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Weight Gain During Pregnancy and Birth Weight Outcome In Pregnant Women, Tabriz, Iran Weight Gain During Pregnancy and Birth Weight Outcome In Pregnant Women, Tabriz, Iran 2 1 Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate weight gain during pregnancy and birth weight in rural regions of Tabriz, a province in the northwest of Iran. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using routinely collected data of pregnant mothers from rural health centers. Eight health centers were randomly selected in rural areas of Tabriz. Totally, 874 women aged 24.86±5.08 years with singleton term that regularly attended health centers for prenatal care and delivered between 2002 and 2007 entered the study. The data on pre-pregnancy weight, height, total weight gain during pregnancy, mother’s age, parity, newborn's birth weight, mother’s education and working status were extracted from the health records. The women were categorized based on their pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Pregnancy weight gain was compared with new (2009) and old (1990) recommendations of Institute of Medicine (IOM). Results: 86.1% of underweight and 77.7% of normal weight pregnant women gained weight during their pregnancy below the lower limits of recommended ranges. While weight gain in none of the underweight pregnant women was more than the new IOM recommendations, 1.1% of normal weight, 17.8% of overweight and 36.4% of obese women gained weight more than the upper limits of the new IOM recommendations. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that according to IOM guidelines, most of Iranian rural pregnant women gain weight during pregnancy less than minimum recommendations. 2 Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate weight gain during pregnancy and birth weight in rural regions of Tabriz, a province in the northwest of Iran. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using routinely collected data of pregnant mothers from rural health centers. Eight health centers were randomly selected in rural areas of Tabriz. Totally, 874 women aged 24.86±5.08 years with singleton term that regularly attended health centers for prenatal care and delivered between 2002 and 2007 entered the study. The data on pre-pregnancy weight, height, total weight gain during pregnancy, mother’s age, parity, newborn's birth weight, mother’s education and working status were extracted from the health records. The women were categorized based on their pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Pregnancy weight gain was compared with new (2009) and old (1990) recommendations of Institute of Medicine (IOM). Results: 86.1% of underweight and 77.7% of normal weight pregnant women gained weight during their pregnancy below the lower limits of recommended ranges. While weight gain in none of the underweight pregnant women was more than the new IOM recommendations, 1.1% of normal weight, 17.8% of overweight and 36.4% of obese women gained weight more than the upper limits of the new IOM recommendations. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that according to IOM guidelines, most of Iranian rural pregnant women gain weight during pregnancy less than minimum recommendations. 1 10 2012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/22 1393/4/1 سیدمصطفی نجواک Seyyed Mostafa Nachvak حسین جباری Hossein Jabbari علیرضا استادرحیمی Alireza Ostadrahimi کورش جعفریان Kurosh Djafarian kdjafarian@tums.ac.ir Rural Health Services Pregnancy Outcome Infant Low Birth Weight Obesity Weight Gain Rural Health Services Pregnancy Outcome Infant Low Birth Weight Obesity Weight Gain 1. Wardlaw T, Blanc A, Ahman E. LBW: Country, regional and global estimate. New York: United Nations Children's Fund and World Health Organization; 2004.##2. Abrams B, Newman V, Key T, et al. Maternal weight gain and preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74(4):577-83.##3. Panahandeh Z. Gestational weight gain and fetal birth weight in rural regions of Rasht/Iran. Iran J Pediatr 2009; 19:18-24.[Persian]##4. Abrams B, Altman SL, Pickett KE. Pregnancy weight gain: still controversial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(5 Suppl):1233S-41S.##5. Parker JD, Abrams B. Prenatal weight gain advice an examination of the recent prenatal weight gain recommendations of the institute of medicine. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79(5 Part 1):664-69.##6. Carmichael S, Abrams B, Selvin S. The pattern of maternal weight gain in women with good pregnancy outcome. Am J Public Health 1997; 87(12):1984–88.##7. Ledermann SA, Paxton A, Heymsfield SB, et al. Body fat and water changes during pregnancy in women with different body weight and weight gain. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90(4 Part 1):483-88.##8. Rasmussen KM , Yaktine AL ; editors. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines.. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press ; 2009##9. Yekta Z, Ayatollahi H, Porali R, et al. The effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes in urban care settings in Urmia-Iran. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2006; 6:15. ##10. Cunningham F, leveno k, Bloom S ,et al. Williams obstetrics. 22 th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2005.p. 213-15.##11. Maddah M, Nikooyeh B. Urban and rural differences in pregnancy weight gain in Guilan, Northern Iran. Matern Child Health J 2008; 12(6):783-786.##12. Merchant SS, Momin IA, Sewani AA, et al. Effect of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on birth weight. JPMA 1999; 49(1):23-25.##13. Frederick I, Williams M, Sales A, et al. Pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and other maternal characteristics in relation to infant birth weight. Matern Child Health J 2008;12(5):557-67.##14. Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Prevalence of LBW in Iran. 9th Iranian Nutrition Congress. Tabriz, Iran, 2006.##15. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1992.##16. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Influence of pregnancy weight on maternal and child health. Committee on the impact of pregnancy weight on maternal and child health. Workshop Report. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academics, March 14, 2007.##17. Hickey CA. Sociocultural and behavioral influences on weight gain during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(Suppl):1364S-70S##18. Jansen PW, Tiemeier H, Looman CW, et al . Explaining educational inequalities in birth weight: the Generation R Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2009; 23(3):216-28.##19. Koch E, Bogado M, Araya F, et al. Impact of parity on anthropometric measures of obesity controlling by multiple confounders: a cross-sectional study in Chilean women. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62(5):461-470.##20. Johnston CS, Christopher FS, Kandell LA. Pregnancy weight gain in adolescents and young adults. J Am Coll Nutr 1991; 10(3):185-189.##21. Stevens-Simon C, McAnarney ER, Roghmann KJ. Adolescent gestational weight gain and birth weight. Pediatrics 1993; 92(6):805-809.##22. Naeye RL. Teenaged and pre teenaged pregnancies consequences of the fetal maternal competition for nutrients. Pediatrics 1981; 67(1):146-150.##23. Nyaruhucha CN, Msuya JM, Ngowi B, et al . Maternal weight gain in second and third trimesters and their relationship with birth weights in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzan. Tanzan Health Res Bull 2006; 8(1):41-4.##24. Ziai M. Physical growth and development. In: Pediatrics. 4th ed. Boston: Boston Little Brown;1990.p.21-32.## ##

