Introduction
In late December 2019, in the city of Wang, China, a new disease known as acute respiratory syndrome appeared (1). The causative agent of this infectious disease was named Covid-19, and similar outbreaks occurred in different hospitals within two weeks (2). At present, according to the World Health Organization, the disease is pandemic, and in most countries, home quarantine and personal hygiene are strictly enforced (3). Unfortunately, more than 60,000 people have died due to Covid-19 in Iran. Moreover, the deadly virus has already caused a great deal of cost to the healthcare sector. Of course, the involvement of the government and the private sector is very important to get through the corona period as the government alone cannot be responsible for its negative effects. Therefore, the health care system has faced many difficult issues. Both the public and private sectors are aware of their inability to address emerging public health issues today (4-6).  The study emphasizes the development of community health utilizing all the potential available through a multi-sectoral partnership framework. This is a non-systematic review that shows how partnerships in developing Islamic countries can be more attractive and efficient. Accordingly, in addition to looking at verses and hadiths about waqf, internal articles in the field of hospital endowments were searched in the Magiran database and ISC Journals using keywords with the themes of public-private partnerships, developing countries, health, motivation, performance, third sector, and donors combined by logical operators. Databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed were looked at from the period of 1990-2020. Despite the vast amount of research done on public and private contributions, there is not much evidence of multi-sectoral partnership agreements. However, the investigation of such cases in specialized documents is increasing. Finally, about 40 articles mostly related to the discussion and research context were selected, analyzed, and the results were interpreted in this article. It should be noted that in the analytical review, the findings and discussions of the initially published studies on a particular topic were reviewed, combined, critiqued, and expressed qualitatively. The fact that the researcher needs to have a thorough knowledge of the subject in this approach is inevitable. Furthermore, one of the strongest methods that can present the discrete and scattered parts of social reality and provide a comprehensive picture of it is content analysis, a strategy of data reduction and analysis. Through this procedure, qualitative data is segmented, classified, summarized, reconstructed, and used to provide a theoretical framework for research.
Discussion
Public-private partnerships (3Ps)
3Ps, as a mechanism of cooperation between government and the private sector, is on the agenda in public policy (7). 3Ps is now recognized as an effective mechanism for providing public services. Various developed and developing countries use this method to increase social welfare and develop their infrastructure. Despite the theoretical appeal of the issue, past experiences reveal a set of successes and failures in the implementation phase of this strategy (8-10).
Recent research shows that the success of using different 3Ps models depends on the environmental conditions and inherent characteristics of each project, with the lack of an appropriate context in developing countries being the utmost important issue. There is an argument that major improvements in health systems require an approach that simultaneously finances infrastructure, the expenditure of providing services, access, and effective management to achieve better outcomes for the general public (11). In Islamic countries, it is a matter of pride that there is a tradition called waqf and charity, and for a long time, philanthropists have been powerful sources for the development of health care, especially for low-income groups. Unfortunately, the status and productivity of this institution in the country's health system have decreased in recent years. Therefore, it is vital to investigate the dimensions of the issues in public administration and Islamic culture as it is very important to develop partnerships with a religion-oriented approach in Islamic developing countries, like Iran.
3P and Covid-19 pandemic
In times of an emergency, a strong partnership is required between governments and private sectors to provide infrastructures such as energy, housing, agriculture, public health, transportation, telecommunication, and economic sectors. The 3P for critical infrastructure is the most popular partnership as a response to COVID-19. For example, many private hospitals shared their facilities and equipment with the government to increase the capacity of healthcare. Besides, new medical laboratories can be added to the current capacity of the health care sector during this period. In the telecommunication sector, a wide partnership must be encouraged between government and private companies. They must develop their services, especially Internet service, during the COVID-19 crisis for virtual training and telecommuting. On the other hand, the production of goods related to the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 must be done without bureaucracy and as soon as possible. In this line, the government issued a permit to repurpose production lines and change them into dedicated lines. Similarly, for further cooperation with private companies, the government can decide to lift the import ban, impose export bans and restrictions, and authorize the related ministries to specify the import-export tariffs and duties for items required. This has encouraged many companies to contribute to the country's existing capacity. To overcome the challenges during the COVID-19 response, different governments cooperated with knowledge enterprises to produce their needs. Many knowledge-based companies are working under the umbrella of science and technology fields in different provinces for the COVID-19 response. Such activities positively influence various areas of equipment and treatment. (4-6, 12).
New public management in developing countries
From the beginning of the 1990s, a new model of public management emerged in leading countries, which theorists refer to as "management-oriented" and "market-based" public administration. During these developments, the government acts indirectly through contracts with the private sector rather than directly providing goods and services (13). In developing countries, regardless of the effectiveness of this approach in public administration, it requires the existence of prerequisites such as a real and popular private sector, organized monetary and financial markets, and the existence of a clear legal system that were lacked in most of these countries (14, 15). These policies are blindly modeled by government officials solely to conform to the prevailing paradigm. The natural consequence of such an action is the widening of the class gap, causing economic corruption and weakening political accountability (16). Contrary to the claim just made, public administration is not solely about "management." According to Rosenblum (1998), public administration requires a simultaneous understanding of "efficiency, representation, and justice" (17). In this regard, Denhardts (2000) states, "The public interest transcends personal interests and requires people to think before they are born and after they die." He thus points to the government's need as an overseer and civil society as a platform for discourse to correct the performance of the private sector and the states in the "New Public Services" paradigm. Instead of acting as a facilitator and catalyst for market forces, governments should empower citizens and create common values among them. Instead of relying on the private sector, the citizens should build a coalition of public, private, and civic organizations (18).
