Volume 6, Issue 3 (July-Sep 2017)                   JCHR 2017, 6(3): 185-191 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Soleimani A, Bayat M R, Biglari H, Khademi N, Saniee V, Khoramdad M, et al . The Epidemiological Profile of Injuries in Children up to 59 Months Old in Kermanshah Province in 2015. JCHR 2017; 6 (3) :185-191
URL: http://jhr.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-372-en.html
The Epidemiological Profile of Injuries in Children up to 59 Months Old in Kermanshah Province in 2015
Abozar Soleimani1 , Mohammad Reza Bayat1 , Hossain Biglari1 , Nahid Khademi1 , Vida Saniee1 , Malihe Khoramdad * 2, Jabbar Shafiei3 , Alireza Firouzi4
1- Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2- Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran , m.khoramdad2016@gmail.com
3- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
4- Department of General Linguistics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: injury, children, epidemiology, cross sectional, Kermanshah
Full-Text [PDF 589 kb]   (1510 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (6746 Views)
Full-Text:   (797 Views)
The Epidemiological Profile of Injuries
in Children up to 59 Months Old in
Kermanshah Province in 2015
 
Abozar Soleimani 1, Mohammad Reza Bayat 1, Hossain Biglari 1, Nahid Khademi 1,
Vida Saniee 1, Malihe Khoramdad 1*, Jabbar Shafiei 2, Alireza Firouzi 3
  1. Faculty of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  2.  Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  3.  Department of General Linguistics, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Original
Received: 20 June 2017
Accepted: 3 Sep 2017		  
Introduction: Injuries have always been among the main factors threatening human life and health, and children are one of the vulnerable population groups in this field. The aim of this study is to survey incident and examine the distribution of injuries in children up to 59 months old in Kermanshah Province in 2015.
Materials and Methods: This survey is a cross-sectional study, gathering its data from Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It covers all the injured whose reason of injury was referring to private and public hospitals under the supervision of Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, during 2015. Data was collected from the injury software package of Ministry of Health. All registered individuals in this software were included in the study. In addition, all the injuries, including electric shock, road traffic accidents, animal attacks, violence, fall, burn, hit, scorpion and snake sting, drowning, poisoning were entered in our research.
Results: The number of injuries in children was 3499 cases: 2216 (63.3%) boys and 1283 (36.7%) girls. Incidence of injuries was 23.3 cases per 1000 children aged 0-59 months old. The highest frequency of injuries was in children aged 0 to 11 months (42%) and majority of them occurred at home (58.5%). Most of the injuries were in summer (especially in September). The most common causes of injuries included fall (52.7%), road traffic injuries (29.6%), and poisoning (14.1%).
Conclusion: In the present study, the most frequent injury was falling at home.  It is important to make the home a safe environment for children.

 
Keywords: Injury, children, epidemiology, cross sectional, Kermanshah
 

 
 
Corresponding Author:
Malihe Khoramdad

How to cite this paper:

Soleimani A, Bayat MR, Biglari H, Khademi N, Saniee V, Khoramdad M, Shafiei J, Firouzi AR. The Epidemiological Profile of Injuries in Children 0 to 59 Months Old in Kermanshah Province in 2015. J Community Health Research. 2017; 6(3): 185-91.