Removing Copper from Contaminated Water Using Activated Carbon Sorbent by Continuous Flow Removing Copper from Contaminated Water Using Activated Carbon Sorbent by Continuous Flow 2 1 Introduction: A major concern of human being is accumulation and toxicity of heavy metals in their body. Copper is a heavy metal ion that in concentration of 2 mg/l can cause numerous complications. Different treatment methods have been proposed for removing metals from contaminated water by researchers. Among these methods, sorption seems a better method with high removal efficiency. In this study, conditions for removal of copper ions by activated carbon sorbent were studied with continuous flow. Materials & Methods: This was a laboratory – experimental study. A 20mg/l solution of copper ions was prepared and passed through a 5 × 10 cm column with average output rate of 1.85 ml/min. Output of column was sampled every 30 minutes and the remaining amount of copper ion in each sample was measured by flame atomic absorption. Results: The empty bed volume (EBV) was equal to 138 ml. The highest removal efficiency was 99.7 percent at 127 minutes. From equilibrium time, the removal efficiency was constant with time. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was 0.25mg.g-1. The isotherm study indicated that the sorption data can be obeyed by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms (R2>0.95) but Langmuir model had higher agreement with this experimental data (R2= 0.988). Conclusion: The binding of ions to the sorbent in the adsorption process is extremely important. For this column 62.5 minutes after filling was appropriate, so the highest removal efficiency was obtained. Equilibrium time was dependent on the speed of influent through the column in the continuous flow. For selected column, the rate of 1.85 ml/min is a good performance. 2 Introduction: A major concern of human being is accumulation and toxicity of heavy metals in their body. Copper is a heavy metal ion that in concentration of 2 mg/l can cause numerous complications. Different treatment methods have been proposed for removing metals from contaminated water by researchers. Among these methods, sorption seems a better method with high removal efficiency. In this study, conditions for removal of copper ions by activated carbon sorbent were studied with continuous flow. Materials & Methods: This was a laboratory – experimental study. A 20mg/l solution of copper ions was prepared and passed through a 5 × 10 cm column with average output rate of 1.85 ml/min. Output of column was sampled every 30 minutes and the remaining amount of copper ion in each sample was measured by flame atomic absorption. Results: The empty bed volume (EBV) was equal to 138 ml. The highest removal efficiency was 99.7 percent at 127 minutes. From equilibrium time, the removal efficiency was constant with time. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was 0.25mg.g-1. The isotherm study indicated that the sorption data can be obeyed by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms (R2>0.95) but Langmuir model had higher agreement with this experimental data (R2= 0.988). Conclusion: The binding of ions to the sorbent in the adsorption process is extremely important. For this column 62.5 minutes after filling was appropriate, so the highest removal efficiency was obtained. Equilibrium time was dependent on the speed of influent through the column in the continuous flow. For selected column, the rate of 1.85 ml/min is a good performance. 11 18 2012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/2 1394/3/12 M.H. Salmani M.H. Salmani M.H. Ehrampoush M.H. Ehrampoush S. Sheikhalishahi S. Sheikhalishahi ssh1364@yahoo.com M. Dehvari M. Dehvari Copper Absorbent Pad Charcoal Water Pollution Water Pollution Chemical Copper Absorbent Pad Charcoal Water Pollution Water Pollution Chemical 1- Jarup L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull 2003; 68: 167-82. ##2- Pontius WF. Water quality and treatment. 4th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill;1990.p. 812-17.##3- Kumar M, Singh S, Mahajan RK. Trace level determination of u, zn, cd, pb and cu in drinking water samples. Environ Monit Assess. 2006;112(1-3):283-92.##4- Gay D, Maher W. Natural variation of copper, zinc, cadmium and selenium concentrations in Bembicium nanum and their potential use as a biomonitor of trace metals. Water Res 2003; 37(9): 2173-85. ##5- Olivares M, Pizarro F, Speisky H, et al. Copper in infant nutrition :safety of world health organization provisional guideline value for copper content of drinking water. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998;26(3):251-7. ##6- Dragan ES, Dinu MV. Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by adsorption on ionic hybrids based on chitosan and clinoptilolite. Ion Exchange Letters 2009;2: 15-8.##7- Teker M, Imamoglu M. Adsorption of copper and cadmium ions by activated carbon from rice hulls. Turk J Chem 1999; 23: 185-91. ##8- World Health Organization. Copper in drinking-water, guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO; 2010.[cited 4 May 2012]. Available from: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/copper.pdf. ##9- Netzer A, Hughes DE. Adsorption of copper, lead and cobalt by activated carbon. Water Research 1984;18(8): 927-33 ##10- Salmani MH, Davodi M, Ehrampoush MH. Removal of Cadmium (II) in simulated wastewater by ion flotation technique. in press.##11- Salmani MH, Aboueyan M, Ehrampoush MH. Ability of iron oxide nanoparticles in ion silver removal from synthetic wastewater. J Toloo-e-behdasht; 10(1);62-9.##12- Demirbas E, Dizge N, Sulak MT, et al. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of copper from aqueous solutions using hazelnut shell activated carbon. Chem Engineer J 2009; 148(2-3): 480–87.##13- Larous S, Meniai AH, Lehocine MB. Experimental study of the removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption using sawdust. Desalination 2005;185(1-3): 483–90.##14- Gok O, Özcan A, Erdem B, et al. Prediction of the kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of copper (II) ions onto 8-hydroxy quinoline immobilized bentonite, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects 2008; 317(1-3): 174–85. ##15- Erdem B, Özcan A, Gök O, et al. Immobilization of 2,2-dipyridyl onto bentonite and its adsorption behavior of copper (II) ions. J Hazardous Materials 2009;163(1): 418–26.##16- Fuhrman HG, Yushan Zhou PW, Ledin A. Removal of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn from polluted water using an iron based sorbet. Desalination 2008: 226: 357-70.##17- Vimala R, Charumathi D, Das N. Packed bed column studies on Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater by macrofungus pleuroths platupus. Desalination 2011; 275: 291-96.##18- Mousavi HZ, Hossenifar A, Jahed V. Removal of Cu(II) from wastewater by waste tire rubber ash. J Serb Chem Soc 2010; 75 (6): 845–53. ##19- Onundi YB, Mamun AA, Al Khatib MF, et al. Adsorption of copper, nickel and lead ions from synthetic semiconductor industrial wastewater by palm shell activated carbon. Inter J Environ Sci Tech 2010; 7(4): 751-58.## ##

