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The Investigate Factors on Screening of the Breast Cancer Based on PEN-3 Model in Iranian Northern Women عوامل موثر بر غربالگری سرطان پستان با استفاده از مدل PEN-3 در زنان شمال ایران 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه: از آنجائیکه رفتار زنان برای تشخیص زودرس در مورد سرطان پستان متاثر ازعوامل فرهنگی واجتماعی است، هدف این مطالعه بررسی عوامل مرتبط با انجام غربالگری براساس چارچوب سازه های مدل PEN-3 می باشد. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع مقطعی است. جمعیت مورد مطالعه زنان بالای 20 سال می باشد. حجم نمونه 1416 نفر بوده است. روش نمونه گیری تصادفی و خوشه ای بوده است. ابزار جمع اوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه 70 سوالی بوده که پایایی و روایی آن مورد تایید قرار گرفت. آنالیز داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS ver. 20 انجام گرفته است. نتایج: میانگین سن جمعیت مورد مطالعه 1/6±71/35 سال بوده است. فقط 3/14% نمونه ها به طور منظم خودآزمایی انجام می دادند. 5/38درصد زنان سابقه انجام معاینه کلینیکی داشتند. دراین مطالعه تفاوت مشاهده شده در عملکرد زنان روستایی یا شهری. (P=0.005)، وضعیت تاهل (P=0.013) و سابقه بیماریهای خوش خیم سرطان پستان در زنان (p<0.001) در انجام خودآزمایی پستان و معاینه کلینیکی پستان از نظر اماری معنی دار بود. بر اساس مدل PEN-3 ارتباط معنی دار اماری بین عوامل ادراکی و عوامل قادر کننده (P=0.002) و عوامل ادراکی و عوامل تقویت کننده ( P=0.006) مشاهده شده است. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج ارائه شده، عملکرد زنان در استفاده از غربالگری پایین است. همچنین وضعیت مولفه های مدل PEN-3 (عوامل ادراکی، عوامل قادرکننده و عوامل تقویت کننده) برای غربالگری سرطان در جمعیت مورد مطالعه مناسب نیست. 2 Introduction: As much as the women`s behavior for the premature diagnosis of the breast cancer is affected by the cultural and social factors, the purpose of this study is to investigate factors associated with screening accordance with the model PEN-3. Materials and Methods: The present study was cross-sectional. The samples studied were women above 20 years and the sample size was 1416 people. The method of sampling was a random cluster. The tools of data collection questionnaire with 70 questions which approved its content validity and reliability. Data were analyzed by using software of SPSS Ver. 20. Results: The average age of samples was 35.71±6.1. Only 14.3% of samples are regularly conducted to the self-examination. Also, 38.5% of women had a history of the clinical examination. The difference of observed in performance the breast self-examination and clinical breast examination were the statistical significant by variables of rural or urban (P= 0.005), the marital status (P = 0.013) and a background of having breast cancer (P <0.001). The results of the study based on PEN-3 model were showed that there were a statistical significant relationship between the structure of perceptual factors and reinforcing factors (P=0.002) and between the perceptual factors and enabling factors (P=0.006). Conclusion: According to the results of presented, the women`s performance in using the screening was low. Also, the components status of the PEN-3 Model (factors of perceptual, enabling, and reinforcing) for the breast cancer screening in women studied were not suitable. 79 90 2015/06/11 1394/3/21 2015/08/30 1394/6/8 سید ابوالحسن نقیبی Seyed Abolhassan Naghibi Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences anaghibi1345@yahoo.com محمود موسی زاده Mahmood Moosazadeh Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences mmoosazadeh1351@gmail.com داوود شجاعی زاده Davood Shojaizadeh Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Shojae5@yahoo.com علی منتظری Ali Montazeri Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences montazeri@acecr.ac.ir جمشید یزدانی چراتی Jamshid Yazdani Cherati Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences jamshid_1380@yahoo.com Breast cancer PEN-3 Screening Model Education سرطان پستان PEN-3 غربالگری مدل اموزش Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Harirchi I, et al. Breast cancer in Iran: need for greater women awareness of warning signs and effective screening methods, Asia Pacific Family Medicine 2008;7(1);6. Doi: 10.1186/1447-056X-7-6.##2. Naghibi A, Shojaeezade D, Montazeri A, et al. Early detection of Breast Cancer among women in Mazandaran, Iran. Iranian journal of health sciences 2013;1(1):44-49 (Persian). ##3. Khazaee-pool M, Majlessi F, Foroushani AR, et al. Perception of breast cancer screening among Iranian women without experience of mammography: a qualitative study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014;15(9):3965-71.##4. CDC. Iranian Annual Cancer Registration Report, 2009-2010, Non communicable Deputy, Cancer Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, 2011;40: 15-20 (Persian).##5. Naghibi A, Shojaizadeh D, Montazeri A. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Mazandaran Province, 2009 - 2010. Journal of Mazandaran university medical science 2013;23(102);113-120 (Persian).##6. Abedini-mehr A. Breast maladies, clinical examination & diagnostic methods applied by health & therapeutic centers doctors & experts. Mezrab publication, 2010;1:15-25 (Persian).##7. Jahangiri L, Shojazadeh D, Khajeh Kazemi R, et al. Using of Health Belief Model in educational based program and its effect on knowledge and attitudes of women on breast cancer screening. Journal of health research system. 2011;7(6): 1052-1060 (Persian).##8. Yavari P, Mosavizadeh M, Sadrol-Hefazi B, et al. Reproductive Characteristics and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case –Control study in Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2005;6(3):370-5.##9. Kissal A, Beser A. Knowledge, Facilitators and Perceived Barriers for Early Detection of Breast Cancer among Elderly Turkish Women. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2011;12:975-84.##10. Sheppard VB, Williams KP, Harrison TM, et al. Development of decision-support intervention for black women with breast cancer. Psych oncology 2010;19(1):62-70. Doi: 10.1002/pon.1530.##11. Scarinci IC, Bandura L, Hidalgo B, et al. Development of a theory-based (PEN-3 and Health Belief Model), culturally relevant intervention on cervical cancer prevention among Latina immigrants using intervention mapping. Health Promotion Practice. 2012;13(1):29-40. Doi: 10.1177/1524839910366416.##12. Airhihenbuwa CO. Culture matters in global health. European Health Psychologist. 2010; 12(4): 52-55. ##13. Cowdery JE, Parker S, Thompson A. Application of the PEN-3 model in a diabetes prevention intervention. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice. 2012;4(1):3.##14. Airhihenbuwa CO, Webster JD. Culture and African contexts of HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support. SAHARA Journal. 2004;1(1):4-13.##15. Parsa P, kandiah M, parsa N. Factors associated with breast self-examination among Malaysian women teachers. East Mediterranean Health Journal 2011;17(6):509-16.##16. Ceber E, Yücel U, Mermer G, et al. Health beliefs and breast self-examination in a sample of Turkish women academicians in a university. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2009;10(2):213-8.##17. Olugbenga-Bello A, Oladele EA, Bello TO, et al. Awareness and breast cancer risk factors: perception and screening practices among females in a tertiary institution in Southwest Nigeria. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2011;18(1):8-15.##18. Cam O, Gumus AB. Breast cancer screening behavior in Turkish women: Relationships with health beliefs and self-esteem, body perception and hopelessness. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2009;10(1):49-56.##19. Rosmawati NH. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast self-examination among women in a suburban area in Terengganu, Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2010;11(6):1503-8.##20. Naghibi A, Vahid shahi K, Yazddani J, et al. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of male community health workers in Mako Township, Iran about breast self-examination. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2009;7(2):61-68 (Persian).##21. Ka'opua LS. Developing a culturally responsive breast cancer screening promotion with Native Hawaiian women in churches. Health Social Work. 2008; 33(3):169-77.##22. Mishra SI, Defogger B, Barnet B, et al. Social determinants of breast cancer screening in urban primary care practices: a community-engaged formative study. Women’s Health Issues 2012;22(5):e429-38. Doi: 10.1016/j.whi.2012.06.004.##23. Yang RJ, Huang LH, Hsieh YS, et al. Motivations and reasons for women attending a breast self-examination training program: A qualitative study. BMC Women’s Health. 2010;10:23. Doi:10.1186/1472-6874-10-23.##24. Simou E, Found oulakis E, Kourlaba G, et al. Factors associated with the use of preventive services by women in Greece. European Journal of Public Health 2011;21(4):512-9. Doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckq103.## ##

Can Prostate Specific Antigen Be Used as New Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer? آیا آنتی ژن اختصاصی پروستات به عنوان بیومارکر جدید برای تشخیص زودرس سرطان پستان می تواند استفاده شود؟ 2 1 زمینه : آنتی ژن اختصاصی پروستات پلاسما ((Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) یک گلیکوپروتئینی است که عمدتا توسط سلول های سنگفرشی پروستات تولید می شود و بطور عمده در تشخیص سرطان پروستات ارزیابی می شود گروهی از پژوهشگران حضور قابل توجه گیرنده های استروژنی در سرطان پستان را مرتبط با تولید بیش از حد معمول این بیومارکر در این نوع از سرطان می دانند. هدف: این مطالعه با هدف تعیین سطح آنتی ژن اختصاصی پلاسما به عنوان یک بیومارکر جدید برای تشخیص اولیه سرطان پستان انجام شده است. مواد و روش ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه Historical Cohort بوده که بر روی 95 بیمار با توده پستانی (43 نفر بدخیم ، 40 نفر خوش خیم) انجام شده است. افرادی که شرح حالی از هورمون تراپی اخیر داشتند و نیز نمونه های مرد از مطالعه خارج خواهند شد. در نهایت داده های این مطالعه با استفاده از آزمون های Independent sample t-test و نیز Exact test در محیط نرم افزار SPSS ver.19 آنالیز شدند. یافته ها: بنابر نتایج بدست آمده، سطح پلاسمایی PSA در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان حساسیت 15/63 درصد و ویژگی برابر با 48/53 درصد دارد همچنین میانگین سطح پلاسمایی PSA بیماران با توده خوش خیم 024/0 ± 047/0 و در بیماران با توده بد خیم 054/0 ± 065/0 بود که با توجه به 057/0 P: ارتباط معنی داری بین دو گروه دیده نشد. تفاوت سطح پلاسمایی PSA بین دو گروه بر حسب هیچ یک از عوامل زمینه ای نیز معنی دار نبود(P>0.05). نتیجه گیری: سطح پلاسمایی PSA یک بیومارکر قابل اعتماد در تشخیص سرطان پستان نیست اگرچه با توجه به شواهد علمی موجود انجام مطالعاتی جامع تر با در نظر سایر ویژگی بدخیمی ها و بر اساس درجه تمایز تومورها برای ارزیابی نقش دقیق تر PSA در افتراق ضایعات نئوپلاستیک پستان ضروری بنظر می رسد. 2 Introduction: As a glycoprotein, Plasma Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is mainly produced by prostate epithelial cells and is used as a major diagnostic tool for prostate cancer. A group of researchers relate the elevated number of estrogen receptors in breast cancer samples to the over-production of PSA in this type of cancer. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the participants' plasma PSA level as a new biomarker for the primary diagnosis of breast cancer. Methods: Employing a historical cohort design, this study was conducted on 95 patients suffering from breast masses. The participants were assigned to malignant (n=43) and benign (n=40) groups. Male participants and those undergoing a recent hormone therapy were excluded from the study. Independent-samples t-test and Fishers exact test were applied to analyze the data using SPSS software (ver. 20). Results: The study findings indicated that the sensitivity and specificity of the plasma PSA level were respectively 63.15% and 53.48 % in patients suffering from the breast cancer. It was found that the mean plasma PSA levels for the benign and malignant groups were 0.047 ± 0.024 and 0.065 ± 0.054 respectively. No statistically significant relationship was detected between the two groups. Moreover, no significant difference was observed )P>0.05( between the two groups in regard with the background factors. Conclusion: Plasma PSA level is not a reliable biomarker to diagnose breast cancer, though regarding existing scientific evidence, more comprehensive studies are required to consider other features of malignant samples so as to evaluate the role of PSA in differentiating breast neoplastic lesions in a more meticulous way based on the degree of tumor differentiation. 91 98 2015/06/112015/07/6 1394/4/15 2015/08/302015/08/30 1394/6/8 سید مصطفی شیریزدی Seyed Mostafa Shiryazdi shahid Sadooghi University of medical scaineces and health services smshireyazdi@yahoo.com محمد دهستانی Mohammad Dehestani shahid Sadooghi University of medical scaineces and health services d@yahoo.com محمد فرات یزدی Mohammad forat yazdi shahid Sadooghi University of medical scaineces and health services f@yahoo.com حمیدرضا سلطانی گردفرامرزی Hamid Reza Soltani Gerdfaramarzi shahid Sadooghi University of medical scaineces and health services hrsgmed@yahoo.com منصور مقیمی Mansour Moghimi shahid Sadooghi University of medical scaineces and health services mansour_moghimi@yahoo.com Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Breast cancer Biomarker Early diagnosis آنتی ژن اختصاصی پروستات سرطان پستان Miller JW, Royalty J, Henley J, White A, Richardson LC. Breast and cervical cancers diagnosed and stage at diagnosis among women served through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. Cancer causes & control: CCC. 2015;26(5):741-7.##2. Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Fulceri F, et al. An individual reference limit for 'early' diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer during postoperative follow-up. Biomarkers in medicine. 2015;9(4):307-17.##3. Wong SF, Seow HF, Lai LC. Effect of cathepsin D and prostate specific antigen on latent transforming growth factor-beta in breast cancer cell lines. Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2003;25(2):129-34.##4. Uzoigwe J, Sauter E. Serum prostate-specific antigen: a new biomarker for breast cancer? Biomark Med. [Comment]. 2011;5(5):653.##5. Mohajeri A, Zarghami N, Moghadam MP, et al. Prostate-specific antigen gene expression and telomerase activity in breast cancer patients: possible relationship to steroid hormone receptors. Oncology Research. 2011;19(8-9):375-80.##6. Chang YF, Hung SH, Lee YJ, et al. Discrimination of breast cancer by measuring prostate-specific antigen levels in women's serum. Analytical Chemistry. 2011;83(13):5324-8.##7. Narita D, Anghel A, Motoc M. Prostate-specific antigen may serve as a pathological predictor in breast cancer. Romanian journal of morphology and embryology. 2008;49(2):173-80.##8. Ilvan S, Celik V, Cetinaslan I, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of prostate-specific antigen in female breast cancer. Journal of Balkan :union: of Oncology. 2004;9(2):183-6.##9. Mashkoor FC, Al-Asadi JN, Al-Naama LM. Serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in women with breast cancer. Cancer epidemiology. 2013;37(5):613-8.##10. Yu H, Levesque MA, Clark GM, et al. Prognostic value of prostate-specific antigen for women with breast cancer: a large United States cohort study. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1998;4(6):1489-97. ##11. Ross JS. Measuring circulating miRNAs: the new "PSA" for Breast Cancer? The oncologist. 2010;15(7):656.## 12. Narita D, Raica M, Suciu C, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen in breast cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2006;44(3):165-72.##13. Zissimopoulos A, Stellos K, Matthaios D, et al. Type I collagen biomarkers in the diagnosis of bone metastases in breast cancer, lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer and prostate cancer. Comparison to CEA, CA 15-3, PSA and bone scintigraphy. Journal of Balkan :union: of Oncology. 2009;14(3):463-72. ##14. Rosen N, Yee D, Lippman ME, et al. Insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment. 1991;18 (Suppl 1):S55-62. ##15. LeRoith D, Baserga R, Helman L, Roberts CT, Jr. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Annals of internal medicine. 1995 Jan 1;122(1):54-9. #### ##

Detection of Parasitic Contamination in Ready to Eat Fresh Packaged Herbs Sold in Tehran, Iran شناسایی آلودگی انگلی در سبزیجات تازه بسته بندی شده آماده مصرف فروخته شده در تهران، ایران 2 1 مقدمه: مصرف سبزیجات تازه  نقش اپیدمیولوژیکی مهمی در انتقال برخی از بیماری های قابل انتقال توسط مواد غذایی دارد. برخی از تولید کنندگان انواع مختلفی از سبزیجات تازه بسته بندی شده و آماده مصرف را در ایران تولید می کنند. این مطالعه برای ارزیابی آلودگی انگلی در سبزیجات تازه آماده مصرف و بسته بندی شده تولید شده توسط یکی از تولید کنندگن اصلی این قبیل محصولات در تهران، ایران انجام شد.مواد و روش ها: دویصت بسته سبزی تازه و بسته بندی شده آماده مصرف طی خرداد ماه 1393 تا فروردین ماه 1394 از یک توزیع کننده در تهران خریداری شد. کل محتوای هر بسته به عنوان نمونه استفاده شد. نمونه درون یک فلاسک ارلن مایر قرار داده شد. سپس محلول دترجنت افزوده شد. محتوای ظرف مخلوط شد. سپس سبزیجات دور ریخته شدند و محلول حاصل  از فیلتر 0.2 میکرون عبور داده شد. محلول عبور کرده از فیلتر دور ریخته شد و به فیلتر محلول دترجنت اضافه شد. محتوای ظرف به مدت یک دقیقه مخلوط شد. فیلتر دور انداخته شد. محلول بدست آمده در دور 7000 جی به مدت 10 دقیقه سانتریفیوژشد.  رسوب بدست آمده با استفاده از میکروسکوپ بررسی شد.نتایج: در این مطالعه 8.5 % از نمونه ها دارای آلودگی انگلی بودند. سیست و اووسیست کریپتوسپوریدیوم اس پی پی (4%)، ژیاردیا اس پی پی (3%) و انتاموبا اس پی پی  (1.5%) در مطالعه حاضر شناسایی شدند.نتیجه گیری: این مطالعه نشان دهنده اهمیت سبزیجات تازه بسته بندی شده آماده مصرف را در انتقال عوامل انگلی می باشد. علاوه بر این این مطالعه نشان می دهد که روش شستشوی مورد استفاده توسط تولید کنند این محصول مناسب نیست. 2 Introduction: Consumption of fresh herbs plays a major epidemiological role in the transmission of some parasitic food-borne diseases. Some manufacturers are producing different kinds of fresh packaged ready-to-eat packaged herbs in Iran. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to evaluate the parasitic contamination in ready-to-eat fresh packaged herbs produced by one of major manufacturers of such products in Tehran, Iran. Methods: A total of 200 packages of ready-to-eat fresh herbs were purchased from a distributor in Tehran in Iran during July 2014 to April 2015. Total content of each package was used as the sample, which was placed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Then, the detergent solution was added, and the flask content was shaken. The herbs were removed and the obtained solution was filtered through 0.2 µm filter. The filtrate was discarded, the filter was eluted by detergent solution, and the content was shaken for one minute. The filter was discarded. The solution was centrifuged at 7000 g for 10 minutes, and the sediment was examined via microscopy. Results: In the current study, 8.5% of samples were reported to have parasitic contamination. Cyst and oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp (4%), Giardia spp (3%) and Entamoeba spp (1.5%) were identified in the present study. Conclusion: The study findings highlighted the potentiality of fresh ready-to-eat packaged herbs to serve as a transmission vehicle for parasites. In addition, this study demonstrated the washing method used by manufacturer of this product was not appropriate. 99 104 2015/06/112015/07/62015/08/7 1394/5/16 2015/08/302015/08/302015/08/30 1394/6/8 روح الله ولی پور نوروزی Rouhollah Valipour Nouroozi Parasitology Department, Medical school, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. E-mail: Mvn1365@yahoo.com, Tel: 09165846379 Mvn1365@yahoo.com Food-borne diseases Vegetables Iran Cryptosporidium Giardia Entamoeba بیماری های قابل انتقال توسط مواد غذایی سبزیجات ایران کریپتوسپوریدیوم ژیاردیا انتاموبا Fallah AA, Kheirabadi KP, Shirvani F, et al. Prevalence of parasitic contamination in vegetables used for raw consumption in Shahrekord, Iran: Influence of season and washing procedure. Food Control. 2012;25(2):617-20.##2. Abougrain AK, Nahaisi MH, Madi NS, et al. Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya. Food Control. 2010;21(5):760-2.##3. Hassan A, Farouk H, Abdul-Ghani R. Parasitological contamination of freshly eaten vegetables collected from local markets in Alexandria, Egypt: A preliminary study. Food Control. 2012;26(2):500-3.##4. Daryani A, Ettehad GH, Sharif M, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in Ardabil, Iran. Food Control. 2008;19(8):790-4.##5. Maikai BV, Elisha IA, Baba-Onoja EBT. Contamination of vegetables sold in markets with helminth eggs in Zaria metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Food Control. 2012;28(2):345-8.##6. Said DES. Detection of parasites in commonly consumed raw vegetables. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2012;48(4):345-52.##7. Adenusi AA, Abimbola WA, Adewoga TO. Human intestinal helminth contamination in pre-washed, fresh vegetables for sale in major markets in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. Food Control. 2015;50:843-9.##8. Haq S, Maqbool A, Khan UJ, Yasmin G, Sultana R. Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables Eaten Raw in Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2014;46(5):1303-9.##9. Eraky MA, Rashed SM, Nasr MS, et al. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh leafy vegetables in benha, Egypt. Journal of Parasitology Research. 2014:1-7.##10. Lass A, Pietkiewicz H, Szostakowska B, et al. The first detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in environmental fruits and vegetables samples. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2012;31(6):1101–8.##11. Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimehmetoglu O, et al. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control. 2005;16(3):239-42.##12. Tram NT, Hoang LM, Cam PD, et al. Cyclospora spp. in herbs and water samples collected from markets and farms in Hanoi, Vietnam. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008;13(11):1415-20.##13. Saki J, Asadpoori R, Khademvatan S. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed in Ahvaz, south west of Iran. The Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;13(6):488-92.##14. Malakootian M, Hoseini M, Bahrami H. Investigation of parasitic contamination of vegetables consumed in Kerman city. Bimonthly Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2008;13(1):55-62 (Persian).##15. Esboei BR, Paghe A, Fakhar M, et al. Parasitic contamination of consumed vegetables in Golestan province, 2012. Medical Labratory Journal. 2014;8(3):83-8 (Persian).##16. Nazemi S, Raei M, Amiri M, et al. Parasitic Contamination of Raw Vegetables in Shahroud, Semnan. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012;14(8):84-6.##17. Ezatpour B, Chegeni AS, Abdollahpour F, Aazami M, Alirezaei M. 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Relationship Between Oral Health Related Quality of Life and Dental Condition in Patients Referring to Yazd Dental University and Yazd Khatamolanbia Clinic بررسی ارتباط کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان با وضعیت دندانی در بیماران مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندان پزشکی و کلینیک خاتم النبیا یزد 2 1 مقدمه: پرسشنامه Oral Health related Quality of Life-United Kingdom (OHQoL-UK) یکی از ابزارهای اندازه گیری میزان تأثیر سلامت دهان و دندان بر کیفیت زندگی است که اثرات مثبت و منفی آن را به طور همزمان بررسی می کند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان در بیماران مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی یزد و کلینیک خاتم الانبیا یزد بود. روش کار: این مطالعه بر روی 150 بیمار مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندان پزشکی یزد و کلینیک خاتم الانبیا یزد انجام شد. ابتدا طی معاینه کوتاهی توسط کلینیسین تعداد دندانها، وجود یا عدم وجود پروتز دندانی اعم از پروتز پارسیل و پروتز ثابت در بیماران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس از بیماران خواسته شد پرسشنامه OHQoL-UK را پر کنند. نتایج: پرسشنامه ها توسط 61 مرد(07/42%) و 84 زن(93/57%) تکمیل شد. مردان میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی بیشتری نسبت به زنان داشتند(4/68 در مردان و 9/67 در زنان ) اما این اختلاف از نظر آماری معنادار نبود(p=0/519). با افزایش سن نمره کیفیت زندگی بیماران کاهش یافت (p =0/214). با افزایش تعداد دندان ها نمره کیفیت زندگی هم افزایش یافت (p=0/002 . r= 0/253). میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی بیمارانی که پروتز پارسیل داشتند کمتر از سایر بیماران بود البته این رابطه از نظر آماری معنادار نبود((p=0/563. بیماران با پروتز ثابت میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی بالاتری داشتند (p=0/05). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به تاثیر وضعیت دندانی بر کیفیت زندگی, باید مداخلات لازم جهت بهبود وضعیت دندانی و بالتبع آن کیفیت زندگی انجام شود. 2 Introduction: Oral health related quality of life - United Kingdom (OHQoL-UK) questionnaire is one of the instrument which measure both positive and negative aspect of Oral Health related Quality of Life (OHQoL) at the same time. The aim of this study is to evaluate OHQoL with remaining teeth and other variable using OHQoL-UK questionnaire. Method and Material: This cross-sectional study was done on 150 patients referring to Yazd dental university and Khatamolanbia clinic They were randomly asked to complete OHQoL-UK questionnaire. Number of teeth, present or absence of dental prosthesis (partial or fixed) was examined by the clinician. Then patients completed the OHQoL-UK questionnaire. Results: Sixty one male and 84 female completed the questionnaire. Male have higher mean quality of life score than female (68.8 in male and 67.9 in female) although it was not statistically significant (p=0.519). Increasing age was associated with lower mean quality of life score (p=0.214). Patients with more teeth have higher mean quality of life score (p= 0.002, rs=0.253). Mean quality of life score in patients with partial prosthesis was less than other patients but this relationship was not statistically significant (p=0.563). Patients with fixed prosthesis had higher mean quality of life score than others (p=0.05). Conclusion: According to the effect of dental condition on quality of life and effect of tooth loss on decreasing quality of life, required intervention should be done to improve dental condition and quality of life as a result. 105 113 2015/06/112015/07/62015/08/72015/07/11 1394/4/20 2015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/30 1394/6/8 فرزانه وزیری farzane Vaziri farzane.vaziri@gmail.com احمد حائریان Ahmad Haerian ahmad.haerian@gmail.com محمدعلی مروتی شریف آبادی Mohammad Ali Morowati Sharifabadi morowatisharif@yahoo.com الهه امیریان Elaheh Amirian elam1370@yahoo.com Oral health related quality of life OHQoL-UK questionnaire Tooth loss Dental condition کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان پرسشنامه OHQoL-UK از دست دادن دندانها وضعیت دندانی Jain M, Kaira LS, Sikka G, et al. How Do Age and Tooth Loss Affect Oral Health Impacts and Quality of Life? A Study Comparing Two State Samples of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Journal of Dentistry (Tehran). 2012;9(2):135–144.##2- Mack F, Schwahn C, Fiene JS, et al. The impact of tooth loss on general health related to quality of life among elderly Pomeranians: results from the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP-O). The International Journal of Prosthodontics.2005;18(5):414-419.##3- Akifusa S, Soh I, Ansai T, et al. Relationship of number of remaining teeth to health-related quality of life in community-dwelling elderly. Gerodontology. 2005;22(2):91-97.##4- Needleman I, McGrath C, Floyd P, et al. Impact of oral health on the life quality of periodontal patients. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2004;31(6):454-457.##5- Slade GD, Sanders AE. The Paradox of Better Subjective Oral Health in Older Age. Journal of Dental Research. 2011;90(11):1279-1285.##6- Sundaram NS, Narendar R, Dineshkumar P, et al. Evaluation of oral health related quality of life in patient with mild periodontitis among young male population of Namakkal. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences. 2013;5(1):s30-32.##7- Mumcu G, Niazi S, Stewart J, et al. Oral health and related quality of life status in patients from UK and turkey: a comparative study in Behcet's disease. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine. 2009;38:406-409.##8- Steele JG, Sanders AE, Slade G, et al. How do age and tooth loss affect oral health impacts and quality of life? A study comparing two national samples. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2004;2:107-114.##9- Fernandes MJ, Adolph Ruta D, Ogden GR, et al. Assessing oral health-related quality of life in general dental practice in Scotland: validation of the OHIP-14.Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2006;34(1):53-62.##10- Hägglin C, Berggren UFind all citations by this author (default).Or filter your current search , Hakeberg M, et al. Evaluation of a Swedish version of the OHIP-14 among patients in general and specialist dental care. Swedish Dental Journal. 2007;31(2):91-101##11- Kim HJ, Shin A, Yum JH. The Influence of Oral Health Status and Causes of Dental Caries on the OHQoL of University Student. International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology. 2014;6(3):41-48##12 - Liu P, McGrath C, Pan Cheung GS. Improvement in Oral Health–related Quality of Life after Endodontic Treatment: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Journal Of Endodontics. 2014;40(6):805-10.##13- Needleman I, McGrath C, Floyd P, et al. Impact of oral health on the life quality of periodontal patients. Journal Of Endodontics. 2005;6:454-457.##14- Saito A, Hosaka Y, Kikuchi M, et al. Effect of initial periodontal therapy on oral health-related quality of life in patients with periodontitis in Japan. Journal Of Endodontics. 2010;81(7):1001-9.##15- Saito A, Ota K, Hosaka Y, et al. Potential impact of surgical periodontal therapy on oral health-related quality of life in patients with periodontitis: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology . 2011;38(12):1115-21.##16- Nagarajan S, Chandra RV. Perception of oral health related quality of life (OHQoL-UK) among periodontal risk patients before and after periodontal therapy. Comunity Dental Health. 2012;29(1):90-4.##17- Shanbhag S, Dahiya M, Croucher R. The impact of periodontal therapy on oral health-related quality of life in adults: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology . 2012;39(8):725-35.##18- Aslund M, Pjetursson BE, Lang NP. measuring oral health-related Quality of life using OHQoL-GE in periodontal patients presenting at the university of Bern, Switzerland. Oral health & preventive dentistry. 2008;6:191-197.##19- Kumar S, Bhargav P, Patel A, et al. Does dental anxiety influence oral health –related quality of life? Observation from a cross-sectional study among adults in Udaipur district, India. Journal of Oral Science. 2009;51(2):245-254.##20- Gerritsen AE, Allen PF, Witter DJ, et al. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2010;8:126.##21- Ferreira Lopes MW, Gusm ES, Alves RV. The Impact of Chronic Periodontitis on Quality of Life in Brazilian Subjects. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2009;43(2):89-98.##22- McGrath C, Bedi R. Population based norming of the UK oral health related quality of life measure (OHQoL-UK). British Dental Journal.2002; 193:521-524.##23- Meslé F. Recent Improvements in Life Expectancy in France: Men are starting to Catch Up. Population-E. 2005;61(4):365-387 .##24- Poor Malek F, Abolhasani F, Naghavi M, et al. Direct estimation of life expectancy for population of Iran in year 2003. Arak Medical University journal. 2005;10(1):18-30 (Persian).##25- Jafari Samimi A, Montazeri Shoorekchali J, Tatar M. Life Expectancy and Economic Growth in Iran: Smooth Transition Regression (STR) Approach. 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Adsorption of Lead by Microalgae Chaetoceros Sp. and Chlorella Sp. from Aqueous Solution راندمان حذف سرب از محلول های آبی توسط ریز جلبک کتوسروس و کلرلا 2 1 مقدمه: یکی از روشهای موثرجهت حذف فلزات سنگین ، استفاده از جاذب های زیستی می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه ، بررسی میزان جذب فلز سرب از آبهای آلوده توسط جلبکهای کلرلا وکتوسروس می باشد. موادو روش : پژوهش تجربی است . میزان جذب فلز سرب توسط دو جلبک کلرلا و کتوسروس تحت شرایط و مقادیر مختلف از جاذب ( 2/0 ، 5/0،1 ،5/1، 2 گرم) ،pH های مختلف ( 3،4، 5،6، 7، 8 ) ، دماهای ( 20،25،30،35،40 درجه سانتیگراد)، زمان تماس های مختلف ( 30، 60 ، 90 ، 180 ، 360 دقیقه) ، اندازه ذرات با مش ( 20، 40، 60، 100، 140) در غلظت های ( 20، 40 ، 60 میلیگرم بر لیتر) سرب بررسی شد . سپس ایزوترم های جذب و مدل سازی سنتیکی یون فلزی بر روی جاذب بر اساس آزمون مدل های ایزوترم لانگمویر ، فروندلیچ و سنتیک های نوع اول و دوم تعیین شدند. نتایج : میزان حذف فلز سرب توسط سه جلبک کلرلا و کتوسروس به ترتیب 78 و 60 درصد گزارش شد.در شرایط بهینه شامل دمای 25 درجه سانتیگراد، pH برابر 6 ، زمان تماس 180 دقیقه، اندازه ذرات با مش 20 ، مقدار 5/1 گرم جاذب و غلظت 20 میلی گرم بر لیتر سرب حداکثر جذب حاصل شد. میزان حذف سرب توسط جلبک کلرلا بیشتر از کتوسروس گزارش شد. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده جذب فلز سرب توسط جلبک کلرلا از مدل ایزوترم جذب لانگمویر و جلبک کتو سروس از مدل فروندلیچ تبعیت می نماید . سنتیک واکنش جذب جلبک ها از معادله درجه دوم تبعیت نمود . نتیجه گیری : با توجه به راندمان بالای جذب سرب، جلبک کلرلا میتواند بطور موثری جهت جذب فلز سرب از آبهای آلوده مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 2 Introduction: Using bio-sorbents is regarded as one of the effective methods to remove heavy metals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Pb adsorption from contaminated water by Chaetoceros sp. and Chlorella sp. algae. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in a batch reactor. The amount of Pb adsorption by Chaetoceros sp. and Chlorella sp. algae was studied under such conditions as different adsorbent dosages (0.2, 0.5, 1.5 and 2 g/L), different pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), different temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, 40 °C), different contact times (30, 60, 90, 180, 360 minutes), different particle sizes (20, 40, 60, 100, 140 mesh) and different Pb concentrations(20, 40, 60 mg/L). Then adsorption isotherms and kinetic models of metal ions were determined based on Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as well as first and second order kinetic models. Results: The efficiency of Pb removal by Chlorella sp. and Chaetoceros sp. algae was reported 78% and 60% respectively. The maximum adsorption was observed at optimal conditions including 25 °C, pH of 6, 180 minutes of contact time, particle size of 20 mesh, 1.5 gr/L of adsorbent and 20 mg/L concentration of Pb. Chlorella algae was observed to remove Pb more than Chaetoceros algae. Based on the study results, Pb absorption by Chlorella algae complies with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, whereas Chaetoceros algae follows Freundlich model. The kinetic models of algae adsorption followed a second order equation. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that Chlorella algae can be effectively used in order to adsorb Pd from contaminated water due to its high efficiency of Pd adsorption. 114 127 2015/06/112015/07/62015/08/72015/07/112015/07/17 1394/4/26 2015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/30 1394/6/8 پروین ملازاده Parvin Molazadeh pmka2005@yahoo.com نرگس خانجانی Narges Khanjani pmka2005@yahoo.com محمد رضا رحیمی Mohammad Reza Rahimi pmka2005@yahoo.com علی رضا نصیری Alireza Nasiri Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran nasiri_a62@yahoo.com Algae Chaetoceros sp. Chlorella sp. Adsorption Lead جلبک کتوسروس کلرلا جذب سرب 1. Humood AN. Assessment and management of heavy metal pollution in the marine environment of the Arabine GULF: a review.Marin pollution Bulletin.2013;72(1):6-13.##2. Barnes S, Peterson TG, Coward L, etal. 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Factors Pertaining to Unintended Pregnancy Amongst Women Visiting Healthcare Centers of Yazd City عوامل مرتبط با بارداری‌ ناخواسته در بین زنان مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی-درمانی شهر یزد 2 1 چکیده: مقدمه: حاملگی ناخواسته با عواقب و پیامدهای خطرناکی برای سلامتی مادر و کودک و همچنین خانواده و جامعه همراه است. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی عوامل مرتبط با حاملگی ناخواسته در بین زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی-درمانی شهر یزد می‌باشد . روش بررسی: این پژوهش از طریق پرسشنامه و روش نمونه گیری چندمرحله ای در ماه‌های خرداد و تیر 1393 مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است، حجم جامعه آماری 5925 نفر و حجم نمونه 220 نفر می‌باشد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین سنی کل زنان 27 سال بوده و 90/9% زنان خانه‌دار بودند، میانگین سن ازدواج 20/01 سال و میانگین تعداد فرزندان 0/85بود. از 220 زن مورد بررسی، 28/6 درصد حاملگی ناخواسته گزارش کردند. همچنین بر اساس مدل رگرسیونی لوجستیک از بین متغیرهای تأثیرگذار، متغیرهای سن ازدواج زن، نوع وسیله پیشگیری از بارداری و تعداد فرزندان ایده‌آل بر بارداری ناخواسته تأثیرگذار بودند. متغیرهای موجود در مدل رگرسیونی، 38/9درصد از حاملگی ناخواسته را تبیین کردند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتیجه پژوهش، لزوم افزایش سطح کیفی برنامه‌های مشاوره و تنظیم خانواده به ویژه آموزش نحوه صحیح استفاده از وسایل پیشگیری از بارداری ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. 2 Introduction: Unintended pregnancy is associated with dangerous consequences for the mother's and baby's health as well as for the family and society. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the factors related to unintended gestation amongst pregnant women visiting healthcare centers in Yazd, Iran. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted using a questionnaire as the data collection tool via multi-phase sampling method during June-July 2014. The statistical population size was 5925 among which, a sample size of 220 was selected. Results: The current study results showed that the participants’ mean age was 27 years old and 90.9% of them were housewives. Participants’ mean of marriage age was reported 20.01, while mean number of their children was 0.85. Out of 220 women, who participated in this study, 28.6% were reported to have unintended pregnancy. Moreover, based on the logistic regression model, variables of woman’s marriage age, type of contraception solution, and ideal number of children are three most effective factors on the unintended pregnancy. Existing variables in regression model justified 38.9% of the unintended pregnancies. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that improving quality level of consultancy and family regulation programs seem to be essential, specifically proper training in regard with usage methods of contraception devices. 128 137 2015/06/112015/07/62015/08/72015/07/112015/07/172015/08/13 1394/5/22 2015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/30 1394/6/8 مرضیه ولی پور Marzieh Valipour valipour_ma@yahoo.com عباس عسکری ندوشن Abbas Askari Nodushan دانشگاه یزد aaskarin@gmail.com Contraception devices Family regulation Unintended pregnancy بارداری ناخواسته؛ بارداری؛ وسایل پیشگیری از بارداری؛ تنظیم خانواده - Abbasi-Shavazi MJ, Hosseini-Chavoshi M. Unintended pregnancies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: levels and correlates. Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2004;19(1):27-38.‌ ##2- Hosseini M, Qavami B, Salimzadeh Eftekhar ardebili H. Low birth weight and its relationship with unwanted pregnancy: a prospective study. Journal of Public Health and Institute of Health Research. 2008;7(1):11-18 (Persian).##3- Kafshani O, Sharifirad GH, Hassanzadeh A, et al. Evaluate the relationship between BMI and unintended pregnancy in women , Journal of Health System Research. 2012; 3(1):32-35 (Persian).##4- Roudi F, Monem A. Unintended pregnancies in the Middle East and North Africa. 2009.‌ available in ## http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/menaunintendedpregnancies.aspx##5-Khoosheh mehri G, Ebrahim taheri G, Hatami Z, et al. Prevalence of unwanted pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women attending health centers south of Tehran. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2007;16(59):26-32(Persian).##6- Pourheydari M. Khosravi A. Shamaeian razavi N. et al. A comparative study of the prenatal care in the wanted and unwanted pregnancies. Knowledge & Health, University of Medical Sciences and Health Services anymore. 2011;(4):9-13 (Persian).##7-Yazdani F. Comparison of demographic variables in women with unwanted pregnancies and planning. Journal of Family Health, Islamic Azad University, Sari. 2012; 1(2):19-26(Persian).##8- Amani F, Bashiri J, Moghaddam nahan N, et al. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the factors influencing unwanted pregnancies. Qom University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 4(1):32-36(Persian).##9-Azizi A, Amirian F, Pashaei F,et al. Prevalence of unwanted pregnancy and its relationship with health-related quality of life of women triple city of Kermanshah Province. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2011; 14(3):24-29(Persian).##10-Asadi Y, Meshkat M, Talaei B. The prevalence of unwanted pregnancy and associated factors in pregnant women referred to health centers and hospitals in Mashhad. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University. 2007; 3(10): 91-95(Persian).##11-Mansouri A, Hosseini S, Dadgar S. Rate of unintended pregnancy and its related factors in women attending Hospital in Mashhad. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2009; 16(1):65-71(Persian).##12-Rezaeipour M, Taghizadeh Z, Faghihzadeh S, et al. Prevalence and causes unwanted Hospital in patients with positive pregnancy test and provide appropriate solutions. Journal of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2003; 9(17):24-32(Persian).##13-Deyanira G. Leon A. Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion. Women and Health Learning Pakage. Developed by the Network:TUFH Woman and Health Taskforce. 2007; Third edition.##14- Obare F, Anke V, Harriet B. Factors associated with Unintended Pregnancy, Poor Birth Outcomes and Post-partum Contraceptive use among HIV-Positive Female adolescents in Kenya. BMC woman’s Health. 2012: 12-18.##15- Sedgh G, Bankole A, Oye-Adeniran B, et al. Unwanted pregnancy and associated factors among Nigerian women. International Family Planning Perspectives. 2006:175-184.‌##16- Monea E, Thomas A. Unintended pregnancy and taxpayer spending. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2012;43(2):88-93.‌##17-Adetunji JA. Unintended Childbearing in Developing Countries, Trends, and Determinants, Calverton, Maryland, Macro. International, Demographic and Health Survey [DHS]. 1998; 8(8): 46-57.##18. Lin Cu le. Unintended Pregnancy and Contributing factors in Vietnam.(Doctoral dissertation, Tulane University). Reassessing the level of unintended pregnancy and its correlates in Vietnam. Studies in Family Planning. 2002: 35(1):15-26.##19- Abbasi shavazi M, Hosseini chavoshi M, Delavar B. Unwanted pregnancy and its influencing factors in Iran. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2003; (1):62-76 (Persian).##20- Bongaarts j. Trend in Unwanted Childbearing in the Developing World. Studies in Family Planning. 1997;28(4):267-277.##21- Abazari F, Arab M, Abbasszadeh A. Relationship of unwanted pregnancy and reproductive behavior in patients referred to hospitals in Kerman. Journal Reproduction & Infertility.2002:4(1):39-46 (Persian).## ##

The Zoning of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose Using Scholler Model and Geographic Information System (GIS) پهنه‌بندی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی از نظر شرب با استفاده از مدل شولر و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی 2 1 چکیده مقدمه: تعیین کیفیت آب در مدیریت منابع آب از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار بوده و پایش و پهنه‌بندی آن به عنوان یک اصل مهم در برنامه‌ریزی‌ها باید مد نظر قرار گیرد، همچنین روش شولر جهت تعیین کیفیت آب آشامیدنی یک امر متداول است. روش کار: در این تحقیق، تعیین کیفیت آب شرب در طول دروۀ آماری 1384 تا 1393 با استفاده از مدل‌سازی شولر و به کمک روش درون‌یابی کریجینگ در محیط GIS مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای انجام این مطالعه از نمونه‌های آنالیز شیمیایی جمع آوری شده از چاه‌ها و قنوات حوزه دشت یزد – اردکان استفاده شد. همچنین جهت تعیین کیفیت آب از نمودار شولر برای طبقه‌بندی کیفیت آب شرب بهره گرفته شد. نتایج: نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که کیفیت آب شرب از جنوب غربی این دشت به طرف شمالی شرقی کاهش پیدا می‌کند. تقریباً 30% مناطق تحت بررسی در شرایط خوب و قابل قبول قرار دارند. همچنین کیفیت آب آشامیدنی 57% مناطق در شرایط ضعیف و نامطلوب قرار داشته و 13% مابقی با کیفیت متوسط در میان منطقه مورد بررسی قرار داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: تنها راهکار عملی و کاربردی محافظت از منابع آب زیرزمینی و جلوگیری از کاهش سطح آبخوان‌ها استفاده صحیح و اصولی و داشتن برنامه‌های مدون می‌باشد. 2 Abstract Introduction: Determining the quality of water is particularly important in water resources management, and monitoring and zoning it are considered as a significant principle to be taken into account in planning. Schuller method is the commonest way to determine the quality of water. The present study was conducted in order to determine the quality of drinking water using Schuller modeling with the help of Kriging interpolation method in GIS environment. Materials & Methods: In the present study, Schuller modeling and Kriging interpolation method were utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) environment in order to determine the quality of water during the statistical period of 2005 to 2014. In so doing, chemical analyzed samples retrieved from the wells and aqueducts of Yazd-Ardakan plain were used. To determine the quality of water, Schuller diagram was utilized in order to classify the quality of drinking water. Results: The results of the study indicated that the quality of drinking water reduces as we move from the southwest to the northeast of the plain. Approximately 30% of the studied area was in good and acceptable condition in regard with the quality of drinking water. Also, about 57% of the study area had poor quality drinking water, i.e. water with inappropriate and totally unpleasant quality and 13% of the map of drinking water quality is devoted to average quality, which is located in the central area. Conclusion: Only principled way to prevent dangerous consequences of the water table decline is the correct and systematic use of water. 138 147 2015/06/112015/07/62015/08/72015/07/112015/07/172015/08/132015/09/14 1394/6/23 2015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/09/14 1394/6/23 سید علی المدرسی sayyed Ali Almodaresi Geomorphology, Civil Engineering college, GIS&RS Department Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. زهرا درخشان Zahra Derakhshan Department of Environmental Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran d_z_derakhshan@yahoo.com محمد فرامرزیان Mohammad Faramarzian Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. محمد میری Mohammad Miri Department of Environmental Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. محمد رضا شکوهی Mohammad Reza Shokouhi Department of Disasters & Emergencies Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Geographic Information System (GIS) Drinking Water Schuller Diagram Interpolation Zonation. سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) کیفیت آب شرب نمودار شولر درونیابی پهنه‌بندی Haddeland I, Heinke J, Biemans H, et al. Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;111(9):3251-6.##2. Pour Moghadas H. Study of ground water quality in lenjan township of isfahan province. Journal of Health Department. 2003;4:31-40.##3. Nnadi EO, Newman AP, Coupe SJ, et al. Stormwater harvesting for irrigation purposes: An investigation of chemical quality of water recycled in pervious pavement system. Journal of Environmental Management. 2015;147:246-56.##4. Pourkermani M, Naseri H, Orji A. Structural significance of qale ghachi saltdome on salinity groud water on the daryun plain. Journal of Islamic University. 2008:141-59 (Persian).##5. Taghizadeh Mehrjerdi R, Mahmoodi Sh, Khaziee S, et al. Study of spatial variability of groundwater salinity using geostatistics (case study: Rafsanjan). 2th Environmental Engineering Conference.2008 (Persian).##6. Azareh A, Salajegheh S, Shalamzari MJ, et al. Tracking Changes of Ground Water Quality of Kashan Plain in Line With Potable Water Security Context. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 2013;4(8):1952-61.