Partnerships considerations in the field of health
The basis of 3Ps was from the "Private Financial Initiatives" (PFI) introduced by the British Conservative government in 1992 at the peak of the recession. However, for a variety of reasons, including public concern about the weakening of public services with the entry of the private sector, these strategies did not speed to become popular (19). Nevertheless, in 1997, the Labor government outlined a new policy and rewrote it as "public-private partnerships." Since then, other countries and governments have also sought to use 3Ps to provide the necessary infrastructure, to develop the local economy, and to provide public services (20).
Primarily, policymakers and executives need to pay attention to the fact that the growth of 3Ps in different countries occurs at different stages. Most countries are in the early stages where the development of real projects is still low in number, and the required organizations and institutions such as partnership units, capital markets, and technical and specialized sectors have not been established yet (21). By studying various researches, it can be concluded that various factors are involved in the development process of partnerships, including factors such as:
 Motivators: There are many reasons for adopting this strategy, and these reasons are often country-specific (22). For example, in the United States, except for financial pressures, the possibility of using 3Ps in development projects is significantly influenced by different factors such as infrastructure needs, liberal political ideology, state regulations, and previous experiences with such partnerships (23). In a study in China, the use of such projects is influenced by the type of approach adopted by neighboring cities to 3Ps, provincial pressure, peer pressure, and experts' influence (24). Yang et al. examined the development of 3Ps in several countries and concluded that advanced economies are more desirable to provide institutional guarantees and government credit than developing countries (25).
Success factors: There have been various arguments as to why some 3Ps projects are more efficient than others. In a review of "key success factors" of 3Ps projects from 1990 to 2013, they concluded that success factors depend on the country, the participation model, the size, and the phase of the project (26). It is also suggested that a good contract is probably a necessity or at least an important condition for 3Ps. The performance of this type of partnership and commitment to be more important than the contract is still not ensured (27). Seung et al. used the Yang framework to analyze the success factors of 19 projects in different developing countries and describe the political, legal, economic, financial, and managerial factors. They stated that future research requires the success of humanitarian and soft infrastructure projects (28).
Performance results: There is a scientific and practical interest in 3Ps. It creates a win-win balance between the public and private sectors. It is not easy to evaluate the performance of such partnerships. One reason for this difficulty is that many parties are involved in 3Ps projects, and each may have a different definition of success. However, the review literature and early documentation on performance are also noteworthy. Generally, the function of 3Ps can be distinguished in the form of a limited and broad concept. The broad form of the concept of performance focuses on a wide range of content and areas and considers the wider benefits of the project for partner organizations, citizens, and service users (29, 30).
These themes are categorized in Table 1 and used to provide a theoretical framework for research.

Review of multi-sectoral partnerships
The idea of cooperation, organizational and financial partnership between government, market, and society is not new. It was created as a tool to refine the idealistic proposals arising from the ideological debates from the 1970s as a new alliance between institutions and society, based on the concept of partnership. It relied on adding social elements and intellectual resources to the bureaucracy (31). Presented in Table 2, each of the mentioned sectors has its own goals, characteristics, and competencies.

 

Some authors argue that these three sections play a complementary role to each other, while other scholars place more emphasis on their inherent contradictions and conflicts. Hence, it can be argued that there is a conflict between all sectors, some of which are easier to resolve than others. There are two distinct meanings of 3Ps. First, it can be used to explain public support for private-sector economic activity. Second, this concept can mean private sector support for public sector economic activity (32). Generally, a multi-sectoral partnership is considered as a kind of support system that aims to improve individual functions and increase their scope of implementation.
According to Taraza et al. (2002), four types of partnership-based agreements can be identified between the three sectors of public, private, and the third sector (33), namely:
Public Sector/Private Sector: Requires a constant tension between profitability and pricing in operations that the public sector must commit to by facilitating conditions.
Public Sector/Third Party: It can be an attractive way to create the supportive environment needed to meet the needs of low-income groups in society.
Private Sector/Third Party: Given the fact that the core interests of each sector are significantly different from the other, linking them between them.
Public Sector/Private/Third Party: The application of an integrated approach to participation is mentioned as the most common possible form of participation to meet the needs of the low-income group and is a reflection of successful measures on a significant scale that requires specific comparative advantages of each sector.
The role of endowments and benefactors in the development of health in Islamic culture history shows that when the government was not realized in its modern sense, the deep thoughts of well-meaning and benevolent human beings were the sources of the effect and took the lead in eliminating deprivations and providing services to the needy sections of society. Endowment and charity are rooted in religious principles and manifested in most countries (34). In Islamic culture, every Muslim has a responsibility to society and others. Islamic rulings such as zakat, khums, and waqf (The manifestation of benevolence and charity in the Beautiful traditions of Islam) promote the spread of justice and equality and a fairer distribution of wealth in society. Acculturalization is one of the most important issues, and it should be well understood that these traditions have valuable effects and consequences for the individual and society. Furthermore, the importance of endowment is emphasized in Qur'an (The Holy book of the Muslims of the World). The companions of the Prophet followed this pattern diligently, and it has been narrated that among his relatives and companions who could dedicate, no one avoided doing so (35). In this regard, Muslims built hospitals as one of the most important public places because of their crucial role in helping the sick, the needy, and the helpless. They dedicated many endowments to the building, equipping and upgrading the facilities. The process of building a hospital in Iran during the Islamic era was expanded significantly in connection with the Islamic endowment system. The caliphs and the rich of the society followed the teachings of the Qur'an (The Holy book of the Muslims of the World) to enjoy the reward of the remnants of reform by dedicating a lot of money, land, and real estate. They specially granted more income to the hospitals. Interestingly, there was a great variety of Muslim endowments for hospitals. The dedication of specialization or physical strength to hospitals by physicians or other Muslims shows the wide range of this good tradition in Islamic society. Additionally, the financing of Islamic hospitals by the endowment system provided the free use of the facilities for all society members (36).
Today, in developed countries, the endowment institution works like any other financial institution with high efficiency and has led to a mechanism for optimal allocation of assets, realization of social goals, and strengthening the capital market. However, it has become a less effective institution in underdeveloped countries for various reasons (37). This importance of endowment management is reflected in Qur'an (The Holy book of the Muslims of the World), which includes and refers to guidelines such as rationality, faith, science, trustworthiness, and ability. In the past, a deputy or representative was selected by Imams to manage, preserve and protect the endowments (35).
The presentation of the research developed framework
Collaborative networks are a set of governmental, non-profit, and for-profit entities that operate to provide a product, service, or public value, where the government is unable to produce that service or value or a private entity does not have the ability or desire to provide that service or product with the desired quality (38).
 Governments around the world face problems such as rising health expenditures and declining government budgets. None of the public or private sectors alone will be able to solve the many problems faced by the health sector. Sharma and Seth argue that partnerships in the health sector can not only bridge the gaps in the development of health infrastructure, but they can offer a wide range of potential benefits (39) such as:
• Restoring the motivation of stakeholders to implement development efforts as the first level of success effectively
• Activation of existing healthcare infrastructure with improved productivity
• Accelerate health development programs, which are mainly implemented by governments
• The inclusion of some sectors such as villagers and the poor as the target market for projects
In developing countries, due to the underdevelopment of institutions, we must look for a pattern of participation that is not only less risky but also more attractive, efficient, effective and seeks public justice. In other words, it is important to use the "third sector" of society that does not seek profit but believes it to be their duty to meet some of the social needs that require individual compassion and commitment. Undoubtedly, the emergence and formation of multilateral partnerships require special environments. The convergence of goals has been proposed as a key factor, and more emphasis has been placed on an initial stage called creating a common vision. The lack of such a vision is one of the problems in establishing cooperation agreements in developing countries. The absence of such a vision may be due to short-sightedness, a specific analysis of the current situation based on current value, current resources, and current capacity or capability, rather than considering a future based on strategic partners (40). Besides, a set of positive conditions at the macro level in the economic, political, and cultural fields is considered important (41). However, the problem is that such a situation is rare in developing countries. The dependence of a positive macro environment on the increase in partnerships and collaborations reveals a contradiction to the stated fact since this type of partnership is more needed in situations where income and profitability are low and risk is high (42). Therefore, appropriate policies should be designed to form multi-sectoral partnerships. With the presence of the third sector (voluntary and non-profit) for the provision of public services, where the platform for participation is not yet fully available, the third sector will lead to the development of institutions and processes and enable more complex partnerships in the future. Besides, it will help to transfer existing risks, commit to the contracts, control the arisen challenges that lead to conflicts and long negotiation processes.
In the Islamic approach, the central focus of social policy is the concept of social justice. This concept proposes forming a government, and any macro and micro-planning in the field of public policy must be done to realize it. One of the non-profit activities and sacrifices in Islamic culture is the good tradition of waqf or endowment and charity. It can prove useful and help eliminate many societal problems. Observing the successful history of Islamic culture in the establishment and management of hospitals, the importance, necessity of using this potential in society
and utilizing existing resources is evident to everyone.
By examining the review of the research literature, it can be concluded that in the process of developing partnerships between the public and private sectors, the existence of a suitable platform in the country, as well as the common vision of the project stakeholders in adopting the participation strategy are significant. Moreover, the key factors of success in the implementation of the participation strategy, followed by the short-term and long-term achievements of participation, have the main functions in the next policy-making.
The conceptual model is schematically drawn in Figure 1.