en jalali 1402 8 1 gregorian 2023 11 1 12 2 online 1 fulltext

en Background: COVID-19 has not only damaged the individual's physical health, but also the community’s mental health. The current study is conducted to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on mental health and anxiety level of the university students. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 216 students from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were collected using simple random sampling during COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. To determine anxiety symptoms relevant to COVID-19, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) was used, and to assess the status of mental health, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used. Data were analyzed through SPSS software. Descriptive analysis statistics was performed using frequency percentages, and mean and standard deviation indexes. Furthermore, multiple linear regressions were calculated with psychological and physical symptoms of CDAS and mental health scores. The significance level of all statistical tests was 0.05. Results: 84.3% (182 participants) of the participants had medium and high levels of psychological symptoms of Corona disease anxiety, and regarding physical symptoms, approximately more than half of the participants (55.6%, 120 participants) experienced medium and high levels of anxiety. Both the psychological and physical symptoms of the disease anxiety were associated significantly with mental health (ß standard = 0.14, p value = 0.004), and psychological symptom variable was the stronger predictor (ß standard = 0.53, p value = 0.0001). Conclusion: The wide spread of anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown is a warning to health educators and policy makers that significant time, attempt, and funding of the services for mental health should be spent to control anxiety.   Corresponding Author: Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed & Google Scholar Profile Anxiety, Mental Health, COVID-19 172 179 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2023-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/22 1402/4/1 2023/09/10 1402/6/19 Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mohammadnabizadehs@mums.ac.ir 0000-0002-0145-0586 Yes Ali Asghar Najafpoor Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Najafpooraa@mums.ac.ir 0000-0001-7902-6737 No

en   Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a leading and disproportionately prevalent cause of mortality and disability, particularly burdening Nepal, primarily within the Kathmandu Valley. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 22nd and April 24th, 2021, involving 185 victims admitted to the emergency department of a private hospital. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Socio-demographic characteristics, human factors, and environmental factors data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and all statistical tests were conducted using SPSS version 20. Results: Among the 185 RTA victims, the majority (36.8%) fell within the 21-30 age groups. Male victims (55.7%) outnumbered females (44.3%). Students (36.8%) experienced the highest accident rates, with most incidents (21.1%) occurring on Saturdays and 38.4% taking place between 12:00pm and 6:00pm. Human Factors and RTA: Of the total victims, 80 (43.2%) were drivers, with 43.75% of them reporting the use of emergency brakes. Furthermore, 77.61% indicated that accidents were caused by pedestrians not using zebra crossings when crossing the road. Environmental Factors and RTA: Rainy weather was associated with the highest number of accidents, accounting for 36.2% of cases. Additionally, narrow routes (28.6%) and slippery roads (25.9%) contributed to a significant number of accidents. Conclusion: Nepal faces a high rate of road traffic accidents, with critical factors including victim age, vehicle types, speed, road and weather conditions, and traffic rule violations. Authorities must consider these factors to effectively control and prevent RTAs. Corresponding Author: Rajesh Karki View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed & Google Scholar Profile Public Health, Mortality, Incidence, Global Health 180 188 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1921-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/3 1402/2/13 2023/09/102023/08/25 1402/6/3 Rajesh Karki Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal karkirajesh007@gmail.com 0000-0002-8431-2890 Yes Bhawana Pudashaini Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal bhawanapudasaini12@gmail.com 0009-0004-9009-4887 No Sanjaya Kumar Shah Department of Public Health, Yeti Health Science Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal sanjayamph123@gmail.com 0000-0002-8475-8550 No