 
Introduction

Injuries have always been among the main factors threatening human life and health; industrialization and technology, communication development, urbanization, progress in medical and health sciences; changes in life patterns and styles cause accidents and incidents daily and make them turn out in various ways (1). Currently, injuries constitute one of the main fatal reasons for death in the world (2). Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in this regard considering their physical, mental, and behavioral characteristics and their encounter, playing, and living patterns
in the environment made by adults (3, 4). Children are the most valuable and vulnerable age
group. Therefore, if they are not provided with appropriate developmental factors, their most basic right, i.e. life, will be in danger, and their future will also be severely scarred by some latent mental and physical effects (5).
Stanhope and Lancaster stated the following regarding the importance of paying attention to this large, vulnerable group: “The future of any nation hinges upon healthy and dynamic workforce, and children will create the future of any country; so taking good care of them and supplying their material and spiritual needs will result in healthy and competent adults in future (6).    
Injuries are one of the major health problems and the third fatal reason for death after cardiovascular diseases and cancers in the world (7); annually, about 11 million, daily, 30,000, and every minute, 20 children in the world die before reaching the age of 5, about 5 million of whom die because of injuries. WHO predicts that this figure will reach 4.8 million in 2020, mostly in low- and average-income countries, especially African and South Asian countries (8, 9).
In 2000, countries in the world, in order to achieve the millennium development goals, assumed the responsibility of cutting down children death cases by 75% in 2015 compared to 1990 (10). According to UNICEF report, childhood injuries have decreased by 50% in high-income countries, while this is quite the opposite in poor countries, based on many reports (11).
It worthy of note that in children accidents, in addition to death, serious injuries disable millions of children temporarily or permanently in a year; those who escape injury may need 24 hours’ care. It should be pointed out that injuries not only endanger children health, they also have bad effects on education and other dimensions of the life of children and their parents (2). Injuries impose enormous costs on civil health and treatment systems (12).
In a retrospective study, using data of infirmaries under the supervision of health-treatment centers in urban and rural areas, and also data of hospitals under Home Accidents Prevention Policy in Fars Province, most incidence was reported to belong to the age groups younger than 5(13); according to statistics of Tehran Forensic Medicine, of 1439 children death cases, referring to the medical centers, 1072 cases were due to accidents (14).
Unfortunately, there is a lack of epidemiological data on this age group in Kermanshah province. So this study was conducted to develop preventive and regulatory plans, considering the epidemiological profile of injuries.
Methods
This survey is a cross-sectional study, gathering its data from Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. It covers all the injured whose reason of injury was referring to private and public hospitals under the supervision of Health Vice-presidency of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, during 2015. The total number of hospitals included in this study was 20 from 12 cities of Kermanshah Province. The methodology of gathering data for this study involved nurses in A & E departments of hospitals keying in the information of the injured people into the State Software for injury Registration, and reporting it to Health Administration of Kermanshah at the end of each year. All registered individuals in the software were included in the study. The definition and classification of information related to injury types are based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems (10th Edition) (15): age, sex, injury type, region/zone where injury occurred, place where injury occurred, injury outcomes, season and month of injury (16). The data was reported by descriptive statistics and analyzed via SPSS 16.
Results
In 2015, 3499 cases were registered in hospitals of Kermanshah Province, 63.3% of which (2216 people) were boys and 36.7% (1283 people) were girls. The average age of these people was 17.11±26.76 months old, ranging from 0 to 59 months old; it became evident that the highest frequency belongs to both sexes in 0-11 months’ age group. Moreover, the frequency was more in boys in just 2 age groups (0-11 months & 12-23 months); in others, the frequency of injuries was more in girls (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Distribution of injury in children 0-59 months old based on age (months), and sex, Kermanshah Province, 2015
Incidence of injuries in 0-59 months’ age group in 2015, was 23.3 cases per 1000 children aged 0-59 months old; the highest incidence was in Javanroud, and the lowest, in Dalahou (Table 1).
 