Evaluation of Sociodemographic Determinants in Narcotic Users Referring to Center for Methadone Maintenance Therapy of Yazd, Iran Evaluation of Sociodemographic Determinants in Narcotic Users Referring to Center for Methadone Maintenance Therapy of Yazd, Iran 2 1 Introduction: Addiction is a habit or behavior that is often hard to quit. It is estimated that 190 million persons are substance users around the world. Substance abuse creates tolerance after a while. Shortly after taking the drug, a person will not enjoy as the beginning of its use that is why the amount of substance used is gradually increased. The purpose of this study was to find the reasons of tendency to narcotics among addicted individuals referred to methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) center in Yazd. Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic study on 100 addicts referred to methadone maintenance treatment center (MMT) in Yazd. Data was collected by a pre-designed questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software and employing descriptive statistics such as percentage, ratio, mean, standard deviation and statistical tests such as t-test and chi- square was performed. Results: 41.9 % of addicts were unemployed, 4.77% married and 5.64% had elementary education. The most common method of substance consumption was inhalation (2.40%). Heroin was the most frequent type of substance used (1/51%) The relationship between marital status and type of substance used, and age of onset of drug use was significant. The frequency of substance consumption was significantly different regarding the history of drug use in father, brother and spouses of patients in both sexes. Conclusion: Results of the current study showed that subjects at an early age (adolescence and early adulthood), individuals with low educational status, those with unstable jobs and low income, presence of addicted individuals among first-degree relatives can be the causes leading to addiction in the community. 2 Introduction: Addiction is a habit or behavior that is often hard to quit. It is estimated that 190 million persons are substance users around the world. Substance abuse creates tolerance after a while. Shortly after taking the drug, a person will not enjoy as the beginning of its use that is why the amount of substance used is gradually increased. The purpose of this study was to find the reasons of tendency to narcotics among addicted individuals referred to methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) center in Yazd. Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic study on 100 addicts referred to methadone maintenance treatment center (MMT) in Yazd. Data was collected by a pre-designed questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software and employing descriptive statistics such as percentage, ratio, mean, standard deviation and statistical tests such as t-test and chi- square was performed. Results: 41.9 % of addicts were unemployed, 4.77% married and 5.64% had elementary education. The most common method of substance consumption was inhalation (2.40%). Heroin was the most frequent type of substance used (1/51%) The relationship between marital status and type of substance used, and age of onset of drug use was significant. The frequency of substance consumption was significantly different regarding the history of drug use in father, brother and spouses of patients in both sexes. Conclusion: Results of the current study showed that subjects at an early age (adolescence and early adulthood), individuals with low educational status, those with unstable jobs and low income, presence of addicted individuals among first-degree relatives can be the causes leading to addiction in the community. 19 25 2012/06/232012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 M.H. Lotfi M.H. Lotfi mhlotfi56359@yahoo.com M.R Vafaeinasab M.R Vafaeinasab M. Alimi M. Alimi F. Beyzi F. Beyzi Methadone/therapeutic use Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods Narcotics/therapeutic use Methadone/therapeutic use Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods Narcotics/therapeutic use 1) Nayyer H. The general dictionary of psychotropic substances. Tehran:1993.[Persian]##2) United Nations International Counter Narcotic Programme. Addication risk factors of adverse health effects of prevention and Treatment. Trans. Shojaei Tehrani H, Sobhani AR. Tehran: Poorsina ; 2000. [Persian]##3) Baghiani Moghadam, MH. Fazel Poor SH, Rahayi Z. A comparison of addicts and non-addicts viewpoints on causes of tendency to addiction. J Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2008;7(3-4):40-9.[Persian]##4) Yassin Ardakan, M, Rafati A. Recognition and treatment of addiction medicine. Yazd:Tebgostar; 2004.[Persian]##5) Foroaddin Adl A, Sadrosadat J, Biglarian A, et al. The effects of settlement and socialize with norm-breaking and the tendency of teenagers to addiction. Social Welfare. 2004;15: 319-32. [Persian]##6) Milanifar B. Mental health. Tehran: Pub Qums; 2003.[Persian]##7) Council of authors.[Commission of Addiction Prevention, Yazd]. Addiction: prevention or treatment. Yazd: Nikoravesh ;2000.[Persian]##8) Dehghani Kh, Zare A, Dehghani H, et al. Drug abuse prevalence and risk factors in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd . J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2010; 18(3 Suppl): 179-83.[Persian]##9) Shakeri AH. Drug addiction: history, types, causes, complications, treatment .Tehran: Gothenburg Pub; 1988.[Persian]###### #### ##

Determination of Relative Frequency of HBS Ag, HCV and HIV Antibodies Serum Markers among Admitted Intravenous Drug Users in Infectious Disease Ward of Razi Hospital in Ahvaz, 2004-2005 Determination of Relative Frequency of HBS Ag, HCV and HIV Antibodies Serum Markers among Admitted Intravenous Drug Users in Infectious Disease Ward of Razi Hospital in Ahvaz, 2004-2005 2 1 Introduction: Intravenous drug users as a serious health problem in communities have economical and social effects as well as health and hygienic complications. Viral infections may be transmitted through drug injection by shared syringes among users. The aim of this study has been to determine the relative frequency of HBV, HCV and HIV infection’s markers as epidemiological data in Ahvaz. Materials & Methods: This retrospective cross sectional study was conducted on IV drug users (IVDUs) who were admitted in infectious diseases ward of Razi Ahvaz Hospital in 2004-2005. The collected data of serum markers of these patients were coded, and statistical analyses were conducted. Results: 1890 patients were evaluated and 258 patients were IVDUs (14.6%). 154 patients (59.98%) were tested for anti HCV-Ab of whom 65 patients were HCV-Ab positive (42.2%). 205 patients (79.45%) were tested for anti HIV-Ab of whom 38 patients were HIV-Ab positive (18.53%). 67 patients (25.96%) were tested for HBs-Ag of whom 15 patients were HBs-Ag positive (22.67%). 12 patients (4.65%) were tested for anti HBc-Ab of whom 8 patients were HBc-Ab positive (66.66%). Conclusion: In this study, high infection rate relates to different causes such as increasing consumes of opium substances and recent differences in fumigated opium substances pattern toward injecting drug use in society level, which increases the prevalence of these infections, The present study determined some critical information about the prevalence of serum markers HBS Ag, HCV and HIV antibodies among intravenous drug users in southwestern of Iran. 2 Introduction: Intravenous drug users as a serious health problem in communities have economical and social effects as well as health and hygienic complications. Viral infections may be transmitted through drug injection by shared syringes among users. The aim of this study has been to determine the relative frequency of HBV, HCV and HIV infection’s markers as epidemiological data in Ahvaz. Materials & Methods: This retrospective cross sectional study was conducted on IV drug users (IVDUs) who were admitted in infectious diseases ward of Razi Ahvaz Hospital in 2004-2005. The collected data of serum markers of these patients were coded, and statistical analyses were conducted. Results: 1890 patients were evaluated and 258 patients were IVDUs (14.6%). 154 patients (59.98%) were tested for anti HCV-Ab of whom 65 patients were HCV-Ab positive (42.2%). 205 patients (79.45%) were tested for anti HIV-Ab of whom 38 patients were HIV-Ab positive (18.53%). 67 patients (25.96%) were tested for HBs-Ag of whom 15 patients were HBs-Ag positive (22.67%). 12 patients (4.65%) were tested for anti HBc-Ab of whom 8 patients were HBc-Ab positive (66.66%). Conclusion: In this study, high infection rate relates to different causes such as increasing consumes of opium substances and recent differences in fumigated opium substances pattern toward injecting drug use in society level, which increases the prevalence of these infections, The present study determined some critical information about the prevalence of serum markers HBS Ag, HCV and HIV antibodies among intravenous drug users in southwestern of Iran. 26 33 2012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/22015/06/22014/06/22 1393/4/1 عبدالرسول نیکخوی Abdolrasool Nikkhooy محمد نیکخوی Mohammad Nikkhooy نصرین سعادتی Nasrin Saadati nsaadaty@ajums.ac.ir Substance Abuse Intravenous Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis B Core Antigens HIV Hepatitis C Substance Abuse Intravenous Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis B Core Antigens HIV Hepatitis C 1. Alizadeh S, Gandhi M, Alizadeh F. Addiction, viewpoint of forensic (legal medicine). Monthly Health Message 2003; (4) :54-5 [Persian]##2. Battjes RJ, Pickens RW, Amsel Z, Brown LS Jr. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users. J Infect Dis 1990; 162(5): 1007-11. ##3. Buavirat A, Page-Shafer K, Van Griensven GJ, et al. Risk of prevalent HIV infection associated with incarceration among injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand: case-control study. BMJ 2003 ; 326(7384): 308.##4. Samuel MC, Doherty PM, Bulterys M, et al. Association between heroin use, needle sharing and tattoos received in prison with hepatitis B and C positivity among street-recruited injecting drug users in New Mexico, USA. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 127(3): 475-84. ##5. Stark K, Bienzle U, Vonk R, et al. History of syringe sharing in prison and risk of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection among injecting drug users in Berlin. Int J Epidemiology 1997; 26: 1359-66.##6. Ichimura H, Kurimura O, Tamura I, et al. Prevalence of blood borne viruses among intravenous drug users and alcoholics in Hiroshima, Japan. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6(6): 441-3. ##7. Saha MK, Chakrabarti S, Panda S, et al. Prevalence of HCV & HBV infection amongst HIV seropositive intravenous drug users & their non-injecting wives in Manipur, India. Indian J Med Res 2000; 111: 37-9. ##8. Miri SM, Alavian SM. Risk factors of hepatitis B infection: Health policy makers should be aware of their important in each community. Hepat Mon 2011;11(4):238-9.##9. Mir Ahmadizade AR, Kadivar MR, Ghane Shirazi R, et al . The frequency of infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among injecting drug users in Shiraz. Gorgan Univ 2001; 3(8) : 39-42. [Persion]. ##10. Masood A, Bagheri Mahaky E. Study of opportunistic factors in injection drug users. Tehran Univ Med J 1996; ##54(1):3-6##11. Khodadadi Zade A , Esmaeili Nadimi A, Hosseini SH, et al. The Prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in narcotic addicted presons referred to the out patient clinic of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2003. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2005; 5(1) :23-30 .[Persian]##12. Mohtasham Amiri Z, Rezvani M, Jafari Shakib R, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors of drug using prisoners in Guilan province. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13(2):250-6. ##13. Craine N, Walker AM, Williamson S, et al. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C seroprevalence and risk behavior among community-recruited drug injectors in North West Wales.Commun Dis Public Health 2004; 7(3):216-19.##14. Salehi M, Sanei-Moghaddam E, Ansari Moghaddam A. Prevalence of HBsAg and hepatitis C infection in prisoners, Sistan and Baluchistan province. Zahedan Med Sci 2001; 3(4):203-6.[Persian]##15. Li J, Wang J, Tian K, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B, C, D and G viruses and cytokine levels among intravenous drug users. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2006; 26(2):221-4. ##16. Spittal PM, Craib KJ, Teegee M, et al . The Cedar project: prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among young Aboriginal people who use drugs in two Canadian cities. Int J Circumpolar Health 2007; 66(3):226-40. ##17. Burt RD, Hagan H, Garfein RS, et al. Trends in hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, risk behaviors, and preventive measures among Seattle injection drug users aged 18-30 years, 1994-2004. J Urban Health 2007; 84(3):436-54. ##18. Vitous A, Hobstová J. Infectious diseases in problem drug users hospitalized in the infectious ward of the Motol University Hospital in 2002-2005. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek 2007; 13(2):70-5. ##19. Imani R, Karimi A, Ksaiyan N. The correlation between behavioral factors and prevalence of serum hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV in injecting drug users referred to the Welfare Share Kord, Iran, in 2005.Sharekord Univ Med Sci J 2006; 8 (1) :58-62.[Persion]##20. Neisi N, Makvandi M, Samarbaf-Zadeh AR. A study on genotypes of hepatitis B virus among hemodialysis patients in Khuzestan province. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2011; 4(2): 65-70 .[Persion]##21. Alavian SM , Hajarizadeh B , Ahmadzad-Asl M , et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in Iran: a systematic review. Hepatitis Monthly 2008; 8(4) :281-94##22. Hajiani E, Hashemi SJ, Jalali F. Seroprevalence of delta hepatitis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and its clinical impact in Khuzestan Province, Southwest Iran. Hepatitis Monthly 2009; 9(4): 287-92 .##23. Alavian SM, Ahmadzad-Asl M, Lankarani KB, et al . Hepatitis C infection in the general population of Iran: a Systematic Review. Hepatitis Monthly 2009; 9(3) : 211-23##24. Razzaghi EM, Movaghar AR, Green TC, et al. Profiles of risk: a qualitative study of injecting drug users in Tehran, Iran. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3: 12. #### ##

The Relationship Between Breast Feeding and Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Pre-School Children The Relationship Between Breast Feeding and Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Pre-School Children 2 1 Introduction: It is generally accepted that breast feeding has a beneficial effect on the health of infants and children. The evidence that breast feeding protects against obesity is inconclusive also the influence of breast feeding on blood pressure in later life is uncertain. The major aim of this study was to assess the association between method of infant breast feeding and components of the body mass index and blood pressure in pre-school children. Materials & Methods: In a cohort study, a total of 800 pre-school children, 359 (47.2%) males, and 402 (52.8%) females, born in 2003 in Yazd, Iran were selected based on a systematic stratified random model. Of eight hundred questionnaires sent, 761 (95%) were returned to the investigators. At 6 years, blood pressure was measured on the right arm at rest. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (kg/m2).Data on infants feeding were collected respectively during first two years of life .Data were managed and analyzed using SPSS (SPSS, Inc, version 13.0) Results: Of the 761 subjects included in this study, 452 (59.4%) were exclusively breast fed, 136 (17.9%) were bottle fed and 173 (22.7%) were partially breast fed. Body mass index was not significantly different between bottle feeding, partial and exclusive breast feeding groups (P=0.398) ..No relationship was found between method and duration of breast feeding, and systolic blood pressure (P=0.244), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.781) and mean blood pressure (P=0.483). Conclusion: We did not find association between method of infant feeding, duration of breast feeding and systolic, diastolic mean blood pressures and also with body mass index 2 Introduction: It is generally accepted that breast feeding has a beneficial effect on the health of infants and children. The evidence that breast feeding protects against obesity is inconclusive also the influence of breast feeding on blood pressure in later life is uncertain. The major aim of this study was to assess the association between method of infant breast feeding and components of the body mass index and blood pressure in pre-school children. Materials & Methods: In a cohort study, a total of 800 pre-school children, 359 (47.2%) males, and 402 (52.8%) females, born in 2003 in Yazd, Iran were selected based on a systematic stratified random model. Of eight hundred questionnaires sent, 761 (95%) were returned to the investigators. At 6 years, blood pressure was measured on the right arm at rest. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (kg/m2).Data on infants feeding were collected respectively during first two years of life .Data were managed and analyzed using SPSS (SPSS, Inc, version 13.0) Results: Of the 761 subjects included in this study, 452 (59.4%) were exclusively breast fed, 136 (17.9%) were bottle fed and 173 (22.7%) were partially breast fed. Body mass index was not significantly different between bottle feeding, partial and exclusive breast feeding groups (P=0.398) ..No relationship was found between method and duration of breast feeding, and systolic blood pressure (P=0.244), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.781) and mean blood pressure (P=0.483). Conclusion: We did not find association between method of infant feeding, duration of breast feeding and systolic, diastolic mean blood pressures and also with body mass index 34 45 2012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/22015/06/22014/06/222014/06/22 1393/4/1 مصطفی بهجتی اردکانی Mostafa Behjati-Ardakani dr_behjati@yahoo.com مطهره گلستان Motahareh Golestan ضیا اسلامی Zia Islami Breast Feeding Child Day Care Centers Body Mass Index Blood Pressure Child Breast Feeding Child Day Care Centers Body Mass Index Blood Pressure Child 1. Ravelli ACJ, Vander Meulen JHP, Osmond C, et al. Infant feeding and adult glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure, and obesity. Arch Dis Child 2000; 82(3):248-52. ##2. Stray HC. Lipid and macrophage accumulations in arteries of children and the development of atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(5): 1297S-306S.##3. Berenson GS, Sniri Vasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(23):1950-60.##4. MC Carron P, Davey Smith G, Okasha M, et al. Blood pressure in young adulthood and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2000; 355(9213):1430-31.##5. Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Witteman JC, et al. Long-term effects of neonatal sodium restriction on blood pressure. Hypertension 1997; 299(4):913-17.##6. Martin RM, Mc Carthy A, Smith GD, et al . Association between infant nutrition and blood pressure in early adulthood: the Barry Caerphilly Growth Cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77(6):1489-97.##7. Wilson AC, Forsyth JS, Greene SA, et al. Relation of infant diet to childhood health: to seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study. BMJ 1998; 316 (7124): 21-5.##8. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, Stroke and coronary heart disease part 2: short term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335(8693):827-38.##9. Andersson OK, Almgren T, Persson B, et al . Survival in treated hypertension: follow up study after two decades. BMJ 1998; 317(7152):167-71.##10. He Q, Ding ZV, Fong DYT, et al. Blood pressure is associated with body mass index in both normal and obese children. Hypertension 2000; 36(2):165-70.##11. Li L, Parsons TJ, Power C. Breast feeding and obesity in childhood: cross sectional study. BMJ 2003; 327(7420): 904-06.##12. Kuczmorski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM ,et al . CDC growth chart: United States. Adv Data 2000 ;( 314): 1-27.##13. Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatrics 1998; 102(3):p.e29.##14. Haschke F, Van't Hof MA. Euro-Growth references for breast-fed boys and girls: influence of breast feeding and solids on growth until 36 months of age. Euro-Growth study Group. J Pediatr Gastroentral Nutr 2000; 31(suppl1):S60-71.##15. Forsyth JS, Ogston SA, Clark A, et al. The relation between early introduction of solid food to infants and their weight and illness during the first two years of life. BMJ 1993; 306(6892):1572-76.##16. Von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, et al. Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 1999; 319(7203):147-150.##17. Elliot KG, Kjolhede CL, Gournis E, et al. Duration of breast feeding associated with obesity during adolescence. Obesity Res 1997; 5(6):538-41.##18. Toschke AM, Vignerova J, Lhotska L, et al. Overweight and obesity in 6-14 year old Czench children in 1991: protective effect of breast feeding. Obstetric Gynecol Survey 2003;58(6):379-80##19. Armstrong J, Reilly JJ. Breast feeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. Lancet 2002; 359(9322):2003-4.##20. Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL, Vonkries R, et al. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast feeding. J International Association for the Study of Obesity 2003; 27(2):162-72.##21. Kersey M, Lipton R, Scancheza-Rozada M, et al . Breast feeding history and overweight in Latino preschoolers. Ambulatory pediatrics. Lawrence 2005; 5(6):355-58.##22. Kramer MS, Matush L. Vanilovich I, et al .Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(6): 1717-21.##23. Kramer MS, Matush L, Vanilovich I, et al. A randomized breast-feeding promotion intervention did not reduce child obesity in Belarus. J Nutr 2009; 139(2):417S-21S. ##24. Horta BL, Victora CG, Lima RC, et al. Breastfeeding duration and blood pressure among Brazilian adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95(3):325-31.##25. Martin RM, Ness AR, Gunell D, et al. Does breast-feeding in infancy lower blood pressure in childhood? The Avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC). Circulation 2004; 109(10):1259-66.##26. Owen CG, Whincup PH, Gig JA, et al. Effect of breast feeding in infancy on blood pressure in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 323(7425):1189-199.##27. Lawlor DA, Riddoch CJ, Page AC, et al. Infant feeding and components of the metabolic syndrome: findings from the European youth heart study. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90(6) 582-88.##28. Martin RM, Gunnell D, Smith GD. Breast feeding in infancy and blood pressure in later life : systematic review and Meta- analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161(1):15-26.##29. Lawlor DA, Najman JM, Sterne J, et al. Association of parental, Birth and early life characteristics with systolic blood pressure at 5 years of age. Circulation 2004; 110(16):2417-423.##30. Kumar R, Bandyo Padhyay S, Aggarwal AK, et al. Relation between birth weight and blood pressure among 7-8 year old rural children in India. In J Epidemiol 2004;33(1):78-91##31. Behjati M, Barkhordari K, Lookzadeh MH. The relation between blood pressure and body mass index in Iranian school age children. Iran J Med Sci 2006; 31(1):33-6.##32. Uscategui Penuela RM, Perez Giraldo JA, Aristizabal Rivera JC, et al. Excess of weight and their relationship with high blood pressure in school children and adolescents of Medellin, Colombia. Arch latinomia Nutr 2003; 53(4):376-82.##33. Al-Sendi AM, Shetty P, Musaiger AO, et al. Relationship between body composition and blood pressure in Bahraini adolescents. Br J Nutr 2003; 90(4):837-44.##34. Forester TE, Wilks RY, Benett FI, et al . Fetal growth and cardiovascular risk factors in Jamaican school children. BMJ 1996; 312(7024):156-60.##35. Uiterwaal CS, Anthony S, Launer LJ, et al. Birth weight, Growth and blood pressure, An annual follow- up study of children aged 5 through 21 years. Hypertension 1997; 30(2):267-71.##36. Whincup PH, Cook DG, Adshead F, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in British children from towns with widely differing adult cardiovascular mortality. BMJ 1996; 313(7049):79-84.##37. Wang WJ, Wang KA, Chen CM, et al. The study on relationship of body mass index and blood pressure in children and adolescents of Beijing. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2004; 259(2):109-12.##38. Pileggi C, Carbone V, Nobile CG, et al. Blood pressure and related cardiovascular disease risk factors in 6-18 year-old students in Italy. J Pediatr Child Health 2005; 41(7):347-54.## ##

Time Delay and Associated Factors in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Markazi Province Time Delay and Associated Factors in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Markazi Province 2 1 Introduction: Delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis increases the risk of death and enhances the transmission of disease in the community. This study aims to determine the patient and health service delay and factors affecting it in tuberculosis diagnosis. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey that included all the public health centers was conducted in Markazi province from March 2009 till June 2011. Patients were interviewed after diagnosis by using a structured questionnaire. Results: One hundred and sixty-six patients aged between 9 and 87 (median 66) years were included in the study. They comprised 87 (52.4%) females and 79 (47.6%) males. The median and mean of patient delay was 35 and 62 days, respectively the median and mean of health system diagnosis delay was 34 and 53 days, respectively the median and mean of health system treatment delay was 5 and 6 days, respectively The median and mean of total delays were 86 and 121 days, respectively for all patients. The main determinants of delay were non education, poor economic, private sector, female gender and age≥55. Conclusion: The results of this review suggest that there is a need for revising case-finding strategies and reduction of infectious cases for better control of tuberculosis. 2 Introduction: Delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis increases the risk of death and enhances the transmission of disease in the community. This study aims to determine the patient and health service delay and factors affecting it in tuberculosis diagnosis. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey that included all the public health centers was conducted in Markazi province from March 2009 till June 2011. Patients were interviewed after diagnosis by using a structured questionnaire. Results: One hundred and sixty-six patients aged between 9 and 87 (median 66) years were included in the study. They comprised 87 (52.4%) females and 79 (47.6%) males. The median and mean of patient delay was 35 and 62 days, respectively the median and mean of health system diagnosis delay was 34 and 53 days, respectively the median and mean of health system treatment delay was 5 and 6 days, respectively The median and mean of total delays were 86 and 121 days, respectively for all patients. The main determinants of delay were non education, poor economic, private sector, female gender and age≥55. Conclusion: The results of this review suggest that there is a need for revising case-finding strategies and reduction of infectious cases for better control of tuberculosis. 46 53 2012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/22015/06/22014/06/222014/06/222014/06/22 1393/4/1 علی اصغر فرازی Aliasghar Farazi Farazialiasghar@yahoo.com منصوره جباری اصل Mansoureh Jabbariasl Delayed Diagnosis Diagnosis Tuberculosis Pulmonary/diagnosis Tuberculosis Pulmonary/therapy Delayed Diagnosis Diagnosis Tuberculosis Pulmonary/diagnosis Tuberculosis Pulmonary/therapy 1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control. Geneva:WHO ; 2010.Available from: http://www.who.int/gtb/publications##2. World Health Organization Epidemiology,strategy,financing. Geneva:WHO; 2009 Available from : WHO/HTM/TB/2009.411##3. World Health Organization. Treatment of tuberculosis; Guideline for national programmes. 4 th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006 Available from : WHO/HTM/STB/2006.35##4. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control – surveillance, planning, financing . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. Available from : WWW. WHO/CDS/ TB/2003.316 ##5. Enwuru CA, Idigbe EO, Ezeobi NV, et al. Care-seeking behavioral patterns, awareness and diagnostic processes in patients with smear- and culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96(6):614-16.##6. Dandona R, Dandona L, Mishra A, et al. Utilization of and barriers to public sector tuberculosis services in India. Natl Med J India 2004; 17(6):292-9.##7. Ibrahim KM, Khan S, Laaser U.Tuber control:current status, challenges and barriers ahead in 22 high endemic countries. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2002;14:11-15.##8. DEN Boon S, Verver S, Lombard CJ, et al. Comparison of symptoms and treatment outcomes between actively and passively detected tuberculosis cases: the additional value of active case finding. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136(10):1342-49.##9. Central Statistics Authority. Population and Housing Census of Iran: Central Statistics Authority; 2007. Available from: www.amar.org.ir##10. World Health Organization. Treatment of tuberculosis guideline for national programs.4th ed. Geneva:WHO;2003 . Available from: www.who.int/tb/publications/cds_tb_2003_313/en/##11. Lienhardt C, Rowley J, Manneh K, et al. Factors affecting time delay to treatment in a tuberculosis control programme in a sub-Saharan African country: the experience of The Gambia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5(3):233-9.##12. Wandwalo ER, Mّrkve O. Delay in tuberculosis case-finding and treatment in Mwanza, Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4(2):133-8.##13. Farah MG, Rygh JH, Steen TW, et al. Patient and health care system delays in the start of tuberculosis treatment in Norway. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:33. ##14. Sasaki Y,Yamagishi F,Yagi T,et al. A study of patient's and doctor's delay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis discovered by visiting doctors with symptoms in particular on doctor's delay. Kekkaku 2000; 75(9):527-32.##15. Mori T, Shimao T, Jin BW, et al. Analysis of case-finding process of tuberculosis in Korea. Tuber Lung Dis 1992; 73(4):225-31.##16. Cheng G, Tolhurst R, Li RZ, et al. Factors affecting delays in tuberculosis diagnosis in rural China: a case study in four counties in Shandong Province. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99(5):355-62.##17. Bassili A, Seita A, Baghdadi S, et al. Diagnostic and treatment delay in tuberculosis in 7 countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2008; 16(1):23-35.##18. Maamari F. Case-finding tuberculosis patients: diagnostic and treatment delays and their determinants. East Mediterr Health J 2008; 14(3):531-45.##19. Xu B, Jiang QW, Xiu Y, et al. Diagnostic delays in access to tuberculosis care in counties with or without the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in rural China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9(7):784-90.##20. Ayuo PO, Diero LO, Owino-Ong'or WD, et al. Causes of delay in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients attending a referral hospital in Western Kenya. East Afr Med J 2008; 85(6):263-8##21. Masjedi MR. Patient delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Pejouhesh 1996;4(3):70-7.[Persian]##22. Nasehi M , Mohammad K , Gouya M M, et al. Health care system delay in diagnosis and treatment of contagious tuberculosis in I.R.IRAN – 2003. Tanaffos 2003; 2(8): 55-64##23. Mirsaeidi M , Tabarsi P, Mohajer K , et al . A long delay from the first symptom to definite diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Iranian Med 2007; 10 (2): 190 –93##24. Obermeyer Z, Abbott-Klafter J, Murray CJ. Has the DOTS strategy improved case finding or treatment success? an empirical assessment. PLoS One 2008; 3(3):e1721.##25. Dye C, Watt CJ, Bleed DM, Williams BG: What is the limit to case detection under the DOTS strategy for tuberculosis control? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2003; 83(1-3):35-43.##26. Heller RF, Gemmell I, Edwards R, et al. Prioritising between direct observation of therapy and casefinding interventions for tuberculosis: use of population impact measures. BMC Med 2006 ; 4:35.##27. Uys PW, Warren RM, van Helden PD. A threshold value for the time delay to TB diagnosis. PLoS One 2007 ; 2(8):e757.## ##

Impact of Sodium Chloride and Heat on Survival Time of Linguatula Serrata Nymphs in vitro: An Experimental Study Impact of Sodium Chloride and Heat on Survival Time of Linguatula Serrata Nymphs in vitro: An Experimental Study 2 1 Introduction: Linguatula serrata is a zoonotic parasite, belonging to the class Pentastomida. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sodium chloride (NaCl) and heat on survival time of Linguatula serrata nymphs. Materials & Methods: Thirty nymphs (10 in triplicate) were separately transferred to plastic tubes, containing different concentrations of NaCl solution (2%, 5% and 10%). Meanwhile, 30 nymphs in tubes containing Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) were separately treated by +50°C, +60°C and +72°C. As control group, thirty nymphs were stored in PBS at +4°C. The effects of different conditions on survival time of the nymphs were evaluated by observing their motility in different periods of time. Results: The survival time of the nymphs stored in 10% NaCl solution was too short and all of them were dead after 3 hours. But the other ones maintained in 2% NaCl solution were significantly more resistant (p<0.05) and were survived for 2 days. All the nymphs pertaining to each +60°C and +72°C treatments were found dead after first 5-minute storage interval the nymphs stored at +50°C died totally after 20 minutes. The nymphs maintained in PBS at +4°C (control group) showed the longest survival time (p<0.05) all of them were alive until day 4 and the last ones died on day 34. Conclusion: It is concluded that salting and heating have significant parasiticidal effects on L. serrata nymphs and could be used as disinfecting methods in processing of meat products especially liver. However, refrigeration at +4°C increases the resistance of the nymphs in meat products and therefore might endanger the food safety. 2 Introduction: Linguatula serrata is a zoonotic parasite, belonging to the class Pentastomida. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sodium chloride (NaCl) and heat on survival time of Linguatula serrata nymphs. Materials & Methods: Thirty nymphs (10 in triplicate) were separately transferred to plastic tubes, containing different concentrations of NaCl solution (2%, 5% and 10%). Meanwhile, 30 nymphs in tubes containing Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) were separately treated by +50°C, +60°C and +72°C. As control group, thirty nymphs were stored in PBS at +4°C. The effects of different conditions on survival time of the nymphs were evaluated by observing their motility in different periods of time. Results: The survival time of the nymphs stored in 10% NaCl solution was too short and all of them were dead after 3 hours. But the other ones maintained in 2% NaCl solution were significantly more resistant (p<0.05) and were survived for 2 days. All the nymphs pertaining to each +60°C and +72°C treatments were found dead after first 5-minute storage interval the nymphs stored at +50°C died totally after 20 minutes. The nymphs maintained in PBS at +4°C (control group) showed the longest survival time (p<0.05) all of them were alive until day 4 and the last ones died on day 34. Conclusion: It is concluded that salting and heating have significant parasiticidal effects on L. serrata nymphs and could be used as disinfecting methods in processing of meat products especially liver. However, refrigeration at +4°C increases the resistance of the nymphs in meat products and therefore might endanger the food safety. 54 61 2012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/22015/06/22014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222015/06/2 1394/3/12 B. Hajimohammadi B. Hajimohammadi A. Akhondzadeh Basti A. Akhondzadeh Basti S. Shirali S. Shirali b.hajimohammadi@gmail.com Pentastomida Survival Rate Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters Hot Temperature Food safety Pentastomida Survival Rate Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters Hot Temperature Food safety 1. Soulsby EJL. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7 th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1982.##2. Haddadzadeh H, Athari SS, Hajimohammadi B. The first record of Linguatula serrata infection of two-Humped camel (Camelus bactrinus) in Iran. Iranian J Parasitol 2009; 4: 59-61.##3. Haddadzadeh HR, Athari SS, Abedini R, et al. One-Humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) infestation with Linguatula serrata in Tabriz, Iran. Iranian J Arthropod-Borne Dis 2010; 4: 54–59.##4. Nourollahi Fard SR, Kheirandish R, Norouzi Asl E, et al. The prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in goats slaughtered in Kerman slaughterhouse, Kerman, Iran. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:176–78.##5. Oryan A, Khordadmehr M, Ranjbar VR. Prevalence, biology, pathology, and public health importance of linguatulosis of camel in Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43(6):1225-31##6. Razavi SM, Shekarforoush SS, Izadi M. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in goats in Shiraz, Iran. Small Rum Res 2004; 54(3): 213-17.##7. Roberts LS, Janovy JR. Foundations of parasitology. 6 th ed. Iowa: McGraw-Hill; 2000. ##8. Sadjjadi S, Ardehali S, Shojaei A. A case report of Linguatula serrata in throat of a woman in Shiraz, Iran. Med J Islam Rep Iran 1998; 12:193-94.