en   Background: People's health behaviors are important in determining the prevalence of the head lice infestation. This study aimed to determine the preventive behaviors of head lice infestation using the Health Belief Model (HBM) in female students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 255 female students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Fars Province, South of Iran in 2021. Sampling was randomly selected from female students studying in the fields of public health, operating room, anesthesia, nursing, laboratory sciences, and medicine. The data collection tool was a four-part standard “preventive behaviors against pediculosis infection” questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. The questionnaire was completed by the participants and the data were entered into SPSS 21 for analysis. Data analysis was performed descriptively with the report of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The correlation was evaluated using Pearson correlation test. Significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results: The mean age and number of roommates (SD) of the participants were 22.4 (1.7) and 3.35 (1.3), respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between the perceived benefits construct and knowledge (r = 0.147, p = 0.04) and the perceived susceptibility construct (r = 0.413, p < 0.001). In addition, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the behavior with knowledge (r = 0.144, p = 0.04) and self-efficacy construct (r = 0.167, p = 0.02). There was a significant inverse correlation between perceived barriers construct with knowledge (r = -0.265, p < 0.001) and behavior (r = -0.213, p = 0.002), as well as between self-efficacy construct and knowledge (r = -0.219, p = 0.001). Conclusion: To improve preventive behaviors of lice infestation in students, in addition to improving people's knowledge, efforts should be made to identify and remove barriers to healthy behavior as well as improve people's perception of these barriers. Corresponding Author: Nader Sharifi View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed & Google Scholar Profile   Behavior, Lice Infestation, Health Belief Model, Students 189 197 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1322-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/30 1402/4/9 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/5 1402/6/14 Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran vahidkouh@yahoo.com 0000-0003-2007-451X No Razieh Zahedi Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran zahedi_razieh@yahoo.com 0000-0002-8998-1292 No Zeinab Balaghi Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran balaghyaynalwzynb@gmail.com 0000-0003-0335-4624 No Sara Mardaneh Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran s.mrd957576@gmail.com 0000-0003-1514-9169 No Nader Sharifi Department of Public Health, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran nadersharifi81@yahoo.com 0000-0003-3094-235X Yes

fa Background: Smoking is a serious health threat, killing about 5 million people worldwide each year. By 2030, the number of diseases and deaths from tobacco use will reach 8 million per year. This study aims to investigate the prediction of smoking tendency based on emotional dyslexia and perceptual control with the mediation of risk perception. Method: This was a descriptive-correlational research conducted on all the 45,000 employees of Tehran Municipality who were working in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 215 members of the aforementioned statistical population, which was determined using the usual sampling method in correlation studies and the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments used included the smoking tendency questionnaire, the emotional nonverbal questionnaire, and the perceptual control questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and Amos software version 22 at two descriptive (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential (structural equation analysis) levels. Results: The coefficient of the direct path between alexithymia and the tendency to smoke was 0.380. It can be concluded that there was a positive and significant relationship between alexithymia and the tendency to smoke. In addition, the coefficient of the direct path between perceptual control and the tendency to smoke was -0.250. Conclusion: There is a negative and significant relationship between cognitive control and the tendency to smoke. Therefore, by teaching people emotional regulation skills, a person can be prepared to face and solve problems and have constructive relationship with others. Emotional Dyslexia, Cognitive Control, Tendency to Smoke 198 205 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2062-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/14 1401/9/23 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/15 1401/12/24 Fateme Zarei Department of Psychology, Faculty Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran fzarei_1365@yahoo.com 0000-0002-8441-271x No Afsane Taheri Department of Psychology, Faculty Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran a2_taheri@yahoo.com 0000-0003-0133-1706 Yes Nastaran Sharifi Department of Psychology, Faculty Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Rudehen, Iran nastaran_shrf@yahoo.com 0000-0003-3096-1876 No

en Background: Inadequate nutrition can affect oral health. Compromised oral health can also alter food choices and negatively lead to poor nutrition. This study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of dentists and dental students regarding nutrition counseling. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a valid and reliable four-part questionnaire was conducted among senior students and dentists in Yazd city in February 2022. All 40 senior students in the Faculty of Dentistry were selected by census method, and 98 dentists were selected randomly from all the names registered in the system of Medical Council. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25 and t-test and Chi-square tests were used (P-value < 0.05) Results: Out of a score 9, the mean score of knowledge was 7.12 ± 1.75 for dentists and 6.48 ± 1.2 for students. The mean score of dentists was higher than students (P = 0.03). Out of a score of 10, the mean score of dentists and students' practice were 3.26 ± 2.43 and 3.20 ± 1.82, respectively. There was no significant difference regarding the mean score practice in two groups (P = 0.879). Conclusions:  The knowledge level of both groups was not good but acceptable, and the quality of practice in both groups was poor. It seems that there is a need for corrective educational interventions to improve the practice of dentists and dental students.   Dentists, Counseling, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students. 206 216 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2103-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/10 1402/2/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/11 1402/6/20 Fahimeh Rashidi Maybodi Department of Periodontics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran rashidimeibodi.fahimeh@gmail.com 0000-0002-2853-8801 Yes Zahra Falahati Marvasti School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran z.falahati.d@gmail.com 0000-0003-1339-5219 No Azadeh Nadjarzadeh Department of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Azadehnajarzadeh@gmail.com 0000-0002-9740-8402 No