Table 1. The Incidence of injury in children 0-59 months old based on Cities of Kermanshah,
Kermanshah Province, 2015 (per 1000 people of 0-59 months)
Town Male Female Total
Number Number Number Incidence
Dalahou 1 1 2 0.7
Sahneh 1 4 5 0.8
Gilan-e-Qarb 9 6 15 3.6
Qasr-e-shirin 12 6 18 4.3
Kangavar 29 17 46 7.4
Harseen 32 25 57 7.6
Eslamabad Qarb 119 52 171 15
Sonqor 100 69 169 15
Paveh 48 32 80 15.6
Sarpol Zahab 107 71 178 25
Kermanshah 1585 926 2511 32
Javanroud 173 74 247 37
Total 2216 1283 3499 23.3
In the injuries which occurred to both sexes, the most was falling (52.7%) and the least was drowning (0.02%), which mainly took place in the home. Additionally, the examination showed that 84% of injuries (2938 people) occurred in cities and 8.9% (312 people), in villages. Also, injuries occurred mostly in summer (48.8%), then in spring (33%). Out of the total accidents that occurred in 2015, 99.86% (3494 people) of children survived and 0.14 %( 5 people) of children died; 11 of the survived children suffered from permanent disability
(Table 2).
Another result was the classification of injuries in terms of months: most injuries occurred in September and least injuries occurred in December (Figure 2).
Table 2. Distribution of injury in children 0-59 months old based on type, place,
region, season, and outcome injury, Kermanshah Province, 2015
Variable Men Female Total
Injury Type Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Road traffic injury (Pedestrian) 173 7.8 102 8.0 275 7.9
Road traffic injury (Motorcyclist) 47 2.1 8 .6 55 1.6
Road traffic injury (Occupant) 492 22.2 210 16.4 702 20.1
Scorpion and Snake Sting 56 2.5 31 2.4 87 2.5
Electric Shock 7 0.3 1 0.1 8 0.2
Drowning 1 0.04 0 0 1 0.02
Animal Bite 26 1.2 15 1.2 41 1.2
Violence 64 2.9 16 1.2 80 2.3
Poisoning 292 13.2 200 15.6 492 14.1
Fall 780 35.2 517 40.3 1297 52.7
Burn 213 9.6 156 12.2 369 10.5
Others 65 20.8 27 22.2 92 2.6
Place of Injury
Public & Recreational Places 53 2.4 17 1.3 70 2.0
Sports Centers 7 0.3 6 0.5 13 0.4
Road & Highway 510 23.0 201 15.7 711 20.3
Home 1222 55.1 824 64.2 2046 58.5
Street & Alley 317 14.3 176 13.7 493 14.1
Work Place 31 1.4 4 0.3 35 1.0
Kindergarten 4 0.2 5 0.4 9 0.3
Unspecified 72 3.2 50 3.9 122 3.5
Region of Injury
Urban 1855 83.7 1083 84.4 2938 84.0
Rural 180 8.1 132 10.3 312 8.9
Unspecified 181 8.2 68 5.3 249 7.1
Season
Spring 704 31.8 449 35 1153 33
Summer 1125 50.8 581 45 1706 48.8
Autumn 176 7.9 131 10.2 307 8.8
Winter 211 9.5 122 9.5 333 9.5
Outcome
Treatment Received 2207 99.6 1276 99.5 3483 99.55
Death 5 0.2 0 0 5 0.14
Disability 4 0.2 7 0.5 11 0.31
 
 


