HIV/AIDS Disease: Transmission Transition 2 162 0 2015/01/7 1393/10/17 2015/01/7 1393/10/17 Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Mohammad Hassan Lotfi ## ##

Frequency Distribution Candidal Vaginitis in Women Referred to Health Centers in Yazd توزیع فراوانی واژینیت کاندیدیایی در زنان مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی شهر یزد 2 1 فلور واژن یک اکوسیستم سیار هست که به آسانی تغییر می کندف هرچند که چهار عامل ترشحات واژن تا 95 درصد مسبب التهاب واژن هستند. واژینیت کاندیدیایی ناشی از التهاب دیواره وازن به وسیله قارچ کاندیدیا البیکانس است. مطالعه حاضر برای برای تعیین فراوانی شیوع واژینیت کاندیدیایی در زنان مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی یزد و نقش ایمنی سلولی در واژینیت کاندیدیایی انجام شد. مطالعه ای توصیفی- تحلیلی و مقطعی که از شهریور 1391 تا شهریور 1392 انجام شد. از 360 زن مراجعه کننده از مجموع 360 نفر زن مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی یزد120 نفر (.3333 درصد)دچار عفونت واژینیست به یکی از این سه عامل کاندیدا، باکتریال واژینازیس و تریکوموناس بودند و 240 نفر (66.67 درصد) بدون عفونت بودند، بیشترین میزان شیوع عفونت مربوط به باکتریال واژینوزیس بود با 55 نفر (6/15%)، بعد مربوط بود به کاندیدا آلبیکانس با 40 نفر (8 %) و کمترین میزان شیوع مربوط بود به تریکوموناس واژینالیس با 25 نفر (9/5%). آلودگی همزمانی این سه در یک فرد مشاهده نشد گرچه برخی از عوامل همه گیری شناسی تا مرز معنی دار شدن رسیدند ولی ارتباط معنی داری بین عفونت با تحصیلات، شغل، وضعیت بارداری مشاهده نشد و بین سابقه سقط و واژنیست و بین سن و باکتریال واژیتوزیس ارتباط معنی دار مشاهده شد. یافته ها نشان از ناچیز بودن میزان آلودگی در منطقه کویری یزد است. بدیهی است چون فرم عفونتزا در شرایط محیطی گرم و خشک دوام زیادی ندارند و در مقایسه با کشورهایی که پایبندی به مراعات اخلاق کمتر است و دارای روابط آزاد جنسی هستند، مربوط می شود به ویژگیهای فرهنگی، اخلاقی و باورهای زنان و مردان ایرانی به بنیان خانواده است. گرچه بررسیها از تاثیر ایمنی سلولی در وازینیت کاندیدیایی دارد و لی در ایدزی ها عفونت مجدد هم گزارش شده است. 2 Introduction: The vaginal flora is a dynamic ecosystem that can be easily altered. Although, there are four causes of vaginal discharges which cover almost 95% of vaginaitis. Candidal Vaginaitis is an infection of the vagina’s mucous membranes by Candida albicans (CA). Present study attempted to Candidal Vaginitis in women referred to health centers in Yazd and the role of innate & cell-mediated immunity against Candidal Vaginitis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted from September 2011 to September 2012 in Yazd city. A total of 360 women were recruited. The collection of material for diagnosis is ideally performed during a comprehensive pelvic examination using a speculum for diagnosis of CA with identify vaginal pH smear preparing and staining and culturing. Results: Finally all of 360 women that observed and tested, 120 (33.33%) of them have involved and 240 (66.67%) have not involved. from 120 infected women, 55paitents had Bacterial vaginosis (15.6%) 40 patients had Ca (10.8%) and 25 patients had Trichomonas vaginalis (5.9%). Despite the role for cell-mediated immunity in host protection against the majority of mucosal CA infections, studied has been in women with recurrent vaginitis, in HIV-infected women. Thus, current investigations have been focused specifically on innate and acquired immune responses against CA at the vaginal mucosa instead of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis being caused by defective or dysfunctional CD4+ T helper 1-type cell-mediated immune reactivity. Conclusion: Strongly suggest that distinct vaginal lymphocyte subsets participate in the adaptive anti-Candida immunity at the vaginal level, with the vaginal CD4_ T cells probably playing a major role. 163 167 2015/01/72014/11/23 1393/9/2 2015/01/72014/11/23 1393/9/2 علی فتاحی بافقی Ali Fattahi Bafghi afbafghi@ssu.ac.ir ابوالفضل حسینزاده Abolfazl Hoseizadeh عباسعلی جعفری Abbas Ali Jafari معصومه نقشی Masoumeh Naghshi Jouzsheri Candidal vaginitis Women Yazd Frequency distribution واژینیت کاندیدیایی زنان یزد؛ توزیع فراوانی. Shalini S, NS Murthy, Rajanna MS, et al. Study of reproductive tract infections among women attending urban health centers in Banglore city, Indian J. Prev. 2011; 42 (3):3-7.##2. Seddigheh Esmaeilzadeh, Saeid Mahdavi Omran, Zahra Rahmani. Frequency and Etiology of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Women Referred to a Gynecological Center in Babol, lran, Royan Institue##International Journal of Fertility and Sterility.2009; 3(2): 74-7.##3. Jason D, Mark G. Prevalence of Non-Albicans Candida Infections in Women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Symptomatology, Advances in Infectious Diseases. 2013; 3: 238-42.##4. Raid A, Talat A, Yazeed A, et al. Prevalence and comparison for detection methods of Candida species in vaginal specimens from pregnant and non pregnant Saudi women, African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013; 7(1): 56-65.##5. Nazeri M, Mesdaghinia E, Moraveji R, et al. Fateme Soleymani, Prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Frequency of Candida Species in Women, J Mazand Univ Med Sci. 2012; 22(86): 255-62.##6. Akbarzdeh M, Bonyadpour B, Pakshir K, et al. Frequency and Etiology of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Women Referred to a Gynecological Center in Babol, lran, Arak Medical University Journal. 2010, 13(2): 12-20.##7. Hafizi Moori M, Dolatian M, Naghash A, et al. The comparison of the effects of micosin vaginal cream (made of garlic) and metronidazole vaginal gel on treatment of bacterial vaginosis, Arak Medical University Journal. 2010, 13(3): 35-44.##8. Shazia N, Philip C, Tetsuo K, et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cicerfuran and related 2-arylbenzofurans and stilbenes, Microbiological Research, Microbiol Res. 2009; 164(2):191-5. ##9. Shazia A, Fauzia A, Shagufta A, et al. Evaluation of common organisms causing vaginal discharge, J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009; 21(2):45-9.##10. Etminan S, Zarinkatsh H, Lotfee M. The Prevalence of Candida Vaginitis among Women aged 15 - 49 Years in Yazd, Iran, spring & summer. 2008; 2(1):55-61.##11. Tahniat S and Paula K. Vaginitis in adolescents, Adolesc Med 15. 2008;2: 235–251##12. Paul N, Christina P, Velma W, et al. Causes of Chronic Vaginitis Analysis of a Prospective Database of Affected Women, Obstetrics. 2006; 108 (5):22-9.##13. Jao A, Okonko I, Odu N, et al. Detection and prevalence of Candida isolates among patients in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, and J. Microbiol. Biotech. 2011; 1 (3): 176-84.##14. Junko Y, Jay k, Kyle I, et al. The Acute Neutrophil Response Mediated by S100 Alarmins during Vaginal Candida Infections Is Independent of the Th17-Pathway, PLOS One. 2012; 7(9):e46311##15. Aditi BS, Nishant R ai, Pramesh C. Candida albicans Vaccines, Biotechnology International, 2010;3 (1):4-17.##16. Joziani B, Paulo G, Ruth R, Rose LG. Amaral Jose Eleute rio Jr., Steven S. Witkin, Fernando, Guimaraes. Altered CD16 expression on vaginal neutrophils from Women with vaginitis, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2013; 167: 96-9.##17. Cathy J. Watson, Christopher K. Fairley, Danilla Grando, Suzanne M. Garland, Stephen P. Myers. Marie Pirott, Associations with asymptomatic colonization with candida in women Reporting past vaginal candidiasis: an observational study, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2013; 169(2), 376-9.##18. John F, Kevin K, Jack S, et al. Newman. Candida Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis. 2011; 52 (6):437##19. Etra S, Zahraa K, Nick B, et al. Thurman and David F. Archer. Vaginal cytokines do not differ between postmenopausal women with and without symptoms of vulvovaginal irritation, Menopause: The Journal of The North American Menopause Society. 2012; 21(8):3-7.## ##

