Factors Associated with Milk Consumption among College Students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences Based on Theory of Planned Behavior عوامل مرتبط با مصرف شیر در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد بر اساس تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده 2 1 سابقه و هدف: مصرف شیر روزانه به عنوان بخشی از الگوی غذایی سالم می باشد که با طیف وسیعی از فواید مرتبط با سلامتی همراه است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف شناسایی عوامل مرتبط با مصرف شیر در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد بر اساس تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش مقطعی 385 دانشجوی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یزد در سال 1393 مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نمونه گیری به روش طبقه ای تصادفی بود. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه مبتنی بر سازه های غیر مستقیم تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده استفاد شد. در نهایت داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آماری کای دو، تست دقیق فیشر و تی مستقل تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: در این مطالعه 64 درصد از دانشجویان حاضر در مطالعه هر روز شیر مصرف می کردند و میزان شیر مصرفی در 4/85 موارد یک لیوان بود. از بین سازه های غیر مستقیم تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده قصد (001/0>p)، باورهای رفتاری(001/0p=)، باورهای هنجاری(046/0p=)، باورهای کنترل(001/0>p) و قدرت درک شده(001/0p=) به طور معنی داری با مصرف شیر در ارتباط بودند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به وضعیت نامطلوب دریافت روزانه شیر در دانشجویان، آموزش دانشجویان درباره اهمیت دریافت سهم کافی از شیر و لبنیات، برطرف نمودن تصورات و باورهای غلط آنها و تقویت باورهای مثبت در مورد مصرف شیر می تواند در افزایش مصرف شیر مؤثر باشد. همچنین نیاز است موانع موجود برای مصرف شیر در دانشجویان شناسایی و دسترسی به شیر در محیط های دانشگاهی آسان گردد. 2 Introduction: Daily milk consumption can be introduced as a healthy dietary pattern associated with a range of health benefits. This study aimed to determine factors associated with milk consumption among students of Yazd university of medical sciences based on the theory of planned behavior. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 385 students in 2014, who were selected via stratified random sampling. The study data was collected from a questionnaire based on the indirect construct of theory of planned behavior. Finally, the study data were analyzed using the T-test, Chi-square, and Fisher;#39s exact tests. Results: In the present study, 64% of the students consumed milk daily. The behavioral intention, behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, and perceived power were significantly associated with the milk consumption (p<0.05). Conclusion: Educating the students in regard with the importance of receiving enough amount of milk, modifying their misconceptions as well as reinforcing positive beliefs can be effective in increasing milk consumption. In addition, increasing access to milk in university campuses should be taken into consideration. 1 10 2015/09/26 1394/7/4 2015/11/11 1394/8/20 محمدحسین باقیانی مقدم Mohammad Hossein Baghianimoghadam 1. Department of Health Education, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran طاهره رحیمی Tahereh Rahimi 1. Department of Health Education, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran زویا خواجه دهی Zoya Khajedehi 1. Department of Health Education, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran فاطمه جوزی Fatemeh Jowzi 2. Department of Health, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad Branch, Firoozabad, Iran حوا دریافتی Hava Daryafti 3. Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran زهرا اکبری Zahra Akbari 3. Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran عصمت رهاوی Esmat Rahavi 4. Department of Consultation and Guidance, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran طاهره سلطانی Tahereh Soltani 1. Department of Health Education, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran نجمه باقیان Najme Baghian 5. Health Policy Research center, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Milk consumption Students Theory of planned behavior مصرف شیر تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده دانشجویان یزد 1. Uenishi K. Prevention of osteoporosis by foods and dietary supplements. Prevention of osteoporosis by milk and dairy products. Clinical Calcium 2006; 16(10):1606-14. ##2. Bus AE, Worsley A. Consumers’ Sen-sory and Nutritional Perception of three types of milk. public health nutrition. 2003; 6(2):201-8.##3. Miller GD, Jarvis JK, Mc Bean LD. Handbook of dairy foods and nutrition. London: CRC Press; 2007.##4. Larsson SC, Mannisto S, Virtanen MJ, et al. Dairy foods and risk of stroke. Epidemiology 2009; 20(3):355-60. ##5. 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Predictors of milk consumption in a population of 17- to 35-year-old military personnel. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999; 99(7):821-6. ##11. Thompson VJ, Bachman C, Watson K, et al. Measures of self-efficacy and norms for low-fat milk consumption are reliable and related to beverage consumption among 5th graders at school lunch. Public Health Nutrition 2008;11(4):421-6.##12. Babolian Hendijani R, AbKarim MS. Factors affecting milk consumption among school children in urban and rural areas of Selangor, Malaysia. International Food Research Journal. 2010;17(1): 651-60.##13. Riebl SK, Estabrooks PA, Dunsmore JC, et al. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis: The Theory of Planned Behavior's application to understand and predict nutrition-related behaviors in youth. Eating Behaviors. 2015; 18:160-78.##14. Fila SA, Smith C. Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to healthy eating behaviors in urban Native American youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (IJBNPA) 2006;3 (1):11.##15. Huang YL, Song WO, Schemmel RA, et al: What do college students eat? Food selection and meal pattern. Nutrition Research 1994; 14(8):1143-53. ##16. Winkleby MA, Cubbin C: Changing patterns in health behaviors and risk factor related to chronic diseases, 1990-2000. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2004; 19 (1):19-2.##17. Rizzoli R. Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014; 99(5): 1256-62. ##18. Jafari F, Beladian-Behbahan SE, Samadpour M, et al. Application of the stages of change model to dairy consumption among students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Science. 2014; 15(6): 65-74. (Persian)##19. Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Harnack L, et al. Calcium and dairy intake: Longitudinal trends during the transition to young adulthood and correlates of calcium intake. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2009; 41(4), 254-60. ##20. De Bate R, Topping M, Sargent R. Racial and gender differences in weight status and dietary practices among college students. Adolescence. 2001; 36:819-833.##21. Walsh JS, Henry YM, Fatayerji D, et al. Lumbar spine peak bone mass and bone turnover in men and women: a longitudinal study. Osteoporosis International. 2009; 20(3):355-62.##22. Kassem NO, Lee JW. Understanding reduced-fat milk consumption among male adolescents using the Theory of Planned Behavior. American Journal of Health Education. 2005; 36 (1):16-24.##23. Conner M, Hugh-Jones S, Berg C. Using the two-factor Theory of Planned Behavior to predict adolescent breakfast choices. Educational and Child Psychology. 2014; 28(4): 37-50.##24. McClain AD, Chappuis C, Nguyen-Rodriguez ST, et al. Psychosocial correlates of eating behavior in children and adolescents: A review. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009; 6:54.##25. Blanchard CM, Kupperman J, Sparling PB, et al. Do ethnicity and gender matter when using the theory of planned behavior to understand fruit and vegetable consumption? Appetite. 2009; 52(1):15-20.##26. Mahon AK, Haas EJ. A mixed-methods approach to targeting college students’ dairy behaviors. American Journal of Health Behavior.2013; 37(5): 703-10. ##27. Zabinski MF, Daly T, Norman GJ, et al. Psychosocial correlates of fruit, vegetable, and dietary fat intake among adolescent boys and girls. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2006; 106:814-21.##28. Auld G, Boushey CJ, Bock MA, et al. Perspectives on intake of calcium-rich foods among Asian, Hispanic, and white preadolescent and adolescent females. journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2002; 34(5):242-51##29. Grumbine R, Mills E, Collins N, et al. Beverage consumption of college students: factors that influence their choices. 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Evaluating the Status of Patients Suffering from Diarrhea During the Outbreak Occurred in Shahrekord in 2015 بررسی وضعیت بیماران مبتلا به اسهال در طغیان شهرکرد در سال 1394 2 1 چکیده مقدمه:اصطلاح بیماری های اسهالی یک بیان قراردادی است و نه یک عنوان اپیدمیولوژیک یا طبقه ای از بیماریها زیرا اسهال می تواند نشانگان طیفی از بیماری ها باشد، با این حال بر اساس تعریف ساز مان جهانی بهداشت به دفع حداقل سه مرتبه مدفوع آبکی در طی یک شبانه روز اسهال گفته می شود. مواد و روشها:بررسی حاضر یک مطالعه ی توصیفی مقطعی است که در آن از اطلاعات ثبت شده ی کلیه بیماران مراجعه کننده با علایم اسهال به مراکز بهداشتی در مانی در طی فروردین و اردیبهشت1394استفاده شد. نتایج: جنس مونث با فراوانی7/56درصد نسبت بیشتری از علایم بالینی مربوط به این طغیان را به خود اختصاص داده است. بیشترین نمود علایم بالینی به ترتیب مر بوط به اسهال آبکی(5/74درصد) ،تب(4/62درصد)، تهوع(9/61درصد)،استفراغ(2/58درصد)،اسهال خونی(2/24درصد) می باشد،مصرف میوه(6/51درصد)،مصرف سبزیجات(9/42درصد)،مصرف بستنی(4درصد)،مصرف غذا در خارج از منزل(5/3درصد)،مصرف فست فود(4/2درصد) به ترتیب بیشترین ماده غذایی افراد مراجعه کننده با علایم بالینی مربوط به طغیان اسهال را در بر داشته است. نتیجه گیری:به نظر می رسد منبع احتمالی بروز طغیان مواد غذایی نظیر میوه و سبزیجات و نوبرانه هایی است که در این فصل در استان به وفور یافت می شود و بهتر است در جهت تحقق شعار سازمان جهانی بهداشت در سال 2015 "ایمنی مواد غذایی از مزرعه تا بشقاب" نظارت و تلاش بیشتری انجام گردد. 2 Introduction: The term diarrheal diseases, a conventional expression and is neither an epidemiological subject nor a class of diseases, because diarrhea is a symptom of many diseases, however, it is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which the records of all patients with symptoms of diarrhea encountering health centers during April and May 2015 were used. Results: Females, with a frequency of 56.7 percent, have a larger proportion of clinical symptoms associated with this outbreak. Most of the clinical symptoms related to watery diarrhea (74.5%), fever (62.4%), nausea (61.9%), vomiting (58.2%), and dysentery (24.2%). Most of the food eaten by encountered people with clinical symptoms related to outbreak of diarrhea are the fruits (51.6%), vegetables (42.9%), ice cream (4 %), food outside the home (3.5%), fast food consumption (2.4%). Conclusions:It seems that the possible source of this outbreak is foods such as fruits and vegetables which are abundant in this province at spring and more attention, better management and control on the food is needed according to World Health Day 2015: "from farm to plate, make food safe". 11 19 2015/09/262016/01/6 1394/10/16 2015/11/112016/01/12 1394/10/22 مسلم طاهری سودجانی Moslem Taheri mosslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com سید محمد طباطبایی Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei mosslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com محمد حسن لطفی Mohammadhasan Lotfi mosslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com عظیمه قادری Azimeh Ghaderi mosslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com راشد جزایری Rashed Jazayeri mosslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com احمد رئیسی Ahmad Reisi mosslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com Keywords: Outbreak Diarrhea Epidemic Curve Shahrekord طغیان اسهال منحنی اپیدمی شهرکرد 1.Neisi AK,Sayadi F,mansourian M ,et al. Survey of Enviromental factors affected in diarrhea incidencein Tangestan Township of Boshehr Province in 2012. 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Infectious and Tropical Diseases Iran. 2005;10(28):11-4 [Persian].##14.Khalili B. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Risk Factors Related to Cryptosporidiosis in Hospitalized Children under 5 Years of Age Due to Diarrhea (Shahrekord- 2005). Armaghan-e- danesh. 2007;12(3):106-15 [Persian].##15.Karami M. Qom Cholera Outbreak in 2011: Influential and Determinant Factors. Iranian Jornal of Epidemiology. 2012;8(3):84-92 [Persian].##16.Barati H, Golmohmmadi A, Momeni I, et al. A Cholera Outbreak Investigation in Karaj District in 2008. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2010;6(3):28-34 [Persian].##17.Mahdy AM, Lim YA, Surin J, et al. Risk factors for endemic giardiasis: highlighting the possible association of contaminated water and food. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;102(5):465-70.##18.shrati B, Rezaei Ashtiani A, Khazaei F, et al. 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One Decade of Unnatural Deaths in Yazd Province: 2003-2013 همه‌گیری شناسی مرگ‌های غیر‌طبیعی در یزد (1392-1382) 2 1 مقدمه: مرگ را از بین رفتن دائمی تمـام نشانههای حیات در هر زمانی بعـد از تولد زنده ( قطع علائم حیـاتی بدون بازگشـت زندگی بعد از تولد زنده) تعریف نموده اند . مرگ‌های غیرطبیعی یا مشکوک یا ناگهانی و غیرمترقبه هستند. مرگ‌هایی که بطور ناگهانی عارض شده و اکثر اوقات روشن کردن علت و کیفیت آنها ضرورت حتمی دارد بعنوان مرگ‌های غیرطبیعی تعریف می شوند. براساس مندرجات گواهی فوت وزرات بهداشت و پزشکی قانونی ، در صورت طبیعی نبودن علت مرگ، جسد در 19 مورد به ادارات پزشکی قانونی جهت تعیین علت مرگ و صدور جواز دفن ارجاع باید داده شوند. روش کار: این مطالعه توصیفی بوده و به تشریح شاخص های توصیفی می پردازد. اطلاعات این مطالعه از پرونده مرگ‌های غیرطبیعی که از سال 1382 تا سال 1392 در پزشکی قانونی استان یزد واقع در شهر یزد ثبت شده بودند، استخراج گردید. نتایج: از سال 1382 تا 1392 ، تعداد 5552 پرونده مرگ غیرطبیعی ارجاع داده شده به پزشکی قانونی یزد ثبت شده بود. از این تعداد 4373 مورد مرگ غیرطبیعی ناشی از تصادفات ترافیکی (برون و درون شهری) و 89 مورد برق گرفتگی ، 439 مورد مرگ ناشی از مسمومیت‌ها، 72 مورد غرق شدگی ، 129 مورد مرگ ناشی از خفگی ( گاز گرفتگی با مونوکسیدکربن)،56 مورد مرگ ناشی از حوادث کار و 394 مورد مرگ ناشی از سوختگی ثبت‌ شده بود. گروه سنی 29-20 سال و جنس مرد بیشترین مرگ‌های غیرطبیعی را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: مرگ‌های غیرطبیعی ناشی از تصادفات بعنوان دومین رتبه عوامل مرگ در ایران برعهده دارد(پیش‌بینی مرگ و میر و بار بیماری‌ها در ایران و جهان– فریدون عزیزی 1387). رخداد مرگ‌های غیرطبیعی در جنس مرد بیشتر اتفاق افتاده است که می تواند بیانگر در معرض خطر بود این گروه با مخاطرات بوده باشد هر چند که در مرگ‌های ناشی از سوختگی‌ها، خانم‌های خانه‌دار در معرض خطر بالایی قرار دارند. آموزش و فرهنگ‌سازی در زمینه‌های مختلف مانند نحوه صحیح استفاده از وسایل برقی ، رعایت اصول ساخت وساز ساختمانی و عمرانی ، شناکردن در استخرهای مجاز، رعایت و استفاده از تجهیزات ایمنی هنگام کار و شاید باز نگهداشتن مسیر جاده‌های ترافیکی برای رساندن هرچه زودتر مصدوم به مرکز درمانی بتواند نقش بسزایی در امداد رسانی و نجات جان افراد ایفا کند. 2 Abstract Introduction: Death is defined as the permanent loss of all signs of life at any time after birth (Irrevocable disappearance of all vital signs after birth). Unnatural deaths seem to be either suspicious or unexpected. Deaths that occur suddenly and their causes need to be investigated, are termed unnatural deaths. According to the death certificate contents of Ministry of Health and Forensics, if the cause of death is unnatural, the corpse will be submitted to the forensic medicine departments in 19 cases in order to determine the death cause and to issue the burial permit. Material & Methods: In this descriptive study, the data were extracted from unnatural death cases in the province of Yazd during 2003 to 2013 recorded by Yazd Forensic Medicine. Results: During 2003 -2013, 5552 cases of unnatural deaths were recorded by the Forensic Medicine of Yazd, out of which 4373 cases of unnatural deaths were caused by road traffic accidents (outside and inside the city), 89 deaths from electrocution, 439 deaths from poisoning, 72 deaths from drowning, 129 deaths from asphyxia (by carbon monoxide), 56 deaths from work incidents, and 394 deaths from burns. The group of males aged 20-29 years allocated the highest number of unnatural deaths to themselves. Conclusion: Road traffic accidents are the second leading cause of unnatural deaths in Iran. The number of unnatural death incidents in men is more than women indicating that men are more exposed to risk factors than women, though regarding the deaths due to the burns, women are exposed to the high risk factors. 20 28 2015/09/262016/01/62015/09/26 1394/7/4 2015/11/112016/01/122015/11/11 1394/8/20 محمدحسن لطفی mohamad hassan lotfi Professor of epidemiology mhlotfi56359@gmail.com محمد امیریان mohammad javad amirian general Physician mjamirian@yahoo.com علی دهقانی ali dehghani Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics / Health college adehghani42@yahoo.com حسین فلاح زاده ابرقویی hossein falahzadeh Professor of Biostatistics Department of Biostatistics and epidemiology hofaab@yahoo.com امید امامی omid emami MSc oe.epid@yahoo.com Epidemiology Forensic medicine Unnatural death مرگ غیرطبیعی پزشکی قانونی همه‌گیری شناسی Zakyaei Sh, Motevalizade S .Brain death. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 9(2):5-6 – [Persian]##2. Abadi AR, Kolahi AA, Diagnosis and death Registration - Physician Guideline.Tehran.1388-[Persian]##3. Tofighi H, Javadzadeh Ahmadi AS. Investigate suspicious deaths referred to the Forensic Medicine (in Tehran) in the first half of 1992. Iranian journal of forensic medicine.1995; 2(5):32-40 [Persian]##4. Report of vital events. Iranian Civil Registration.2012. Available from: https://www.sabteahval.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=4766.##5. Iranian Forensic Medicine Report 2012. Available from: http://www.lmo.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=2370##6. Okoye CN, Okoye M I. Forensic epidemiology of childhood deaths in Nebraska, USA. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine.2011;18 (8): 366-374.##7. Shojaei A. Rport of Head of Department of Iranian Forensic Medicine.Kerman. 20/04/2011. Available from:http://www.lmo.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=23708. Falahzadeh H. Descriptive Epidemiology of accidents in Yazd province in 1383. Iranian journal of forensic medicine. 2006; 12(3):158-61[Persian]##9. Kanchan, T, Menezes RG, Bakkannavar SM. Age and gender variations in trend of road traffic fatalities in Manipal, India. Medicine, Science and the Law. 2010; 50(4): 192-196.##10. Hashemi Nazari SS, Kazemian M, Hosseini F. Trend of Five Years Traffic Accident Mortality in Khuzestan Province (2006-2010). SJFM. 2011; 17(2):123-9 [Persian]##11. Ahmedin J, Elizabeth W, Yongping H, et al. Trends in the Leading Causes of Death in the United States, 1970-2002. Journal American Medical Association.2005; 249(10): 1255-1259.##12. Tirasci Y, Goren S, Subasi M, et al. Electrocution-Related Mortality: A Review of 123 Deaths in Diyarbakir, Turkey between 1996 and 2002. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2006; 208(2): 141-145.##13. Amoei m, Barzegar a, Najjari F, Rohi m. electrocution,a tragic end. Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2001.##14. Iranian Legal Medicine Organization. Statistical Reports 2015. Available from: http://www.lmo.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=2370##15. Nguyen B H, MacKay M, Bailey B, et al. Epidemiology of electrical and lightning related deaths and injuries among Canadian children and youth. Injury Prevention. 2004; 10(2): 122-124.##16. Sheikhazadi A, Ghadiani M, Gharedaghi J. Epidemiology of Burn in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2006; 12(3):151-7[Persian]##17. Ambade VN, Godbole HV. Study of burn deaths in Nagpur. Central India. Burns. 2006;32(7): 902-908.##18. Panjeshahin MR, Rastegar Lari A, Talei AR, et al. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the South West of Iran. Burns:Elsevier. 2001; 27:219–226.##19. Sharghi A, mashofi m, kamran a, et al. Epidemiology of Burn injuries lead to death from 1997 to 2006 in Ardabil City, Iran. Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2010; 15(4):252-256 [Persian]##20. Othman N, Kendrick D. Epidemiology of burn injuries in the East Mediterranean Region: a systematic review. Biomedical Central Public Health (BMC).2010; 10 (1):1-10.##21. Najjari F, Afshar M. Deaths Due to Poisons Referred to Forensic Medicine of Iran. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2004; 11(40):309-316.##22. Jönsson AK, Holmgren P, Druid H, et al. Cause of death and drug use pattern in deceased drug addicts in Sweden, 2002–2003. Forensic Science International. 2007; 169(2–3): 101-107.##23. Liu Q, Zhou L, Zheng N, et al. Poisoning deaths in China: Type and prevalence detected at the Tongji Forensic Medical Center in Hubei. Forensic Science International.2009; 193 (1–3): 88-94.##24. Sheikhazadi A, Ghadiani M. Epidemiology of Drown in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2009; 15(2):115-122 [Persian]##25. Shokrzadeh M, Poorhosein M, Nasri Nasrabadi N, et al. Epidemiologic Study of Mortality Rate from Carbon Monoxide Poisons Recorded in Mazandaran Department of Forensic Medicine, 2009-2011. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Scinces. 2013; 23(99):86-95 [Persian]##26. Risser D, Schneider B. Carbon monoxide-related deaths from 1984 to 1993 in Vienna, Austria. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1995; 40(3):368-371.##27. Khademi A, Kiani Taleghani N. A survey of CO2 leads to death in 23 Province of Iran 2003 Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine. 2004; 35(10):145-151[Persian]##28. Bakhtiyari M, Aghaie A, Delpisheh A, et al. An Epidemiologic Survey of Recorded Job-Related Accidents by Iranian Social Security Organization (2001-2005). Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 11(3):231-246.##29. Khosravi J, Hashemi Nazari S, Dehghanifard S, et al. A survey of work related accidents induced death in Public service and Green space laborers of Tehran Municipality in 2004-2005. Iranian journal of forensic medicine. 2007; 13 (2):68-7 [Persian]#### ##

Incidence Rate of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Chabahar within 2008 to 2010 بررسی وضعیت اپیدمیولوژیک لیشمانیوز جلدی در شهرستان چابهار 2 1 زمینه و هدف: لیشمانیوز در ایران به عنوان یک معضل بزرگ بهداشتی مطرح است. با توجه به اینکه مطالعات اپیدمیولوژیک در کنترل بیماری و اقدامات پیشگیرانه موثر است، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اپیدمیولوژی لیشمانیوز جلدی در شهرستان چابهار طی سالهای 1387تا1389 انجام گرفته است. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بر حسب اطلاعات بیماران مبتلاء به سالک طی سال های گذشته در مراکز بهداشتی- درمانی چابهار انجام گرفته است. بدین صورت که اطلاعات دموگرافیک و اپیدمیولوژیک ثبت شده بیماران در مراکز بهداشتی- درمانی شهرستان چابهار استخراج شده و توسط نرم افزار SPSS 18 تجزیه و تحلیل صورت گرفت. یافته ها: از 653 بیمار مبتلاء به لیشمانیوز جلدی مورد مطالعه، 57 درصد مرد و 43 درصد زن بودهاند. بیشترین موارد مبتلا در گروه سنی بدو تولد تا 4 سالگی و کمترین در گروه سنی بالای 40 تا 49 سال بوده است. بیشترین ضایعات (زخم) دست و پا بوده و اکثریت بیماران دارای دو زخم بودند. بیماران مورد مطالعه، ایرانی و افغانی بوده که بیشترین تعداد بیماران ایرانی بودند. 241 نفر (37درصد) از بیماران ساکن شهر و 412 نفر از بیماران (63 درصد) ساکن روستا بودند و همچنین بیشترین موارد سالک درسال 1387 فصل زمستان و کمترین آن درسال 1389 فصل پاییز گزارش شده است. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج مطالعه فراوانی بیماری در شهرستان چابهار طی سال های 1387 تا 1389 روند نزولی داشته که این امر میتواند بیانگر ارتقاء وضعیت آموزشی- بهداشتی و همچنین رعایت بهداشت فردی از سوی مردم باشد. 2 Abstract Introduction: As Lieshmaniasis is considered as a huge hygienic problem and since epidemiological studies are effective in controlling this disease and taking prevention steps, the present study deals with cutaneous lieshmaniasis in Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan from 2008 to 2010. Materials and Methods: The current research has been conducted as descriptive-analytical, based on victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis during previous years in health centers of Chabahar, by extracting the demographic and epidemiologic information, recorded in Chabahar health centers, and analyzing them via SPSS 18. Results: From total victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis under the study, the total incidence rate in male 1.14 and 0.9 per 1000 in female. The highest total incidence rate of the disease were in the age range of birth to 4 years (with incidence rate 1.96 per 1000) and the lowest one in the age range of 5 to 9 years (with incidence rate 0.7 per 1000). Most damages (wounds) were in the hands and feet and the majority of the patients had two wounds (with incidence rate 0.66 per 1000). The studied patients were Iranian and Afghani with the majority belonging to the former. A sum of 241 patients (37%) lived in cities with the remaining 412 (63%) residing in the villages. Moreover the Highest incidence rate of the disease were reported in winter, 2008, with least ones in autumn, 2010. Conclusion: Based on the study results, disease incidence rete in Chabahar during 2008 and 2010 had a descending trend, which can indicate an improvement in educational-hygienic status as well as following hygiene practices by the people. 29 35 2015/09/262016/01/62015/09/262015/12/21 1394/9/30 2015/11/112016/01/122015/11/112016/03/14 1394/12/24 مجتبی مقاتلی Mojtaba Moghateli m_2009_mn@yahoo.com فیض محمد آتش بهار Faiz Mohammad Ateshbahar faizsar@gmail.com نوشین یوشنی Nooshin Yoshany nooshin.yoshany@yahoo.com احسان موحد Ehsan Movahed ehsanmovahed89@yahoo.com خیرمحمد جدگال Kheir Mohammad Jadgal jadgal_kh@yahoo.com حسین ایزدی راد Hossien Izadirad izadi111389@gmail.com علی فتاحی بافقی Ali Fattahi Bafghi m_2009_mn@yahoo.com Epidemiological Feature Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Chabahar وضعیت اپیدمیولوژیک لیشمانیوز جلدی چابهار 1- Control of the leishmaniases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization 1990;159.##2- Ahmadi Yazdi C, Narmani M R, Sadri B. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran. The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2003;3:14-9.##3- Shirazi M, Ranjbar R, Khansari K. Secondary bacterial infections of skin lesions suspicious for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian Journal Infect Dis Tropical Med .2006; 12 (38):55-58. [Persian]##4- Ashford RW, Bern C, Boelaert M, et al. Leishmaniasis control. World Health Organization.2010: 5: 7-16##5- Torgersona PR, Macpherson CN. The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoss: Global trends. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182 (1):79-95.##6- Leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection. In: WHO report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases, WHO/CDS CSR/ISR/2000.1: 121– 127.##7- Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Zahraei-Ramezani AR, Akhavan AA, et al. Rodent control operations against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural Iran. Annuals Saudi of Medicine. 2005: 25 (4): 309-312.##8- Noorpisheh SH, Naghizadeh MM, Nikrouz L. A study on the life quality of patients suffering from leishm. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. 2013. 3(2): 155-162. [Persian]##9- Athari A, Jalallu N. Epidemiological survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran 2001-2005.Scientific Journal of Isfahan University Medical Science. 2006; 24(82):8-13. [Persian]##10- Sundar S, Jha T, Thakur C, et al. Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002; 347(22):1739-46.##11- Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi A, AR SD. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. Mil Med Journal 2010;12(3):131-135. [Persian] ##12- Doroodgar A, Mahbobi S, Nemetian M, et al. An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kashan (2007-2008). Koomesh. 2009;10(3):177-84.[Persian]##13- Goldust K. Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the patients referred to the skin section in the center for education and treatment in Kermanshah district 1990-1994 .MD thesis, Kermanshah: Kermanshah University of medical sciences 1994: 70-95. [Persian]##14- Ebadi M, Hejazi S H. Epidemiology of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the students of primary schools in Borkhar region, Isfahan .Journal of Kerman 2003; (10)2: 92-98. [Persian]##15- Sofizadeh A, Cherabin M, Mehravaran A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gonbad Kavoos, North of Iran(2009-11):an epidemiological study. Journal of Gorgan University Medical Science 2012;14(4):100-106. [Persian]##16- Ayatollahi J, Karimi M. The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the villages of Abarkouh (Yazd Province). Iranian Journal of Infection Disease 2005;10(30):13-18. [Persian]##17- zahirnia AH, Moradi A, Norouzi NA, et al. surveying the Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Hamadan province during the years 2002 to 2007. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University Medical Sciences Health Services. 2009;16(1):43-47. [persian]##1. 18-Nadim A, Javadiad E. Epidemiology of th e Leishmaniases in Iran. In: Ardehali s, Rezai HR, Nadim editors. Leishmania and Leishmaniases, 2nd ed. Tehran, Nashre Daneshgahi Press; 1994.176-208. ##18- Talari SA, Vakilli Z, Moshtaghi S. Prevalence of cutaneus Leishmaniasis in Kashan, 1994-2000. Feyz. 2003;7(26): 71 -6. [Persian]##19- Gurel MS, ulukanligil M and Ozbilge H. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sanliurfa: epidemiologic and clinical features of the last four years (1997-2000). International Journal of Dermatology. 2002; 41(1): 32-7.##20- Uzun S, Uslular C, Yucel A, et al. Cutaneous leshmaniasis: evaluation of 3,074 cases in the Cukurova region of Turkey. British Journal of dermatology.1999; 140(2): 347-50.##21- Ramezani Y, Mousavi SGA, Bahrami A, et al. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aran and Bidgol from April to September 2009. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2011;15(3):254-8. [Persian]##22- Fazaeli A, Fouladi B, Sharifi I. Emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a border area at south-east of Iran: an epidemiological survey. Journal of Vector Borne Disease. 2009;46:36-42. [Persian]##23- Ullah S. Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Lower Dir District (N.W.F.P), Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Association Dermatology 2009;19:212-5.#### ##

Attitude of Health Care Professionals Towards Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS نگرش متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی نسبت به داوطلبان مشاوره و آزمایش برای HIV / AIDS 2 1 NO IDEA 2 Introduction: HIV counseling and testing is the vital and preliminary interventional step aimed at reducing the spread of HIV infection. The study was designed to determine the attitude of health care professionals towards voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional prospective study a self –administered structured questionnaire was used, it contained sections on bio social variables and section aimed at fulfilling the objectives of the study; the participants were medical doctors, nurses, medical laboratory scientists, radiographers, social workers and pharmacists. Data were collated, inputted into a computer and statistical analysis performed using SPSS version 22 software. Descriptive variables were summarized using percentages and proportions for categorical variables. Bivariate analysis was done to test for association between categorical variables using the chi square test; p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify predictive variables appropriate for the association between socio-demographic and willingness to go for screening. Results: Two hundred and thirty eight questionnaires were administered and statistically analyzed; the group consists of workers mostly females, (55%) aged 21-30 years, (47.8%), married, (52.5%) Christians, (96.2%) medical doctors, (49.2%) of Esan extraction; marital status and occupation of the participants significantly influenced their attitude towards voluntary counseling and testing for HIV/AID. A good percentage of the respondents have the right attitude towards VCT of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: This study has shown that a good percentage of the respondents have the right attitude towards VCT of HIV/AIDS while a lesser proportion had negative attitude. 36 44 2015/09/262016/01/62015/09/262015/12/212015/12/4 1394/9/13 2015/11/112016/01/122015/11/112016/03/142016/02/6 1394/11/17 Adesina Omololu Ayodele Adekanbi Adesina Omololu Ayodele Adekanbi University College Hospital, Ibadan sinaadekanbi@yahoo.com Kelvin Ifeanyi Egbuchulem Kelvin Ifeanyi Egbuchulem University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ifeanyiegbuchulem@yahoo.com Omokhoa Adedayo Adeleye Omokhoa Adedayo Adeleye University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria doctoradeleye@yahoo.com Eronmwon Evbuomwan Eronmwon Evbuomwan Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital Okada, Edo State, Nigeria eronmwone21@yahoo.co.uk Osadolor Abraham King-Inneh Osadolor Abraham King-Inneh Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria kinginobram @yahoo.co.uk Professionals Counseling Testing HIV/AIDS. متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی مشاوره تست HIV / AIDS. 1. HIV/AIDS, Conflict and Displacement; Conference report on the XVI International AIDS Conference Affiliated Event HIV/AIDS, Conflict and Displacement. Toronto Canada. Aug. 12, 2006 hosted by UNICEF and UNHCR, 2006.##2. Adekeye OA. Psycho-cultural variables as predictors of attitude of young people towards HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing in South-Western Nigeria. Germany: VDM Verlag Publishers. 2010.##3. MAP Report 2004. AIDS in Asia Face the Facts: A Comprehensive Analysis of the AIDS Epidemic in Asia.2004.##4. Osagbemi MO, Joseph B, Adepetu AA, et al. Culture and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Promoting Reproductive Health in Light of Spouse-Sharing Practice among the Okun People, Nigeria. World Health & Population. Toronto: Longwood’s publishing. 2007. ##5. Admassu M, Yohannis F. Factor’s affecting acceptance of voluntary counseling and testing among different professionals and community groups in north and south Gondar administrative zones, North West Ethiopia. Ethiopia Journal of Health Development. 2006;20(1):24-31.##6. Dieleman M, Biemba G, Mphuka S, et al. “We are also dying like any other people, we are also people”: perceptions of the impact of HIV/AIDS on health workers in two districts in Zambia. Health Policy Plan. 2007; 22(3):139-148. E-pub 2007.##7. World Health Organization. Taking stock: health worker shortages and the response to AIDS. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2006.##8. Van-Dyk AC. HIV/AIDS, Care and counseling: A multidisciplinary approach. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. 2001.##9. Basset MT. Ensuring a public health impact of programs to reduce HIV transmission from mothers to infants: the place of voluntary counseling and testing. American Journal of Public Health. 2002 92:347-51##10. Charles MP, Kweka EJ, Mahande AM, et al. Evaluation of uptake and attitude to voluntary counseling and testing among health care professional students in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. BMC Public Health.2009; 9:128 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-128. ##11. Vermeer W, Bos AE, Mbwambo J, et al. Social and cognitive variables predicting voluntary HIV counseling and testing among Tanzanian medical students. Patient Education Counseling. 2009.75: 135-140.##12. Adewole DA, Lawoyin TO. Characteristics of volunteers and non-volunteers for voluntary counseling and HIV testing among unmarried male undergraduates. African journal of medicine and medical sciences .2004;33: 165-170.##13. Ikechebelu IJ, Udigwe GO, Ikechebelu N, et al. The knowledge, attitude and practice of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in a polytechnic in southeast, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Medicine.2006;15: 245-249.##14. Ike SO, Aniebue PN. HIV/AIDS perception and sexual behavior among Nigerian University students. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice .2007;10: 105-110. ##15. Anand S, Barnighausen T. Health workers and vaccination coverage in developing countries: aneconometric analysis. Lancet. 2007; 369(9569):1277–1285.##16. Campbell S, Klein R. Home testing to detect human immunodeficiency virus: boon or bane? Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006; 44:3473–3476##17. Mbamara su, ObiechinaNJA, Akabuike JC. Awareness and attitudes to voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among law undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Anambra State, South-east, Nigeria.International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2013;5 (6): 290-294##18. Iliayasu Z, Kabir M, Galadanci HS, et al. Awareness and attitude of antenatal clients towards HIV voluntary counseling and testing in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Medicine. 2005;14:27-32## ##

Spatial Analysis and Source Identification of Particulate Matter (PM10) in Yazd City آنالیز مکانی و شناسایی منبع انتشار ذرات معلق (PM10) در شهر یزد 2 1 چکیده زمینه و هدف: هدف این مطالعه بررسی مکانی ذرات معلق PM10 در هوای شهر یزد و پهنه بندی آن با استفاده از روش کریجینگ بوده است و نهایتا عوامل مختلف تاثیر گذار در غلظت آلاینده و استاندارد ها در آن بررسی شده است. مواد و روش ها: اندازه گیری ذرات PM10 بوسیله دستگاه مونیتورینگ HAZ-DUST EPAM 5000 انجام شد. تعداد 13 ایستگاه نمونه برداری در مناطق مختلف شهر به منظور نمونه برداری از ذرات معلق PM10 در دو فصل زمستان 1392 و پاییز 1393 مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نهایتا برای بررسی مکانی آلاینده PM10 از نرم افزار Arc GIS و روش درون یابی گریجینگ استفاده گردید. نتایج: میانگین فصلی آلاینده PM10 در فصل بهار (µg/m3 155) بیشتر از فصل زمستان (µg/m3 27/87) بود. در 11 ایستگاه از 13 ایستگاه غلظت PM10 بالاتر از استانداردهای که در فصل زمستان بود. میانگین فصلی غلظت PM10 در بهار بیش از استانداردهای WHO در تمام ایستگاه های بود. غلظت ذرات معلق در مناطق پر ترافیک و بافت تاریخی بیشار از سایر مناطق بود. مقدار شاخص RMSE در فصل زمستان و فصل بهار به ترتیب493/45 و 525/56 بود. نتیجه گیری: ذرات معلق PM10 در هر دوفصل زمستان و بهار دارای پراکندکی تصادفی بود. این مطالعه نشان داد که ترافیک و بافت تاریخی شهر روی غلظت آلاینده PM10 تاثیر گذار است. 2 Introduction: The aim of this study was to spatial analysis of PM10 concentrations in the ambient air of Yazd in two seasons, and the zoning by using Kriging interpolation method. Finally, different factors affecting the concentrations of PM10 are marked and standards have been investigated Material and methods: The measurement of PM10 particulates was performed by the monitoring device HAZ-DUST EPAM 5000. 13 sampling stations were identified in various areas of the city in order to take samples of particulate matter PM10 in winter and spring 2013. Eventually Arc GIS software and kriging interpolation method and spatial autocorrelation were used to PM10 spatial distribution. Results: The seasonal spring average for PM10 (155μg/m3) was more than winter (27.87μg/m3). At 11 stations from 13 stations PM10 concentrations were higher than the WHO standards in winter. Seasonal average of PM10 concentrations in spring were exceeding of WHO standards in all stations. Particulate matter levels were higher in High-traffic and old areas than the other regions. RMSE index was 45.493 and 56.525 for winter and spring, respectively. Conclusion: PM10 concentration had the random spatial pattern in two seasons. This study revealed traffic and historical places affecting the concentration of PM10. 45 56 2015/09/262016/01/62015/09/262015/12/212015/12/42015/11/28 1394/9/7 2015/11/112016/01/122015/11/112016/03/142016/02/62016/03/14 1394/12/24 محمد میری Mohammad Miri m_miri87@yahoo.com سارا جمشیدی Sara Jamshidi s_sara572@yahoo.com زهرا درخشان Zahra Derakhshan z_d_derakhshan@yahoo.com عبدالمجید قلیزاده Abdolmajid Gholizadeh ghlizadeh@yahoo.com حسین کریمی Hosein Karimi karimi@yahoo.com شبنم امان علی خانی Shabnam Amanalikhani sh_alikhani@gmail.com سید یاسر هاشمی Seyed Yaser Hashemi s.yaser.hashemi@gmail.com GIS Kriging Particulate Matters ذرات معلق کریجینگ شهر یزد پهنه بندی 1. De Meij A, Thunis P, Bessagnet B, et al. The sensitivity of the CHIMERE model to emissions reduction scenarios on air quality in Northern Italy. Atmospheric Environment. 2009;43(11):1897-907.##2. Downs SH, Schindler C, Liu L-JS, et al. 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Proposing a Model for Patient Admission and NFC Mobile Payment by Biometric Identification and Smart Health Card ارائه مدلی پیشنهادی برای پذیرش بیمار و پرداخت موبایلی NFC با شناسایی بیومتریک و کارت سلامت هوشمند 2 1 به دنبال پیشرفت‌های فناوری‌های اطلاعاتی و ارتباطی موبایلی، گوشی‌های هوشمند در گستر‌ه‌ی وسیعی از نرم‌افزار‌های کاربردی، زمینه‌های تجاری، اجتماعی، سرگرمی، اشتراک‌گذاری فایل‌ها و سلامت مورد استفاده قرار گرفته‌اند. روال‌های فعلی محیط‌های درمانی برای پذیرش بیمار، نوبت‌دهی و پرداخت هزینه‌های درمانی زمان‌گیر بوده و تا حدودی خسته‌کننده است. در گذشته، بیماران می‌بایست فرم‌های پذیرش را پر کرده، منتظر مانده و نهایتاً در صف‌های طولانی بادجه‌های پرداخت منتظر بمانند. در برخی از مکان‌ها، نوبت‌دهی بصورت آنلاین و از طریق اینترنت قابل انجام است ولی هنوز بیماران می‌بایست با کارت یا شماره پذیرش به مرکز درمانی مراجعه کرده و با در دست داشتن دفترچه‌ی بیمه و ارائه‌ی آن به مسئول پذیرش از تخفیف‌ها و خدمات بیمه استفاده کرده و فیش پرداخت هزینه‌های درمان را نیز دریافت کنند. بنا‌براین، مطالعه فعلی در نظر دارد تا مدلی را برای کلینیک درمانی با استفاده از نرم‌افزار‌های کاربری ارتباط حوزه نزدیک پیشنهاد کند که البته در حال حاضر نیز نوبت‌دهی به بیمار در این مرکز بصورت آنلاین یا سیستم پاسخگوی تلفنی انجام می‌شود ولی همچنان زمان انتظار بیمار برای دریافت خدمات و پرداخت هزینه‌های آن بسیار بالا است. 2 Abstract Following the advances in mobile communication and information technology, smart phones have been used in a wide variety of commercial, social, entertainment, file sharing and health transactions and applications. The current procedures in healthcare environment for patient registration, appointment scheduling and payment are time consuming and somehow tiresome. Traditionally, patients were supposed to fill out registration forms, wait for being called, and finally stand in long lines for payment procedures. In some places, appointment could be done online via web but still the patient has to walk in with appointment card and in our case, provide the insurance booklet to the front desk personnel to pay for services and receive discounts for insurance. Therefore, the present study intended to propose a model using Near Field Communication-enabled mobile application for a medical clinic which currently offers online and call services for making an appointment, though patient waiting time is still too much in the current process of payment for services. 57 63 2015/09/262016/01/62015/09/262015/12/212015/12/42015/11/282016/02/8 1394/11/19 2015/11/112016/01/122015/11/112016/03/142016/02/62016/03/142016/02/8 1394/11/19 مهدی برخورداری فیروزآبادی Mahdi Barkhordari Firouzabadi شهریار محمدی Shahriar Mohammadi Healthcare Mobile payment Near-field communication Smart health card 1. Symey Y, Sankaranarayanan S, binti Sait SN. Application of Smart Technologies for Mobile Patient Appointment System. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering. 2013; 2(4):74-85.##2. Jabbari A, Jafarian M, Khorasani E, et al. Emergency Department Waiting Time at Alzahra Hospital. Director General. 2011;8(4):500-511[Persian].##3. Rehman S, Coughlan J. An Efficient Mobile Payment System Based On NFC Technology. International Journal of Computer, Electrical, Automation, Control and Information Engineering. 2013;7(6):811-815. ##4. Krishna AVG, Sreevardhan C, Karun S, et al. NFC-based Hospital Real-time Patient Management System. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), 2013;4(4):626-629.##5. Joo-Hee P, Jin-An S, Young-Hwan O. Design and implementation of an effective mobile healthcare system using mobile and RFID technology, HEALTHCOM 2005 Proceedings of 7th International Workshop on Enterprise networking and Computing in Healthcare Industry, 2005; 263-266, doi: 10.1109/HEALTH.2005.1500454.##6. Bhat S, Sidnal NS, Maleshetty RS, et al. Intelligent Scheduling in Health Care Domain. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 2011; 8(5): 214-224.##7. Wani SMA, Sankaranarayanan S. Intelligent Mobile Hospital Appointment Scheduling and Medicine Collection. International Journal of Computer and Communication System Engineering (IJCCSE), 2014; 1(2): 47-58. ##8. Tyrone, E. and Suresh, S., Applications of Intelligent Agents in Hospital Search and Appointment System. International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications (IJESMA), 2011; 3(4): 57-81.##9. Latha NA, Murthy BR, Sunitha U. Smart Card Based Integrated Electronic Health Record System For Clinical Practice. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications, 2012; 3(10): 120-127.##10. Padhy RP, Patra MR, Satapathy SC. Design and implementation of a cloud based rural healthcare information system model, Universal Journal of Applied Computer Sciences and Technology, 2012, 2(1): 149-157.##11. Das R, NFC-enabled phones and contactless smart cards 2008–2018. Card Technology Today, 2008; 20(7–8): 11-13.##12. Puma J P, et al. Mobile Identification: NFC in the Healthcare Sector, Andean Region International Conference (ANDESCON), 2012 VI, 39-42, doi: 10.1109/Andescon.2012.19.##13. Mey YS, Sankaranarayanan S. Near Field Communication based Patient Appointment, CUBE '13 Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Cloud & Ubiquitous Computing & Emerging Technologies, 2013; 98-103, doi: 10.1109/CUBE.2013.27.##14. Alabdulhafith M, , Sampalli S. NFC-based Framework for Checking the Five Rights of Medication Administration. Procedia Computer Science, 2014; 37: 434-438.##15. Brabcová I, Bartlova S, Tothova V, et al. The possibility of patient involvement in prevention of medication error. Kontakt, 2014; 16(2): e65-e70.##16. Prinz A, Menschner P, Leimeister JM. Electronic data capture in healthcare—NFC as easy way for self-reported health status information. Health Policy and Technology, 2012, 1(3): 137-144.##17. Lahtela A, Hassinen M, Jylha V. RFID and NFC in healthcare: Safety of hospitals medication care, Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, 2008; 241-244, doi: 10.1109/PCTHEALTH.2008.4571079.##18. Pourghomi P, Ghinea G. Managing NFC payment applications through cloud computing, Internet Technology And Secured Transactions, 2012; 772-777.##19. Rodrigues H, Jose R, Coelho A, et al. MobiPag: Integrated Mobile Payment, Ticketing and Couponing Solution Based on NFC, Sensors, 2014; 14(8): 13389-13415.##20. Au YA, Kauffman R J. The economics of mobile payments: Understanding stakeholder issues for an emerging fin ancial technology application. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2008; 7(2): 141-164.##21. Ma X, Wei W. The Architecture of Mobile Wallet System Based on NFC (Near Field Communication), Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 2014; 7(12): 2589-2595. ##22. Chen W-D, Mayes KE, Lien YH, et al. NFC mobile payment with Citizen Digital Certificate, The 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Information Technology (ICNIT), 2011; 120-126.##23. ChenW, Hancke GP, Mayes KE. NFC mobile transactions and authentication based on GSM network, 2010 Second International Workshop on Near Field Communication (NFC), 2010;83-89, doi: 10.1109/NFC.2010.15.##24. Noh S-K, Lee S-R, Choi D. Proposed M-Payment System Using Near-Field Communication and Based on WSN-Enabled Location-Based Services for M-Commerce. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014;1-8, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/865172.##25. Ondrus J, Pigneur Y. An assessment of NFC for future mobile payment systems, ICMB 2007 International Conference on the Management of Mobile Business, 2007;1-45, doi: 10.1109/ICMB.2007.9.#### ##