en Background: Some countries experience lower or higher life expectancy than what is predicted based on their income. This study examines why life expectancy deviation is experienced with the aim of exploring which factors and conditions contribute to better health outcome (life expectancy) at low cost. Methods: In this study at the first stage, the well-known Preston curve is reproduced and updated using the cross-sectional data of variables of life expectancy at birth (years) and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) of 182 countries around the World in 2018 based on the latest available data. After estimating the deviation of each countries life expectancy from the curve, the characteristics of countries with more than four years of positive (group 1) and negative (group 2) gaps from the curve were compared by applying the mean comparison test of two independent groups (t-test). Results: The identified drivers of gains or losses in longevity relative to income included using at least basic sanitation (P = 0.012) and drinking water services (P = 0.045), Universal Health Coverage (UHC) (P = 0.012), access to electricity (P = 0.004), CO2 emissions (P = 0.037), inequality in income (P = 0.003), health expenditure per capita (P = 0.000), non-communicable (P = 0.000) and communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal, and nutrition conditions (P = 0.000), literacy rate (P = 0.057), and road injuries (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Better health outcome in countries and regions with relatively low income or few resources can be achieved that would be critical for global improvement in population health. However, it needs to take effective measures and is of great importance for policy-making. Life Expectancy, Income, Population Health 217 227 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2093-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/21 1401/12/2 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/15 1402/2/25 Fatemeh Yari Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran Fateme.yari@modares.ac.ir 0000-0001-9429-3497 No Lotfali Agheli Economic Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran aghelik@modares.ac.ir 0000-0003-1043-346X Yes Hossein Sadeghi Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran Sadeghih@modares.ac.ir 0000-0002-0719-5539 No Sajjad Faraji Dizaji Department of Economic Development and Planning, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares Univrersity, Tehran, Iran s_dizaji@modares.ac.ir 0000-0001-8413-4580 No

en Background: Divorce is one of the most damaging social issues. Since the divorce rates are increasing rapidly, the current study evaluated the effects of factors leading to divorce.  Methods: In this qualitative study, by using two-stage sampling method (purposive and snowball) 4 couples on the verge of divorce visiting consulting center and 8 experts with experience in the field of family and divorce in Yazd city were selected. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The contents of the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a content analysis method. Results: The experts who participated in this study included several marriage and divorce registrars, lawyers, and family counselors with over 10 years of experience in the field of family and divorce. The mean age of women on the verge of divorce was 33 ± 8.51 years and for men 37.2 ± 6.13 years. Fifty percent of the couples had a bachelor's degree and 62.5% of them were self-employed. Most of them had a marriage period of 5-10 years. A total of 23 codes were extracted from the interviews. The codes were organized into four main themes. Major topics included lack of preparation for marriage, psychological factors, unfavorable marital relationships, and social factors. Conclusion: The interference of families, extramarital relationships, early marriage and the lack of communication skills and media literacy are the most influential factors of divorce.   Family, Divorce, Interview, Qualitative Research, Iran 228 235 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2120-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/21 1402/3/31 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/15 1402/6/24 Nastaran Tavakolian Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran nastavakolian@gmail.com 0000-0002-7086-1020 No Farzan Madadizadeh Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com 0000-0002-5757-182X No Moslem Taheri Soodejani Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran moslem.taheri2009@yahoo.com 0000-0002-5165-7569 No Mohammad Hassan Lotfi Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran mhlotfi56359@gmail.com 0000-0003-1358-4984 Yes

