en jalali 1392 1 1 gregorian 2013 4 1 2 1 online 1 fulltext

en Human, Environment and Sustainable Development 1 1 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-48&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/10 1392/4/19 2013/09/29 1392/7/7 Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush محمد حسن احرامپوش Yes

en Assessment of School Backpack Weight and Other Characteristics in Elementary Schools, Yazd-Iran Introduction: The carry of heavy backpacks by school children may be associated with several potential health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of body weight represented by school backpacks and other related factors. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study has been done in eight primary schools in Yazd city in which a total of 783 students’ boys (217 subjects in boys’ private schools and 566 ones in boys' governmental schools), grades 1 to 5, were studied. Measures included body mass and school bag weight of students and then the relative backpack weight (RBW) was calculated as percentage of body weight. Results: The average backpack weight was 4.6 kg (range, 1.3 kg to 20.6 kg) and represented 12.9% (range, 5.5% to 37%) of the subjects’ body weights. In private schools, about 43.7% of the students carried backpacks weighing less than 10 percent, 38.4% between 10 – 14% and 17.9% of the students 15 percent or more of their body weights versus 66.2%, 23.5% and 10.3% in governmental schools, respectively. The majority of students carried their bags over one or two shoulders and only 4% used roller bags. The contents of backpacks were mainly text books, exercise books or test books. Conclusion: In conclusion the result of this study indicated that the students of private schools carried heavier backpacks than those of governmental ones and therefore it appears to be reasonable to lighten the load of backpacks and educate students for carrying correctly school backpacks. Introduction: The carry of heavy backpacks by school children may be associated with several potential health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of body weight represented by school backpacks and other related factors. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study has been done in eight primary schools in Yazd city in which a total of 783 students’ boys (217 subjects in boys’ private schools and 566 ones in boys' governmental schools), grades 1 to 5, were studied. Measures included body mass and school bag weight of students and then the relative backpack weight (RBW) was calculated as percentage of body weight. Results: The average backpack weight was 4.6 kg (range, 1.3 kg to 20.6 kg) and represented 12.9% (range, 5.5% to 37%) of the subjects’ body weights. In private schools, about 43.7% of the students carried backpacks weighing less than 10 percent, 38.4% between 10 – 14% and 17.9% of the students 15 percent or more of their body weights versus 66.2%, 23.5% and 10.3% in governmental schools, respectively. The majority of students carried their bags over one or two shoulders and only 4% used roller bags. The contents of backpacks were mainly text books, exercise books or test books. Conclusion: In conclusion the result of this study indicated that the students of private schools carried heavier backpacks than those of governmental ones and therefore it appears to be reasonable to lighten the load of backpacks and educate students for carrying correctly school backpacks. Backpain, Equipment Safety, Schools, Students, Public Health, Students, Health Occupations Backpain, Equipment Safety, Schools, Students, Public Health, Students, Health Occupations 2 7 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-40&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 Abolfazl Barkhordari ابوالفضل برخورداری No Mohamad Hassan Ehrampoush محمد حسن احرامپوش No Mahdi Barkhordari مهدی برخورداری ohyazd@gmail.com Yes Fatema Derakhshi فاطمه درخشی No Mohsen Mirzaii محسن میرزائی No

en Performance Study of Reverse Osmosis Plants for Water Desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran Introduction: Reverse osmosis (RO) is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt from seawater to get fresh water), but since the early 1970s it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications. The aim of this research was the performance study of reverse osmosis plants for water desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study the concentrations of a number of physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in raw and treated water of Bandar-Lengeh water Desalination Plants were determined and Performance of RO plants for seawater and costal groundwater desalination were studied. There are two desalination plants in Bandar-Lengeh. Water from these plants are used for municipal supply. Total production capacity of the two RO desalination plants is 8000 m3/d. Results: The results of this study showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride, Sulfate, diatomaceous and Nematodes in seawater were 37749 mg/l 9715 mg/l 22020 mg/l 3067 mg/l 24337 N/100ml and 5 N/100ml and in treated water were 1233 mg/l 436 mg/l 710 mg/l 58 mg/l, 0 N/100ml and 0 N/100ml, respectively. Also the results showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride and Sulfate in coastal ground water were 37131 mg/l 9303 mg/l 21072 mg/l 3745 mg/l and in treated water were 687mg/l 253 mg/l 389 mg/l 19 mg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed the quality of feed water and pretreatment plays an extremely important role in operational problems such as fouling of RO systems. Introduction: Reverse osmosis (RO) is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt from seawater to get fresh water), but since the early 1970s it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial, and domestic applications. The aim of this research was the performance study of reverse osmosis plants for water desalination in Bandar-Lengeh, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study the concentrations of a number of physical, chemical and biological quality parameters in raw and treated water of Bandar-Lengeh water Desalination Plants were determined and Performance of RO plants for seawater and costal groundwater desalination were studied. There are two desalination plants in Bandar-Lengeh. Water from these plants are used for municipal supply. Total production capacity of the two RO desalination plants is 8000 m3/d. Results: The results of this study showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride, Sulfate, diatomaceous and Nematodes in seawater were 37749 mg/l 9715 mg/l 22020 mg/l 3067 mg/l 24337 N/100ml and 5 N/100ml and in treated water were 1233 mg/l 436 mg/l 710 mg/l 58 mg/l, 0 N/100ml and 0 N/100ml, respectively. Also the results showed average values of TDS, Sodium, Chloride and Sulfate in coastal ground water were 37131 mg/l 9303 mg/l 21072 mg/l 3745 mg/l and in treated water were 687mg/l 253 mg/l 389 mg/l 19 mg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed the quality of feed water and pretreatment plays an extremely important role in operational problems such as fouling of RO systems. Osmosis, Seawater, Plants, Fresh Water Osmosis, Seawater, Plants, Fresh Water 8 14 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-41&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 Alireza Zirakrad علیرضا زیرکراد No Seyed Jamalodin Hashemian سید جمال الدین هاشمیان No Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian محمد تقی قانعیان Yes

en Health Literacy in Periodontal Patients Introduction: health literacy is a fundamental part of the healing promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal health literacy among patients. Materials and methods: 296 patients attending periodontal clinic who were above 16 years old participated in this study. Gathering data was based on screening questions on a 5-point Likert scale. After completion questionnaire, data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Based on the scores of questions, patients were classified as weak, medium and good health literacy. Result: This study showed significant difference in health literacy between age and education groups (P value = 0.015, P value = 0.003), while there was no significant difference between male and female (P value = 0.54). It was also revealed that patients who had been exposed to oral health education had higher health literacy levels ( P value < 0.0001, P value = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed patients less than 20 years and over 50 years old had poorer heath literacy in relation of periodontal heath, also, patients with higher educational level have higher health literacy. Introduction: health literacy is a fundamental part of the healing promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal health literacy among patients. Materials and methods: 296 patients attending periodontal clinic who were above 16 years old participated in this study. Gathering data was based on screening questions on a 5-point Likert scale. After completion questionnaire, data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Based on the scores of questions, patients were classified as weak, medium and good health literacy. Result: This study showed significant difference in health literacy between age and education groups (P value = 0.015, P value = 0.003), while there was no significant difference between male and female (P value = 0.54). It was also revealed that patients who had been exposed to oral health education had higher health literacy levels ( P value < 0.0001, P value = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed patients less than 20 years and over 50 years old had poorer heath literacy in relation of periodontal heath, also, patients with higher educational level have higher health literacy. Health Literacy, Periodontal Disease, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Patients Health Literacy, Periodontal Disease, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Patients 15 21 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-42&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 Ahmad Haerian احمد حائریان No Ali Moemen علی مومن No Saeede Asgari سعیده عسگری No Farzane Vaziri فرزانه وزیری farzane.vaziri@gmail.com Yes

en Spirituality and General Health among Hospital Personnel of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd-Iran Introduction: Given the importance of spirituality and health as well as activities done by hospital personnel, the aim of present study is to evaluate the relationship between spirituality and general health and to assess some possible affecting factors such as demographic and work factors on these variables in hospital staff. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done on hospital employees of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. First, 101 hospital staff were selected randomly by using multistage sampling. General Health, spiritual experience and demographic questionnaires as reported by the subjects themselves, were completed. Cut-off point of 23 was considered for general health, So that those, whose score were 23 or less, were considered as healthy individuals. Collected data were entered software SPSS (Ver.19) and then analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-test and ANOVA tests. Results: Mean and standard deviation of spirituality was 251.50 and 42.30 and for general health was 46.79 and 10.82, respectively. Spirituality and general health had a significant negative correlation (p-value=0.03). Spirituality was significantly higher in subjects who were single (p-value=0.04). Men (P-Value=0.01) and those older than 33 years (P-Value=0.001), had significantly better general health. General health significantly associated with service location (P-Value ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: The study finding shows, increase in spirituality is associated with higher levels of general health. Given that the general health score in this study were higher than the cut-off 23, and physical and mental health of hospital staff is associated with their quality of service at work, so promotion of general health and spirituality in hospitals, which are responsible for public health, is essential. Introduction: Given the importance of spirituality and health as well as activities done by hospital personnel, the aim of present study is to evaluate the relationship between spirituality and general health and to assess some possible affecting factors such as demographic and work factors on these variables in hospital staff. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done on hospital employees of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. First, 101 hospital staff were selected randomly by using multistage sampling. General Health, spiritual experience and demographic questionnaires as reported by the subjects themselves, were completed. Cut-off point of 23 was considered for general health, So that those, whose score were 23 or less, were considered as healthy individuals. Collected data were entered software SPSS (Ver.19) and then analyzed using Pearson correlation, t-test and ANOVA tests. Results: Mean and standard deviation of spirituality was 251.50 and 42.30 and for general health was 46.79 and 10.82, respectively. Spirituality and general health had a significant negative correlation (p-value=0.03). Spirituality was significantly higher in subjects who were single (p-value=0.04). Men (P-Value=0.01) and those older than 33 years (P-Value=0.001), had significantly better general health. General health significantly associated with service location (P-Value ≤ 0.0001). Conclusion: The study finding shows, increase in spirituality is associated with higher levels of general health. Given that the general health score in this study were higher than the cut-off 23, and physical and mental health of hospital staff is associated with their quality of service at work, so promotion of general health and spirituality in hospitals, which are responsible for public health, is essential. Spirituality, Health, Health Personnel, Personnel, Hospital Spirituality, Health, Health Personnel, Personnel, Hospital 22 29 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-43&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 Nahid Mazloom Bafrooi ناهید مظلوم بفروئی No Ziba Loukzadeh زیبا لوک زاده dr.loukzadeh@gmail.com Yes Sahar Pak سحر پاک No Zeinab Zangui زینب زنگوئی No

en Selecting Hospital's Key Performance Indicators, Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Technique Introduction: hospitals performance indicators will help monitoring, evaluation and decision making and therefore must be selected and ranked accurately. The aim of present study is identifying and selecting key hospitals performance indicators. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) study. literature review and expert panel has been done to identify all performance indicators. we prioritize performance indicators by Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The data were analyzed by Excel 2007 and Expert Choice11 software’s. Results: hospital performance indicators are classified to three areas as quality- effectiveness, efficiency- financing and accessibility – equity. Indicators like the rate of hospital average length of stay in hospital based on different diagnosis and the mean rate of inpatient waiting time are considered with highest priority performance indicators of public hospitals. Conclusion: Identifying hospital’s key performance indicators provides an opportunity for health stakeholders to identify critical and problematic points with lower costs and time and to the best correction action. Introduction: hospitals performance indicators will help monitoring, evaluation and decision making and therefore must be selected and ranked accurately. The aim of present study is identifying and selecting key hospitals performance indicators. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and mixed (quantitative-qualitative) study. literature review and expert panel has been done to identify all performance indicators. we prioritize performance indicators by Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The data were analyzed by Excel 2007 and Expert Choice11 software’s. Results: hospital performance indicators are classified to three areas as quality- effectiveness, efficiency- financing and accessibility – equity. Indicators like the rate of hospital average length of stay in hospital based on different diagnosis and the mean rate of inpatient waiting time are considered with highest priority performance indicators of public hospitals. Conclusion: Identifying hospital’s key performance indicators provides an opportunity for health stakeholders to identify critical and problematic points with lower costs and time and to the best correction action. Health Services Administration, Quality of Health Care, Benchmarking, Quality Assurance, Health Care Health Services Administration, Quality of Health Care, Benchmarking, Quality Assurance, Health Care 30 38 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-44&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 Raana Gholamzadeh Nikjoo رعنا غلامزاده نیکجو No Hossein Jabbari Beyrami حسین جباری بیرمی Hosseinhosseinj@yahoo.com Yes Ali Jannati علی جنتی No Mohammad Asghari Jaafarabadi محمد اصغری جعفرآبادی No

en Developing Patient Education Questionnaire in Iranian Culture Introduction: The objective of the study was to develop an instrument to measure patient education content. Materials and Methods: First of all, literature searches were undertaken to determine current national and international patient education questionnaires. Then a forty five item questionnaire was developed. Questionnaires were filled by 399 patients in surgery wards of Kerman medical hospitals. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Factor analysis in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to assess the construct validity of the instrument. Results: The alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.95. Using PCA, a five-factor solution was selected as the most appropriate model, which accounted for nearly 70% of the total variance disease information , disease complication, drug information, general information, and miscellaneous . Conclusion: Our new questionnaire demonstrates good psychometric properties. This tool helps patients to create a realistic picture of what to expect in the early recovery period at home. Introduction: The objective of the study was to develop an instrument to measure patient education content. Materials and Methods: First of all, literature searches were undertaken to determine current national and international patient education questionnaires. Then a forty five item questionnaire was developed. Questionnaires were filled by 399 patients in surgery wards of Kerman medical hospitals. Reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Factor analysis in conjunction with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to assess the construct validity of the instrument. Results: The alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.95. Using PCA, a five-factor solution was selected as the most appropriate model, which accounted for nearly 70% of the total variance disease information , disease complication, drug information, general information, and miscellaneous . Conclusion: Our new questionnaire demonstrates good psychometric properties. This tool helps patients to create a realistic picture of what to expect in the early recovery period at home. Patient Education as Topic, Questionnaires, Consumer Health Information Patient Education as Topic, Questionnaires, Consumer Health Information 39 49 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-45&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/3 1392/4/12 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/29 1392/7/7 Mansooreh Azzizadeh Forouzi منصوره عزیززاده فروزی m_azizzadeh@kmu.ac.ir Yes Reza Baneshi رضا بانشی No Sedigheh Iranmanesh صدیقه ایران منش No

en The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parents Behavioral Training and Medication with Ritalin on the Rate of the Signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Introduction: The aim of the present research is to determine the effectiveness of parents’ behavioral training in compare to medication on the rate of the signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Materials & Methods: Our population in this research was all boys in the elementary school (third, fourth and fifth grades) and finally a sample of 630 subjects were included. We used a questionnaire of children’s morbid signs (CSI-4) which was completed by parents. For determination of acceptable scores in this scale, all subjects who obtained score 6 and more were selected and out of these subjects by use of random method as many as 45 subjects were chosen and 15 subjects were considered as the behavioral experimental group (under special care of a psychiatrist) and the other 15 subjects were randomly put as the control group. The parents participated in seven sessions of behavioral training program, while for control group no kinds of training and medication intervention were carried out. Results: The results showed that both parent’s behavioral training program and medication have been effective meaningfully on ADHD (P=0.0005), also considering the averages differences, medication with Ritalin has caused more reduction of the signs of ADHD than parent’s behavioral training. Conclusion: At present, for children afflicted with ADHD, multi interventions are recommended that contains medication and parents training. Hyperkinesis, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Methylphenidate, Parents, Education, Pharmaceutical Preparations. 50 58 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-58&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/11/16 1392/8/25 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/11/16 1392/8/25 Mina Shahrbanian مینا شهربانیان mina.shahrbanian@gmail.com Yes Sirous Salehi سیروس صالحی No Ahadallah Azizi احدالله عزیزی No

en The Effect of Drug Addiction on Education from University Students’ Point of View Introduction: Higher education system in each country is mainly responsible for training specialists and efficient personnels in different levels of government. Regarding a community approach, if the system uses social factors properly, goals attainment will be facile. On the contrary, if the system is affected by common social traumas and deviations, it will result in dissonant maladroit graduated students who would trouble themselves, their family and their society. Addiction to narcotic drugs is one of the most important social traumas that is quite common in developing countries. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive analytic study has been conducted in community of Yazd University in academic year of 2010 -2011. For this purpose, 406 students of this university were selected via stratified random sampling method who responded to a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed utilizing psychometric standards. Regarding data description, frequency indexes, percent, mean, and standard deviation were applied. Moreover, inferential tests of chi-square test and correlation coefficient of Pearson were utilized. Results: The study results revealed that approximately 21/9 percent of students were suggested the drug abuse whose rate of drug use was 25/9 percent. 34/1 percent of subjects determined their friend's homes as the most propitious place for their use and most important reasons involved respectively release of spiritual stress, inability to say "No" in response to others’ suggestion. Furthermore, students’ point of view revealed the significant effect of narcotic drugs use on education process. Any of students’ demographic variables had significant correlation with drug abuse. conclusion: since one of the most common social traumas associated with youth generation, specially college students, is addiction to narcotic drugs, that in addition to extensive economic loss, it would jeopardize their physical and social health, one of the most important ways to prevent and control the drug use is recognizing its factors as well as the peripheral circumstances of this trauma. Moreover, investigating students’ view point regarding this issue is of great significance that has been regarded in the present study. Introduction: Higher education system in each country is mainly responsible for training specialists and efficient personnels in different levels of government. Regarding a community approach, if the system uses social factors properly, goals attainment will be facile. On the contrary, if the system is affected by common social traumas and deviations, it will result in dissonant maladroit graduated students who would trouble themselves, their family and their society. Addiction to narcotic drugs is one of the most important social traumas that is quite common in developing countries. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive analytic study has been conducted in community of Yazd University in academic year of 2010 -2011. For this purpose, 406 students of this university were selected via stratified random sampling method who responded to a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed utilizing psychometric standards. Regarding data description, frequency indexes, percent, mean, and standard deviation were applied. Moreover, inferential tests of chi-square test and correlation coefficient of Pearson were utilized. Results: The study results revealed that approximately 21/9 percent of students were suggested the drug abuse whose rate of drug use was 25/9 percent. 34/1 percent of subjects determined their friend's homes as the most propitious place for their use and most important reasons involved respectively release of spiritual stress, inability to say "No" in response to others’ suggestion. Furthermore, students’ point of view revealed the significant effect of narcotic drugs use on education process. Any of students’ demographic variables had significant correlation with drug abuse. conclusion: since one of the most common social traumas associated with youth generation, specially college students, is addiction to narcotic drugs, that in addition to extensive economic loss, it would jeopardize their physical and social health, one of the most important ways to prevent and control the drug use is recognizing its factors as well as the peripheral circumstances of this trauma. Moreover, investigating students’ view point regarding this issue is of great significance that has been regarded in the present study. 59 69 http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-47&slc_lang=en&sid=1 2013/07/102013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/07/32013/11/162013/07/10 1392/4/19 2013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/09/292013/11/162013/09/29 1392/7/7 Mohammad Afkhami Aqda محمد افخمی عقدا Yes Mahmood Kamali Zarch محمود کمالی زارچ No Nadereh Shokorawa نادره شکراوا No