##9. Lazo RF, Hidalgo E, Lazo JE, et al. Ocular Linguatuliasis in Ecuador: case report and morphometric study of the larva of Linguatula serrata. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60: 405-09.##10. Maleky F. A case report of Linguatula serrata in human throat from Tehran, central Iran. Indian J Med Sci 2001; 55: 439-41.##11. Yeganeh M, Talari S, Dehghani R. A case of Linguatula serata in Kashan. Med J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2001; 8: 175-8.[Persian]##12. Ma KC, Qiu MH, Rong YL. Pathological differentiation of suspected cases of pentastomiasis in China. Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7:166-177. ##13. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, et al. Linguatula serrata tongue worm in human eye, Austria. Emerging Infect Dis 2011; 17:870-72. ##14. Yagi H, Bahari SE, Mohamed HA, et al. The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Acta Tropica. 1996; 62:127-34.##15. Anaraki Mohammadi G, Mobedi I, Ariaiepour M, et al. A case report of nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis in Tehran, Iran and characterization of the isolated Linguatula serrata. Iranian J Parasitol. 2008; 3: 53-55.##16. Vangarde SJ, Woodburn M. Food preservation and safety. Iowa State University Press; 1994. ##17. Jay JM, Loessner MJ, Golden DA. Modern food microbiology. 7 th ed. USA: Springer Science; 2005.##18. Tavassoli M, Tajic H, Dalir-Naghadeh B, et al. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs and gross changes of infected mesenteric lymph nodes in sheep in Urmia, Iran. Small Rum Res 2007; 72: 73-76.##19. Youssefi MR, Hadizadeh Moalem SH. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in cattle in Babol slaughterhouse, North of Iran 2010. World J Zoology 2010; 5: 197-99.##20. Millard BJ, Lang PL. The viability and survival time of sporozoites of Eimeria in vitro. International J Parasitol 1974; 4: 423-432.##21. Mir MS, Darzi MM, Hussain I, et al. Concurrent occurrence of visceral linguatulosis and paratuberculosis in alpine cross goats (Capra hircus). Veterinarski Arhiv 2009; 79:301-314.##22. Negrea O, Liviu O, Miclaus V, et al. Epizootological aspects regarding in vitro resistance of Linguatula serrata larva stages. Lucrari Stiintifice 2009; 52: 691-693.##23. Alcala-Canto Y, Alberti-Navarro A, Ibarra-Velarde F. Serine protease activity demonstrated in the larval stage of the pentastomid Linguatula serrata. Parasitol Res 2007; 100:1011–1014.##24. Li S, Kang HW, Choi MH, et al. Long-term storage of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae in vitro. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:25–29.##25. Miclaus V, Mihalca AD, Negrea O, et al. Histological evidence for inoculative action of immature Linguatula serrata in lymph nodes of intermediate host. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1385–1387.## ##

Congenital Hypothyroidism: Increased Incidence in Yazd Province, Iran Congenital Hypothyroidism: Increased Incidence in Yazd Province, Iran 2 1 Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. Its worldwide incidence is estimated to be one in 2500-5500 births. Assessment of thyroid gland in neonates is critical. The aims of this study were to demonstrate the incidence of CH in neonates born in Yazd province, Iran in 1389 (2010) and compare the results with other reported studies and investigate biochemical characteristics of affected infants. Materials & Methods: This is an analytical descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted on all infants (13022 births) born in 1389 (March 2010-March 2011). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured using ELISA technique. Results: Forty five infants suffered from congenital hypothyroidism with an overall incidence of one in 289 live births. Twenty five of the diagnosed infants were males (incidence 1:261) and twenty were females (incidence 1:325). The incidence of CH in boys was more than girls (P-value = 0.295). The highest incidence of CH was observed in spring followed by summer and the lowest incidence was in autumn followed by winter (P-value=0.000. Conclusion: The CH incidence was 10.3 to 13.8 times more than other countries. The highest CH incidence was in spring followed by summer and the lowest incidence was in autumn followed by winter. It is important that a larger size of cases need to be screened and more information on the aetiology of the affected infants to be obtained 2 Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. Its worldwide incidence is estimated to be one in 2500-5500 births. Assessment of thyroid gland in neonates is critical. The aims of this study were to demonstrate the incidence of CH in neonates born in Yazd province, Iran in 1389 (2010) and compare the results with other reported studies and investigate biochemical characteristics of affected infants. Materials & Methods: This is an analytical descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted on all infants (13022 births) born in 1389 (March 2010-March 2011). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured using ELISA technique. Results: Forty five infants suffered from congenital hypothyroidism with an overall incidence of one in 289 live births. Twenty five of the diagnosed infants were males (incidence 1:261) and twenty were females (incidence 1:325). The incidence of CH in boys was more than girls (P-value = 0.295). The highest incidence of CH was observed in spring followed by summer and the lowest incidence was in autumn followed by winter (P-value=0.000. Conclusion: The CH incidence was 10.3 to 13.8 times more than other countries. The highest CH incidence was in spring followed by summer and the lowest incidence was in autumn followed by winter. It is important that a larger size of cases need to be screened and more information on the aetiology of the affected infants to be obtained 62 67 2012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/232012/06/23 1391/4/3 2014/06/222015/06/22015/06/22014/06/222014/06/222014/06/222015/06/22015/06/2 1394/3/12 M. Noori-Shadkam M. Noori-Shadkam mahmood_7072005@yahoo.com, M.H. Mosadegh M.H. Mosadegh M. Mirzaei M. Mirzaei MR. Movahedi Nia MR. Movahedi Nia M. Jafarizadeh M. Jafarizadeh Hypothyroidism Incidence Intellectual Disability Thyroid Gland Infants Hypothyroidism Incidence Intellectual Disability Thyroid Gland Infants 1. Cao XY, Jiang XM, Dou ZH, et al. Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. N Eng J Med. 1994; 331(26):1739-44.##2. Gruters A, Krude H, Liebermann H. Molecular genetic defects in congenital hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 151(suppl 3): 39-44.##3. Dussault JH. Congenital hypothyroidism. In: Werner’s thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. Ingbar SH, Braverman JB, editors. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott;1986. p.1399-404.##4. Fisher DA, Klein AH. Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn. N Engl J Med 1981; 304(12): 702-12.##5. Delange F, Beckers C, Hofer R, et al. Progress report on neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Europe. In: Neonatal thyroids screening. Burrow GN, Dussault JH, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott ;1979. p. 107-31.##6. Asakura Y, Tachibana K, Adachi M, et al. Hypothalamo-pituitary hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism using measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91(2):172-77##7. Dreimane D, Varma SK. Common childhood thyroid disorders. Indian J Pediatr 1997;64(1):3-10##8. 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