en Background: The primary purpose of the health system is to promote equitable health in society. The aim of this study is to offer some recommendations for improving the Iranian health policy-making cycle with a good governance approach. Methods: The systematic review approach was employed to undertake this research. To track down articles published electronically between 2010 and 2021, a comprehensive search in the National Library's English databases, in December 2021, was conducted using the keywords such as public policy, policy, policy-making, health policy, good governance, health, and healthcare. In addition, the Persian equivalents of the aforementioned keywords were searched separately or in combination with Boolean operators (OR, AND) in databases such as Scopus, Ovid, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, PubMed, IranMedex, Magiran, and SID to further pinpoint the desired articles. To evaluate and validate the quality of the selected articles, critical tools appropriate for the type of study were utilized (e.g., the SRQR tool for qualitative studies and the MMAT tool for mixed-methods studies), and finally, the research team conducted content analysis and categorized the findings. Results: Findings revealed that the health policy-making cycle is an extensive and intra-sectoral concern. Good governance in the health system results in specialized and individualized opportunities for better health and reduces inequality. To accomplish this purpose, it is necessary to emphasize cross-sectoral participation, social responsiveness, and transparent processes, and incorporate the viewpoints of experts and implementers of the health policy-making system. Furthermore, the health system's sovereignty and progress toward good governance should be evaluated, which results in effective policies and health justice. Conclusion: Considering the legal mission of the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security (the highest policy-making authority in the Ministry of Health), it is recommended that the council implement the practical recommendations of this research in actualizing and incorporating the good governance approach into the health policy-making cycle.   Policy-Making, Learning Health System, Iran 236 255 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1926-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/9 1401/11/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/16 1402/1/27 Marziyeh Azadiyan Department of Management, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran azadiyan.marziyeh@live.com 0000-0001-6439-8044 No Abbas Vosoogh Moghadam 1. Department of Management, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran 2.Governance and Health Training and Research Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran avosooghm@sina.tums.ac.ir 0000-0002-6631-2811 Yes Ali Farhadimahalli Department of Management, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran afarhadi19@yahoo.com 0000-0001-5425-9383 No

en Background: Morbidity pattern shows the burden of the disease and time trends, highlighting demographic differences in disease burden. It also demonstrates the extent and nature of the disease load in the community, and thus, assists in establishment of the priorities for monitoring and evaluating disease control activities, allocating the resources and monitoring the trends for the effect of intervention5.Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of common morbidities in the elderly age group. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted on the 318 elderly subjects in rural areas. Of 60 or above. Random sampling was done to select the villages. A house to house survey was conducted in every selected village, and eligible subjects were interviewed till the required sample size was reached. The study tools were a pre-tested, pre-validated questionnaire Variables included socio- -demographic factors such as age, sex, religion, marital status, education, occupation, type of family, family income, etc. Results: Female preponderance was seen in the study subjects. The majorities of the subjects was between 60-70 and were suffering from either one or two morbidities. 70 % had a positive family history. There were behavioral risk factors (addiction/ habit) in 35% of the participants, and the most common problem was smoking. The most common problems were generalized muscular weakness (63%) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Around 5% of the study subjects suffered from diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Conclusion: Regarding the socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral factors and morbidities, the present study is comparable to many other studies conducted in India. The burden of different diseases or the morbidity pattern is different in different parts of the country.   Morbidity, Elderly, Burden, prevalence 256 262 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1773-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/25 1400/3/4 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/18 1402/6/27 Deepak Chopra Department of Community Medicine, Autonomous State Medical College, Hardoi, India drdeepakchoprakgmu17@gmail.com 0000-0001-5779-5818 Yes Nidhi Jauhari Department of Ophthalmology, Balrampur Hospital, Lucknow, India drdeepak@iul.ac.in 0000-0002-2553-5357 No Sandhya Mishra Department of Community Medicine, Saraswathi Institute of Medical Science, Unnao, India smishra@gmail.com 0000-0002-2412-4927 No

en Background:  Life expectancy, especially life expectancy at birth is a good indicator of current health condition of the population and is estimated through life tables. The present study aims to examine the effect of partial and complete elimination of a specific disease on the gain in life expectancy at birth by sex in India and selected states using Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD) secondary data for 2017. Methods:  Life tables were constructed for all cause-specific deaths using Greville method for both males and females separately for India and selected states.  Cause-deleted life tables were also constructed for partial (25%, 50%, 75%) and complete (100%) elimination of ten leading cause of death groups.  Gain in life expectancy was estimated as the difference between values of cause-deleted life tables and cause-specific life tables. Results: Complete elimination of diseases of the circulatory system yielded maximum gain in life expectancy at birth in males (14.64 years) and in females (15.49 years) both in Haryana. It was followed by diseases of the respiratory system in males (6.45 years) in Jharkhand and in females (6.17 years) in Uttar Pradesh; certain infectious and parasitic diseases in males (3.82 years) in Uttar Pradesh and in females (3.58 years) in Delhi; neoplasms in males (2.71 years) and in females (2.11 years) both in Kerala.  Similar results were obtained in case of remaining diseases. Conclusions:  Maximum gained years would be obtained after reducing mortality from diseases of the circulatory system.  These may have implications for practical decision making in setting up health goals, allocating resources, and launching tailor-made health care programs.   Life Expectancy, MCCD, Non-Communicable Disease 263 274 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1780-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/8 1401/11/19 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/3 1402/2/13 Bal Kishan Gulati National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India gulbk@hotmail.com 0000-0002-2929-1724 Yes Damodar Sahu National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India sahuicmr@gmail.com 0000-0001-5621-2422 No Saurabh Sharma National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India ssharmadoc@gmail.com 0000-0001-6744-5846 No Vishnu Vardhana Rao M National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India dr_vishnurao@yahoo.com 0000-0001-8033-4710 No

fa   Background: Organizational cynicism is a negative attitude toward the organization. The design of health promoting schools (HPSs), one of the indicators of which is the creation of mental health for school staff, can reduce cynicism. Methods: The present study used a qualitative approach and the grounded theory (GT) method. The statistical population included all managers and assistants of secondary HPSs in Tabriz. The purposive sampling method was used, and the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Results: This research aimed to identify a model for reducing organizational cynicism in HPSs in Tabriz. According to the inclusion criteria and to reach data saturation, a semi-structured interview was conducted with eight people. Data analysis was performed based on Strauss and Corbin's continuous comparison strategy. The findings identified individuals, groups, and environments as factors affecting organizational cynicism (causative conditions). The basis and background of organizational cynicism is the internal and external environment of HPSs, which are also affected by the implementation barriers of HPS programs.  Conclusion: The best strategy for solving this problem is to build confidence in the design of the HPSs to attract cooperation in its implementation and create coordination between the activities of different organizations, which can lead to sustainable psychological outcomes and the success of HPSs programs.   Organizational Cynicism, Health Promoting Schools, Grounded Theory 275 284 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1793-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/23 1402/4/2 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/15 1402/6/24 Fateme Karimi Department of Educational Administration, School of Educational Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran ftmhkarimi@yahoo.com 0000-0002-2267-4300 No Behnam Talebi Department of Educational Administration, School of Educational Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran btalebi1972@gmail.com 0000-0001-6344-9479 Yes

en Background: In, health in addition to promoting medical knowledge, it aims to diagnose or treat diseases. According to ethical and legal principles, the damage to the patient in the process of health research must be fully compensated. Methods: In this research, the issued verdicts and the existing judicial procedures in legal cases in judicial and quasi-judicial authorities were analyzed in order to formulate the necessary legal theories with regard to the jurisprudential and legal basis of civil liability of researchers and scientific centers. To achieve results, it has been tried to avoid any violation of human rights without hindering the process of scientific research. Results: The basis of this view is moral and legal commitment of society to compensate for injuries caused by research, because ultimately, it is society that benefits from the results of medical and scientific research. As a result, it is better to provide legal support for the need to insure patients in medical research and to allocate special funds for damages resulting from medical research. Conclusion: There are drawbacks to filing a civil liability lawsuit for injuries caused by medical research; this is because it either leads to incomplete compensation or is an obstacle to medical research and medical researchers. Assuming the sole responsibility of research centers to create such liability insurance, legislators should enact comprehensive laws to resolve the existing ambiguities regarding the claim for injuries.   Medical Liability, Civil Liability, Compensation, Medical Research, Obligation 285 296 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1936-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/24 1401/12/5 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/9 1402/2/19 Ali Akbar Jafari Nadoushan Faculty member of Law, Faculty of Law, Political Science and History, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran jafarinadoushan@yazd.ac.ir 0000-0002-2328-6596 No Hamid Rahmani Manshadi Faculty member of Law, Faculty of Law, Political Science and History, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran rahmani@yazd.ac.ir 0000-0001-6725-7191 Yes

fa Background: This was a qualitative study with the aim of specifying effective factors regarding the improvement of health and hygiene education in secondary schools of education and training in Zahedan city in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Methods: The research community included all the academic experts, principals, and healthcare providers of Sistan and Baluchistan province in the academic year 1401-1402.  Purposive sampling method was conducted on the statistical population, and those who met the criteria for entering the study were selected through snowball method. The number of samples was selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation, and 20 people were selected. Data were analyzed using content analysis method and theme analysis approach. Results: The results of the study led to the identification of effective factors on the promotion of health and hygiene education in secondary schools, which can be considered in health education plans of schools. Conclusion: By identifying effective factors on the promotion of health and hygiene education in secondary schools, effective measures can be taken in maintaining and promoting healthy lifestyle in future generations.   Education, Health, Hygiene, Sistan and Baluchistan 297 306 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2132-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/11 1402/3/21 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/25 1402/7/3 Mohamadamin Jahantigh Medical student, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran mjahantigh54@gmail.com 0000-0002-7114-2642 No Reza Khamarniaei Executive Vice President of the Branch Management of Maskan Bank, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Zahedan, Iran reza.kh1918@gmail.com 0009-0002-3987-0911 No Maryam Jahantigh Haghighi Department of Nursing, School of Chabahar Nursing, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Chabahar, Iran 0000-0001-7755-9310 No Farnaz Jahantigh Health care, Education, Zahedan District 2, Zahedan, Iran farnaz1011@gmail.com 0009-0008-0514-8270 Yes

en No Abstract Universal Health, Health Expenditures, Universal Health Insurance 307 309 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1864-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/112023/01/6 1401/10/16 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/252022/04/19 1401/1/30 Anugraha John Department of Community Medicine, Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India anugrahajohn1995@gmail.com 0000-0002-7728-481X No Hari Teja Avirneni Department of Community Medicine, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India haritejaavirneni26@gmail.com 0000-0002-4050-3820 Yes Sinthu Sarathamani Swaminathan Department of Community Medicine, Trichy SRM Medical College and Hospital and Research Centre, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India sinthusarathamani@gmail.com 0000-0003-4676-9870 No

en No Abstract ​ Artificial Intelligence, Quran, Interpreting 310 311 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1692-13&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/112023/01/62024/01/10 1402/10/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/252022/04/192023/11/28 1402/9/7 Farzan Madadizadeh 1. Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com 0000-0001-7730-2187 No Sajjad Bahariniya MSc student of Health Services Management, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. sajjadbahari98@gmail.com 0000-0002-5757-182X Yes

en No Abstract Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Scale, Translation 312 314 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1445-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2023/06/222023/05/32023/06/302022/12/142023/05/102023/02/212023/06/212023/02/92021/05/252023/02/82023/06/232023/02/242023/06/112023/01/62024/01/102024/01/10 1402/10/20 2023/09/102023/08/252023/09/52023/03/152023/09/112023/05/152023/09/152023/04/162023/09/182023/05/32023/09/152023/05/92023/09/252022/04/192023/11/282023/11/28 1402/9/7 Farzan Madadizadeh Center for healthcare Data modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran madadizadehfarzan@gmail.com 0000-0002-5757-182X No Forouzan Zare Department of Health Technology Assessment, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran forouzan.zare@gmail.com Yes Department of Health Technology Assessment, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran