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Students' Knowledge and Attitude of Hygiene and Food Safety at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran بررسی میزان آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد در مورد بهداشت و ایمنی مواد غذایی 2 1 مقدمه: امروزه بیماری های منتقله از طریق مواد غذایی یا مسمومیت غذایی به عنوان یک مشکل سلامت عمومی مورد توجه بسیاری از کشورها قرار گرفته است. آگاهی پایین در زمینه ایمنی و بهداشت مواد غذایی، می تواند باعث افزایش احتمال خطرات مرتبط با غذاهای مصرفی شود. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین میزان بررسی میزان آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد در مورد بهداشت و ایمنی مواد غذایی در سال 93 انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: این مطالعه به صورت توصیفی – مقطعی بوده که در آن از بین 5400 دانشجوی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد، تعداد 358 نفر به صورت طبقه ای- تصادفی از بین دانشکده های مختلف انتخاب شدند. جمع آوری داده ها توسط پرسشنامه ی محقق ساخته انجام شد. در نهایت داده ها در نرم افزار آماری SPSS وارد و توسط آزمون های آماری Mann- Whitney وKruskal-Wallis مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین نمره آگاهی در 33 درصد افراد پایین و میانگین نمره نگرش در 4/63 درصد افراد خوب بوده است. بیشتر دانشجویان در زمینه روش های صحیح نگهداری مواد غذایی و بیماری های منتقله از طریق غذا کمترین میزان آگاهی را داشتند. بین سطح آگاهی و سن(019/0p=) و بین سطح نگرش با سن و مقطع تحصیلی ارتباط معنی داری وجود داشت (001/0P;le). همچنین 5/28 درصد دانشجویان دارای سابقه مسمومیت غدایی بوده اند که میزان آگاهی و نگرش در بین آنها به طور معنی داری کمتر از دانشجویانی بود که سابقه مسمومیت غذایی نداشتند(001/0P;le). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، برنامه های آموزشی در قالب کارگاه و یا قرار دادن واحد های درسی مرتبط با بهداشت و ایمنی مواد غذایی برای دانشجویانی که این واحد درسی را ندارند می تواند در افزایش سطح آگاهی دانشجویان موثر باشد. برنامه ها می بایست شامل اطلاعات کاربردی در زمینه های میکروبیولوژی بیماری های منتقله از طریق غذا و روش های صحیح ذخیره کردن مواد غذایی باشد. 2 Introduction: Today, transmitted diseases through food and food poisoning have been considered as a public health problem in many countries. Lack of knowledge concerning hygiene and food safety can increase the risks associated with the consumed foods. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the students;#39 knowledge and attitude of hygiene and food safety in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. Materials & Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey in which 358 students were selected, out of 5400 students of different Schools of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, via stratified random sampling method. In order to glean the study data, a questionnaire was applied, which were then analyzed applying Mann- Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The mean score of knowledge has been reported in a low level within 33% of students and the mean score of attitude has been demonstrated to be at a good level within 63.4% of students. Most students revealed a low knowledge level regarding the proper procedures for food storage and food-borne diseases. Moreover, 28.5% of students had a history of food poisoning, whose knowledge and attitude levels were significantly less than those of students who had no history of food poisoning (P;le0.001). Conclusions: As the study findings revealed, training programs in the form of workshops and courses related to hygiene and food safety can be effective for the students in increasing students;#39 knowledge especifically lower grades students. These programs should contain practical information about microbiology of transmitted diseases through food and proper food storage methods. 159 167 2015/07/28 1394/5/6 2015/08/30 1394/6/8 هادی اسلامی Hadi Eslami student research center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran hadieslami1986@yahoo.com آمنه مرزبان Ameneh Marzban School of Public Health,Nutrition and Food Security Research Centre, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. amenemarzban@yahoo.com فاطمه اکرمی مهاجری Fateme AkramiMohajeri School of Health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran fateme.akrami@gmail.com زینب رضایی Zeynab Rezaei School of Health, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran rezaeizeynab91@gmail.com محمد رفعتی فرد Mohammad Rafati Fard Researcher in Social Determinants of Health Resarch Center, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran rafati2821@yahoo.com Attitude Food Safety Knowledge Students آگاهی نگرش دانشجویان ایمنی مواد غذایی 1. Jahed G, GolestaniFar H, Ghodsi R, et al. The knowledge and attitude of students in relation with hygiene and food safety at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Research & Health. 2012;2(1):72-80. (Persian)##2. Rokni N. Principles of food hygiene. 8th ed, Tehran University of Tehran Press. Tehran, Iran, 2011. (Persian)##3. Morris J. How safe is our food? Emerging infectious diseases. 2011;17(1):126-8.##4. Sanlier N. The knowledge and practice of food safety by young and adult consumers. Food Control. 2009;20(6):538-42.##5. Jahed G, Golestani Far H, Vesoghi M, et al. Survey on attitude and knowledge of food safety and sanitation among soldiers of Arak Malek- Ashtar Garrison. Journal of Food Hygiene. 2012;2(6):91-106. (Persian)##6. Authority E. The European :union: summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2009. EFSA Journal. 2011;9:2090.##7. Lazou T, Georgiadis M, Pentieva K, et al. Food safety knowledge and food-handling practices of Greek university students: A questionnaire-based survey. Food Control. 2012;28(2):400-11.##8. Giritlioglu I, Batman O, Tetik N. The knowledge and practice of food safety and hygiene of cookery students in Turkey. Food Control. 2011;22(6):838-42.##9. WHO. Food safety and foodborne illness. Fact sheet No. 237, available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/index.html. 2007.##10. Patil S, Cates S, Morales R. Consumer food safety knowledge, practices, and demographic differences: findings from a meta-analysis. Journal of Food Protection®. 2005;68(9):1884-94.