The Association between Socio – economic Factors and Coronary Artery Disease in Yazd Province: a case - control Study بررسی رابطه فاکتورهای اجتماعی اقتصادی با بیماری های عروق کرونری در افراد بالای 25 سال در استان یزد: مطالعه مورد –شاهدی 2 1 مقدمه: یکی از قوی ترین و اصولی ترین پیش گو کننده ابتلا و میرایی یک فرد، وضعیت اجتماعی – اقتصادی (SES) آن فرد است و بیماری های عروق کرونر قلب شاید از برجسته ترین اختلال ایجاد شده به علت نابرابری های اجتماعی – اقتصادی است. به همین منظور مطالعه حاضر جهت بررسی ارتباط فاکتورهای اجتماعی – اقتصادی با بیماری عروق کرونر در استان یزد انجام گرفت. روش کار: مطالعه حاضر به صورت گذشته نگر و به روش مورد شاهدی مبتنی بر بیمارستان از دی ماه 1391 تا مهرماه 1392 در استان یزد انجام گرفت. شاهدها به صورت گروهی از نظر سن و جنس با گروه بیمار همسان شدند. در مجموع حجم نمونه بدست امده با استفاده از نرم افزار اماری 500 نفر شامل 250 نفر مورد و 250 نفر شاهد بود. جمع اوری داده ها با ابزار پرسشنامه و به صورت مصاحبه جهره به چهره توسط مصاحبه گر، اندازه گیری های آزمایشگاهی و آنتروپومتریک و معاینه فیزیکی انجام شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج، آزمون های آماری مناسب مانند کای اسکویر، student t-test و آنالیز چند متغیره شرطی لجیستیک Multiple Logistic Regression)) مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که افراد گروه مورد در مقایسه با افراد گروه کنترل، اکثرا به طور قابل توجهی دارای تحصیلات ابتدایی و درامد ماهانه زیر 500 هزار تومان بودند. علاوه بر ان فراوانی پوشش بیمه روستایی و افراد با خانواده های بیش از 6 نفر در گروه مورد بیشتر بود و این تفاوت فراوانی ها از نظر اماری معنی دار شد. پس از بررسی اثر هم زمان متغیرهای اقتصادی - اجتماعی در مدل رگرسیون لوجستیک و کنترل اثر متغیرهای مخدوش کننده، تحصیلات ابتدایی همچنان رابطه معنی داری را نشان داد به گونه ای که در افراد با تحصیلات ابتدایی (65.344-1.675)10.462 برابر بیشتر از کسانی بوده که تحصیلات بالاتر از دیپلم داشتند .همچنین نتایج نشان داد که کسانی که درامد شان در رنج 700 هزار تا یک ملیون تومان قرار دارد در معرض خطر کمتری برای ابتلا به بیماری قرار دارند ( (0.967-0.078) OR= .275 ). علاوه بر ان شانس ابتلا به بیماری در کسانی که ساکن شهر می باشند نسبت به کسانی که ساکن روستا بودند 9.3 (71.04 -1.22) برابر بیشتر است. نتیجه گیری: در مجموع به نظر می رسد که سطح تحصیلات پایین و درامد کم و شهرنشینی می تواند نقش مهمی در علت و معلولی بیماریهای عروق کرونر (CAD) در استان یزد داشته باشد. . بنابراین برای پیش گیری از این بیماری اقدامات لازم برای ترویج شیوه زندگی سالم ، رفع فقر، افزایش سطح آگاهی افراد جامعه نسبت به عوامل خطر بیماری انسداد عروق کرونر و تغییر سیاست برنامه ریزی در سطح ملی ضروری به نظر می رسد. 2 Introduction: One of the strongest and most consistent predictors of morbidity and mortality of an individual is socio -economic status (SES) and coronary artery disease (CAD) is maybe the most prominent disturbance caused by socio-economic inequality. To investigate the relation between socio - economic factors with CAD this study was conducted in Yazd province. Materials and Methods:This retrospective case-control study based on hospital was performed from January 1391 to October 1392 in Yazd province.The total sample size achieved from statistical software was 500 patients (n=250 in case and n=250 in control group). Data were collected using questionnaire (face to face interviews), Laboratory and anthropometric measurements and physical examination.To analyze the results, statistical tests such as chi-square, student T-test and Conditional Multiple Logistic Regression were conducted. Results:Elementary education and total family monthly income 6 member in case group was statistically significantly higher. After checking of simultaneous effect of socio–economic variables in logistic regression model, Elementary education still showed a significant relation (OR=10.462,95%CI:1.68-65.33). Also findings indicate that Families with 700,000-1,000,000 Tomans of monthly income were in lower risk of getting CAD (OR=0.275,95%CI:0.078- 0.97). In addition, the risk of getting CAD in city residents was 9.3 (95%CI:1.220-71.041) times higher than rural's. Conclusions:Overall, it seems that urbanization, poor education and low income can play a role in the causation of CAD Yazd province.So for the prevention of CAD, promoting healthy lifestyles, alleviating poverty, increasing knowledge about CAD risk factors and national policy changes seems to be necessary. 168 176 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/23 1393/9/2 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/23 1393/9/2 محمدحسن لطفی Mohammad Hasan Lotfi فاطمه امیری Fatemeh Amiri fatemeh.amiri42@yahoo.com سیدخلیل فروزان Seyed Khalil Forouzannia حسین فلاحزاده Hossein Fallahzadeh هانیه شکاری Haniyeh shekari Socio – economic status CAD case-control Yazd Province وضعیت اجتماعی -اقتصادی CAD مورد شاهدی استان یزد References##1. 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Serum lipid peroxides and lipids in urban and rural Indian men. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 1994; 49(2):123-7.##28. Kivimäki M, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, et al. Socioeconomic position, co-occurrence of behavior-related risk factors, and coronary heart disease: the Finnish Public Sector study. American journal of public health. 2007; 97(5):874-9.##29. Lammintausta A, Immonen-Räihä P, Airaksinen JK, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in the morbidity and mortality of acute coronary events in Finland: 1988 to 2002. Annals of epidemiology. 2012; 22(2):87-93.#### ##

