011;14:46-58.##2. Mancuso J. Assessment and measurement of health literay:an integrative review of the litrature. Nursing & Health Science. 2009;11(1):77-89.##3. The Health Literacy of America’s Adults: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy 2006. Available from: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2006483.[Accessed on:3 August 2014] ##4. Norman C, Skinner H. eHealth literacy:essaential skills for consumer health in a networked world. Journal of medical internet research. 2006;8(2):e9##5. Mitsutake S, Shibata A, Ishii K, et al. Association of ehealth literacy with colorectal cancer knowledge and screening practice among internt users in Japan. Journal of medical internet research. 2012;14(6):e153.##6. Ishikawa H, Takeuchi T, Yano E. Measuring functional, communicative, and critical health literacy among diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):874-9.##7. Osborn C, Paasche-Orlow M, Bailey S, et al. The mechanisms linking health literacy to behavior and health status. American journal of health behaviour. 2011;35(1): 118-28.##8. US Department of Health and Human Service. Literacy and Health Outcomes. Available from: http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/litsum.htm.[Last Accessed on:3 August 2014]##9. Mitsutake S, Shibata A, Ishii K, et al. Developing Japanese version of the eHealth literacy scale(eHEALS). Japanese journal of public health. 2011;58(5):361-71.##10. Sadoughi F, Ahmadi M, Gohari M, et al. The role of information literacy in individual health:patients view. Health management. 2010;40(13):31-40.##11. Norman CD, Skinner HA. eHEALS:The eHealth Literacy Scale. journal of medical internet research. 2008;8(4):e27.##12. Donovan JL, Abrams P, Peters TJ, et al. the ICS-BPH study:The psychometric validity and reliability of the ICSmale questionnaire. British journal of urology. 1996;77:554-62.##13. AL C, HB L. A first course in factor analysis. 2nd Eds. Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1992.##14. Douzenis A, Seretis D. Descriptive and predictive validity of somatic attributions in patients with somatoform disorders: A systematic review of quantitative research. Journal of psychometric research. 2013;75:199-210.##15. Fleiss J. the design ans analysis of clinical expriments. New York: Wiley; 1986.##16. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrica. 1951;16(3):297-334.##17. Van ser Vaart R, Jam Van Deursen A, Dijk Av, et al. does the eHealth literacy scale (eHEALS) measure what it intends to measure? Validation of a Dutch version of the eHEALS in two adult populations. journal of medical internet research. 2011;13(4):e86.##18. Nahm E-S, An M-J, Ceniceros X, et al. Testing the Reliability and Validity of an eHealth Literacy Scale. Available from: http://www.resourcenter.net.[Last Accessed on:3 August 2014]##19. Diviani N, Schulz P. Validation of an Italian version of the Ehealth literacy scale(I-EHEALTH). Available from: http://www.medicine20congress.com/ocs/index.php/med/med2014b/paper/view/2409 [Last Accessed on:3 August 2014] ##20. Tomas CC, Queiros PJP, Ferreira TdJR. Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of an eHealth literacy assessment tool. Revista de Enfermagem Referência. 2014;4(2):19-28.#### ##

Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Yazd Province within 2004-2013 بررسی الگوی اپیدمیولوژی لیشمانیوز جلدی در استان یزد، سال 92-1383 2 1 مقدمه: لیشمانیوز جلدی یکی از بیماری های مورد غفلت واقع شده در جهان محسوب می شود. هدف مطالعه تعیین الگوی اپیدمیولوژیک در یک دوره ده ساله و نقش شرایط آب و هوایی بر میزان بروز بیماری می باشد. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر از نوع اکولوژی بود. اطلاعات افرادی که در طی دوره 92-1383 در مراکز بهداشتی درمانی استان یزد با تشخیص بیماری لیشمانیوز جلدی  تحت درمان و پی گیری قرار گرفته اند و داده های هواشناسی (حداقل ، حداکثر و میانگین درجه حرارت، بارش و رطوبت نسبی ) در دوره مذکور تهیه و از طریق روش های آمار توصیفی و روش همبستگی اسپیرمن و تأخیر زمانی تجزیه وتحلیل شده است. نتایج: از مجموع 5784 مورد مبتلا به لیشمانیوز جلدی، بیش ترین موارد در بین مردان بود(3/61%). شهرستان های خاتم، یزد و بافق به ترتیب اکثریت موارد بیماری را نشان دادند. حداکثر بروز بیماری در فصل پاییز و در آبان ماه بود. نتایج همبستگی بین فاکتورهای آب و هوایی با بروز بیماری نشان داد، همبستگی معکوس و ضعیف بین درجه حرارت و همبستگی مثبت بین رطوبت نسبی و موارد رخداد بیماری مشهود بود. همبستگی معناداری بین موارد بروز بیماری و بارش مشاهده نشد. نتایج همبستگی با تأخیر زمانی 9،10، 11 ماه نشان داد همبستگی نسبتا قوی و معکوس  بین دما و بروز بیماری وجود دارد و نیز همبستگی نسبتا قوی و مثبت بین رطوبت نسبی و بارش با بروز بیماری وجود داشت. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به ارتباط این سه فاکتور آب و هوایی با لیشمانیوز جلدی توصیه می شود اقدامات لازم برای شناسایی شرایط آب وهوایی مساعد کننده رخداد بیماری صورت گیرد. 2 Abstract Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is recognized as one of the important neglected parasitic diseases worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a period of ten years in Yazd province in Iran. Materials & Methods: This ecological study was performed on 5784 recorded cases within 2004-2013in health centers in Yazd. Meteorological data including maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, received from Yazd Meteorological Organization. In order to analyze the study data, descriptive statistics, linear regression, spearman correlation and delay time were applied. Results: Out of a total of 5784 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, the most cases were observed among males (61.3%). The majority of cases were reportedin cities of Khatam, Yazd and Bafgh, respectively. The maximum incidence was observed in October in the autum. The correlation results between disease incidence and climatic factors revealed a weak correlation in regard with the temperature, whereas no significant correlation was observed with respect to the mean relative humidity and rainfall. Furthermore, the results of correlation analysis with a time delay of 9, 10, 11 months demonstrated that the disease incidence has a relatively strong negative correlation with the temperature parameters as well as a relatively strong positive correlation with the relative humidity and precipitation. Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between these three climatic factors with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yazd province, we recommended climatic and environmental factors affecting disease to be measures in this area. 131 139 2015/12/232016/04/132016/06/192016/03/92016/04/112016/06/192015/12/16 1394/9/25 2016/05/302016/06/72016/06/192016/06/72016/06/72016/06/192016/03/14 1394/12/24 حدیث براتی Hadis Barati hbarati7@gmail.com محمدحسن لطفی Mohamad Hasan Lotfi mhlotfi56359@gmail.com غلامعلی مظفری Gholamali Mozafari hbarati7@gmail.com حمیدرضا دهقان Hamidreza Dehghan hbarati7@gmail.com محمد براتی Mohamad Barati hbarati7@gmail.com علی اکبر تاج فیروزی Aliakbar Tajfirouzeh hbarati7@gmail.com Climatic conditions cutaneous leishmaniasis Epidemiology Yazd لیشمانیوزجلدی شرایط اقلیمی اپیدمیولوژی یزد Organization WH. Control of the leishmaniases: report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Commitee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Geneva, 22-26 March 2010. http:// www.who.int/iris/handle.##2. who, 2011a. Cutaneous leishmaniasis World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/cutaneous_leishmaniasis/en/index.html.##3. Desjeux P. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases. 2004;27(5):305-18.##4. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, et al. Bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology. 2005;30(1):115-8.##5. Parvizi P, Ahmadipour F. fauna, Abundance And dispersion of sandflies in three endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural fars province. Journal of shahid Sadoughi university of Medical of science and Health services 2011;19(2):173-82 .[persian]##6. Oshaghi MA, Rasolian M, Shirzadi MR, et al. First report on isolation of Leishmania tropica from sandflies of a classical urban Cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southern Iran. Experimental Parasitology. 2010;126(4):445-50.##7. Toumi A, Chlif S, Bettaieb J, et al. Temporal dynamics and impact of climate factors on the incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(5):e1633.##8. Shirzadi MR, Mollalo A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR. Dynamic Relations between Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Climatic Factors in Golestan Province, Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 2015;9(2):148.##9. Akbari E, Mayvaneh E, Entezari A, et al. Survey of the Role of Bioclimatic Factors in the Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2014;10(3):65-74.[persian]##10. González C, Wang O, Strutz SE, et al. Climate change and risk of leishmaniasis in North America: predictions from ecological niche models of vector and reservoir species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(1):e585.##11. Hamzavi Y, Sobhi SA, Rezaei M. Epidemiological factors of cutaneous lieshmaniasis in patients reffered to health centers in Kermanshah province (2001–2006). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2009;13(2):151-161.##12. Mollalo A, Alimohammadi A, Shirzadi MR, et al. Geographic information system-based analysis of the spatial and spatio-temporal distribution of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, north-east of Iran. Zoonoses and public health. 2015;62(1):18-28.##13. Bamba S, Gouba A, Drabo K, et al. Trends in incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis from 1999 to 2005 in Ouagadougou, Burkina. Medecine tropicale: revue du Corps de sante colonial. 2011;71(3):312-.##14. Amin TT, Al-Mohammed HI, Kaliyadan F, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological trends from 2000 to 2010. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2013;6(8):667-72.##15. Fendri A, Beldjoudi W, Ahraou S, et al. Leishmaniasis in Constantine (Algeria): review of five years (2006-2010) at the University Hospital. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990). 2012;105(1):46-8.##16. Athari A, Jalalloo N. Epidemiology of five year of cutaneouse leishmanaiais in Iran (2001-2005). Isfahan faculty of medicine journal. 2006;24:8-13.[persian]##17. Chaves LF, Pascual M. Climate cycles and forecasts of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a nonstationary vector-borne disease. PLoS Med. 2006;3(8):e295.##18. Jaber SM, Ibbini JH, Hijjawi NS, et al. Exploring recent spatial patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis and their associations with climate in some countries of the Middle East using geographical information systems. Geospatial health. 2013;8(1):143-58.##19. yazdanpanah H, baratian A, karimi S. The Relationship between climatic factors on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the city ghasreshirin. Spatial planning (geography). 2013;3(3):69-86. [persian]## ##

Adsorption Efficiency of Iron Modified Carbons for Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution کارایی جذب کربن‌های اصلاح شده با آهن در حذف یون سرب (II) از محلول‌های آبی 2 1 چکیده زمینه و هدف: یون سرب در بدن به دستگاه‌های مختلف بدن انسان به‌ویژه بافت‌های استخوان آسیب می‌رساند. تاکنون جاذب‌های ارزان‌ قیمت مختلف برای حذف این یون از محلول‌های آبی استفاده‌ شده است. در این مطالعه، پوست انار اصلاح‌شده با یون‌های آهن 2+ و 3+ برای حذف یون سرب از محلول‌های آبی مطالعه شد. مواد و روش‌ها: گرانول‌های پوست انار شسته شده را به‌طور جداگانه با محلول‌های کلرید آهن 2+ و آهن 3+ به مدت 24 ساعت خیسانده شدند. سپس، گرانول‌ها را در یک کوره الکتریکی در دمای °C 400 برای h 3 در گاز نیتروژن کربونیزه شدند. با آزمایش‌های جذب شرایط را برای هر دو جاذب به روش پیوسته و تک متغیری بهینه شد. یافته‌ها: زمان تماس min 90، غلظت اولیه mg/l 50 و مقدار جاذب g 1/0 در ml 100 شرایط بهینه بودند. بیشترین درصد حذف برابر با 84% و 89% به ترتیب برای کربن‌های پوست انار اصلاح‌شده با یون‌های آهن 3+ و 2+ به دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: کربونیزه شدن پوست انار در حضور محلول یون آهن سطح آن برای حذف یون فلزات سنگین اصلاح می‌شود. نتایج نشان داد که اصلاح شیمیایی جاذب‌های ارزان‌قیمت ناشی از پسماند کشاورزی ظرفیت حذف فلز را افزایش می‌دهد. 2 Abstract Introduction: The Lead causes severe damage to several systems of the body, especially to bony tissues. Until now, several low-cost biosorbents have been studied for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. In the present study, carbonized pomegranate peels modified with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and then it was investigated for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. Materials and methods: the washed granola of pomegranate peel was separately socked with FeCl3 and FeCl2 solutions for 24 h. Then, the granules were carbonized at 400 ºC for 3 h in a programmable furnace in the atmosphere of nitrogen. The adsorption experiments were carried out for two types of iron-modified carbons by batch adsorption using one variable at a time procedures. Results: The optimum conditions were found as contact time 90 min, initial concentration 50 mg/l, and adsorbent dose, 1.00 g/100 ml solution. Maximum removal efficiency was calculated as 84% and 89% for Fe3+ and Fe2+ impregnated pomegranate peel carbons respectively. Conclusion: The iron treatment pomegranate peel carbons modified their surfaces for adsorption of heavy metals. The results showed that chemical modification of the low-cost adsorbents originating from agricultural waste has stood out for metal removal capabilities. 