Figure 2. Distribution of injury in children 0-59 months old based on months of the year, Kermanshah Province, 2015
Discussion
Considering that this data was collected from all injured people referring to private and public hospitals of Kermanshah City and other cities
in the province, it can be claimed that epidemiological information and the incidence found in this study are valid and can be used
for planning. 
Results of this study show clearly that boys are more at risk than girls. These results converge with the findings of the study carried out by Bayat et al. in Aligoudarz in 2011 (17); this study also conforms with similar researches, especially the investigation of 30 hospital cases in Ahvaz in 1999, it was indicated that 63.8% of the injured children and infants were boys and 36.2% of them were girls (18). Thus mortality is higher in young boys, and several other studies approved of this claim, e.g. the study carried out in Kurdistan showed that mortality rate was 55.7% in boys and 44% in girls (19); in the study in southern Africa, the ratio of mortality in boys to girls was 1.26 (20). In the current study, all death cases were in boys, all of them were
over 2 years old but one; these results can
be attributed to behavioral characteristics,
risk-taking temperament, and curiosity of the boys.
Generally speaking, children under 5 years old are the most vulnerable group with regard to home injuries. The highest incidence in this age group was related to fall (52.7%), which has been reported in other studies, for example in a study in Saudi Arabia, it was reported that more than 60% of facial injuries are due to fall. also approved that the most important reason for the death of children under 1 year old was fall (21, 22). It is worth mentioning that of most of these injuries occurred in residential places (homes) (58.4%) which is in line with the WHO report and Eldosoky study (2012), stating that more than half of injuries that occurred to children younger than 5 years old were at home (23, 24). Therefore, turning home into safer places and according to the agreed-upon standards is of utmost importance.
Another result of this study was the incidence of road traffic accidents in children. In Iran, the most vulnerable group in this regard includes pedestrians and motorcyclists (25): in pedestrian collisions, majority was in the age group of young children and those who wanted to start school (26). In the current study, if the type of injury is exclusively and separately considered, the highest share of road traffic injury goes to children 1 to 59 months old (29.6%), including occupants, pedestrians, and motorcyclists. In statistics published in 2004 in Iran, the most common reason for unintentional death cases in infants was the traffic accident (27). These results confirm that it is mandatory to streamline the cars for more safety and standardize them, and also give instructions to people about driving rules and regulations, whether they are motorists or pedestrians.
In this paper, the highest frequency of injuries was in children 0-11 months old. Study of mortality and death of under-5-year-old children in 4 Iranian provinces showed that most death cases (60.2%) occurred within 0 to 11 months, and the injuries were 2nd most crucial reason of death in this age group (28).
In terms of seasons, the highest number of injuries occurred in the summer (48.8%); totally, most accidents occurred in September (Shahrivar) compared to other months of the year. In a research done in 2011 on the incidence of injuries in Canada, it was also shown that most injuries (about 30%) took place in summer (29), whereas the study by Neghab et al. done within 2001 and
2003 in Shiraz showed a higher incidence in winter (30).
Generally, some important measures must be taken to prevent injuries from happening to this age group with their idiosyncratic physical, physiological, and mental characteristics, and their special restrictions. In Canada, 2 strategies of parental surveillance and elimination of environmental dangers were, either single or in combination, effective in decreasing the rate of injuries (29). We can also put on the agenda some preventive methods, such as safety and health measures, ergonomic reforms in the home, furniture, dishes, tools, devices, installations, etc. and also safety instructions in order to curtail the incidence of injuries (30).
Conclusion
     In the present study, the most frequent injury was falling at home. Since Children less than 5 years old spend most of their time at home, it is important to make the home a safe environment for children. It is recommended to instruct parents about safety conditions. 
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank the staff of Kermanshah province health center and all those who cooperated to conduct this study.
Conflict of Interest
None declared by authors.
 