##7. Ekrami M, Sharifi Z, Maleki Nejad H, et al. Evaluating the trend of qualitative and quantitative changes in groundwater resources of yazd-ardakan plain during the decades of 2001-2010. Quarterly Journal of Yazd Faculty of Health. 2011;32:82-91.##8. Saeedi M, Abessi O, Sharifi F, et al. Development of groundwater quality index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2010;163(1-4):327-35.##9. Laslett G, McBratney A, Pahl PJ, et al. Comparison of several spatial prediction methods for soil pH. Journal of Soil Science. 1987;38(2):325-41.##10. Weber DD, Englund EJ. Evaluation and comparison of spatial interpolators II. Mathematical Geology. 1994;26(5):589-603.##11. Sanjeri S. Arc gis 10. Tehran: Abed Publications; 2013.##12. Ehteshami M, Biglarijoo N, Salari MS. Assessment and Quality Classification of Water in Karun, Dez and Karkheh Rivers. Journal of River Engineering. 2014;2(8). Available in http://www.scijour.com/page/download-7LmrO9Jx0-Q.artdl##13. Machiwal D, Jha MK, Mal BC. GIS-based assessment and characterization of groundwater quality in a hard-rock hilly terrain of Western India. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2011;174(1-4):645-63.##14. Habashi H, Hosseini S, Shetabi S, et al. Assessment of accuracy interpolation methods to estimation of total nitrogen in soil using GIS. The third conference of Geospatial Information Systems (GIS).Qeshm, National mapping agency,Qeshm free zone. 2006:2-3 (Persian).##15. Maghami Y, Ghazavi R, Vali AA, et al. Evaluation of spatial interpolation methods for water quality zoning using gis case study, Abadeh township. Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning. 2011;42:175-80 (Persian).##16. Ekrami M, Sharifi Z, Maleki Nejad H, et al. Evaluating the trend of qualitative and quantitative changes in groundwater resources of Yazd-Ardakan plain in the decades of 2000-2008. Quarterly Journal of Yazd Faculty of Health. 2011;32:1-5 (Persian).##17. Farajollahi A, Hatefi A. Analysis of hydrological drought in Sorkheh Area. 7 National conference on watershed management sciences and engineering; Isfahan University of technology: Isfahan University of technology. 2011;1-5 (Persian).##18. Shaabani M. Evaluation Geostatistical methods for mapping of groundwater quality and their zoning Case Study: Neyriz Plain, Fars Province. Journal of Natural Geography Lar. 2011;4(13):93-6.## ##

Effect of Satureja Hortensis Powder Supplementation on Pain and TNF-α in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial بررسی اثر مکمل پودر مرزه بر بهبود درد و غلظت TNF-α در بیماران مبتلا به استئو ارتریت زانو : یک کارآزمایی بالینی کنترل شده دوسو کور 2 1 مقدمه: شایعترین نوع آرتریت، استئوارتریت می باشد که با بیماری دژنراتیو زانو مشخص می شود. شواهد محدودی نشان داده اند که گیاه مرزه با در اختیار داشتن ترکیبات پولی فنولی در کاهش درد و التهاب موثر است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثر مکمل پودر مرزه بر بهبود درد و غلظت TNF-α در بیماران مبتلا به استئو ارتریت زانو بوده است. مواد و روش ها: این یک کارآزمایی بالینی کنترل شده دوسو کور بوده که با مشارکت 39 بیمار مبتلا به استئوارتریت با درد متوسط زانو که به صورت رندم به دو گروه گیرنده پودر مرزه و دارونما تقسیم شدند انجام گرفت. این دو گروه روزانه 3 کپسول 200 میلی گرمی هم شکل و هم اندازه به مدت دو ماه مصرف کردند. کپسول گروه گیرنده مرزه حاوی 200 میلی گرم پودر مرزه و گروه گیرنده دارونما نشاسته بود. شدت درد با استفاده مقیاس VAS در ابتدا و انتهای مطالعه تعیین شد پاسخ درمانی کاهش بیش از یک و نیم نمره از درد تعریف شد. غلظت TNF-α با روش الیزا تعیین شد. یافته ها: توریع فراوانی شدت درد در ابتدای مطالعه بین دو گروه تفاوت معنی داری دیده نشد. قبل از مداخله، تمام بیماران نمره درد بین 4 تا 7 داشتند. بعد از مداخله، 95 درصد از گروه گیرنده مرزه و 84 درصد از گروه دارونما در این محدوده از نمره بودند. این تغییرات بین دو گروه معنی دار نبود (p=0.12). غلظت TNF-α قبل و بعد از مداخله بین دو گروه تفاوت معنی داری حاصل نشد. نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که مکمل پودر مرزه با دوز روزانه 3 کپسول 200 میلی گرم در کاهش درد و غلظت در بیماران مبتلا به استئوارتریت زانو موثر نیست. 2 Abstract Introduction: The most prevalent type of arthritis is osteoarthritis which is known with the degenerative knee disease. Limited pieces of evidence have indicated that satureja with special phenol compounds is effective in inflammation reduction and pain alleviation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Satureja Hortensis powder supplement on pain improvement and serum TNF-α in patients with knee osteoarthritis(OA). Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized clinical trial. 39 patients with OA with medium pain were randomly divided into two groups which received Satureja Hortensis powder(SG) and placebo(PG) These groups consumed three 200 mg capsules with the same size and form for two months which contained Satureja Hortensis powder and starch, respectively. Pain intensity was determined using visual analogue scale(VAS) at the beginning and end of the trial. Response to the treatment was defined as pain reduction by more than 1.5 scores. The concentration of TNF-α were measured with ELISA kit. Results: To distribute pain intensity before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Before the intervention, all people had a pain score between 4 and 7. After the intervention, 95% of the SG and 84% of the PG were in this scope. These changes were not statistically different(p=0.12). There was no significant difference between the two groups in concentration of TNF-α before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that Satureja Hortensis powder supplement with dose of 600 mg per day for 60 days was not effective on pain alleviation and concentration of TNF-α in patients with knee osteoarthritis. 148 158 2015/06/112015/07/62015/08/72015/07/112015/07/172015/08/132015/09/142015/09/14 1394/6/23 2015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/08/302015/09/142015/09/14 1394/6/23 حسن مظفری خسروی Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi 1. Department of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran mozaffari.kh@gmail.com مریم اسدی Maryam Asadi maryamasadi136@gmail.com علی دهقان Ali Dehghan حسین سلیمانی صالح آبادی Hossein Soleimani Salehabadi محمد رضا سبحان اردکانی Mohammad Reza Sobhan Ardakani محمدحسین فلاح زاده ابرقویی Mohammad Hossein Fallahzadeh Abarghoui Satureja Hortensis Osteoarthritis Pain TNF-α مرزه استئوارتریت درد TNF-α 1. Mobasheri A. Intersection of inflammation and herbal medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2012;14(6):604-16.##2. Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, et al. The global burden of hip and kneeosteoarthritis: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2014 19 online.##3. .Davatchi F, Jamshidi A-R, Banihashemi AT, et al. WHO-Ilar Copcord study (stage 1, urban study)in Iran. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2008;35(7):1384-90.##4. Huh JE, Seo BK, Park YC, et al. 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