Accordance of Schools Health Status with the Regulations of School Health in Yazd بررسی وضعیت بهداشت مدارس ابتدایی ناحیه 2 استان یزد و مقایسه آن با استانداردهای تعیین شده در آئین نامه بهداشت در سال تحصیلی 91-1390 2 1 مقدمه : مطالعات گوناگون در خصوص بهداشت مدارس و نگاهی گذرا به تاریخچه آن در جهان نشان می دهد که اغلب کشورهای دنیا توجه خاصی را به امور بهداشتی معطوف داشته اند زیرا سلامتی دانش آموزان نه تنها از آن جهت که قشر آسیب پذیر جامعه هستند بلکه بدان جهت که سرمایه انسانی و ملی آینده و تضمین کننده توسعه اجتماعی و اقتصادی کشورند حائز اهمیت است . موادوروش ها: این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را کلیه مدارس ابتدایی ( دخترانه ، پسرانه ) ناحیه 2 استان یزد تشکیل می دادند که تعداد آنها 110 مدرسه ابتدایی بود که از این تعداد 50 مدرسه ابتدایی به صورت طبقه ای نسبتی و بطور تصادفی انتخاب و مورد بررسی و مطالعه قرار گرفتند . برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از ابزار پرسشنامه استفاده گردید . این پرسشنامه دارای دو بخش جداگانه است . بخش اول مربوط به وضعیت بهداشت محیط و ایمنی مدارس و بخش دوم مربوط به وضعیت بهداشت عمومی آموزشگاهها می شود . روایی پرسشنامه از طریق قضاوت متخصصان و اساتید بهداشت تأیید شد و پایایی پرسشنامه از طریق آزمون آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه وبانتیجه ی82٪ تأیید شده است . یافته ها: اکثر مدارس دارای مساحت مناسب ،اتاق خدمات بهداشتی و کمک های اولیه استاندارد هستند.بیشتر مدارس مجهز به آبخوری مناسب و همچنین توالت استاندارد هستند. در 66 درصد مدارس ،فاصله ی تخته سیاه با اولین نفر 5/2 متر و بیشتر است.وضعیت شاخص نور و سقف و رنگ و دیوار کلاسهای اکثر مدارس مناسب است. نتیجه گیری : وضعیت بهداشت مدارس ابتدایی ناحیه 2 استان یزد با استانداردهای بهداشتی تعیین شده در آئین نامه بهداشت مدارس همخوانی دارد و بین مدارس دخترانه و پسرانه از نظر وضعیت بهداشتی تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد . 2 Introduction: A large body of literature on school health and review of its history in the world show that most of the countries have paid special attention to this issue. The student’s health is of high importance, not only for being the society vulnerable population, but for they are future national and human capital and guarantors of the country socioeconomic development. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study the statistical population included all 110 primary schools (girls' and boys') in Yazd, District 2 of which 50 were randomly selected. Data were gathered using a questionnaire with two separate parts the first part about environmental health and safety status of the schools and the second about their public health status. The questionnaire validity was confirmed by the experts' judgment and reliability was estimated 82% using Cronbach's alpha test. Results: Most of the schools had suitable area per student, health care rooms, standard first aid kit, appropriate drinking fountains, and standard toilets. In 66% of the schools the distance of the blackboard from the first student was ≥2.5 m. Most of the schools had appropriate indexes for the status of light, ceiling, color and class wall. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the health status of primary schools of Yazd, District 2 was consistent with the required standards of school health regulations. Health status was not significantly different in girls' and boy's schools. 177 184 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/22 1393/9/1 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/22 1393/9/1 محمود زارع جمال ابادی Mahmoud Zare Jamalabadi m.kajbaf2006@yahoo.com محمدباقر کجباف Mohammad Bagher Kajbaf احسان محیطی اردکانی Ehsan Mohiti Ardakani : School health Yazd District 2 schools Health standards School health regulations. بهداشت مدارس مدارس ناحیه 2 یزد استانداردهای بهداشتی آئین نامه بهداشت مدارس 1. Ramezankhani A, Kumarizadeh SA. Health education program in primary schools with a tendency towards its practical aspects. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Summer 1997;47-9 [in Persian]##2. Cerswell WH, Newman M, Anderson CL, School Health Education. Chapter 1. Practice school Health and Heath Pub., 8th Ed., 1985; 18-20.##3. Alasvand Mehrzad. History of World Health, 1998;88-92 [in Persian]##4. Pirzadeh A, Sharifirad Gh, Oruji MA. Comparison of environmental health in public primary schools in different districts of Isfahan,2008 .Journal of Health Systems Research.2010;6(1):45-46. ##5. Ministries of Education & Health and Medical Education. Rules and Regulations for School Environmental Health, 2005. [in Persian]##6. Molaei S. A comparative study of physical status of primary schools with the governmental standards of Tabriz. MA Thesis, University of Tabriz, 2005:p17[in Persian]##7. Khalili A, Jahani Hashemi H, Jamali H. A comparative study on safety and environmental health of public and private schools of Qazvin. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 2007; 11(1): 41-9. ##8. Delavar A. Educational and psychological Research, 4th Edition. Virayesh publication institute; 2013;89-99 [in Persian]##9. Stanhope M, Lancaster J. Community and public health nursing. 7th edition, St-Louis, Mosby Co, 2009; 219-22. ##10. Rezaeian M, Danafar AA. Evaluation of school health status and safety in secondary schools of Yazd and its comparison with the required standards of School Health Regulations. Research Council, Organization of Education and Training, Yazd, 2002;43-6[in Persian]##11. Johnson, D.W. & Johnson, R. T. What to Say to Advocates for the Gifted. Educational Leaders, 1992; 50(2): 44-7.##12. Julaei S, Mehrdad N, Bahrani N, Moradi M. A comparative study of health behaviors of primary school students with and without health trainer, Ahvaz, 2003; 34-6.##13. Nazemi S, Shahsavar H, Asfidi AA. The status of environmental Health, Safety and Ergonomics of the primary and guidance schools of Shahrood, 2012 [Internet] Available at: https://www.google.com/search?biw=1360&bih=615&q##14. School health promotion providers' roles in practice and theory: Results from a case study. Teutsch F, Gugglberger L, Dür W. Health Policy. 2014; 16(14):8-8510.##15. Helmseresht P, Delpishe E. Health Environmental Principle. Tehran: Mehr Pub; 2011; 225-6. [in Persian] ##16. Ekici A, Akin A, Altinkaya V, Bulcun E. Chronic airway disease in adult life and childhood infections. Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2008; 75(1): 55-59. ##17. Adegbenro CA. Effect of a school health program on ensuring safe environments for primary school children. J R Soc Promot Health 2007; 127(1): 29-32. ##18. Nouri R. School Health. 2nd ed. Mashhad: Vaghefi Pub; 1994; 2:18- 28. [in Persian] ##19. Patrick K, Mendonca LL, Maughan ED, et al. National standardized data set for school health-services: step up and be counted.NASN Sch Nurse. 2014;29(5):236-40 .##20. Bultas MW, McLaughlin L.Using evidence-based practice in the school health room. NASN Sch Nurse. 2013; 28(1):34-40.##21. Zare R,Jalalvandi M,Rafiei M.Ergonomic, Safety and Environmental Health Status of Primary Schools in Markazi Province. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 53(1) :16-18.## ##

Biosorption Study of Ni(II) on Apple Peel Granola from Aqueous Solution 2 2 Introduction: Nickel is found in varies industrial processes such as electroplating, leather tanning, cement preservations, paints and pigments, textile, steel fabrication and canning industries. It is proved that Ni(II) has several health hazards such as carcinogenic. The aim of this study was the evaluation of Ni(II)adsorption on Apple peel granola from aqueous solution. Material and Methods: This study was done in laboratory scale and batch condition. In this study, the effects adsorbent dose, contact time and pH were investigated on the removal of nickel by batch process. The Apple peels granola prepared in lab conditions, and sieved by standard sieves of 60-100 mesh. The nickel concentration in standard and unknown samples was measured by AA spectrophotometer. For understanding of the adsorption process, the experimental data were analyzed with some isotherm and kinetic models. Results: The maximum removal at was found in pH= 7. The nickel removal efficiency decreased from 50.1 to 25% by increasing adsorbent dosage. By increasing of pH from 3 to 7, the removal efficiency increased from 19.8% to 35.0% at 30 min contact time. The adsorption isotherm and Kinetic analysis of our results showed that the results well fitted by the Frundlich isotherm model (R2= 0.909) and pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2= 0.926). Conclusion: the results showed that Apple peel granola is able to absorb the nickel from aqueous solutions and removal efficiency was more in pH=7. Preparing of Apple peel granola adsorbent is simple, cheap and its application is in priority because of its porous structure in comparison with other natural adsorbents. 185 94 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/18 1393/8/27 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/18 1393/8/27 Mohammad Hossien Salmani Nodoushan Mohammad Hossien Salmani Nodoushan Zahra Soltanian Zadeh Zahra Soltanian Zadeh Z_soltanian@yahoo.com Taherah Jasemi Zad Taherah Jasemi Zad Parvaneh Talebi Parvaneh Talebi Maryam Kafash Panah Maryam Kafash Panah Najmeh Dehghani Najmeh Dehghani Jalal Nikukaran Jalal Nikukaran Biosorption Nickel Apple peel granola Isotherm Kinetic 1. Sunderman FW Jr. Carcinogenicity of nickel compounds in animals. In: Sunderman FW Jr, ed. Nickel in the human environment. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1984;53: 127–142 .##2. Berg T. The release of nickel and other trace elements from electric kettles and coffee machines. Food Additives and Contaminants. 2000; 17(3):189–196.##3. IPCS (1991) Nickel. Geneva, World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety (Environmental Health Criteria 108).##4. WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water Quality. 4 Editions, 10 Aug 2014. ##5. Allenby CF, Goodwin BF. Influence of detergent washing powders on minimal eliciting patch test concentrations of nickel and chromium. Contact Dermatitis.1983; 9:491–499.##6. Salmani M.H, Davoodi M, Ehrampoush Mohammad Hassan, et al. Removal of cadmium (II) from simulated Wastewater by ion flotation technique. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering. 2013;10:16##7. Ozakia H, Sharma K, Saktaywinc W. Performance of an ultra-low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane(ULPROM) for separating heavy metal: effects of interference parameters. Desalination. 2002;144 (1–3): 287–294##8. Kabdaş I, Arslan T, Ölmez-Hanc T. Complexing agent and heavy metal removals from metal plating effluent by electrocoagulation with stainless steel electrodes. 2009 ;165(1–3): 838–845.##9. Merzouka B, Gourichb B, Sekkic.A, et al .Removal turbidity and separation of heavy metals using electrocoagulation-electroflotation technique: A case study 2009; 164(1): 215–222##10. Fua F, Wangb. Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. Journal of environmental management. 2011; 92( 3): 407–418##11. Hani Abu Qdais, Moussab H. Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study. Desalination. 2004; 164 (2): 105–110##12. Olayinka Kehinde O, Adetunde Oluwatoyin T, Oyeyiola Aderonke O. Comparative analysis of the efficiencies of two low cost adsorbents in the removal of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2009; 3 (11): 360- 369.##13. Azouaou N, Sadaoui Z, Djaafri A, et al. Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solution onto untreated coffee grounds: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 184(1-3):126-34##14. Parab H, Joshi S, Shenoy N, et al. Determination of Kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the batch adsorption of Co(II),Cr(III), and Ni (II) onto coir pith. Process Biochemistry. 2006;41: 609-915##15. Huang Xin, Gao Nai-yun, Zhang Qiao-li. Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Sciences.2007; 19:1287–1292##16. Yuh-Shan Ho, R. Malarvizhi, N. Sulochana. Equilibrium Isotherm Studies of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Delonixregia Pods. Journal of Environmental Protection Science. 2009; 3:111-116##17. Sharma C, Gupta G S., Prasad G, et al. Use of wollastonite in the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. Water Air Soil Poll.1990;49: 69-79.##18. Jin L., Bai R.B., Mechanism of lead adsorption on chitosan/PVA hydrogel beads, Langmuir, 2002; 18: 9765-9770##19. Azizian S., Kinetic models of sorption: a theoretical analysis, Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 2004, 276: 47–52## ##

Comparison Predominant Oral micro-flora in Subjects with and without Complete Denture Referred to Yazd Dentistry Department مقایسه فلور میکروبی شایع دهانی درافراد با و بدون دست دندان کامل مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی یزد 2 1 مقدمه/ هدف: هر چند حفره دهانی انسان دارای یک توده متنوعی از میکروارگانیزمها است، بعضی تغییرات و دستکاریها مانند استفاده از دست دندان کامل مصنوعی همراه با بهداشت نامناسب دهان در افراد بی دندان میتواند باعث به رشد و تکثیر بیش از حد میکروارگانیسمهای فرصت طلب شده که منجربه استوماتیت ناشی از دنچر (دست دندان) شود. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر مقایسه فلور میکروبی غالب دهانی بین افراد بی دندان دارای دندان مصنوعی وافراد مسن دارای دندان طبیعی بوده است. مواد و روش کار: در مطالعه مقطعی- تحلیلی حاضر، تعداد سی بیمار دارای پروتز کامل دندانی و سی فرد مشابه دارای دندان، پذیرفته شده در بخش پروتز دانشکده دندانپزشکی بطور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. نمونه های حفره دهانی از تمامی آنها با روش استفاده از سواب سرپنبه ای استریل تهیه ، برای بررسی لام مستقیم و کشت برروی محیط های کشت اختصاصی باکتریایی و قارچی استفاده شد. باکتریها و قارچهای شایع جدا شده شمارش و با استفاده از تستهای تشخیص افتراقی تعیین هویت شدند. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS و با کمک تست آماری T بررسی و تفاوتها را با میزان 05/0 P< از نظر آماری معنی داردر نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج: استافیلوکوکوسهای غیرارئوس واسترپتوکوکهای آلفا همولیتیک بالاترین میزان کشت مثبت و استرپتوکوکهای بتا همولیتیک دارای کمترین درصد در بین میکروارگانیسمهای جدا شده از نمونه های دهانی هر دوگروه بودند. تراکم بالاتری ازاستافیلوکوکهای غیر ارئوس، استرپتوکوکهای آلفا همولیتیک، کوکوباسیلهای گرم منفی، نایسریاهای غیر بیماریزا، کاندیدا و کورینه باکتریومها در نمونه های دهانی افراد دارای دست دندان در مقایسه با افراد دارای دندان طبیعی مشاهده شد (0001/0=P). همچنین یک همبستگی آماری معنی داری بین تعداد میگرارگانیسمهای جدا شده و طول مدت زمان استفاده از دنچر در افراد دارای دست دندان مصنوعی مشاهده گردید (013/0=P). نتیجه گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضرنشان میدهد که دست دندان مصنوعی میتواند به عنوان عامل زمینه ساز باعث تکثیر بیش از حد طبیعی تعدادی از میکرارگانیسم فلوردهانی خصوصآ کاندیدا، کوکوباسیلهای گرم منفی، نایسریاهای غیر بیماریزا و کورینه باکتریومها شده، که این بر نقش مهم حفظ بهداشت دست دندان مصنوعی در افراد دارای دندان مصنوعی تاکید میکند. 2 Introduction: However human oral cavity consist a mass of microorganisms, some alteration such as application the complete removable denture with poor oral hygiene in edentulous patients may cause overgrowth of several opportunistic microorganisms resulted denture stomatitis. The aim of present study was to compare the dominant oral micro-flora between edentulous denture users with dentate elderly. Material and Method: In current analytical, cross-sectional study, 30 edentulous patients with complete removable denture and 30 dentate subjects, who admitted for non-prosthetic treatments, were randomly selected in Yazd dentistry department. Their oral cavity samples were obtained using sterile cotton-tip swabs, for direct smear analyzing and cultivation on the selective fungal as well as bacterial media. Isolated predominant bacteria and fungi were enumerated and identified by microbiological differential diagnosis tests. Data were analyzed with SPSS software with T test and differences were considered statistically significant when p<0.05. Results: The non-aureus staphylococcus and alpha-hemolytic streptococci showed the highest positive culture among the isolated microorganisms in both groups, whereas beta hemolytic streptococci showed the least percent of isolated microorganism in both groups. The higher density of non-aureus Staphylococci, α-hemolitic Streptococci, Gram negative cocobasillus, non-pathogenic Neisseria, Candida and Corynebacterium were recovered from oral samples of denture users in compare with dentate subjects (P= 0.0001). There was also seen a statistical significant correlation between the number of isolated microorganisms and the duration of denture utilization in denture users (P=0.013). Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that complete denture can be act as a predisposal factor in overgrowing of several oral micro-flora particularly Candida, non-aureus Staphylococci, α-hemolytic streptococci, gram negative cocobacillus, non-pathogenic Neisseria, and Corynebacterium, which emphasized the users denture hygine. 195 203 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/182014/11/16 1393/8/25 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/182014/11/16 1393/8/25 عباسعلی جعفری Abbas Ali Jafari jaabno@gmail.com عباس فلاح تفتی Abbas Fallah Tafti علی فتاحی بافقی Ali Fattahi bafghi بنفشه ارضی Benafshah Arzy Oral cavity Micro-flora Complete denture حفره دهانی غالب فلور میکروبی دست دندان کامل 1- Dodds MWJ, Johnson DA, Yeh CK. Health benefits of saliva: a review. J Dent 2005; 33(3):223-33.##2- Marsh PD, Martin MW. Oral microbiology, 3rd Edn, Chapman and Hall, London, 1992.##3- Mojon PS, Feine G, Carlsson E. The world without teeth: demographic trends. J, Implant overdentures the standard of care for edentulous patients, Quintessence, Chicago 2003:3–14.##4- Shayegh SH, Salary AM. A study of the prevalence of edentulous cases in Iran during 1998-1999. Beheshti University Dental Journal, 2003; 21(1); 61-5. ##5- Redford M, Drury TF, Kingman A, et al. Denture use and the technical quality of dental prostheses among person 18-74 years of age: United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 714-25.##6- Douglass CW, Gammon MD, Atwood DA. Need and effective demand for prosthodontic treatment. J Prosthet Dent 1988; 59(1): 94-104.##7- Sreebny LM. Saliva in health and disease an appraisal and update. Int Dent J 2000; 50(3): 140-61.##8- Geerts GA, Stuhlinger ME, Basson NJ. Effect of an antifungal denture liner on the saliva yeast count in patients with denture stomatitis: a pilot study. J Oral Rehabil. 2008; 35 (9):664-9.##9- Walter B, Frank RM, Steuer P. Ultrastructuraldevelopment ofdated plaquein cases of denture stomatitis. Journale de Biologie Buccale, 1986; 14(2):115-24.##10- Okuda K, Kimizuka R, Abe S,et al. Involvement of periodontopathic anaerobes in aspiration pneumonia. J Periodontol 2005; 76(11): 2154–60.##11- Okuda M, Kaneko Y, Ichinohe T, et al. Reduction of potential respiratory pathogens by oral hygienic treatment in patients undergoing endotracheal anesthesia. J Anesth 2003;17(1): 84–91.##12- Hamalainen P, Suominen H, Keskinen M, et al. Oral health and reduction in respiratory capacity in a cohort of community-dwelling elderly people: a population-based 5-year follow-up study. Gerodontology 2004; 21(4): 209–15.##13- Marsh PD, Percival RS, Challacombe SJ. The influence of denture-wearing and age on the oral microflora. J Dent Res. 1992; 71(7):1374-81.##14- Daniluk T, Tokajuk G, Stokowska W, et al. Occurrence rate of oral Candida albicans in denture Wearer patients. Adv Med Sci. 2006; 51 (1):77-80.##15- Barbeau J, Séguin J, Goulet JP, et al. reassessing the presence of Candida albicans in denture-related stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95(1):51-9. ##16- Kaplan I, Zuk-Paz L, Wolff A. Association between salivary flow rate ,oral symptoms, and oral mucosal status .Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008 ;106(2):235-41.##17- Matsuda K, Ikebe K, Ogawa T, et al. Increase of salivary flow rate along with improved occlusal force after the replacement of complete dentures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108(2): 211-15.##18- Carlsson J, Soderholm G, Almfeldt I. Prevalence of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans in the mouth of persons wearing full dentures .Arch Oral Biol 1969 ;14(3): 243.##19- Kononem E, Asikainen S, Kononem M, et al. Are certain oral pathogens parts of normal oral flora in denture-wearing edentulous subjects? Oral Microdiol Immunol 1991; 6(2):119-122.##20- Glass RT, Bullard JW, Hadley CS, et al. Partial spectrum of microorganisms found in dentures and possible disease implications. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2001; 101(2):92–4.##21- Zarb GA, Mackay HF. The partially edentulous patient. I. The biologic price of prosthodontic intervention. Aust Dent J 1980; 25(2):63–8.##22- Nikawa H, Hamada T, Yamamoto T. Denture plaque-past and recent concerns. J Dent 1998; 26(4):299–304.##23- Lara-Carrillo E, Montiel-Bastida NM, Sánchez-Pérez L, et al. Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010; 15 (6):e924-9.##24- Kulekci G, Bilgim T, Egimez S. et al. The presence of black-pigmented anaerobes in oral cavity of edentulous subjects. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1993; 6(2, 3):219-22.##25- Danser MM, VanWinkelhoff AJ, de Graff J, et al. Putative periodontal pathogens colonizing oral mucous membrane in denture-wearing subjects with a past history of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995; 22(11):854-9.##26- Theilade E, Budtz-Jorgensen E. Predominant, cultitative microflora of plaque on removable dentures in patients with denture- induced stomatitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1988; 3(1):8-13.##27- Narhi To, Alnamo A, Meurman JH. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the eldery. Scand J Dent Res 1994 ;102(2):97-102.##28- Socransky SS, Manganiello SD. The oral microbiota of men from birth to senility. J.Periodontal 1971; 42:482-94.##29- Coulter WA, Strawbridgef JL, Clifford T. Denture Induced Changes in Palatal Plaque Microflora. Microbial ecology in heathand disease 1990; 3:77-85.##30- Daniluk T, Tokajuk G, Stokowska W, et al. Occurrence rate of oral Candida albicans in denture wearer patients. Adv Med Sci 2006;51(1):77-8.##31- Hoshi N, Mori H, Taguchi H, et al. Management of oral candidiasis in denture wearers. J Prosthodont Res 2001; 55(1):48-52.##32- Bagg J, Silverwood RW .Coaggulation reactions between Candida albicans and bacteria. J Med Microbiol 1986; 22(2):165-9.##33- Saeed Abdul Latteef AK. Changes in oral flora of newly edentulous patients, before and after complete dentures insertion. J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2012; 24(1):65-9.##34- Gendreau L, Loewy ZG. Epidemiology and Etiology of Denture Stomatitis. J Prosthodont 2011; 20(4): 251-60.##35- Al-Aswad FD. Prevalence and microbiology of oral mucosal lesions in a sample of complete denture wearers. A thesis submitted to College of Dentistry, Univrrsity of Baghdad, Iraq .MSc. Oral Medicine. 30, 62- 72 -1999.##36- Mahmoudabadi AR, Drucker DB, Mandall N, et al. Isolation and Identification of Candida Species from the Oral Cavity Using CHROMagar Candida. Iranian Biomedical Journal 2000; 4(2,3): 57-61.##37- Odds, FC and Bernaerts R. CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. J. Clin. Microbiol.1994; 32(8): 1923-29.##38- Abdul–Rahman GhY, Al–Dewachi ZB, Al–Dawoody AD. Prevalence of Candidaalbicans in patients using fixed orthodontic appliances after the use of peppermint extract. Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2005; 5(1): 91-6.##39- Tapper-jones LA, Aldred MJ, Walker DM, et al. Candidal infections and populations of Candida albicans in mouths of diabetics. J Clin Pathol 198; 34(7):706-11.#### ##

Occurrence and Distribution of Sarcocystis Parasite Isolated from Sheep in Yazd Province, Iran وقوع و پراکندگی انگل سارکوسیستیس جدا شده از گوسفند در استان یزد، ایران 2 1 مقدمه: گونه های سارکوسیستیس از مهمترین انگل های منتقله از گوشت هستند. سارکوسیستیس موجب بروز علایم مختلفی در انسان و نیز بیماری هایی در چهارپایان شده که مسبب مضرات اقتصادی قابل توجهی است. در این تحقیق، ب نتایج اولیه یک مطالعه پایلوت به منظور تعیین عامل بیماری در گوسفندان استان یزد اشاره شده است. همچنین وضعیت این انگل در فراورده های گوشتی قرمز در منطقه مورد مطالعه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مواد و روش ها: طی شهریور و مهر ماه 1392، عضلات 70 رأس گوسفند کشتار شده شامل هر دو جنس و نیز سنین مختلف به منظور جستجوی این انگل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در کشتارگاه صنعتی یزد، بازرسی لاشه با چشم غیرمسلح در بافت های عضلانی هدف انگل به منظور بررسی کیست های ماکروسکوپیک انجام شده و نیز روش هضم با پپسین به منظور جستجوی انگل میکروسکوپیک صورت پذیرفت. نتایج: در حین بازرسی، هیچ انگل ماکروسکوپیک ملاحظه نشد. اما برادی زوایت های انگل در 14/97 درصد از عضلات هضم شده حیوانات دیده شد. بین شیوع آلودگی و جنس و سن حیوانات اختلاف معنی داری وجود نداشت. نتیجه گیری: از آنجائیکه انسان میزبان واسط و نهایی گونه های مختلف انگل سارکوسیست بوده و کیست های انگل به اندازه های میکروسکوپیک حضور دارند، انتقال آلودگی از طریق گوشت باید مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. همچنین آموزش اهمیت بهداشتی این بیماری، چرخه انگل و نیز روش های تشخیص کیست ها در گوشت توصیه می شود. 2 Introduction: Sarcocystis species are one of the most important meat borne parasites. Sarcocystosis causes several symptoms in human as well as numerous diseases with high economic impact in livestock. In current paper at first results of a pilot study for determination of disease agent in lamb of Yazd province central Iran is presented. Then status of parasite in red meat products in study region gets discussed. Materials and Methods: Muscles of 70 slaughtered Sheep from both sexes and different ages were investigated for presence of parasite cysts during September to October 2013. Carcass inspection with naked eye at industrial slaughterhouse of Yazd for macroscopic cysts, and pepsin-digestion method for microscopic cysts was performed on common infected sites of infection. Results: No macroscopic cyst was seen at inspection, however bradyzoites of parasite were observed in 97.14% of animals’ digested muscles. No significant difference between infection and age groups or sex of animals was observed. Conclusion: As humans are considered as final and intermediate host of different species of Sarcocystis, and parasite cysts present at microscopic sizes, transmission of infection from lamb meat should come into consideration. Hence public training of disease health importance, parasite cycle and methods of inactivation probable cysts in meat is recommended. 204 209 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/182014/11/162014/11/15 1393/8/24 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/182014/11/162014/11/15 1393/8/24 بهادر حاج محمدی Bahador Hajimohammadi امین ظهورتبار Amin Zohourtabar علی فتاحی بافقی Ali Fattahi Bafghi afbafghi@ssu.ac.ir اعظم امیدپناه Azam Omidpanah طیبه رعیتی Tayebe Rayati ابوالفضل قاسمی Abolfazl Ghasemi علیرضا سازمند Alireza Sazmand Sarcocystis Meat products Iran سارکوسیستیس فراورده های گوشتی ایران 1. Nourollahi Fard SR, Asghari M, Nouri F. Survey of Sarcocystis infection in slaughtered cattle in Kerman, Iran. Trop Anim Health Pro. 2009; 41: 1633–36. ##2. Motamedi GR, Dalimi A, Nouri A, Aghaeipour K. Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis isolated from camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. 2011; 108: 949–54.##3. Abubakar S, Teoh BT, Sam SS, et al. Outbreak of human infection with Sarcocystis nesbitti, Malaysia, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013; 19(12): 1989–91.##4. Fayer R. Sarcocystis spp. in Human Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2004, 17(4): 894–902.##5. Hidron A, Vogenthaler N, Santos-Preciado JI, et al. Cardiac involvement with parasitic infections. Cli Microbiol Rev. 2010; 23(2): 324–49. ##6. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS. Neosporosis, toxoplasmosis, and sarcocystosis in ruminants. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practic. 2006; 22(3): 645–71. ##7. OIE/Center of Food Security and Public Health, Sarcocystosis. CFSPH, Iowa, 2005; 1–6.