##11. Kennedy J, Jackson V, Blair I, et al. Food safety knowledge of consumers and the microbiological and temperature status of their refrigerators. Journal of Food Protection. 2005;68(7):1421-30.##12. Kennedy J, Jackson V, Cowan C, et al. Consumer food safety knowledge: Segmentation of Irish home food preparers based on food safety knowledge and practice. British Food Journal. 2005;107(7):441-52.##13. Dini H, Tavakoli H, Rahmati najarkolaei F, et al. Knowledge, Beliefs and Behavior of Food Consumption among Students of Military University: The Application of Health Belief Model (HBM). Journal of Military Medicine. 2012;14(3):206-13. (Persian)##14. McArthur L, Holbert D, Forsythe W. College Students and Awareness of Food Safety. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences. 2007;99(1):60-7.##15. Medeiros L, Hillers VN, Chen G, et al. Design and development of food safety knowledge and attitude scales for consumer food safety education. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104(11):1671-7.##16. Hassan H, Dimassi H. Food safety and handling knowledge and practices of Lebanese university students. Food Control. 2014;40:127-33.##17. Ghofranipour F. Impact of health education in reducing intestinal parasitic infections in the city of Ilam with using Precede model. Journal of Shahid Sdoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2001;9(4):75-80. (Persian)##18. Redmond E, Griffith C. Consumer food handling in the home: a review of food safety studies. Journal of Food Protection. 2003;66(1):130-61.##19. Byrd-Bredbenner C, Maurer J, Wheatley V, et al. Food safety self-reported behaviors and cognitions of young adults: results of a national study. Journal of Food Protection. 2007;70(8):1917-26.##20. Sharif L, Al-Malki T. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Taif University students on food poisoning. Food Control. 2010;21(1):55-60.##21. Osaili T, Obeidat B, Abu Jamous D, et al. Food safety knowledge and practices among college female students in north of Jordan. Food Control. 2011;22(2):269-76.##22. Garayoa R, Córdoba M, Garcia-Jalon I, et al. Relationship between consumer food safety knowledge and reported behavior among students from health sciences in one region of Spain. Journal of Food Protection. 2005;68(12):2631-6.##23. Sudershan R, Rao G, Rao P, et al. Food safety related perceptions and practices of mothers–A case study in Hyderabad, India. Food Control. 2008;19(5):506-13.##24. Tavakoli H, Zeynali M, Mehrabitavana A. Scrutiny of Food-Borne Botulism Intoxication in Iran during 2003-2007 with the Food Hygiene View Point. Hakim Research Journal. 2009;11(4):38-46. (Persian)## ##

The Epidemiologic Investigation of Genital Warts within the Females Referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd – A Case Series Study بررسی اپیدمیولوژیک زگیلهای تناسلی در زنان ارجاع شده به بیمارستان شهید صدوقی یزد : مطالعه سری موارد 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: زگیل تناسلی شایعترین بیماری منتقله جنسی(STD) در جهان است، بروز این عفونت در سالهای اخیر افزایش یافته است. با توجه به اینکه اطلاعاتی در مورد شیوع  عفونت HPV و عوامل خطر آن در استان یزد وجود نداشت، تصمیم به بررسی ویژگی های دموگرافیک و عوامل خطر آن در بیماران یزد گرفتیم. روش کار: در این مطالعه که از نوع سری موارد می باشد، تعداد 119 بیمار مبتلا به زگیل تناسلی ارجاع شده  به بیمارستان شهید صدوقی یزد وارد این مطالعه شدند. اطلاعات دموگرافیک و فاکتورهای جنسی و باروری بیماران با استفاده از پرسشنامه جمع آوری شد.  نتایج: به طور کلی، میانگین سنی بیماران 32.9 سال بود وبیشترین شیوع بیماری در سن 31-35 سال بود. 58.8% بیماران در سن زیر 20سال فعالیت جنسی خود را آغاز کره بودند. بعلاوه تنها 5% بیماران بیش از یک شریک جنسی داشتند. 8.4% از شرکت کنندگان به سایر بیماریهای جنسی مبتلا بودند. در 87.4% از موارد ابتدا تشخیص بیماری در زنان بوده و سپس در شرکای جنسی آنها دیده شده است و از میان بیماران 61.3% اقدام برای تزریق واکسن کردند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه بیانگر شیوع بالاتر بیماری در گروههای سنی جوان و فعال از نظر جنسی می باشد. بنابراین انجام مطالعات بیشتر و آموزش قواعد روابط جنسی سالم به گروههای پرخطر و هم چنین فراهم نمودن واکسن گارداسیل برای کلیه افراد در خطر بسیار حائز اهمیت می باشد.  2 Abstract Introduction: human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) throughout the world. The incidence of HPV has been increasing over recent years. Since scant information has been reported on the prevalence of HPV and its related risk factors in Yazd province, the present study aimed to evaluate effects of demographic characteristics as well as the risk factors associated with HPV in Yazd province, Iran. Materials & Methods: A total of 119 patients with genital warts entered this case series, who referred to Shahid Sadoughi hospital. Demographic information and productivity factors were collected using some questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the patients was (32.9) that most of the infected were between the ages of 31 to 35. Approximately, 58.8% of the patients started sex under the age of 20, and only 5% of the patients had more than one sex partner. Besides, almost 8 .4% of the participants were infected with other STDs. In 87.4% of cases, the diagnosis of genital warts is first appear in woman then their sex partner, and % 61.3 of the patients chose vaccination. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that HPV is more prevalent within young adults, in particular those who are sexually active. As a result, further research seems to be demanded in regard with sexual health, relationship training, as well as HPV vaccines such as Gardasil for high-risk people. 168 176 2015/07/282015/08/3 1394/5/12 2015/08/302015/08/30 1394/6/8 سپیده مهدوی Sepideh Mahdavi Department of Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran محمد حسن لطفی Mohammad hassan Lotfi Department of Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran محمد کمالی نژاد Mohammad Kamalinejad Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran مجید امتیازی Majid Emtiazy Faculty of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Traditional Medicine Faculty, Shahid Sadoughi university of medical Sciences, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran مژگان کریمی زارچی mojgan Karimi- Zarchi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran drkarimi2001@yahoo.com مصطفی عنایت راد Mostafa Enayatrad Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran معصومه نقشی Masomeh Naghshi Department of Midwifery, Obstetric, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran فاطمه سادات فقیهی Fatemeh sadat Faghih Department of Midwifery, Obstetric, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran Genital warts Human papillomavirus Sexual risk factors Yazd ویروس پاپیلومای انسانی(HPV) زگیل تناسلی فاکتورهای خطر جنسی یزد 1- Hallaji M Z. Genital Warts in 250 Iranian Patients and Their High-Risk Sexual Behaviors. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2013;16(9):518.##2- Ramezanpour A, Fallah R. Genital Warts in North-West of Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2012;18(10):1326-8.##3- Jaberipour M, Momtahan M, Najib F, et al. Detection of high-risk human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 but not 33 and 52 in external genital warts from Iranian females. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2011;12(3):771-4.##4- Zavarei MJZJ, Hamkar R, Dana VG, et al. Prevalence of HPV infection and its association with cytological abnormalities of Pap smears in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2008;37(3):101-6.##5- Afshar R, Mollaie H, Fazlalipour M, et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus infection using the INNo-Lipa assay, Kerman, Southeast Iran. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2013;14:5287-91.##6- Bohlooli S, Mohebipoor A, Mohammadi S, et al. Comparative study of fig tree efficacy in the treatment of common warts (Verruca vulgaris) vs. cryotherapy. International journal of dermatology. 2007;46(5):524-6.##7- Kjær SK, Nam TT, Sparen P, et al. The burden of genital warts: a study of nearly 70,000 women from the general female population in the 4 Nordic countries. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;196(10):1447-54.##8- Nejad HA, Farshadpour F, Rastian Z. Prevalence of various Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypesamong women who subjected to routine Pap smear test in Bushehr city (South west of Iran) 2008-2009. cancer. 2010;1:11-3.##9- Akcali S, Goker A, Ecemis T, et al. Human papilloma virus frequency and genotype distribution in a Turkish population. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2013;14(1):503-6.##10- Behzadi P, Behzadi E, Ranjbar R, et al. Cervical Cancer and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)–Viral Cervical Cancer. MOJ Cell Sci Rep. 2015;2(2):00026.##11- AL-Sabawi NA. The Antibacterial Effect of Fig (Leaves Extract and Latex) on Enterococcus faeca-lis as Intracanal Medicament.(An in vi-tro study). Al-Rafidain Dental Journal. 2013;10(1).##12- Khodarahmi GA, Ghasemi N, Hassanzadeh F, et al. Cytotoxic effects of different extracts and latex of Ficuscarica L. on HeLa cell line. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR. 2011;10(2):273.##13- Ferlay J S-FE, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(6):1374-403.##14- Ferlay J SH, Bray F, Forman D, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010;127(12):2893-917.##15- Khatibi M, Rasekh HR. Applying a Simple Model of Cost Effectiveness Study of HPV Vaccine for Iran. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR. 2015;14(2):635.##16- Khodakarami N, Clifford GM, Yavari P, et al. Human papillomavirus infection in women with and without cervical cancer in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Cancer. 2012;131(2):E156-E61.##17- Mcmurray HR, Nguyen D, Westbrook T, et al. Biology of human papillomaviruses. International journal of experimental pathology. 2001;82(1):15-33.##18- Kwok CS, Gibbs S, Bennett C, et al. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. The Cochrane Library. 2012;9: cd001781##19- Jahdi F, Khademi K, Khoei EM, et al. Reproductive factors associated to human papillomavirus infection in Iranian woman. Journal of family & reproductive health. 2013;7(3):145.##20- Tabari ST, Javadian M, Barat S. The efficacy of podophylin 20% and thricholoroacetic acid 30% in the treatment of genital wart. Casp J Intern Med. 2010;1(1):16-9.##21- Dinh T-H, Sternberg M, Dunne EF, et al. Genital warts among 18-to 59-year-olds in the United States, national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999–2004. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2008;35(4):357-60.##22- Leung W, Chan P, Lau K, et al. The prevalence of human papilloma virus in the anal region of male Chinese attendees in three public sexually transmitted disease clinics in Hong Kong. Hong Kong J Dermatol Venereol. 2011;19(1):6-13.#### ##

Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Nanoparticles Coated with Alumina and Modified by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide حذف کروم شش ظرفیتی از محیط‌های آبی با استفاده از نانوذرات مغناطیسی پوشیده شده با آلومینای اصلاح شده توسط ستیل‌تری‌متیل-آمونیم‌برمید 2 1 توسعه روشی مؤثر برای حذف کروم از محیط زیست از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. هدف تحقیق سنتز نانوذرات مغناطیسی پوشیده شده با آلومینای اصلاح شده توسط ستیل‌تری‌متیل‌آمونیم‌برمید در حذف کروم شش ظرفیتی به روش استخراج فاز جامد مغناطیسی می‌باشد. ابتدا نانوذرات اصلاح شده سنتز و مشخصه یابی ساختاری شدند. عوامل مؤثر بر فرایند حذف کروم شامل غلظت ستیل‌تری‌متیل‌آمونیم‌برمید، pH محلول، مقدار نانوذره، حجم نمونه، شوینده مناسب، زمان جذب و بازجذب و تاثیر یون‌های مزاحم مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین ایزوترم جذب، ظرفیت جذب و قابلیت بازیابی و استفاده مجدد جاذب بررسی شد. نانوذرات مغناطیسی اصلاح شده از نظر ساختار، یکنواخت، کروی، اندازه کمتر از 20 نانومتر و دارای خاصیت مغناطیسی می-باشند. شرایط بهینه جهت جداسازی کروم شامل mol/L 6-10×7 غلظت بهینه ستیل‌تری‌متیل‌آمونیم‌برمید، محدوده pH 6 تا 8، مقدار 1/0 گرم نانوذره، ml10 حجم نمونه کروم، اسید نیتریک 2 مولار بعنوان شوینده مناسب، 15 دقیقه زمان جذب و بازجذب و عدم تداخل یون‌های مزاحم در فرایند جداسازی کروم می‌باشد. بازدهی فرایند در شرایط بهینه بیش از 95 درصد تعیین شد. فرایند از ایزوترم جذب لانگمویر تبعیت نمود. ظرفیت جذب mg/gr 8/23 تعیین شد. استفاده مجدد پس از 4 مرتبه بازیابی جاذب بیش از 80 درصد در حذف کروم موثر بود. دقت روش برای 5 مرتبه انداره‌گیری 155/4 درصد و حد تشخیص روش mg/L 081/0 تعیین شد. روش دارای مزایایی از قبیل آماده‌سازی آسان جاذب، انتخاب‌پذیری بالا، دقت بالا، زمان کوتاه فرایند و راندمان بالا در حذف کروم از محیط‌های آبی می‌باشد که می‌تواند در نمونه‌های حقیقی نیز بکار گرفته شود. 2 Introduction: The development of an effective method regarding chromium removal from the environment is of great importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to examiner magnetic nanoparticles coated with alumina modified by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in the removal of Cr6+ through magnetic solid phase extraction method. Materials & Methods: At first, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized, coated with alumina, modified with CTAB and characterized with suitable instruments. The factors affecting the process of chromium removal were investigated, including the concentration of CTAB, the pH, the amount of nanoparticles, the sample volume, a proper eluent, the adsorption and desorption time, and the effect of interfering ions. Moreover, the chromium concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) technique. The adsorption isotherm, adsorption capacity, and recoverability of the adsorbent were further examined. Results: The modified magnetic nanoparticles were demonstrated to be homogeneous, spherical, with a size lower than 20 nanometer having a magnetic property. The optimal conditions for chromium removal entailed 7*10-6 mol/L concentration of CTAB, pH range of 6-8, 0.1 g of the nanoparticles, 10 mL volume of the chromium sample (5 &mug mL-1), nitric acid 2 M as a suitable eluent, 15 minutes of adsorption and desorption, and no interference of interfering ions in the process of chromium separation. The process efficiency under optimal conditions was determined to be over 95%, which this process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption capacity proved to be 23.8 mg/g. Reusing after four times of adsorbent recovering was effective in the chromium removal (80%). The method accuracy for five measurement times was 4.155% and the method’s LOD was 0.081 mg/L. Conclusion: The method enjoys the benefits of convenient preparation of the adsorbent, high selectivity, high accuracy, short process time, and high-efficiency in chromium removal from aquatic environments, lending itself to be used in the real samples. 177 193 2015/07/282015/08/32015/10/19 1394/7/27 2015/08/302015/08/302015/11/11 1394/8/20 محمد ملکوتیان Mohammad Malakootian Environmental Health Engineering Research Center and Department of Environmental Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran m.malakotian@yahoo.com اصغر عسکرپور Asghar Askarpuor Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Payame Noor University of Sirjan, Kerman, Iran a_askar_kabir@yahoo.com نجمه امیرماهانی Najmeh Amirmahani Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran mahan16095@yahoo.com زهرا نصیری Zahra Nasiri Fatemeh Alzahra Department, Organization of Education, Kerman, Iran علیرضا نصیری Alireza Nasiri Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran nasiri_a62@yahoo.com Hexavalent chromium Magnetic solid phase extraction Magnetic nanoparticles Cationic surfactant کروم شش ظرفیتی استخراج فاز جامد مغناطیسی نانوذرات مغناطیسی سورفاکتانت کاتیونی 1. 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The Association between Socio-Demographic Charactristics and Fast Food Consumption withinHigh School Students in Isfahan, Iran ارتباط متغیرهای دموگرافیک با مصرف فست فود در دانش آموزان دبیرستانی شهر اصفهان 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: مصرف فست فود در سالهای اخیر تا حد زیادی در میان نوجوانان افزایش یافته است. مصرف فست فودها با افزایش وزن، رژیم غذایی فقیر و همچنین مقاومت به انسولین در ارتباط است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی ارتباط بین متغیرهای دموگرافیک و مصرف فست فود در میان دانش آموزان بود. روش کار: این مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی بر روی 521 دانش آموز 15 تا18 ساله  (244 پسر، 277 دختر) در 3 ناحیه شهر اصفهان انجام گرفت. افراد مورد مطالعه با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات با استفاده از تکمیل پرسشنامه توسط دانش آموزان جمع آوری شد .موارد مورد بررسی در پرسشنامه شامل تعداد دفعات مصرف فست فود ها، متغیرهای دموگرافیک، میزان تماشای تلویزیون، دانش و نگرش دانش آموزان دبیرستانی نسبت به مصرف فست فود بود. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS14 و آمار توصیفی و استنباطی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.. نتایج: میانگین سنی دانش آموزان 89/0±28/16بود. مصرف مکرر فست فود(3 بار و بیشتر در هفته) در 5/15 درصد دختران و 3/15 درصد پسران گزارش شد. ارتباط معناداری میان مصرف فست فود و سطح بالای تحصیلات والدین و درآمد خانوار وجود داشت( 01/0>P). 55 درصد دانش آموزان از عوارض مصرف فست فود آگاه بودند. از دلایل عمده مصرف فست فود ها شامل لذت بردن از طعم فست فودها ، خوردن فست فودها در هر مکانی و ارزان قیمت بودن آنها می باشد. نتیجه گیری:یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که مصرف فست فودها در خانواده های با درآمد و سطح تحصیلات بالا  افزایش یافته است، لذا این خانواده ها بایددر خصوص اثرات مضر فست فودها  و نحوه انتخاب غذاهای سالم آموزش داده شود. همچنین مداخلات آموزشی که دسترسی به فست فودها را کاهش می دهد و  یا موجب  ارتقاء تغییر دانش، نگرشو تغییر رفتار  افراد در خصوص کاهش مصرف فست فود ها می شود سودمند می باشد. 2 Abstract Introduction: Fast food consumption has greatly increased with in adolescents in recent years, which is linked with weight gain, poor dietary indexes and insulin resistance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between demographic characteristics and fast food consumption with in high school students. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, a sample of 521 high school students  aged 15-18 years were examined in Isfahan city, who were selected via multistage sampling method. The study data were collected using a questionnaire completed by the students. The present study probed to assess such items as frequency of fast food consumption, demographic characteristics, hours of television viewing, as well as high school students;#39 knowledge and attitude. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Frequent intake of fast food (;ge1 time/week) was reported 15.5% within females and 15.3% within males. A significant relationship was detected between parents’ high level of education and high income of the family with the fast food consumption. The predominate reasons for fast food consumption were stated as “enjoying tastes”, “eating at any place”,” inexpensive and economic”. Conclusion: The findings revealed that fast food consumption increased in families with high income and high education level, though these families needed to be educated on the harmful effects of fast food and how to choose the healthy foods. Therefore, some interventions may be regarded beneficial in order to reduce the exposure to the fast food and promote knowledge, attitude, and behavior change in regard with reducing consumption of fast food. 194 202 2015/07/282015/08/32015/10/192015/12/19 1394/9/28 2015/08/302015/08/302015/11/112015/12/19 1394/9/28 پرستو یارمحمدی Parastoo Yarmohammadi Health Education, Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran. غلامرضا شریفی راد Gholam Reza Sharifirad Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Ghom University of Medical Sciences, Ghom, Iran لیلا آزادبخت Leila Azadbakht Food Safety Research Center, Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran پریسا یارمحمدی Parisa Yarmohammadi Department of animal physiology, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran زهره رهایی Zohreh Rahaei Health Education Department, School of Public Health, Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran z_rahayy@yahoo.com ولی بهره ور Vali Bahrevar School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Yazd, Yazd, Iran زهرا خواجه Zahra Khajeh School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Yazd, Yazd, Iran Demographic characteristics Fast food consumption High school students متغیر های دموگرافیک مصرف فست فود دانش آموزان دبیرستانی Bowman SA, Vinyard BT. 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Association Levels of Development the City of Kerman In Terms of Health and Indicators Using the Numerical Taxonomy ارزیابی سطوح توسعه یافتگی شهرستان های استان کرمان از لحاظ شاخص های سلامت با استفاده از مدل تاکسونومی عددی 2 1 زمینه: لازمه برنامه ریزی جهت دستیابی به توسعه مطلوب، شناخت و درک وضع موجود است که این شناسایی مستلزم تفکیک مناطق مورد مطالعه به نواحی برنامه ریزی و سنجش هر ناحیه با شاخص های توسعه و تجزیه و تحلیل و رتبه بندی هر ناحیه به لحاظ برخورداری از مواهب توسعه است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تعیین سطح توسعه یافتگی شهرستان های استان کرمان با استفاده از مدل تاکسونومی عددی می‌باشد. روش پژوهش: پژوهش حاضر از نوع کاربردی و توصیفی بوده که با استفاده از مدل تاکسونومی عددی به سطح بندی 16 شهرستان های استان کرمان بر اساس 10 شاخص منتخب بهداشتی پرداخته است. داده های مورد نیاز با استفاده از یک فرم جمع آوری اطلاعات محقق ساخته و از طریق مرکز آمار و دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان جمع آوری شد. تحلیل نتایج نیز با استفاده از نرم افزار اکسل و SPSS.19 انجام گرفت. یافته ها: بر اساس روش تاکسونومی شهرستان بافت با درجه توسعه یافتگی 46/0 برخوردارترین و شهرستان ریگان با درجه توسعه یافتگی 93/0 محروم ترین شهرستان بود. همچنین 25/31 درصد شهرستان های مورد مطالعه دارای برخورداری متوسط، 5/37 درصد دارای برخورداری کم و مابقی دارای کمترین برخورداری بودند. نتیجه گیری: بین شهرستان های مختلف در بخش بهداشت و درمان اختلاف نسبتاً زیادی وجود دارد و اغلب شهرستان های مورد مطالعه از نظر شاخص‌های بخش بهداشت و درمان در حد مطلوبی نمی‌باشند. لذا برنامه ریزی در خصوص نحوه تخصیص منابع بخش بهداشت و درمان از جانب سیاست‌گذاران امر سلامت برای بهبود وضعیت شهرستان های مورد مطالعه امری ضروری می باشد. 2 Abstract Introduction: knowledge and understanding of the situation is necessary for planning to achieve optimal development that this identifying involves separating study regions to planning areas and evaluation of the separate regions by development indicators and analysis and ranking of each area in terms of having development blessings. This study aims to Stratification of Kerman Province Districts in Terms of Health Indicators with taxonomy models. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was applied using taxonomy Models to Stratification of 16 Kerman Province Districts based on 10 selected health indicators. Data were collected by the researcher form and through statistical center of Iran and Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was done using SPSS/19. Results: The calculations based on taxonomy Model, Baft district with 0.46 and Rigan district with 0.96 were most and less developed districts, respectively. Conclusions: there is a relatively large difference between cities in the health sector and Most of the citiesare not satisfactory in the aspect of healthcare indices. So having plan on how to allocate resources for the health sector to improve the health of the cities is essential for policy makers. 203 214 2015/07/282015/08/32015/10/192015/12/192015/08/3 1394/5/12 2015/08/302015/08/302015/11/112015/12/192015/12/19 1394/9/28 مهدی رعد آبادی Mehdi Raadabadi Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran mehdiraadabadi@gmail.com محسن بارونی Mohsen Barouni Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran barooni.mohsen@gmail.com رضا گودرزی Reza Goudarzi Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran goodarzi.m@yahoo.com نجمه باقیان Najmeh Baghian Health Policy Research center, faculty of health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran n.baghian@yahoo.com اسماء صابرماهانی Asma Sabermahani Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran sabermahani@yahoo.com Keywords: Development Taxonomy Health Care توسعه یافتگی تاکسونومی شاخص های بهداشتی Davari M, Haycox A, Walley T. Health care financing in iran; is privatization a good solution? Iranian journal of public health. 2012; 41(7):14.##2. Taghvaei M, NorouziAvargani A. Determination and Analysis of Enjoying Levels of Rural Areas of Iran; Using Numerical Taxonomy & Cluster Analysis Methods. Social Development & Welfare Planning. 2011; 2(5):116-91.##3. Taghvaei M, NorouziAvargani A. An Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Facilities and Rural Services and categorization of Rural Districts of ChaharMahal and Bakhtiary Province. Isfahan University Research Journal. 2007; 24(3):19-30.##4. Rezvani MR, Sahne B. Measure the development of rural areas using fuzzy logic: A case study villages and cities Qqla Turkmen Port. Journal of Rural Development Studies.2005; 8(3); 1-33.##5. Dadashpour H, Alizadeh B, Madani B. Examining and Analyzing the Development Trends and Spatial Inequalities in the Counties of the West Azerbaijan. Journal of Social Sciences 2011(53): 173- 207.##6. Zarand M, Hesari M, Nilisani HR. Ranking city of Khorasan province in terms of development. Selected statistical topics 2008; 18(2):43-55.##7. Sharifzadeh A. Classifying regional development in Iran (Application of Composite Index Approach). Journal of Urban-Regional Studies and Research. 2012;4(13):41-62. [Persian]##8. Nastaran M. Analyzing and assessing the degree of concentration and distribution of health indicators in Isfahan. Journal of The Faculty of Letters and Humanities. 2001; 2(26, 27): 145-162. [Persian]##9. Boutayeb A, Serghini M. Health indicators and human development in the Arab region. International journal of health geographics. 2006; 5(1):61.##10. Movahedi M; Hajarizadeh B; Rahimi AD; et al. Trend and geographical inequality pattern of main health indicators in rural population of Iran. Hakim Research Journal 2008;10(4):1-10. [Persian]##11. Elyaspour B, Elyaspour D, Hejazi A. The effect of training on the degree of completeness of medical records in university hospitals in the city of Bojnurd. J North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences 2011; 3(1):23-8. [Persian]##12. Mohammadi E, Raissi AR, Barooni M, et al. Survey of social health insurance structure in selected countries; providing framework for basic health insurance in Iran. Journal of education and health promotion. 2014;3:116.##13. Noorbakhsh F. Human development and regional disparities in Iran: a policy model. . Journal of International Development. 2002;14:927-49. [Persian].##14. Sayemiri A, Sayemiri K. Health andtreatment ranking in /lam Towns using principeal components Method and numrical taxonomy technique. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2001;8(9):30-5. [Persian].##15. Saroukhani B, TavakoliVala J, A R. Numerical Taxonomy and Its Application in Social Research. Journal of Historical Sociology. 2012;4:171-194.##16. Paez A, Mercado RG, Farber S, et al. Accessibility to health care facilities in Montreal Island: an application of relative accessibility indicators from the perspective of senior and non-senior residents. International journal of health geographics. 2010;52(9):1-15.##17. Azadeh A, Ghaderi SF, Maghsoudi A. Location optimization of solar plants by an integrated hierarchical DEA PCA approach. Energy Policy 2008; 36: 3993-4004. [Persian]##18. Ziari K, Zanjirchi S.M, Sorkhkamal K. A Study and Measurement of the Development Degree of the Counties of KhorasanRazavy Province Using TOPSIS Technique. Human Geography Research Quarterly 2010; 72: 17-30. [Persian]##19. Ghazanfarpour H. Stratification & development ratio of medical Service in Kerman Province cities by concentration index. Quarterly of spatial planning. 2014, 3(4): 1-18##20. Taghvae M, Mosayebi S. Classification of the benefit of Kerman province using Morris and GIS Models. Journal of Geographical Lanfscape. 2012, 4(12); 111-132. [Persian]##21. Saber Mahany A, Barouni M, Mohammadzadeh A, et al. Comparing of townships efficiency of kerman province in accessing to human development index (hdi) via data envelopment analysis (dea)-2001 & 2007. Teb Va Tazkieh. 2010;76:46-58. [Persian]##22. Taghvaei M, Shahivandi A. Spatial Distribution of Health Services in Iranian Cities. Social Welfare Quarterly 2011;10(39):33-54##23. Hamouzadeh P, Moradi Hovasin N, Sadeghifar J, Tofighi S. Ranking West Azerbaijan districts regarding utilization of structural indices of health care. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2013;17(2):41-9. [Persian]##24. Bahadori M, Shams L, Sadeghifar J, et al. Classification of Health Structural Indicators Using Scalogram Model in Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2012; 41(5):58-65.## ##

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Pasteurized Milk Produced in Rafsanjan, Iran بررسی میزان آفلاتوکسین در شیرهای خام و پاستوریزه تولیدی شهرستان رفسنجان 2 1 سابقه و هدف: آفلاتوکسین، که به عنوان عوامل سرطان زا کبدی در انسان شناخته شده است که بسیار تراتوژن، جهش زا، سمی و سرطان زا می باشد. مواد و روشها: این مطالعه به منظور تعیین وقوع آفلاتوکسین AFM1 در 40 شیر خام و 47 نمونه شیر پاستوریزه جمع آوری در طول تابستان و زمستان مورد ازمایش قرار گرفت.روش ایمونوسوربنت متصل به آنزیم (ELISA) برای سنجش مایکوتوکسین مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج: آفلاتوکسین M1 در 97.5٪ از شیر خام گرفته از 6.52-68.17 نانوگرم در لیتر و 95.7٪ از شیر پاستوریزه 0.8-58.13 نانوگرم در لیتراز جداسازی شد. سطح سم در 10 درصد از شیر خام و 2.1 درصد از نمونه شیر پاستوریزه بیش از حد استاندارد ملی ایران یعنی 50. نانوگرم در لیتر بود با توجه به تغییرات فصلی، غلظت AFM1 در نمونه های جمع آوری شده در فصل زمستان به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از نمونه های جمع آوری شده در فصل تابستان بود (P <0.03). نتیجه گیری: مقدار زیادی از از AFM1 در نمونه های شیر ممکن است یک خطر بالقوه برای سلامت عمومی است. کاهش سطح AFB1 در خوراک حیوان را می توان رویکرد اولیه برای کنترل انتقال AFM1 به انسان دانست. 2 Introduction: Aflatoxins, known as causative factors of hepatic and extra-hepatic carcinogenesis within humans, are extremely teratogenic, mutagenic, toxic, and carcinogenic compounds. Materials & Methods: This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 40 raw milk and 47 pasteurized milk samples collected during spring and winter. In order to analyze the samples, the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) procedure was used. The statistical methods used in this study were based on normal confidence intervals and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Aflatoxin M1 was detected in 97.5% of the raw milk ranging from 6.52 to 68.17 ng/l and 95.7% of the pasteurized milk, ranging from 0.8 to 58.13 ng/l. Toxin levels in 10% of the raw milk and 2.1% of the pasteurized milk samples exceeded the Iranian national standard limit i.e. 50 ng/l.  Due to seasonal variations, mean concentration of AFM1 in the samples collected in winter was significantly (P < 0.03) higher than those collected in the summer. Conclusion: Large amount of AFM1 in milk samples might be a potential hazard for the public health. Reducing the levels of AFB1 in animal feedstuffs can be regarded as the initial step to control the transfer of AFM1 to humans. 215 219 2015/07/282015/08/32015/10/192015/12/192015/08/32015/09/14 1394/6/23 2015/08/302015/08/302015/11/112015/12/192015/12/192015/11/11 1394/8/20 فاطمه اکرمی مهاجری FaAkrami Mohajeri Akrami Mohajeri Social Medicine Department, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran آسیه امیری Asieh Amiri Social Medicine Department, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran حسین خرم دل آزاد Hossein Khorramdel Azad Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Science, Rafsanjan, Iran زهرا احمدی Zahra Ahmadi Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Science, Rafsanjan, Iran زهرا اسدالهی Zahra Asadollahi Occupational Environment Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Science, Rafsanjan, Iran محسن رضائیان Mohsen Rezaeian Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran عزیزالله فلاح Aziz A. Fallah Cardiovascular سید رضی قالبی Seyed Razi Ghalebi Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Aflatoxin M1 Raw milk Pasteurized milk ELISA Iran : آفلاتوکسین M1 شیر خام شیر پاستوریزه الیزا 1. Rahimi E, Bonyadian M, Rafei M, et al. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk of five dairy species in Ahvaz, Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(1):129-31.##2. Akrami Mohajeri F, Ghalebi SR, Rezaeian M, et al. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in white and Lighvan cheese marketed in Rafsanjan, Iran. Food Control. 2013;33(2):525-7.##3. Heshmati A, Milani JM. Contamination of UHT milk by aflatoxin M1 in Iran. Food Control. 2010;21(1):19-22.##4. Kamkar A. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Sarab city of Iran. Food Control. 2005;16(7):593-9.##5. Fallah AA. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in central part of Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(3):988-91.##6. Nemati M, Mehran MA, Hamed PK, et al. A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples in Ardabil, Iran. Food Control. 2010;21(7):1022-4.##7. ISIRI. Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran. Maximum tolerated limits of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. National Standard No 5925. 2002.##8. Tavakoli HR, Riazipour M, Kamkar A, et al. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in white cheese samples from Tehran, Iran. Food Control. 2012;23(1):293-5.##9. R-Biopharm, GmbH Darmstadt, Germany. Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxins. Ridascreen Aflatoxin M1 Art No: R1121. 2012.##10. Mohammadian B, Khezri M, Ghasemipour N, et al. Aflatoxin M1 contamination of raw and pasteurized milk produced in Sanandaj, Iran. Archives of Razi. 2010;65(2):99-104.##11. Dashti B, Al-Hamli S, Alomirah H, et al. Levels of aflatoxin M1 in milk, cheese consumed in Kuwait and occurrence of total aflatoxin in local and imported animal feed. Food Control. 2009;20(7):686-90.##12. Fallah AA, Rahnama M, Jafari T, et al. Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in industrial and traditional Iranian dairy products. Food Control. 2011;22(10):1653-6.##13. Ruangwises N, Ruangwises S. Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Raw Milk within the Central Region of Thailand. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2010;85(2):195-8.#### ##

Examining Changes Trend of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater Using Geo-Statistical Technique and Its Zoning in Geographic information system (GIS), Case Study: Drinking Water wells in Yazd-Ardakan Plain بررسی روند تغییرات غلظت فلوئوردر آبهای زیرزمینی با استفاده از تکنیک زمین آمار و پهنه بندی آن در سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی GIS ، مطالعه موردی: چاههای آب شرب دشت یزد- اردکان 2 1 زمینه و هدف: تحقیقات انجام شده نشان داده است که وجود فلوئور در آب آشامیدنی در محدوده استاندارد میتواند در پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندان کمک کند. در عین حال غظلت بالاتر از حد مجاز آن در آب شرب موجوب بیماری فلوئورزیس دندانی و استخوانی می شود. با توجه اهمیت میزان فلوئور در آب آشامیدنی و همچنین توانایی سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی در تحلیل مکانی عوامل مختلف موجود در آب های زیر زمینی در این مطالعه غلظت فلوئور در دشت یزد-اردکان با استفاده از دو مدل IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting) و کریجینگ مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه از داده های مربوط به وضعیت کیفی آب های زیر زمینی شرکت آب منطقه ای استان یزد و میانگین سالیانه فلوئور در سال 1393 استفاده گردیده است. داده های مذکور مربوط به 76 حلقه چاه روستایی و 107 حقله چاه شهری در محدوده مورد بررسی بود. میزان فلوئور موجود در آب های زیرزمینی مناطق روستایی و شهری پس از مقایسه با استاندارد ایران، در محیط نرم افزار Arc GIS مورد تحلیل مکانی با دو روش درون یابی IDW و کریجینگ قرار گرفت . نتایج: میانگین غلظت فلوئور در مناطق روستایی برابر با 68/0 میلی گرم در لیتر و در مناطق شهری برابر با 7/0 میلی گرم در لیتر بود. با توجه به حداقل و حداکثر غلظت فلوئور و انحراف از معیار 364/0 نواسانات غلظت فلوئور در مناطق روستایی بیشتر بود. برای هر دو منطقه روستایی و شهری روش درون یابی کریجینگ شرایط بهینه تری را نسبت به روش IDW داشت. نتیجه گیری: ساکنین مناطق جنوبی دشت یزد اردکان با مشکل کمبود فلوئور در آب آشمامیدنی و خطر پوسیدگی دندان بیشتری مواجه هستند و باید مدیریت لازم در این مناطق صورت گیرد. روش های زمین آمار میتواند کمک شایانی به درک بهتر مسایل زیست محیطی نمایند. 2 Background and Objective: Studies have shown that the presence of standard amount of fluoride in drinking water can prevent tooth decay. Meanwhile, higher concentration than permitted amount in drinking water causes bone disease and dental fluorosis. Given the importance of fluoride in drinking water and also GIS ability in spatial analysis of various factors in the groundwater, in this study the concentration of fluoride in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan has been investigated using two IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) and Kriging models. Materials and Methods: In this study, the data on the water quality of underground water of Yazd Regional Water Company and the average annual fluoride in 2014 were used. The data were related to 76 rural wells and 107 urban wells in the studied area. The rate of fluoride in groundwater in rural and urban areas was compared to the standard amount in Iran and then was analyzed via Arc GIS software using IDW and Kriging interpolation methods. Results: The mean concentration of fluoride was 0.68 mg/l in rural areas and 0.7 mg/l in urban areas. With regard to the minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride and standard deviation of 0.364, fluoride concentration fluctuations in rural areas were higher than urban areas. For both rural and urban areas Kriging interpolation method was more efficient than IDW method. Conclusion: The residents of southern districts of Yazd-Ardekan are more facing the shortage of fluoride in drinking water and the risk of tooth decay and necessary management should be done in these areas. Geo-statistical methods can greatly help understand environmental issues. 220 233 2015/07/282015/08/32015/10/192015/12/192015/08/32015/09/142015/10/15 1394/7/23 2015/08/302015/08/302015/11/112015/12/192015/12/192015/11/112015/11/11 1394/8/20 راضیه چرخکارزاده razieh charkhkarzadeh r.ch1733@ssu.ac.ir زهرا درخشان zahra derakhshan z_d_derakhshan@yahoo.com محمد میری mohammad miri m_miri87@yahoo.com محمد حسن احرامپوش mohammad hasan ehramposh ehrampoush@ssu.ac.ir محمد حسن لطفی mohammad hasan lotfi lotfi@yahoo.com وحید جعفری ندوشن vahid jafari nodoshan jafari@yahoo.com fluoride concentration geographic information systems interpolation drinking water غلظت فلوئور سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی درون یابی آب آشامیدنی 1. Whitford G.M. Acute and chronic fluoride toxicity. Journal of .Dent Res 1992;71: 1249–54.##2. Environmental Protection Agency. Fluoride: Exposure and Relative Source Contribution Analysis. Washington D.C, U.S; 2010.##3. World Health Organization. Fluorides and oral health. 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Quality of Life in Patients Suffering from Beta-Thalassemia Major in Amirkola, Iran 2 2 Abstract Introduction: Thalassemia is regarded as a genetic hematologic disease that affects various aspects of patients’ life. Measuring the health-related quality of life is a multidimensional concept that focuses on the disease as well as its treatment. Materials and methods:  This  cross-sectional study consisted of  50 adolescents aged 12-18 years suffering from Thalassemia major, out of which 30 were females and 20 were males with the mean (±SD) age of 15.38(±2) years old. The present study was carried out  applying the  Kidscreen-27 health-related questionnaire. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between urban and rural patients’ scores (P-value=0.22). Comparison of quality of life amongst female and male patients indicated  male patients;#39 better scores in regard with physical well-being, psychosocial well-being and the total score of quality of life compared to the females (P-value<0.05). The total score of quality of life within adolescents with higher educated  fathers was reported to be slightly higher than that of the other groups. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that there was neither a significant difference between urban and rural patients with thalassemia major, nor a relation between adolescent patients;#39  quality of life  and their fathers’ education level. Nonetheless, male patients were demonstrated to have better quality of lifethan females. 234 238 2015/07/282015/08/32015/10/192015/12/192015/08/32015/09/142015/10/152015/12/19 1394/9/28 2015/08/302015/08/302015/11/112015/12/192015/12/192015/11/112015/11/112015/12/19 1394/9/28 سروناز ساداتی Sadati Sadati 1. Medical student, Babol University of medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. احمد تمدنی Tamaddoni Tamaddoni 2. Pediatric Department, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran محمدحسین باقیانی مقدم Mohammad hossein baghianimoghadam baghianimoghdam@yahoo.com Adolescents Kidscreen-27 Quality of life Thalassemia major ##1. Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ. Thalassemia and malaria: new insights into an old problem. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians. 1999;111(4):278-82.##2. Ansari S, Baghersalimi A, Azarkeivan A, et al. Quality of life in patients with thalassemia major. Iranian journal of pediatric hematology and oncology. 2014;4(2):57.##3. Group W. WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life. Geneva: WHO. 1997. Available from http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf##4.Bowling A. Current state of the art in quality of life measurement.. BMJ Books, 2003.##5. Ravens‐Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, et al. The KIDSCREEN‐52 Quality of Life Measure for Children and Adolescents: Psychometric Results from a Cross‐Cultural Survey in 13 European Countries. Value in Health. 2008;11(4):645-58.##6. Abolghasemi H, Amid A, Zeinali S, et al. Thalassemia in Iran: epidemiology, prevention, and management. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2007;29(4):233-8.##7. Alavi A, Parvin N, Kheyri S, et al. Comparison of perspective of children with major thalassemia and their parents about their quality of life in Shahrekord. 2007;8(4):35-41##8. Haghpanah S, Nasirabadi S, Ghaffarpasand F, et al. Quality of life among Iranian patients with beta-thalassemia major using the SF-36 questionnaire. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2013;131(3):166-72.##9. Khaledi s, Moridi G, valiee S. Comparison the quality of life of healthy and Thalassemic children. 2013;8(29):87-94.## ##