140 148 2015/12/232016/04/132016/06/192016/03/92016/04/112016/06/192015/12/162016/06/19 1395/3/30 2016/05/302016/06/72016/06/192016/06/72016/06/72016/06/192016/03/142016/06/19 1395/3/30 محمدحسین سلمانی Mohammad Hossein Salmani محمد عابدی Mohammad Abedi سید احمد مظفری Seyed Ahmad Mozaffari Adsorption Iron Modified Carbon Pomegranate peel Pb removal Equilibrium Isotherm جذب کربن اصلاح‌شده با آهن پوست انار حذف سرب هم‌دمای تعادلی 1. Renner R. Exposure on tap: drinking water as an overlooked source of lead. Environ Health Perspect. 2010; 118: A68-72.##2. Andrade V, Mateus M, Batoréu M, et al. Lead, Arsenic, and Manganese Metal Mixture Exposures: Focus on Biomarkers of Effect. Biological Trace Element Research. 2015: 166(1) 13-23.##3. Grant LD. Lead and compounds. Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, Third Edition. 2008: 757-809.##4. Babel S, Kurniawan TA. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. Journal of Hazardous Material. 2003; 97(1): 219-43.##5. Ehrampoush MH, Masoudi H, Mahvi AH,et al. Prevalent Kinetic Model for Cd (II) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on Barley Straw. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2013; 22(8): 2314-8.##6. Hu X, Zhao M, Song G,et al. Modification of pineapple peel fibre with succinic anhydride for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal from aqueous solutions. Environmental Technology. 2011; 32(7): 739-46.##7. Njoku VO, Ayuk AA, Ejike EE, et al. Cocoa pod husk as a low cost biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Scince. 2011; 5(8): 101-10.##8. Taha G, Arifien A, El-Nahas S. Removal efficiency of potato peels as a new biosorbent material for uptake of Pb (II) Cd (II) and Zn (II) from their aqueous solutions. Journal of Solid Waste Technology Managment. 2011; 37(2): 128-40.##9. Saka C, Şahin Ö, Demir H, et al. Removal of lead (II) from aqueous solutions using pre-boiled and formaldehyde-treated onion skins as a new adsorbent. Separation Scince Technology. 2011; 46(3): 507-17.##10. Kazemipour M, Ansari M, Tajrobehkar S, et al. Removal of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper from industrial wastewater by carbon developed from walnut, hazelnut, almond, pistachio shell, and apricot stone. Journal of Hazardous Material. 2008; 150(2): 322-7.##11. El-Ashtoukhy E-S, Amin N, Abdelwahab O. Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) from aqueous solution using pomegranate peel as a new adsorbent. Desalination. 2008; 223(1): 162-73.##12. Abedi M, Salmani MH, Mozaffari SA. Adsorption of Cd ions from aqueous solutions by iron modified pomegranate peel carbons: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. International Journal of Environmental Science Technology. 2016;doi: 10.1007/s13762-016-1002-7.##13. Vijayaraghavan K, Padmesh T, Palanivelu K, et al. Biosorption of nickel (II) ions onto Sargassum wightii: application of two-parameter and three-parameter isotherm models. Journal of Hazardous Material. 2006; 133(1): 304-8.##14. Onundi YB, Mamun A, Al Khatib M, et al. Heavy metals removal from synthetic wastewater by a novel nano-size composite adsorbent. Intertional Journal of Environmental Science Technology. 2011; 8(4): 799-806.##15. Mehrasbi MR, Farahmandkia Z, Taghibeigloo B, et al. Adsorption of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution by using almond shells. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 2009; 199 (1-4): 343-51.##16. Acharya J, Sahu J, Mohanty C, et al. Removal of lead (II) from wastewater by activated carbon developed from Tamarind wood by zinc chloride activation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2009; 149(1): 249-62.##17. Dubey A, Shiwani S. Adsorption of lead using a new green material obtained from Portulaca plant. Intertional Journal of Environmental Science Technology. 2011; 9(1): 15-20.##18. Shahmohammadi-Kalalagh S. Isotherm and kinetic studies on adsorption of Pb, Zn and Cu by kaolinite. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science. 2011; 9(2): 243-55.##19. Boudrahem F, Aissani-Benissad F, Ait-Amar H. Batch sorption dynamics and equilibrium for the removal of lead ions from aqueous phase using activated carbon developed from coffee residue activated with zinc chloride. Journal of Environmental Managment. 2009; 90(10): 3031-9.##20. Tee TW, Khan ARM. Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc by waste tea leaves. Environmental Technology. 1988; 9(11): 1223-32.##21. Issabayeva G, Aroua M K, M SN. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions on palm shell activated carbon. Bioresource Technology. 2006; 97(18): 2350-5.##22. Feng N, Gue X. Characterization of adsorptive capacity and mechanisms on adsorption of copper, lead and zinc by modified orange peel. Transactions Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2012; 22(5): 1224-31.## ##