##8. Satya D. Dubey, Some test functions for the parameters of the weibull distributions, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly. 2006; 13(2): 113-28.##9. Lindsay DS. Neosporosis: an emerging protozoal disease of horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 2001, 33: 116-18.##10. Hamidinejat H, Hekmatimoghaddam S, Jafari H, et al. Prevalence and distribution patterns of Sarcocystis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Yazd province, Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2013; 37(2):163–5. ##11. Hajimohammadi B, Eslami G, Oryan A, et al. Molecular identification of Sarcocystis hominis in native cattle of central Iran: A case report. Trop Biomed. 2014; 31(1):183–6.##12. Hajimohammadi B, Dehghani A, Moghaddam Ahmadi M, et al. Prevalence and species identification of Sarcocystis in raw hamburgers distributed in Yazd , Iran using PCR-RFLP. J Food Qual Hazards Control. 2014; 1: 15–20.##13. Eslami G, Zohourtabar A, Mehrizi SR. First molecular identification of Sarcocystis hirsuta in Iranian beef : A case report. J Food Qual Hazards Control. 2014; 1: 32–4.##14. Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R. Sarcocystosis of animals and man, 1st edition. CRC Press Inc, 1988, Boca Raton.##15. Borji H, Azizzadeh M, Kamelli MA. Retrospective study of abattoir condemnation due to parasitic infections: economic importance in Ahwaz, southwestern Iran. The Journal of Parasitology. 2012; 98(5): 954–7.##16. Borji H, Parandeh S. The abattoir condemnation of meat because of parasitic infection, and its economic importance: results of a retrospective study in north-eastern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2010; 104(8): 641–7. ##17. Oryan A, Moghaddar N, Gaur SNS. The distribution pattern of Sarcocystis species, their transmission and pathogenesis in sheep in Fars Province of Iran. Vet Res Commun. 1996; 20(3): 243-53. ##18. Dehaghi MM, Fallahi M, Sami M, et al. Survey of Sarcocystis infection in slaughtered sheep in Kerman Abattoir, Kerman, Iran. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2013; 22(3): 343-6. ##19. Arshad M, Dalimi A, Ghaffarifar F. Comparative study on Sarcocystis diagnosis in meat of slaughtered sheep in Tabriz. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 2007; 75: 68–72 [in Persian].##20. Hamidinejat H, Razi Jalali MH, Nabavi L. Survey on Sarcocystis Infection in Slaughtered Cattle in South-West of Iran, Emphasized on Evaluation of Muscle Squash in Comparison with Digestion Method. J Anim Vet Adv. 2010; 9(12):1724–6. ##21. Oryan A, Ahmadi N, Mousavi SMM. Prevalence, biology, and distribution pattern of Sarcocystis infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Iran. Trop Anim Health Pro. 2010, 42(7): 1513-18.##22. Esposito DH, Freedman DO, Neumayr A, et al. Ongoing outbreak of an acute muscular Sarcocystis-like illness among travellers returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia. Eurosurveillance, 2012, 17(45): 20310. ## ##

Validity and Reliability of the Health Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Kidscreen-52) In a Sample of Iranian Students اعتبار و پایایی پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت کیداسکرین-52 (KIDSCREEN-52) در نمونه‌ای از دانش آموزان ایرانی 2 1 هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر وارسی اعتبار و پایایی پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت کیداسکرین-52 در نمونه‌ای از دانش آموزان ایرانی بوده است. روش: با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری مرحله‌ای، 551 دانش آموز از مقاطع راهنمایی و دبیرستان شهر یزد که در سال تحصیلی 1389-90 مشغول به تحصیل بودند انتخاب گردیدند. در این مطالعه از پرسشنامه «کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت کیداسکرین- 52 فرم خود سنجی» و سایر پرسشنامه هایی که ساختار مشابهی را می سنجیدند استفاده گردید. به منظور بررسی اعتبار پرسشنامه از روش‌های اعتبار سازه (تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و تشخیصی) و اعتبار همگرا و به منظور وارسی پایایی از دو روش آلفای کرونباخ و ضریب بازآزمایی (با فاصله دو هفته) استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج تحلیل عاملی تأییدی حاکی از آن بود که شاخص‌های خطای ریشه مجذور میانگین تقریب (RMSEA) و برازندگی تطبیقی (CFI) به ترتیب برابر با 0.053 و 0.97 بودند که نمایانگر برازندگی مناسب بین مدل مشخص شده و داده‌ها می‌باشد. همچنین نتایج اعتبار همگرا نشان داد که رابطه بین ابعاد پرسشنامه کیداسکرین-52 بجز بعد پذیرش اجتماعی و مزاحمت، با ساختارهای مشابه، در حد متوسط تا قوی و معنادار می‌باشد. همچنین تفاوت‌های معناداری در ابعاد کیداسکرین-52 بر اساس وضعیت روانی و وضعیت اجتماعی- اقتصادی یافت شد. ضرایب تمام آلفاها (به جز پذیرش اجتماعی و مزاحمت) و ضرایب پایایی باز آزمایی (به فاصله دو هفته) قابل قبول بودند. نتیجه گیری: پرسشنامه کیداسکرین-52 از اعتبار و پایایی مناسبی در جامعه دانش آموزان ایرانی برخوردار است. 2 Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Health Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (KIDSCREEN-52) in a sample of Iranian students. Materials and Method: Using Multistage Sampling, 551 students from middle and high school, studying in Yazd city were selected as a sample. In this study” KIDSCREEN-52 HRQOL questionnaire”, and some other questionnaires that assess similar construct were employed. To examine the validity of the questionnaire, construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis and diagnosis validity) and convergent validity were used and Cronbach Alfa coefficient and test -retest reliability were also used to examine the reliability of the scale. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and comparative fit index (CFI) values were 0.053 and 0.97 respectively, showing an excellent (adequate) ﬁtness between the speciﬁed model and the observed data. However, the obtained convergent validity indicated that the relationship among KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions with other similar constructs, except for social acceptance and bulling, were moderate to high and significant. Differences in KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions were also found based on mental health and socio-economic status. All Alfa coefficients (except for social acceptance and bulling) and test- retest reliability coefficient (two week distance) were acceptable. Conclusions: The KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire has a good validity and reliability in Iranian student population. 210 224 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/182014/11/162014/11/152015/03/7 1393/12/16 2015/01/72014/11/232014/11/232014/11/222014/11/182014/11/162014/11/152015/03/7 1393/12/16 امیر نیک آذین Amir Nik-Azin محمدرضا نائینیان Mohammad Reza Naenian محمدرضا شعیری Mohammad Reza Shairi quality of life health related quality of life Kidscreen-52 validity reliability health policy کیفیت زندگی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت کیداسکرین-52 اعتبار پایایی سیاست‌های سلامت 1. Wilson IB, Cleary PD. Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life. J Am Med Assoc. 1995;273(1):59-65.##2. Ravens-Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Bruil J, Power M, et al. The KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life measure for children and adolescents: psychometric results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries. Value in Health. 2008;11(4):645-58.##3. Landgraf JM, Abetz L. Influences of sociodemographic characteristics on parental reports of children’s physical and psychosocial well-being: early experiences with the Child Health Questionnaire. In: Maruish ME, editor. Measuring health related quality of life in children and adolescents. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associated; 1998. p. 105-30.##4. Starfield B, Ensminger M, Riley A, McGauhey P, Skinner A, Kim S, et al. Adolescent health status measurement: development of the Child Health and Illness Profile. Pediatrics. 1993;91(2):430-5.##5. Ravens-Sieberer U, Bullinger M. Assessing health-related quality of life in chronically ill children with the German KINDL: first psychometric and content analytical results. QUAL LIFE RES. 1998;7(5):399-407.##6. Varni JW, Burwinkle TM, Seid M. The PedsQL TM 4.0 as a school population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity. QUAL LIFE RES. 2006;15(2):203-15.##7. Edwards TC, Huebner CE, Connell FA, Patrick DL. Adolescent quality of life, part I: conceptual and measurement model. J ADOLESCENCE. 2002;25(3):275-86.##8. Ravens-Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Bruil J, Duer W, et al. KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2005;5(3):353-64.##9. Ravens-Sieberer U, Auquier P, Erhart M, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Bruil J, et al. The KIDSCREEN-27 quality of life measure for children and adolescents: psychometric results from a cross-cultural survey in 13 European countries. QUAL LIFE RES. 2007;16(8):1347-56.##10. Erhart M, Ottova V, Gaspar T, Jericek H, Schnohr C, Alikasifoglu M, et al. Measuring mental health and well-being of school-children in 15 European countries using the KIDSCREEN-10 Index. International journal of public health. 2009;54:160-6.##11. Tebe C, Berra S, Herdman M, Aymerich M, Alonso J, Rajmil L. Fiabilidad y validez de la versión española del KIDSCREEN-52 para población infantil y adolescente. Medicina clínica. 2008;130(17):650-4.##12. Hong SD, Yang JW, Jang WS, Byun H, Lee MS, Kim HS, et al. The KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life measure for children and adolescents (KIDSCREEN-52-HRQOL): reliability and validity of the Korean version. JKMS. 2007;22(3):446-52.##13. Haraldstad K, Christophersen KA, Eide H, Nativg GK, Helseth S. Health related quality of life in children and adolescents: reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire, a cross sectional study. NT J NURS STUD. 2011;48(5):573-81.##14. Berra S, Bustingorry V, Henze C, Díaz MP, Rajmil L, Butinof M. Cross-cultural adaptation of the KIDSCREEN questionnaire to measure the health related quality of life in the 8 to 18 year-old Argentinean population. Arch Argent Pediatr2009. p. 307-14.##15. Naeinian MR, Gohari Z, Matlabi nejad S, Baloochan M. Primary investigation of validity and reliability of personal well-being index school children version (PWI-Sc). Third congress of psychiatric; Tehran, Iran.2011.##16. Amiri P, M. Ardekani E, Jalali-Farahani S, Hosseinpanah F, Varni JW, Ghofranipour F, et al. Reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in adolescents. QUAL LIFE RES. 2010;19(10):1501-8.##17. Jafari P, Ghanizadeh A, Akhondzadeh S, Mohammadi MR. Health-related quality of life of Iranian children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. QUAL LIFE RES. 2011;20(1):31-6.##18. Engelen V, Haentjens M, Detmar S, Koopman H, Grootenhuis M. Health related quality of life of Dutch children: psychometric properties of the PedsQL in the Netherlands. BMC Pediatr. 2009;9(1):68.##19. Goldberg DP, Hillier V. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. PSYCHOL MED. 1979;9(01):139-45.##20. Iwata N, Saito K. The factor structure of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire when used in Japanese early adolescents and adult employees: age-and cross-cultural comparisons. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;242(2):172-8.##21. Cummins R, Lau ALD. Personal Wellbeing Index–School Children. Victoria, Australia: Deakin University; 2005.##22. Huebner ES. Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children. PSYCHOL ASSESSMENT. 1994;6(2):149.##23. Gilman R, Huebner ES, Laughlin JE. A first study of the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale with adolescents. Social Indicators Research. 2000;52(2):135-60.##24. Zaki MA. Validation of multidimensional satisfaction of life scale in students. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology. 2007;13(1):49-57.##25. Coopersmith S. Self-esteem inventories. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc; 1981.##26. Lane GG, White AE, Henson RK. Expanding Reliability Generalization Methods with KR-21 Estimates an RG Study of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. EPM. 2002;62(4):685-711.##27. Goodman R. Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40(11):1337-45.##28. Garmaroodi GR, Moradi A. developing a questionnaire for assessing socio-economic status in Tehran city. Health Monitor. 2010;9(2):137-44.##29. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16(3):297-334.##30. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory. 1994. McGraw, New York. 1991.##31. Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological bulletin. 1990;107(2):238.##32. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. Testing Structural Equation Models. 154. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; 1993. p. 136-62.##33. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 1999;6(1):1-55.##34. Mulaik SA, James LR, Van Alstine J, Bennett N, Lind S, Stilwell CD. Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin. 1989;105(3):430.##35. Rajmil L, Palacio-Vieira JA, Herdman M, López-Aguilà S, Villalonga-Olives E, Valderas JM, et al. Effect on health-related quality of life of changes in mental health in children and adolescents. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7:103.##36. Kenney K. Social support and health-related quality of life among healthy middle-childhood aged siblings of chronically ill children: TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; 2010.##37. Park J, Turnbull AP, Turnbull HR. Impacts of poverty on quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Except Child. 2002;68(2):151-70.##38. Mansour ME, Kotagal U, Rose B, Ho M, Brewer D, Roy-Chaudhury A, et al. Health-related quality of life in urban elementary schoolchildren. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6):1372-81.#### ##