 
References
  1. Allender JA, Spradley BW. Community health nursing: Concepts and practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001.
  2. Fraga AM, Fraga GP, Stanley C, et al . Children at danger: injury fatalities among children in San Diego County. European Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 25(3): 211-7.
  3. Soori H. Children's indoor and outdoor play patterns in Ahwaz City: implications for injury prevention. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit. 2006;12(3-4):372-81.
  4. Morrongiello BA. Children's perspectives on injury and close-call experiences: sex differences in injury-outcome processes. J Pediatr Psychol 1997;22:499–512
  5. Nies MA, McEwen M. Community health nursing: promoting the health of populations. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2001.
  6. Stanhope M, Lancaster J. Community health nursing: Process and practice for promoting health. Mosby Year Book; 1992.
  7. Neghab M, Habibi M, Rajaeefard A, et al. Home Accidents in Shiraz during a 3-year Period (2000-2002). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2008;11(4).
  8. Shahraki Vahed A, Mardani Hamule M, Arab M, et al. Childs under 1-59 month mortality causes in Zabol. Nursing Research .2010; 5(17) :6-13.
  9. Adesunkanmi AF, Oyelami AO. Epidemiology of childhood injury. J of trauma 1998; 44(3); 506-11.
  10. Keyes CE, Wright DW, Click LA, et al. The epidemiology of childhood injury in Maputo, Mozambique. Int J Emerg Med 2010; 3:157-163.
  11. Hydar AA, Sugerman DE, Puvanachandra P, et al. Global childhood unintentional injury surveillance in four cities in developing countries: a pilot study. Bull World Health Organ 2009;87:345-352.
  12. Jones R, Kantono EB. Interventional based study to reduce child mortality in rural Uganda. Trop Doct. 2013; 43(3):103-5.
  13. Neghab M, Habibi M, Rajaeifard AR, et al. Home accidents in Shiraz during a 3 year period (2000-2002).
    Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Behbood) 2008;11(4):428-440.
  14. Bayat M, Shahsavari A, Forughi S, et al . Assessment of accidents’ prevalence in children under 5 year referred to emergency ward. Journal of Mandish. 2012; 2(2-3): 26-32.[Persian].
  15. Soheil Saadat M, Sepanlou SG, Najafi F, et al. National and sub-national trend and burden of injuries in Iran, 1990-2013: a study protocol. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2014;17(3):138.
  16. Ghadiri M, Hadadi M. guidline of injured registery duo to accident. In: disaster cfdma, editor. tehran: ministry of health. 2012; 1-3.
  17. Bayat M, Shahsavari A, Forughi.S, et al. Assessment of Accidents' Prevalence in Children Undre 5 year Referred to Emergency ward. mandish. 1390; 2(2).
  18. Hajhashemi S. Survey of Prevalence foreign body Aspiration in infants & children in Ahvaz. The firs seminar in khoramabad 1379.
  19. Tajedini F, Ehdaievand F, Farsar A. Epidemiological features of children mortality in the area covered by Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences in 2012. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery. 2014; 3(1): 62-71.
  20. Ntuli S, Malangu N, Alberts M. Causes of deaths in children under - five years old at a tertiary Hospital in Limpopo province of South Africa. Global Journal of health and Science.2013; 5(3): 95-100.
  21. Yousefzadeh S, Hemmati H, Alizadeh A. et al . Pediatric unintentional injuries in north of Iran. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. 2008;18(3):267-71.
  22. Lawoyin TO, Lawoyin DO, Lawoyin JO. Factors associated with oro-facial injuries among children in AlBaha, Saudi Arabia. Afr J Med Med Sci 2002;31:37- 40.
  23. WHO. Handle life with care; Prevent violence and negligence, World Health Day, 7 April 1993; World Health Organization; CH-1211; Geneva 27, Switzerland; 1993: 1-81.
  24. Eldosoky RSH. Home-related injuries among children: knowledge, attitudes and practice about first aid among rural mothers. EMHJ 2012; 18(10):1021-27.
  25. Zargar M, Karbakhsh M, Soleimani N. Vulnerable groups in traffic accidents.  International Conference and road traffic accidents; Tehran: Tehran University; 2005. p. 220-4.
  26. Hosaini S, Haji M. Studies pedestrian collisions with vehicles in the country and ways to deal with it.  International Conference and road traffic accidents; tehran: Tehran University; 2005. p. 390-9.
  27. Sasan M, Beikzadeh A, Saeedinejat S, et al . Epidemiology of infants and toddlers 6-24 month. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 54(4): 201-6.
  28. Naghavi M. Portrait of death in 4 provinces. tehran: World Health Organization Representative Office in Iran; 2002.
  29. Morrongiello BA, Ondejko L, Littlejohn A. Understanding toddlers’ in-home injuries: II. Examining parental strategies, and their efficacy, for managing child injury risk. J Ped Psychol 2004; 29(6):433-46
  30. Neghab M, Habibi M, Rajaeefard A, et al. Accidents in the home city of Shiraz(82-1380). 2008. 2008;11
Review: Research | Subject: Epidemiology
Received: 2017/06/20 | Accepted: 2017/09/4 | Published: 2017/09/23
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Send email to the article author

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY 4.0 | Journal of Community Health Research

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb